Gender and Ukrainian Politics

CEU eTD Collection In partialfulfillment for the degree ofMaster of inGender Arts Studies the Making of Yuliia Tymoshenko Gender and Ukrainian Politics: Gender andUkrainian Supervisor: Professor Andrea Professor Supervisor: Peto Department of Gender Studies Department of Central EuropeanUniversity Budapest, Hungary Iuliia Shulga Iuliia Submitted to 2009 By CEU eTD Collection women’s advancement in the country. in the advancement women’s of indicator begeneral consideredan imagecannot her of political general characteristics the government, Tymoshenko’saddition, the research example,showed that although in Ukraine duea woman holds theto post In of the power. and popularity the tomaintain in order head strategy communication political as asuccessful of peculiarities of her startTymoshenko’s visual is aroundthenotionself-representation created of whichisused gender in politics and lobbying relations; and kinship system, basedon the recruitmentpeculiarities Ukrainian of by in is as herstart the conditioned engendered, politics considered primarily Ukrainian be hardly can career political Tymoshenko’s Yuliia although that showed analysis the The results of context. inUkrainian post-soviet andpolitics on gender research gapinthe the situated within the body of literature on is women, study The as political politics. inUkrainian actors popularity of level andhigh her is mainlymaintaining and field aimed political to fill the her of entering in theprocess plays see whatrole gender to inorder representation study is at tolook Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political careerand her currentofficial visual self- Thegoal of the Tymoshenko. Yuliia of Ukraine, figure Minister Prime the of political the of a casestudy is as developed analysis, iconographic andvisual approach using comparative Abstract The thesis, conducted in the frames of the qualitative research field of fieldin ofstudies, gender of frames the research qualitative The thesis,the conducted i CEU eTD Collection Bibliography...... 98 Appendix...... 81 ...... 78 Conclusion Chapter III. Political Self-representation of Yuliia ...... 45 Tymoshenko Tymoshenko...... 16 Yuliia Caseof the WomenPolitics: in of II:“Natural Selection” Ukrainian Chapter Chapter I. Methodology and Theoretical ...... 7 Background Introduction...... 1 Table of Contents .Smay...... 76 4. Summary Better?...... 70 3. The Diversity of Images of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political figure or Why the More is the 2. Yuliia Tymoshenko: A Jack ...... 50 of All Traders 1. Form Victim Conquer:to the Transformation of Tymoshenko’s ...... 47 Political Image ...... 43 5. Summary 4. The Level ...... 38 of Recruitment 3. The Level of General Political Factors of Legislative Recruitment...... 32 2. The Level of Socio-Economic and Cultural Factors ...... 22 of Recruitment 1. From Rags to Riches: the Biography of Yuliia ...... 19 Tymoshenko 2. Theoretical Background: Women ...... 9 in Politics 1. Iconographic Analysis and its Main Problems...... 7 3.2.2. Target: the “Better Half” of the Electorate World...... 75 3.2.1. The “Queen” of Ukrainian ...... 72 Populism 3.2. Tymoshenko’s Image Diversification: ...... 72 Ukrainian Context 3.1. Tymoshenko’s Image Diversification: General Context...... 70 2.3. Politician...... 67 2.2. Beautiful, Modern Woman...... 65 ...... 64 2.1.4. “Womanhood” 2.1.3. Chastity and Religiousness...... 59 2.1.2. “Ukrainian-ess”...... 54 2.1.1. Berehynia as an element of Ukrainian culture...... 52 2.1. Berehynia...... 51 4.2. Yuliia Tymoshenko: the Game is Worth the Candles...... 41 ...... 39 Contexts 4.1. The Recruitment System that Supports Women in Politics: General and Ukrainian 3.3. Yuliia Tymoshenko: a Happy Chime of Circumstances...... 36 3.2. Ukrainian Political ...... 33 Context 3.1. Political factors that support women’s representation in politics...... 32 2.3. Yuliia Tymoshenko: Paving the Way intoPolitics...... 28 2.2. Ukrainian Socio-economic and Cultural Context...... 23 Socio-economicsupport women’s 2.1. factors in andcultural that representation politics 2.2. Terminology: Political Communication, Image and Representation...... 12 2.1. General Framework of the Study: Women ...... 10 as Political Actors ...... 22 ii CEU eTD Collection in the study, on normative codes of femininity. Ukrainian language runs counter to Tymoshenko’s visual self-representation, based, asitwill be shownfurther 2 1 analyze to what extentmainfactors which enabled hertoenterthepolitical field of post-communist Ukraine andto her gender was a partlook at investigate Yuliiafirst andunofficial the to in Tymoshenko’s official biography, order of this process. Mywill so, I todo In order context. Ukrainian in next leadership political to whenincomes matters step is to dismantlemost remarkable leaders women in see in worldthe politics,of andto what way gender of of phenomenon parts one the the of to analyzethe constituent in genderorder perspective, anresearch. of represents marketing,extraordinary object of political successful products people. among popularity success and suchagreat style, and memorable and a vivid career, such For sure,is rather Yuliia hard are inabovementionedin combined aspects it blend, anastonishing rooted populism. Indeed, to findTymoshenko’s the all way in the facie prima lies another Tymoshenko Yuliia of phenomenon the is that belief firm woman politician My elements. often controversial of different, avariety includes which self-representation political with scandals in whichshe involvedwas in 1990s, others suchexplainby her it astonishing political a rich persona,andfinancial campaign,business tohersome journalists empire and connect phenomenon this impetuous politicalanalystslink Tymoshenko’s phenomenon to thepopulist strategies she usesinher political created (Kryjanivskyi I Pravo, the2007; Vlast 2006; LigaBiznesInform, 2007). the as one “the Phenomenon” calledinthepress is politics, often sheentered years than after 10 of the most Olympus in of power country post-soviet and become the Prime Ministerof Ukraine inless Introduction The very word “phenomenon” creates an interesting an creates “phenomenon” word very The Translations are mine, if it is not mentioned otherwise. The central The central goal is thesisthis of at tolook Yuliia Tymoshenko’s politicalfrom a figure The political figure of Yuliia Tymoshenko, a woman, who managed to reach the 1 calembour , as the masculine gender of this word in the 2 Many political 1 CEU eTD Collection female politician in Ukraine. In this study I will occasionally refer to Oksana Kis’ findings, in findings, Kis’ Oksana to refer occasionally will I study this In in Ukraine. politician female popularity inTymoshenko’s tremendous toexplainthis of order the representation political deconstructionthe by Kis whichiswritten scholar at of (2007), aimed Oksana Ukrainian find from work, conducted I managed Thus, to only academic a gender perspective. one self-representation, her political and career political Tymoshenko’s Yuliia on research general. Thesecond behind main reason this isstudy conditioned byanoticeable lack of arena gaining in and popularity people’s inin in Ukraine post-soviet and particular context political of the entering process inthe rolethe plays on gender research scholarly case-study level of her popularity. high the maintaining for communication political of technique important an as image political in Tymoshenko’s instrumentalized been has gender that shows self-representation visual Yuliia of Tymoshenko’s analysis time, same the Makarkin At 2005; Naumova 2007). mainly based lobbying on relations,kinship andcorruption (Szeleniy and Szeleniy1995; conditioned bythepeculiarities of in recruitmentthe process Ukraine of 1990s the which was mainly was start political her as a politician, becoming Tymoshenko’s Yuliia of process gender in is determinative factor main that notthe the of findings the research suggest the which is centered on in of femininity symbolic normative codes rooted isnotion visual of the basedon gender, representation nationalisticTymoshenko’s entering hardly politics beconsideredcan as gendered,hervisual self- concepts and artificially created chastity. strategy insureto one’spopularity among people. Thus, asapolitical beinstrumentalized analyzehowgendercan and to and the country, outside inUkraine both politicians women popular most the of one her made which image, political her of elements main the identify to inorder self-representation political Tymoshenko’s The significance of study the may be explained of first all by gapinthe general and The main argument of the research is that although the process of Yuliia 2 CEU eTD Collection a new type of political image, Kravchenko’s (2006) classification self-representation of of women politicians contributeinnovations Anna thestudy andpolitics. Thus, to regarding women allows meto expectations of the electorate. Finally, the findings voters’ expectations,in which,inits may reconsideration resultturn, the gender-biased of the of the study result in two main theoretical confirm understanding politiciansthe to women in strategies and roles the to use order of a better canleadto self-representation political Tymoshenko’s Yuliia Third, analysisof the “Western” democracies “Western” in politics and women between relations in the differences the to attention draw to aimed which influence level the of representation and popularity female politicians,of is this study factors main the of theinvestigation through Second, areaof concern. neglected relatively a andisstill little attention received problem of as this Ukraine, context post-soviet the politics conditioned bytheapplication of approach in andgender the established theories on women political self-representation from 2004. focus her on iconographicanalysisthe of offering official study of her photographs, the 5 study. of the framework atheoretical as used literature, the in 4 3 is to see ishow gender to is used inTymoshenko’s visual current political image, from interviews and fromofficial lateunofficial sources 1990s aim my study till 2007. The of and articles cartoons, as images, such materials, is various and based on character descriptive a rather has it Ukraine: of Minister Prime the of popularity the explaining at aimed is image methodological theoretical and basis.Thus, Kis’ (2007)research Tymoshenko’s on political order to complement and add to them, as my research is based on a different empirical, See Section1 in ChapterIII for Kravchenko’s (2006) classification. work Inthis under“Western” democracies”understand I non-ScandinavianAnglo-Saxon countries, described Iwill describe these theories in detail in the further chapters of the study. 3 The contribution of this thesis to the general scope of scholarly literature is first of all to a specific case of Yuliia Tymoshenko 4 and post-soviet Eastern European European countries Eastern and post-soviet ņ that of Yuliia Tymoshenko. In addition, the research, 3 ņ a female politician of the higher rank in ņ Ukraine in Ukraine particular. 5 , adding it toit ņ therefore I therefore CEU eTD Collection in the understanding of the way she became a politician. Tymoshenko’s personal life which, as it will be shown further in this work, play a crucial role from details the includes latter the as importance great of is biographies unofficial include journalistic investigations and newspapers articles. The usage of both official and which sources other as well as website official her from taken is which Tymoshenko Yuliia is of biographical data usedtothe information approach acomparative accurate as possible, present as diverse andto bytheusage and sources, secondary conditioned of limitations the to reduce In order in is research. the material recognized analyzed the incompleteness of from from lifea politician’s may be hidden depending distorted, or on sources, the data different where sphere, political the of peculiarities the and herself, Tymoshenko Yuliia 6 convocation. second the of Ukraine Radaof of Verkhovna deputies the became with the Tymoshenko, biographical data of Yuliia andsixteen women Tymoshenko politiciansother who,together involving comparative approach.The material, in used partthis of study the mainly includes of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s entering the political field of is built Ukraine, as a casestudy, process the analysisof aimed atthe of research, part the first The approaches. methodological mainconsists of which parts are basedondifferentsets ofdataandtwo involve different thesis visual analysis. The ascase methods and study andsuch approach usingcomparative asanindicator considered of level a high in general advancement of Ukraine. women’s be of cannot andthe herself-representation, Ukrainian features characteristic politics political entering her of peculiarities the of because example, Tymoshenko’s Minister Prime the of inargue conducted the study althoughin enablesthat meto holds awoman Ukraine thepost “Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine” is the name of Ukrainian Parliament. ofUkrainian name the is Ukraine” of Rada “Verkhovna The study The isstudy donein framesthe of qualitativethe research field of gender studies, 6 Taking into account the lack of access to the primarily source of information – information of source primarily lack tothe the access of account into Taking 4 ņ the CEU eTD Collection visual image and to see the main strategies she uses in her self-representation, the inher self-representation, she uses seethe imagemainstrategies to visual and Tymoshenko’s of elements main the dismantle to order In self-representation. political her in to correspond to wants criteria, she tothe according team by Tymoshenko’s chosen carefully Tymoshenko. Thus, itmay be stipulated that the images on Tymoshenko’s official website are Yuliia of self-representation political the research: the of by object the conditioned official photographer made byher they sources: are either of two are images These website. official Tymoshenko’s or are extracted Yuliia from chosen photographs the by constituted is analysis the of basis from empirical the the printed press. shaped.Thus, imageherpolitical waseventually current Revolution, Orange when, the after The choice of the resourceisself-representation, based ontheanalysis of of photographs Yuliia since Tymoshenko 2004, is in section. Iwill methodology discuss the interpretation, interpretation and totheissuesofobjectivity over-of isThis related also problem negotiate mainresearch issuesinability and study.the with and of thethem to outcomes the investigated in may accesstothepersona, ethical becauseof limited the the arise problems out, points (2003) Stake as Thus, aperson. of world the of space private the into intervention acertain degree of as suchwhichpresupposes to thepeculiarity of casestudy the research contexts. and political relationscultural aboutandgeneral draw certainthese Ukrainian enables to generalizations case isit prominence thatthe ofinvestigated atthe same the Ukraine. admitted time, Though, to to contribute understandingthe of in relations betweenwomen complex and politics present inorder a particular case purposeof isthe is study to the it that statement, recognized this into consideration cases.Taking of similar all representation a complete recognized as The second part of dismantlingthe Tymoshenko’s of research,aimedThe secondthe of Yuliia at part isof first connected study the bepart inthe singled can that The maindilemma ethical be not may study case one is that research, the in acknowledged limitation, Another 5 CEU eTD Collection her political visualself-representation. her political in gender of centrality the and image political her for elements different many so chooses and will also point out some of the main reasons which can explain why Yuliia Tymoshenko picks I communication. political in her plays gender that see the role to and herimage of elements main out single to self-representation, political her dismantle to in order Tymoshenko, Yuliia enter politicalthe field of InthethirdUkraine. I will chapter official analyze of photographs Tymoshenko’s biography in toidentify order mostthe factors which significant enabled her to and Yuliia analyze Ukrainian context to them compare in politics, representation women’s favor generally which factors main the at look will I chapter second the In work. in Ireferto this main concepts explain research of and the framework theoretical general method of study the iconographic– analysis,its stages and Iwill problems. also establish totheworld. makers communicate andTymoshenko, which includes elements and issuesthat herspindoctors image only those chapter of the study, Irefer exclusively herto political image, a product of political marketing political self-representation. Tymoshenko’s in Thus,when describing representation the third thought-out political communication is visualwhich expressedthrough elements of her insame timebe that it should stressed this study carefully I am Tymoshenko’s analyzing the At interpretation. its offer to and analysis the conduct to prerogative my is it as nature, thesis. use itin methodology main in thestudy, it and connected the with problems the section of the iconographic analysisis used. Iwill describe the peculiarities of the iconographic method, as I The thesis consists of three main chapters. In the first chapter, I will describe themain I will describe chapter, firstIn the main chapters. of three consists The thesis privileged isa rather it of that acknowledge I asaresearcher, my position As to 6 CEU eTD Collection accurate interpretation accurate imageof an aspossible Chaplin (Walker and 131-132). 1997, as doin to are addressed historical order context cultural and certain sciences whichdescribe various where and interdisciplinary approaches, usage oficonography presupposescontextual Thus,the to. it andbelongs culture society of certain image asa asarepresentation whole, level,is understandingof Atthe in analysis atthe the is aimed third depicted picture. the the iconographic understandanalysis is to the themes and conceptswhich are represented by what the of concern main the level, second the At author). the by depicted is it how (i.e. level atits expressional in andlooks what isdepicted picture) the imagelevel (i.e. an factual of identifies a researcher analysis visual iconographic of level first At the content. this behind contentanalysisthe of imagethe tothein-depth meanings,understanding which of stand from movement the involve which interpretation, and classification description, include stages These and describedlater Panofsky (1982,28-29) byWalkerChaplin (1997,131-132). and analysis, as it is appliedart, asto opposed form”their 26). Theiconographic (Panofsky method of 1982, visual in this research,“branch ofhistory of art whichincludes concernsitself with the subject-matter or meaning of works of three main stages, pointed1. Iconographic Analysis and itsMainProblems out by Erwin self-representation and political image, as I will often refer to them in the study. theories. In addition I will andspecify define notionsthe of communication,political political main inthe whyIuse andstate of Iapply it, reasons the maintheories study,these the name measures I took in order to resolve them. Then I will establish usingitmain the of secondthe and Iencountered describe study, theproblems the chapter general theoretical framework Chapter I. Methodology andTheoretical Background In workIuseErwin this iconography Panofsky’s approach definesto who itas the In this chapterIwill look at the peculiarities of the iconographic analysisin applied 7 CEU eTD Collection important as it will allow me to point out that the continuity is one of the key factors of herpolitical success. 7 isTymoshenko represented). how and when (where, content and etc) structure, space, style, (e.g. form their in similarities analysisthe from a certain of period (i.e.2004-2009) anddividedtime the them according to for pictures the Thus,Iselected “themes”.both approaches. I applied Inthis research content classification of by time, or of period the historical acertain to images characteristic of number a choosing images to several groups from photographs of thousands maythem. This problem generally be solved either by on the basis of theirvisual material for the analysis was formalhow to choose a number of the most “representative” characteristics selecting when Iencountered firstproblems of the one interpretation. Thus, andtheirpictures or the selection of the material;ininto main acknowledged with study connected two this and which are divided those types: and those, related to the identification of the meanings of the produced by posters. produced soviet the meanings, general decodes genesis and the analyses,traces in author the which research, Victoria Bonnell’s and refer(1999) empirical to E. icons,Iwill Christian soviet posters often the of that and Tymoshenko Yuliia of iconography the between similarities the draw to order In art of propaganda. soviet and the bothChristianity of traditions iconographic the work, isTymoshenko on herimages,depicted which itresemble, as be in will shown further this way the is to connected method of theprinciplestudy the why iconography was chosen as in second reason which society. The historical Ukrainian exist or concepts cultural, religious certain refer to that assuch be may which perceived elements its particular of symbolism the decode butto ofTymoshenko’s dismantlepolitical representation,only mainelements the to Tymoshenko’s visual self-representation for two basic reasons. iconography not First, allows Thecomparison of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s visual communication andthe iconography of soviet leaders is Despite all advantages of the iconography, it has several problems which are The iconographic methodis chosen as mainmethodthe for analyzing Yuliia 7 8 CEU eTD Collection of approaches and theories from the three above mentioned fields. Considering the constraints the Considering fields. mentioned above three the from theories and approaches of political science, cultural anthropology, andstudies, gender WomeninPolitics 2. Theoretical Background: of study,as possible.data the objectof it,the monitor study andappropriatethe andtopresent meas accurate enables to haveinfluence I towards my subjective the of recognition that I acknowledge as a researcher, Though, study. in the conduct I analysis the influence may extent some to me, on imposed are which discourses political and nationalistic of influence the as well as views and preferences study. beinga Ukrainian Thus, citizen, Iam my of aware factthat the personal political the tell, one’sobjectas well appropriation as awareness prejudicesand of of towards the of whatcan study the object the notions sensitivity towards useful. presuppose these of Both be andreflexivity (Alcoff find1997) to (Wasserfall 2003) openness problem, notionsthe of I As tothis study. the of object or subject the towards has researcher the biases issue of the to specifically more interpretation, of notion the to related are convocation, II of Ukraine of VerkhovnaRada women of the and deputies sixteen other Tymoshenko biography Yuliia of me. down to imagehandle the can done from historical,a certain cultural and time standpoint,revealing issues, only which those 1994, 16). (Perlmutter Therefore, theinterpretation of is imagesthe with Yuliia Tymoshenko 16) and itis more useful “to consider the institutional or social context of the production” look we at images, the very 1994, the mustnotion bebroadened”of (Perlmutter authorship “When Perlmutter: byDavid as suggested and Inthis case, meanings purpose image. the of initialimages,isarticulate about producers of access tothe the opportunity the to sothere no The research, conducted in this study, lies at the intersection of several disciplines: several of liesthe intersection at in study, this conducted The research, The majority of the problems of visual analysis, as well as the analysis of theThe main to problem, identificationthe related of meanings is issue the of a limited 9 ņ therefore Iwill therefore apply a number CEU eTD Collection literature on women as political actors. women aspolitical on literature i.e. mentionedbelongs above: third the that group, literature to within body of the project politicians2006; (Kravchenko 2003). Mayhead Lay, 2005;Herrnson, I situate my Stokes female of representation political in the used are which strategies, and styles communication of 1996)and the peculiarities in 1993;Phillips representation (Norris, politics Lovenduski level women’s tothe of problems, connected of investigation focusedmainly onthe which women to refers as political subjects areactually who Suchstudies politics. doing are investigated.literature Third, are (Kelly is Norris Mirer, 1974;Inglehartand 2000) there and whichinfluence women’s preferences behavior, factors the or electoral women’s instance for or 1994), suffrage (Pateman aswomen wheresuchissues onwomenvoters, literature scope of is a there Second, 2001). Verba Schlozman, Burns, 1997; and (Narayan citizenship andprivate 1989;Morrissocial feminism public, (Pateman and andLyon political 1996) or tosuch topics aremainly general of for questions connected example theinterrelation as comprising of socialinthe construction gender theory of political are addressed. These tothe questions connected literature where body general of isaconsiderable there First, main into groups. bedivided three thematic in can on women politics ofliterature scope the Generally, important. more and more become have theory political for gender of implications 2.1. General Framework of Women the Study: as Political Actors application. oftheir and significance the caseof Tymoshenko Yuliia particular the by scholarly to theories applyingexplain the existing to Istrive to order maingoals the in section this I will use Therefore, of thesis. the chapters large further inthe at described applybackgroundin body) theoriesin and/or their theories are the thisI use the study of space and the structure of the chapters of my work (in which I start from theoretical With significantly more women entering the public sphere, exploring of exploringthe With significantly entering the more publicsphere, of women 10 CEU eTD Collection mainly basedmoney on and lobbying. by reducing the role of the genderfactor in the process ofentering the political field, as theirpolitical start is Khalifa binZayed Al Nahvanor Yuliia Tymoshenko) whose political careers challenge the conventional politics 8 2007; Baranov 2001; Ropp 2005; Hayward 1996) and those, which point to closeto relations and whichpoint 2005;Hayward 1996) 2007; Baranov2001;Ropp those, 1999; Pitkin, 1999),theoriesrelated 1967;Mansbridge to notion the of (Kuziopopulism Squires, 2004; (Norris and of general political the communication representation subject politics. in world emerging lately been have literature on gender and politics, and of Yuliiato Tymoshenkocontribute enables me to offer relatively to new theoreticalgeneral insights into the scoperesearch of on “newmentioned application political to Inaddition,above, concern. the figure of theories, the the elites” which of area neglected a rather been have of topics asboth these in of particular, Ukraine Minister Prime current of in the case and general, in politics Ukrainian entering and representation case. in what extent Tymoshenko’s Yuliia and they matter to in context Ukrainian leaders women arefor factors these howadvantageous I analyze then in politics, representation political arena. In this on the women’s influence representation process assuchwhich and recruitment alevel the of study, I first acountry of levels describepolitical cultural, socio-economic, the of aspects main several of theconsists main factors, which which recruitment, legislative model of contribute theoretical the is basedon my of study chapter second tothe Thus, women’sin particular. Tymoshenko of case in and ingeneral system recruitment Ukrainian the of peculiarities the see to that so Tymoshenko, Yuliia Minister, Prime Ukrainian a specificsoviet” countries 1997; Kolodiy 2006;Pavlychkothe case of (Einhorn 2000) to (Norris,2000; InglehartMatland, Montgomery 2003; Norris, Lovenduski “post- 1993) and democracies “Western” in women of representation onthe theories established apply the Iuse theterm “new elites” referring to a new generation of politicians from tycoons (e.g. Silvio Berlusconi, In this way I am filling the gap in scholarly research on the peculiarities of women’s in to women asorder Iusethebody on inliterature Thus, actors political this work of In addition, in the last chapter of this study, I am incorporating the theories related to incorporating theorieslast of related inIn the chapter study,this Iam the addition, 8 11 CEU eTD Collection political aretwomain modes,in political communication, there typesof singledout generally modesAs of tothe 2004, 509). Tedesco 1998, 8-10; 7; Perloff (McNairInternet) 2003, audiences, usingvarious channelsmass of press,communication (printed television, the aspects. on these will elaborate I follows in what research, my in basis terminological general establishing of importance the andtransmitted means are itis through what transmitted mainof significance. Recognizing of political communication such aspects as what is transmitted, why itis transmitted, how itis information among politicians, the news media and the public” (Norris 2004, 1). Thus, in case of transmission the concerning process interactive “an as it defines who communication, political In my 12-14). (Trent,I acceptPippa Friedenberg Norris’ approach to study 1995, power and prestige popularity, their maintain to in order career political her or in his further describe a wide range of means used by a politician2.2. Terminology: Political Communication, Image and Representation on all stages of electoral campaign and communication than a man’s body. of source political amore and diverse be alucrative to may beconsidered communication, manifested through such visual posters clothes,looks, andcodes as non-verbal a particular case enables me to explore a new phenomenon, how afemale body of a politician, applied to mentioned approaches above of the combination samethe time, the At in particular. Tymoshenko Yuliia and ingeneral politician female a of popularity the securing for strategy a political be as instrumentalized exemplify howgendercan to theories image. Iusethese political her of diversification the explain to and image political her in on relies she strategies dismantle Yuliiabetween politics and popular culture (Zoonen 2000; Corner andin Pels2003) to order Tymoshenko’s political representation, to single out main elements and As to the means of political communication, generally political marketing is targeting is marketing political generally communication, political of means the to As term broad is a rather which to used as communication In researchIusepolitical this 12 CEU eTD Collection communicate certain ideas, particular interests and identities (Squires 1999, 194). Depending identities (Squires194). and 1999, interests ideas, particular certain communicate amount of popularity and political power. acertain bring apolitician consequently, and constituency the can speak to in awaythat itand ita politicianhis her public communicates image, represents political ortothe creates ininterest the of in represented, the manner tothem”a responsive In sum, (Pitkin 1967, 209). “acting means states, Pitkin asH.D. which, self-representation political of is core the image apolitical which form Thus, constituency. the social groups of needscertain andexpectations tothe tobeadjusted inorder isit artificially created is image that a political of characteristic a certainon of 98). The mainaffectpsychological people” 2003, (Kamarovskiy group have which isformed and organization acertain inorderto event, emotional purposefully or which usingI, V.Komarovskiy’s definition, as“a understand portraitof a certain person, successful image. political communication,popularity,itsin isinaclose question is tothe relation by turn, ofwhat political transmitted as ratiopopularity to power,gaining asaccording popularity the first, Olga to amount Gujva, the of ispopularity “in direct is which one oftheultimate thebearers goalmost of a power accesspolitician,(McNair to 6-7; Lilleker 2003, should 2006,10).What is bestressed thatthe ofimportant the popularity i.e. and inreceive togain the support from are soughtto theirvotes audiences electoral order whom victorystructural onhave” the is the its totarget political maingoal elections,communication, reasonsof the (Kaid Asto 2004,156). (Gujva components may not2004). spot on the speechesgiven or communication face-to-face as debates, such communication be possible The withoutof notion a involvingspontaneous speeches; and those orprepared political advertisements of as in such advance, bemay prepared which modesthose or controlled literature: scholarly Political images of politicians, as Judith Squires states, are created in to created are order states, Judith Squires as of images politicians, Political image political successful a creating at aimed is communication political the Thus, 13 CEU eTD Collection Pitkinmeans (1967, 213), i.e. acting,making animpression of something, conditioned primafacieby natureof the communication political as such which, according to and discourses of a politician,is analyzed not in this study. research, research, inis the considered of Tymoshenko Yuliia visual because representation Thus,research. only andgoalsof the data empirical by andthe of representation types above-mentioned three of nature the of the by peculiarities the isconditioned choice and This descriptive. social or study,is inclusive built as twotypes of first the representation of described symbolic above: preferences andinterests certain issues,through policies and actions (Pitkin 1967, 213). advance the group’s seeksto is representative the when representation, substantive similarbackground experience638). Finally, or (Mansbridge1999, thirdtype the 203). These characteristics as usually includesuch aspects gender,race, class, social status, (Squires 1999; groups identitiescertain sharedby built electorate the on or characteristics, the authors, is social by or distinguished representation, of type The second people. the thequeenand between exist descriptive representation. a nationof persons” 1999, 203),or (Squires as awhole, relationships resemblesthe and that This type of representation a class of qualities identity or the “asymbolizes person that indicates representation symbolic is one that is Accordingevoke between 213).Judith emotional that 1967, ties them to Squires, (Pitkin certain to according acandidate choose people satisfied, are andneeds interests their sure that tomake in has, order electorate the that sharedexperiences or commitments values, samethe on based representative the choosing of instead when exists states, Pitkin as representation, type, symbolic first The of mainrepresentation. between types three generally distinguish on whata politician scholars represents, (Squires 1999; Pitkin 1999) Mansbridge 1967; My choice to concentrate on visual aspect of Tymoshenko’s self-representation is concentrate onvisual of My choiceself-representation aspect Tymoshenko’s to The analysis of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political self-representation, conducted in this ņ substantive representation, which usually manifests itself through certain certain policies itself through manifests usually which representation, substantive 14 ņ whichinits turn ņ CEU eTD Collection factors which enabled her to enter whichenter field of political her enabled the Ukraine. factors to name. 9 chapter I will focus on Yuliia Volodymyrivna’s next the In photographs. official Tymoshenko’s analyzing when research, my of chapter third level popularity. the to increase of their the agenda setting, to create it in a correspondence with the voters’ expectations, and therefore control to opportunity leaders an political images give Thus, impact. very rhetorical powerful function dramatization asvisuals persuasive imaged-oriented more a and have effect, strong integrity” (Rosenberg,Bohan,McCafferty and Harris 1986, 123).In sum, haspolitics become and likeableness, ability,leadership, attractiveness, competence, congressional demeanor, a candidate’s regarding judgments voters’ impact on clear have can a “a photograph single involvement” (Graber 1996, 85). In addition, they have an immediate impact on the viewer, as comprehensive and error-free grasp of information, better “include capacity,they amore as and they informative have avery accumulative productive recall, and greater emotional are considered be memorable to one ofthemost of learning modes 1993).Moreover, (Brosius of a certain political image (Barry 2005; Graber 1996; Kepplinger 1982; Tiemans 1978). in role construction the play central to the visual aspect consider social studies psychology or 425-427). Thus, numerous scholars in such fieldsscientific as political communication, Kaid (McNair 1999, 2003, 103; issue-oriented than rather imaged-oriented, morevisually or a number asaccording has become of Yuliia political to studies Tymoshenko, representation very much relies on the aspect of visualization. I also base my research on visual image of Iwill occasionally referto Yuliia Tymoshenko as Yuliia Volodymyrivna, as Volodymyrivna is herpatronymic I will focus on the issues of political communication, image and representation in the visuals Thus, reasons. main several for representation visual the to given is value Such 15 9 political career in order to single out main out single to in order career political CEU eTD Collection 10 Tymoshenko Chapter II: “Natural Selection” ofWomen inUkrainian Politics: Case the of Yuliia bring their benefits to country” very cruel and forceful, and that woman is “havepolitics to that go through stressed Ukraine of “naturalminister Prime selection”, current The importance. to great beof is ablepolitics to of smiling.At today gender that question sametimethe Tymoshenko, the sheemphasized BYuTy. “Men in my answerteam session, said she was askedthat why there I in journalistsconference with held Odessa 9 on the aream so fewalone women in the electoralis already list of her party too much for them”, President the heights of Ukrainian politics. What factors enabled Tymoshenko to become the become to Tymoshenko enabled factors What politics. Ukrainian of heights the President Olympus of powerclimb Narodnyh(Spysok awoman managed to (2007-), Deputativ the Ukrainy VI sklykannia to the Verkhovna Radaof includesthenamesUkraine of 414 menand only 37 women deputies chair the of members of parliament the of list the (today, the politics of level top the on women Prime Minister it,puts is how explain itin to possible that a country, wherefew ingeneral areso there of Ukraine,women in Ukrainian politics. If the process of women’s entering is “natural”, as Tymoshenko who peculiarities of of the situation she the true dissembles andunderstated correct sharespolitically withleaves being feeling that astrong secondconvocation, VerkhovnaRadaof the Ukrainethe of the of became deputies her who with the careerof together women politicians career andthe other The source of the interview with Tymoshenko: http://www.tymoshenko.com.ua/ukr/news/first/2715/ On Yuliia Tymoshenko’s official website there is a short commentary about the press- the about commentary a short is there website official Tymoshenko’s Yuliia On The answer, Yuliia Tymoshenko gave at the conference, compared to her own political to herown conference, compared gave atthe Tymoshenko Yuliia The answer, 10 . (from the interview to the “Komsomolskaya Pravda”, 2006) 16 th of of February, 2006.During the question- Ihaven’t reached in my political biography. There is not a single goal, Yuliia Tymoshenko ņ replied CEU eTD Collection 2000; Norris 2003; Rule 1987; MatlandMatland and 1998; Montgomery The structure 2003). influence one’s entering andparticipation in 1994; (Lijphartpolitics Norris and Inglehart which legislative recruitment, model of isbuilt theoretical the on chapter The convocation. Radaof II the of Verkhovna deputies as the Tymoshenko with elected together who were includes the analysis of biography and political career of her as well as sixteen other women most. startthe inmattered that herpolitical factors werethe in Ukraine context of political the characteristics general and the assets) financial (that is the availability level herindividual be asincaseofYuliia hardly as considered Volodymyrivna, gendered, of situation inthe Inaddition, processUkraine. the ofTymoshenko’s becoming apolitician can necessary political and cultural socio-economic, of the favored by peculiarities general the corruption, resources, whichlobbying and basedon relations, kinship of 1990s, process the recruitment of peculiarities the include both tothe mentioned, becamepossible political start due her Tymoshenko “natural selection”, human capitalway and Yuliia Tymoshenko becamefactors which favored Tymoshenko’s entering the top level of politics in the late 1990s. a politiciansituation in Ukraine itafter its gained independence in 1991,andbyidentifying crucial the political and cultural of socio-economic, internal the the analyzing by politics, Ukrainian in women higher rank.answers On to thethese questionscontrarypoliticalin leadership Ukrainian is post-soviet find context? goal The chapter to this of the and to dismantle to the the “naturalness”To what extent does gender matter when it comes to Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political career and of the recruitmentVerkhovna Rada of Ukraine of the II convocation, to reach the top levelprocess of Ukrainian politics? of Tymoshenko’s biography allowed her, of all other women, who were elected with her to the in political Whataspects the party? people’s she entered a yearafter within deputy The research is developed as a case study of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political figureand acase Tymoshenko’s political Yuliia isof as study The research developed in “natural” the reconsiderthe me in to research enables the conducted The analysis, 17 CEU eTD Collection gender was a part of gender of this process. wasapart enabled Yuliia Tymoshenkoof legislative to enter therecruitment top Ukraineinin ingeneral, particular. caseof Tymoshenko and Thethreelevels of the analysis level ofin politicsUkrainianin post-soviet process recruitment the of peculiarities the and politics, and in representation contextto see to allowswhat extent me to singlecorrelationher between the main elements of the recruitmentout process, which favormain women’s factors,Tymoshenko which to become politicsthe deputy of entering women’s favor thewhich variables political the Ukrainian analyze will I Third, convocation. and Parliament. compare Finally,comparison I will lookthem at thecountry, and identify which mainfactors the helpedenter Tymoshenko to politicsthe in to theto otherthose independentan first decade of situationthe in as Ukraine in the compare them politics, to sixteen of Ukraine women,women’s which aretosupport andrepresentation considered socio-economic cultural context who in thegeneral of became main characteristics atthe I willlook Second, career. her political influenced order the todeputies Tymoshenko’s biography in todefine themain her order which periods of life andfactors see what of the basis of determine study the of the structure this First chapter. I will look atYuliia enabled VR of the II Yuliia andprocess. structure of recruitment the and peculiarities the and resources) motivations single includes Thelevel individual characteristics parties. the of third candidates (ambition, legislative competition, electoral of a country. Thesecondlevel of general whichincludesconsists context, political the and party systems, as context cultural and economic, social, by general well the is level represented Thefirst each other. as ideology with and interact and organization influence constantly which levels main three includes model applied the of of The objectives of the research and the model of legislative recruitment taken as the 18 CEU eTD Collection University.year In shea metherhusband and Tymoshenko Oleksandr married, although she Ukraine. of minister to go from rags toriches,from a girl raised in hardships of a single-parentfamily to the Prime will trace the most important periods of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s bibliography, the steps she took 2008).I inthe influential (Focus, Ukraine people most the listof years headthe will she three (2005) magazine the third place among the most powerful women in the world, and in another be bythe ranked 45, she will ageof the at Ukraine, deputy VerkhovnaRadaof the of Probably, at that time neither family. support the to inorder jobs onseveral work had to who school in a local teacher of them thought that1960. At theat age of three Yuliia’sthe father left the family, so the girlage was raised by her mother, a of 38 Yuliia will become the events of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s biography, as I will often refer to them further in the study. understanding of the way she became a politician. Fornow, I will identify the main life course in the role crucial a play study, the in further shown be will it as career, business sources is alsodetermined by factthatpersonalthe details from familyTymoshenko’s and of twotypes journalistic articles.investigationsinclude usageof The newspaper the and which sources unofficial as well as website official her from is taken Tymoshenko Yuliia of indata study pictureaspossible,biographical the presentthis as diverseandaccurate to her origin,private life orthe “shadow sides” ofher business (for details see Table 1). In order for instance, about, personal details areaddedwith events lifecourse latter Tymoshenko’s the in is that two the between difference main The analysts. political and journalists by together website andin published official and herunofficialpress, biography, is which usuallyput situated isher higheron the rank, biography Tymoshenko, an official there Yuliia of official 1. From Rags to Riches:the Biography ofYuliia Tymoshenko Prima facie it should be noted that similarly to biographies of many other politicians of many politicians biographies of other similarly beto that noted facie itshould Prima In 1978Tymoshenko theeconomic entered departmentof Dnipropetrivsk State Yuliia family in neeGrygian, ordinary Tymoshenko, in wasborn an in Dnipropetrivsk 19 Forbes CEU eTD Collection death of Ukrainian 2009).agriculture” (Brovko immediate almost and inflation structure, economic and governmental huge a of collapse “the yearof was the as1991 business, of lucrative branches most of the wasone time this which held At theof monopoly providingof Dnipropetrivsk agriculture that with oil products. later of general corporation hadthe position Tymoshenkocommercial director the and of capital “Ukrainian the inYuliia toopen Corporation”,gather start-up the Petrol order where buildin-lawfamily started to Genadiy business empire:pulled a thestringsTymoshenko to father- her and husband her Tymoshenko, Yuliia in 1991, later, years Thirteen center. youth “Terminal” of the director commercial of post to the appointed she was develop, to started became the owner of a network of videoin shops Dnipropetrivsk. In a year, when businessthe to open firsttheir business, asat timethat such business was bringing considerable incomes. gather facilities, film-showingin enoughmoney enabled Tymoshenkosto of the provision the In 2009). addition, hisownership of of acompany, ‘master’ region”the specializing (Brovko be “a and andindividual consideredto serious was executive committee Kyrovskyi of district several levelsin of government USSR.In the 1991 he occupied the position of chairmen the on posts held different Tymoshenko, Gennadiy father-in-law, Tymoshenko’s career. political formerthe Communist Party businessand elite, business determinedherfuture and laterher was only 19 years old. Her marriage with Oleksandr, one of the heirs of the representative of financial difficulties. Thus Yuliia Tymoshenko entered the political field of Ukraine, as Ukraine, of field political the entered Tymoshenko Yuliia Thus difficulties. financial aresult, as and campaign) electoral the from his rival remove to methods accessible use all to started Kuchma who Leonid theUkrainian President of became rival the Lazarenko Pavlo Ukraine. In1996, Corporationthe started to experience political its hardships of (one partners which therichestinfluential was andthemost of marketon company the in energy resources In 1995 this company was transformed “Unitedthe into Energy Systems Thus,in 1988,Yuliia Tymoshenko,with together her husband father-in-law, and 20 Corporation”, CEU eTD Collection gender in played this process. which enabled Tymoshenko toenter the political field of Ukraine, and toidentify the role, her conclude how friendly it was to women politicians in 1990s and to single out main factors will look atthe socio-economic, general cultural andof politicalcontext inorderto Ukraine managed reach to of top the Ukrainian beingpolitics inherthirties. In followingthe sections I for which are tobe heldin 2009. December elections the of Ukraine, of President the thepost run for sheis to going Ukraine. Moreover, discharged, again shewasin reelected holds 2007andstill of the post Primethe Minister of assigned herUkraine. Asareward for Tymoshenko’s help the Orange during Revolution, Yuschenko to the post ofcoalition in order to supportthe Victor Yuschenko’s candidature for thePrime post of the President of Minister. AlthoughYuliia (BYuTy). Tymoshenko” a yearwas reelected to the Ukrainian Parliament as heada laterof the coalition of parties named “Bloc of Tymoshenkofor later after 42days.guilty,imprisonmentyear not the verdictof In2002,a Tymoshenko was her Kuchma’s againstherbythe whichledto team, casecriminal wasfabricated country’s fuel and energyissues. In2001 was andTymoshenko from dismissed her post a the of Minister responsible position tothe the vice-Premierof same yearshewasappointed inLeonid The regime. Kuchma’s stood opposition to which “Batkivshchyna” (Fatherland), herownparty headof the became and she founded later, A year IIconvocation. the Parliament Ukrainian to in ayearshewaselected and “Gromada” on the highest possible level of power. and develop one’sleash in toprotectbusiness to letof participation and enabled politics the Yuliia Yuliia by Tymoshenko leaps and ladder bounds climbedthe of Ukrainian She politics. In 1997Tymoshenko chief becamethefirstdeputy Pavloparty of Lazarenko’s In 2004 BYuTy and presidential “Bloc Nasha Ukrayina” (Our Ukraine) created a created “Bloc Ukrayina”(OurUkraine) Nasha andBYuTy presidential In 2004 21 ņ the Verkhovna Rada of Verkhovna the CEU eTD Collection economics is economics 2009).Thus,often as “ineffective andinflexible” (Akimbekov characterized high-profilethe is positions, be considered high do example,in the Soviet Union level the inwomen’s of representation though politics, not on the parties are to accept and promote women.is,state the authors, the more resources Thiswomen haveenter to the politics and thestatement more willing may be easily contested, acertain country and politically developed development more economically a country.of The as for Richard Matland andKathleen Montgomery (2003, 34-35),is the levelhigh economic of 2.1. Socio-economicandcultural thatsupportfactors women’srepresentation inpolitics which enabled her to become first the MP and then the Prime Minister of Ukraine. of in VerkhovnaRadathe toidentifyUkraine of main of factors, IIconvocation, order the deputies list of the in the names appear whose women, sixteen other of career the and career political Tymoshenko’s Yuliia at look will I Finally, field. political the entering women’s promoted it whether see to inorder country the on period transformational the of years Then, I will look at the main which be infactors women’s suchthatfavor cultural to are considered politics. representation peculiarities of the population. section Inthis first conditions general generalsocio-economic describe I will and of contextcountry’s the of culture societal and political in of level the and Ukraine movement women’s of strength during the thecountry, the of firstdevelopment economic including other, each define often and another interact2000; with one 2003).These constantly Norris 1994; aspects andInglehart Norris (Lijphart aspects main several of consist politics, in representation women’s increase that Recruitment2. TheLevelof andCulturalFactors of Socio-Economic One of One of mainthe which factors, foster women’s inrepresentation politics, as argued by be such to areconsidered which contexts, cultural and socio-economic The general 22 ņ upto30-40%(Starovoytova 1996),its CEU eTD Collection 2.2. Ukrainian Socio-economic and Cultural Context arena. political entering the Tymoshenko’s were favorablefactors Ukrainian into women general way and inwhat they promoted professions. high-status and power to women and men access of the is gapbetween a small there where and ones traditional over prevail values egalitarian society,bein where toawomen-friendly higher inwomen isconsidered politics number of women’s in politics. Thus, as Norris (2003) and Inglehart (2000) claim, the level of professions and (Lovenduski high-status resources other 2003). values from conservative toegalitarian,equal ensuring ofmenaccess and women power, to to increase women’s representation. On the other hand, they promote the shift of the societal women’s movements assertwomen’s rights into and interfere political claiming institutions, existence women’s in of movements strong 2003).On hand,(Lovenduski country the one the opportunities for women to enter the politics. and system,with the economic development anditis votersby in politicians (Norris along that research recognized this the 2003, 312).Still, of a country, a lotthe of other factors, and of increases thelevelof of candidates support female which initsthe people, turn peculiarities such as political regime thelevel toincrease culture newpolitical and societal certain of possibilities country openness inalthough itis study that generally, accepted of this development high a economic the of the recruitment process define the number of argue thatitdid createafriendlynot for womentoget engagedin environment social active Ukraineit after gained independence, when SovietUnion the incollapsed 1991,allows meto The conducted analysis of the level of socio-economic and political development political and socio-economic of level the of analysis conducted The In what follows I will look at the context of Ukraine, in order to see whether these Third, high level the societal,of and gender political culture of influencessociety the is in the politics participation increase women’s helps to that factor The second 23 of CEU eTD Collection a state-owned command economy to a privatized market system. The state-led industries were a privatizedsystem. The state-led market command economy to a state-owned people’s by disruption of lives. of was accompanied change the Theprocess transformation to and turmoil brought which changes, of a number encounter to had countries communist Post- expected. itwas than more complex far was of transformation process the that indicate communism. from transformation of is explained by presencethe ofanumber of encounterhad in citizens problems, to processthe 7,8% (Tystchenkothis 2006). Such numberincreasedonlytounderrepresentation women of changes, as numberthe of inwomen Verkhovnathe in Rada 1994 composed 5,7%, in 1998 significant bring not did elections Democratic parliament. in Ukrainian women of 3% only spheresnumerous of life,includingpublic the higherlevels of politics. In 1990 there were in underrepresentation of tradition women’s the of led continuation tothe Baltic states, the only probably, of, exception generally,the with factors, social and cultural economic, other political participation of women in the sphere of national governance in many new states. in drop the in asignificant Union, whichresulted Soviet of collapse the the aggravated after whoparticipated in convention party of USSRin the 1989, wasless than 16%. This situation Committees and Politburos. Thus, according toA. Andreenkova (2000) the amount of women Central in the government, the of level top the on absent still were women quotas, mandatory of politicalparticipation discourse insured women’s equality through and gender the promoted widely leaders communist Although levels. political highest the on women in accompanied andeducation by representation was of a lowrepresentation employment women’sthe emancipation resulted in genderparadox,whenthe high level of women’s indicative of claim.this in Thus, Sovietthe Ukraine, Marxist-Leninist the ideology towards level life of is and country.the of on Thepercentage top political the politics women of Many authors, such as F. Heyat (2002), R. Solchanyk (2001) or J.Dawson(1999) R. Solchanyk(2001) or (2002), F. suchasHeyat Many authors, with heritage together Union, Soviet post-communist of the collapse the Thus, after 24 CEU eTD Collection in the life of inN.life the Lavrinenko country. According11), inthe 97%of to (1995, of 1995 about women of participation political weak and movement, women’s disorganized and fragmented a create unifyingof platform movement. the solidarity, one could groupidentities andwhich upon mobilization absence of andrecourses (1999) mentionslimited hardshipsof transformationalthe women period, to accessof reasons, which from kept women ininvolvement women’s organizations, Jane Dawson consequently, create women’s to movements (Andreenkova Among 2000,120-123). other discourse of the USSR, therefore people saw no need to defend women’s rights and, problem women’sof discrimination genderor inequality existin notdid dominantthe the weakness of women’s movements in Ukraine due to a number of factors. Prima facie, the enter 2006). and political the (Einhorn to desire arena a double burden and the prime responsibility womenof forfamilies, theirleft women no time of presence the lack andresources, time of the oflife, hardship the At sametime, the equality. stabilization,little the question mainstreaming attention and gender gender paying of to survival marketand adaptation to economy, theissues toeconomic centralized related their rather or countries, these of development economic the on emphasis the (2006), Einhorn number of obstacles for women’s participationliving. in politics. Thus, fallingstandards aggravatingprices of setby skyrocked, already immediately market, the as pointed out by maternity healthcare, benefits. child-care, limited accessto Thenew and pension education, Barbara This leda to considerable in drop nationalgross and, consequently,product unemployment, to not ready workto according to the principles of free market economy of the capitalistic world. Thus, first years country Thus, first by of asan were characterized Independent Ukraine was politics in Ukrainian representation women’s favor not did which factor, Another a up set incountries post-soviet process transformational the of The consequence 25 CEU eTD Collection independence, the politics of the Soviet state was aimed at the full incorporation of was aimedfull citizens of incorporation state all politics atthe Soviet of the the independence, power, highwomen professions andopportunities.to status Before gainedits Ukraine activism. political women’s favor not did therefore and life political active for suitable little qualities with women assigned images these of active Both innoway ortoo (Kolodiy system,butthe 2000, 7). resolute revolutionary, loyal,intelligent, purposes: combine stability keepthe able kind, and family andwork to to of of idealwoman,discourse presentedan suitableemancipation, for demonstrational which communist of reminiscent a as alive was women of image additional states, Kolodiy A. as time, same the At general. in nation the and family the of keepers the wives, mothers, to this ideology, outby aspointed Kis womenOksana (2002), were called Berehynias – of butwassignificantly communistloweredthe during state, the communist rule. According formation beforethe wasstrong of manifestation which the ideologies, nationalistic to turned of Sovietthe Union,many toalotUkrainians, similarly of post-communistother peoples, collapse the On after onehand, women hadthe character. adual towards stereotypes gender women’sfavor participation.political not People acquainted were with feminist theory and it” (Pavlychko1997, 229). mentionedin it their works, they would “quickly add a distancingfootnote from themselves if they even and discourse in their absent almost was feminism addition, In housewives. often and hadsmall membership, composed almost exclusively ofmiddle-aged orelderly women, Most women’s very by poor. pointed out organizations, as wereregionally based author, the Ukrainian increased70, women’s their influenceorganizations onsociety to and politics was mentions229) also five although thefirst independencethat numberduring yearsof of the Ukrainian women didnotbelong any to political organization. Solomea Pavlychko(1997, In addition, there was a sufficient increase in the gap in the equal access of men and of access gap inthe equal inincrease the asufficient was In there addition, The level societal of and ofsociety genderculture in 1991also Ukraineafter did not 26 CEU eTD Collection should be mentioned that in case of Yuliia Tymoshenko, some aspects of general context of context of general aspects some Tymoshenko, Yuliia in caseof that bementioned should and socio-economic situation notof did Ukraine favor women’s inparticipation politics, it stereotypes rolesthe ofmen towards andwomen. general Andalthough I arguethat cultural development,movements, weakwomen’s genderdiscrimination and traditional gender socio-economic bylow level of werecharacterized years of Independence Ukrainian The first favorable create conditionsforwomen’s participation. not political generally did sure, didnot bringmore about opportunities tostart in politics. discrimination, limited level provided women with management, totop which,for access factors, legal aswell totality theincreased level 1990s, the and social of as economic, of they facehad to lay-offs,unfair glass-ceiling, discrimination harassment. Thus,and sexual in (Dawson 1999, 32). Moreover, women were no longer protected by the state laws, from money and power keptthem which away secretaries andreceptionists assistants, executive placesby of were usually offered Jane Dawson women out women.As pointed where11), they could have arestfrom doublethe burden. andfamily,as “a latter the choosing silentcorner inequality” of (Kolodiy bourgeois 2000, proletariat, imposed on them by the former soviet system. They did not want to combine work A.mentionmany (1996) or Kolodiy women(2000) tired that equality the the were of of be to the breadwinners of for authors, numerous family.the instanceAttwood addition, L. In man wereconsidered jobs, as tolosetheirfirst were women of transformation, by theprocess about of Union, thehardships, result collapsethe Soviet the brought society. of After as laborers, nip whowork with andtuck men for the of sake happy future of communistthe mothers discourseand State as both of women into equality workforce. gender the portrayed In sum, the transformation of Ukraine from communism to a new democratic country The emergence of new sectors of economy also proposed new career options for 27 ņ therefore CEU eTD Collection agricultural lowagricultural at figure production directly producers. from the due towhich in the situation ittotal of managedshortage, to receive largevolumes of schemes, barter of number a used company the addition, In Cyprus. in funds offshore in the economy. Thus, in order to avoid taxation, a part of the company’scountry nominal bycapital the of the systems was legislation kept and transformation, economic in created loopholes, The Corporation”. Petrol/Oil enabled the companyopened several inshops, which tenyears afamilygrew into business empire -the “Ukrainian to work in the grey zone inbusiness. Thus, 1988, Yuliia togetherwith Tymoshenko, herofhusband father-in-law,and Ukrainian itpeople,includingforopened numerousopportunities Tymoshenko, starting private affected negatively the vastmajority of the population, for some young and enterprising by transformation the brought about (Kryger thestructures changes Thus, while 2008). modern of business –the predecessors of timecooperatives the of and development creation and tobecome a member of the business, and later the political elite of Ukraine. a create lawnewwhich of herto in business “loopholes” andeconomy,the enabled Ukrainian because earned was capital Tymoshenko’s Thus, Yuliia field. political the for entering needed in business numerous andopportunities appeared country,acquiredthe elites sources who As aresult, population. classes Ukrainian of between different in wealth income and the gap broadened situation This corruption the process of privatization. which accompanied Tymoshenko to use her resources to become a politician was the increase of the level of 2.3. Yuliia Tymoshenko: PavingtheWayinto Politics following subchapter. Ukraine played into her hands. The analysis of these aspects will be conducted in the In Ukraine, as well as in many other post-soviet countries, late 80s and early 90s was 80sand late 90s early countries, post-soviet many in other as In Ukraine, aswell helped which in Ukraine transformation by-passesof One economic the of 28 CEU eTD Collection belong to any party, 4 of them were members of belonged any woman party,members one Communistbelong of the were 4of to party, them didn’t women these of majority The doctors. or agriculturists lawyers, teachers, economists, being education, higher had them of all before, MPs been never had them of all years, 45-50 about was of convocation second the thewomen deputies age of average Table 2).The (see characteristics hadsimilar them all that of show careers, political further theirwell as the on Verkhovna as Radaof the official Ukraine, cards, situated website of their registration convocation there were 17 women, elected from different regions of Ukraine. The analysis of Ukraine. of thePrime Minister years became ten In about she convocation. second whom she became a year later, when she was elected the deputy of the Verkhovna Rada of the the time when Tymoshenkobecame famous, butfirst as a business-woman, not as a politician relations with other elitestructures to be ableenter to the field of Ukrainian politics. That was brought herbrought new nickname new business-woman. Herpost of headthe “United ofthe Energy Systems of Ukraine” a materials articles andvideo about numerous fame: with pressteemed the Tymoshenko’s research institutes, air company and twobanks.At this time, Ukraine starts to ring with Yuliia Ukrainian The includedindustrialeconomics. corporation 20 and commercial organizations, for theservices. was keptasapayment part another fundswhile enterprises, apartof the to The company as areseller.returned successfully dealt corporation the management, market in experience little had enterprises and assets, from inflation, lackof the suffered and currency was still reform circulating after recovering which economics, Ukrainian Since resources. energy for enterprises Ukrainian of production “United worked Systems deals: Energy on barter of which Ukraine”, it the exchanged It should be addedthatamong deputies the of Verkhovnathe Rada secondthe of By beginningof the “United1997, the Energy Systems of Ukraine” controlled 25%of between Later, became thehead ofthe corporation 1995 and1997Yuliia Tymoshenko ņ “Miss 11 andMilliards” enoughresources andbusiness 29 CEU eTD Collection generation of politicians allowed her to build her image as an “immaculate” by both previous byboth “immaculate” buildher asan herimage to allowed generation politicians of Ukraine in elite political of of recruitment the sources lucrative most of toone the belonging her simultaneously technocratic inits skills and orientation” (Szeleniy and Szeleniy1995,617),meant and specifically educated, better “younger, whowere new classof entrepreneurs, the political elite recruitment in post-soviet Ukraine are considered. are Ukraine post-soviet in recruitment elite political 11 enterprise. In addition, as a result of the reason, stated above above stated reason, the of result a as addition, In enterprise. of a new young generation,hermid-30s. This isdistinction important for several main reasons. Thus, as a representative she had more skills,the youngest energy among them:was she that atfact thethe is momentand deputies women other of among opportunitiesthe Tymoshenko Parliamentarydifferentiates that aspect elections Tymoshenko to was instart herfirst The convocation. VRof II the of female deputies from other differences main important own Ukraine. The analysis biographyof Tymoshenko’s andshows that careershe indeed had two of minister Prime the of post the – politics Ukrainian of rank highest the reach to managed Socialist Party of Ukraine, who in 2004 was fifth in the electoral race for the presidential post. mostleaderbeen in femalepoliticians active of of one the Progressive the the Ukraine, of the Central Election Commission; and, for instance, N.M. Vitrenko for the last 15years has National Security Council Zavalevska, in2005; of Ukraine member in2005,becameV.O. the the State Property Fund; Goroshovska V.A. was appointed to the position of the Deputy of the forThus,in example V.P.Semeniuk-Samsonenko, of 2005-2008, heldthe Chiefof the post government. in Ukrainian offices high held them of many convocations, further of parliament and regions in of elected were promoted Ukraine. different to the Socialist party and one to the Congress of Ukrainian Nationalists. All of these women This point will be looked upon in details in the fourth section of this chapter, where the four sources of the Still, out of Still, of IIconvocation seventeen the out women only deputies of the Tymoshenko members of as reelected once than more were thesewomen half of a more than Later, 11 . Moreover, Tymoshenko’s “membership” . Moreover, Tymoshenko’s class in the of youngthe 30 ņ Tymoshenko’s belonging to belonging Tymoshenko’s CEU eTD Collection Tymoshenko she gained the access to the necessary tothe resources. access the she gained Tymoshenko with marriage herOleksandr asitis start through political career, the herto helped in advantage indirectly, which her gendermay itself. Thus, be asubsidiary aspect, considered become the MP.availability At the of these same resourcesone’s chances to betimewas a politician, wasthe the amount of mostresources, available importantat theirher disposal. The genderfactorwhich determined factor, Thecrucial politics. the enter could easily established relations which enabled was Tymoshenko not to a foradvantageous individual ofbusinessrepresentative whoduetotheir elites, capital and disadvantage, situation which was farfrom inbeingfavorable women’s it to was representation politics, not the party, performed the role of the gatekeeper on her way to power. incapital, enabled its theusual to change system: turn, Tymoshenko herself, recruitment she field. The enter political the necessary to interest, of capital and main source the engine: herstart gain opportunity the own business andto high became to profits which primary the brought 90s in the period transformation the Tymoshenko, Yuliia of in case Thus, company. moment of entering the VerkhovnaVerkhovna Rada of II convocation was the fact that Tymoshenko was the only one who at the Rada was the director and the co-founder ofpolitics. a business in Ukrainian figures successful of most the become one herto enabled of chapter thesis, the This herimage, of beLeonid Kuchma inthesecond which aspect described will (1994-2005). Ukraine of President second the of 2007)regime (Naumova “nomenclative-oligharchal” regimes, people were tired of and highly malcontent of: the communist regime and the Thus, although the process of transformation in Ukraine resulted in socio-economic The secondmain between distinction and other womenTymoshenko of deputies the 31 ņ what was an CEU eTD Collection high party competition increases the chances that the process of contagion may occur, by may occur, of process contagion the that thechances increases competition high party forbe women nominated are to (Norris 1993,317). Inaddition, PRsystem the together with parties in a multi-party system is, the more diverse theypolitical want todifferent be, among competition the stronger the systems, party the to comes it when However, thepolitics. enter to have women the more chances is, it the weaker thatthe argues 1994, 11-12). composes (Lijphart district one high consequently,magnitudes 76) andparty (Matland 1998, country when whole the and, high district itwhen presupposes increases arena political the enteringwomen’s electoral other with countries than politics in women many as twice have system PR with countries systemsin general, Thus, representation. women’s to comes it when best be the (Rule to is considered 1994, 1998; Matland and Montgomery among2003), allsystems, ballot proportional 18).representation In addition,3.1. Political factors thatsupport women’s representation in politics the positive identify playedwhat factors thekey inherrole influence entering politics. Ukraine. Inthe subsection atYuliia look third I will in biography to Tymoshenko’s order of PR system in system party the and system electoral regime, political the of thepeculiarities describe on has been favoring women’s political participation after the collapse of the Soviet Union, Iwill environment political Ukrainian whether define to in order Then, politics. in representation parameters of the aspects mentioned above have a positive influence on women’s systems, structure legislativeand party electoral competition, include as invariables such representation politics, and ideology of a particular Recruitment Factors ofLegislative Political The LevelofGeneral 3. party. In what follows I will look at which Thus, anumber according to of studies (Rule 1987; 1994; Norris 1993;LijphartMatland The main aspects of the political system, which have crucial influence on the women’s As to the legislative competition (the number of aspirantsfor election), Norris (1993) 32 ņ the better the chances CEU eTD Collection reinforced by implementationthe presidential the of introduced of type after republic, Ukraine electoral system,laws, (suchasconstitution, state modern of a characteristics” “outer the of discrepancy etc.) and theAccording author,neo-patrimonial the to political regimes arecharacterized bythe inner regimes. political neo-patrimonial logicsof modifications the of one has Ukraine which to according of their functioning. politicalthe system IuseSvitlana Inthispaper Ukraine. of Lukavenko’s (2007) classification, This type of regime3.2. Ukrainian Political Context was influencefactors inanalyzed women’s in representation politics context. Ukrainian Iwillhow the ideas at Now look andgender Montgomery equality of (Matland2003). contrary, the high level rightistenter parties.the On because to of limited number willing consequently, of women, a of women is noted in New Left and, women’s roles leaders towards views of party the of conservative because the parties and Green parties, discrimination, whichbeless bythe rightistWomen to (Lovenduski represented 8). etc.) 1993, considered are also positive action, sharepositive thestrategies, rhetorical as (such politics into women gender equality,implemented in programs; andin parties which use strategies aimed tobring (Norris 1993).Astothe party ideology,best do women in withparties high commitment to formal process the of and which nomination organization of prescribe the candidates the rules strong by represented with arebetter parties Asparty women 2003). concerning organization, by party the as well the organization of 1993,Matland party the as (Norris Montgomery and accepted is first ideology, of the all context in for women party the matters What candidates. their and nominate promote which select, bethemain to they that are considered gatekeepers, recruiting more diverse members(Norris 1993). which copy parties policies of parties,other representing more therefore diverse issues and After the collapse of the Soviet Union, there have been numerous attempts to define of The importance partiesthe for women’s is by representation determined fact the 33 CEU eTD Collection close-listproportional representation system a 4%thresholdwith (Tystchenko 2009). plurality half of according whilewas selected using Ukrainian deputies another to rules, inproportional singlemember formula. constituency Thus,225deputies were elected majoritarian- held were mixed elections the with became the the deputy, Tymoshenko system.member majoritarianthe electoral the basis of 1998, when In constituency on in single Rada of wereconducted Verkhovna the Ukraine elections to first The political arena. political elites. political field kinshipthe through andbusiness relations with representativesthe Ukrainian of enter the to for opportunities Tymoshenko anumberit of created politics, enteringwomen’s 90s, political regime wasfarfrom being inherently,it democratic therefore did not favor with the top-level politiciansbusiness,many entrepreneurs of independentthe Ukraine striveestablish to close relations or to be comesecure meansinimportant most thepolitical to of ones of Thus,goals. the reaching order one of them themselves.relations leads to burstingthe levelsof incorruption Ukraine, which in one its turnrepresents Thus, although in basisthe national regional,kinship, of or of Theclannature ethnic relationships. such the on patronage built as often very are relations political Second, Ukrainian political programs. her hisor than important is more leader a political of personality when situation, the leads to power of thepersonalization regime neo-patrimonial in the asLukavenkostates, arena. First, categories of people,situation in Ukrainewas favorable towomen’s representation in politics identifyand to main this politicalpolitical the whether understand to in order listing am I regime, systemneo-patrimonial the of typical opened opportunities to for entering theand the hands ofhis milieu. politicalhands President’s in the power of majority the concentrated which independence, its gained Ukrainian electoral Ukrainian electoral system favor1990s alsoof didnot women’s in representation the In her Svitlana work Lukavenko(2007) points outa number main of characteristics, 34 CEU eTD Collection candidates are men. are candidates many names include bulletins In addition,the often lists, areelected. ofof electoral placedthe top on the independent whoare a greatAs led candidates, parties. competition aresult, the Muzer (2003), to among candidates. Such officially byR. political asconcluded and fragmentation parties, quantity of registered. As a rule, from Duringmore nowadays, the thirdperiod, than 1993-1994 till 100 politicalparties were statesmore parties. 15political Ukraine registered Justiceof of Department beginning1993, the of the author, from period,ideology.support communist of 1991 till end the did second During the not in both cases, endthe period, in first the of were12parties in 1991, there 11of Ukrainian politics, which the Zakorevskiy history (2004), the system multi-party the of of At hasseveral Ukraine periods. women’s in A.representation Thus,according Ukrainian politics. Kynev to (2003) andN. contribute to not alsodid of newparties creation of of process the general characteristics as institute such was poorly developed. Theatomism in party the system of and Ukraine by proposed usageof the closed list.the advantages, the overbalanced clan on builtrelations, situation political of peculiarities situation,imposed on women, aswell mixed of the electoral usage system and the general andcultural socio-economic the of problems the leaders, its by controlled completely lists theparty that women’s hand,favored other participationwere inpolitics. On fact the the wholethe Ontheonehand,list. party usage of the should lists wasafactor have that closed for votes weregiving their voters although bulletin, electoral into the included party were the of candidates first the namesof the which only to according wasused, lists electoral “strict” so-called of principle the Second, district. national single the to changed was district electoral considerimportant in multi-seatDeputativ tothe First, analysis.this are 2001), which Another specificity of inUkrainian political system 1990s was thefactthat party the The new electoral system had a number of peculiarities (Zakon Pro Vybory Vybory had Narodnyh (ZakonPro The newelectoral anumbersystem of peculiarities 35 CEU eTD Collection based and business networks on is lobbying). second The aspect by defined general nature, atomistic (its system general party and system of electoral Ukrainian peculiarities the by is The firstenter designated aspect parliament. the her ability and,to campaign asaresult, political contextof Ukraine, which predetermined successin Tymoshenko electoral the 3.3. Yuliia Tymoshenko: aHappy Chime of Circumstances subsection. following in the explained be will which elite, Ukrainian member of for asa offerednumber Yuliia opportunities politicalof Tymoshenko context a party systems of Ukrainefavor didnot women’s participation in However,politics. such national economy (Kyryliuk 2003). and production of development politics, national reforms, market sovereignty, national of assertion the was variousto social of groups people. by Among issues the main promoted centristpartiesthe slogansappealed which had general and 1993,12) nichechose centrist (Vodolazov culture), most1996), parties,in toattractorder (who majority the hadvoters alowlevel of political (national radicals) (Golubutskiy O.P., Kryvoruchko T.G., Kulyk V.O., Yakushyk V.M., central-left (social democrats),Ukrainian parties of thirdperiodthe mayleft be intodivided (communistsandsocialists), central (liberals), central right (national hadinterest groups astrong these intoof politics. the getting democrats) and right businesses, their of legalposition securing and economic sakeof the For industrial groups. technological pre-election projects, instrumentsthe oflobbying different financial and as seen were parties The campaign. election the hold to resources enough had who oligarchs, founded by the owners or managers of large enterprises or business structures Thus, on the whole, it is possible to conclude that generally the political, electoral and electoral political, the generally that conclude to is possible it whole, the on Thus, characteristics, ideological, political to in although according general, Therefore, In addition, as Aleksander Kynev (2004) points out, parties often admitted or even or were parties admitted often out, Kynev (2004)points AleksanderIn addition, as This subsection is devoted to the analysis of two main aspects, created in general the created mainaspects, analysis tothe two of is devoted This subsection 36 ņ the so-called CEU eTD Collection number of years,number of party,in Yuliia entered Tymoshenko he1997. Before her this had been business fora partner the of leader the just was not oblast, of Dnipropetrivska former governor a Lazarenko, Pavlo key in role formation liststhe to party the leadership of central belonged the of party.the factors, which allowed Tymoshenko to become the deputythe party list. at such a short notice. Rada inthe Ukraine of 99 First, the Verkhovna In 1988,shewas tothe (Community). Formation “Gromada” Ukrainian elected leaderthe All-the Pavlo of Lazarenko, thedeputy of becomes 1997 Yuliia Tymoshenko In September district. in wonthe mid-term elections Kyrovograd the candidate unaffiliated Yuliia Volodymyrivna entersthe high level of politics in January 1997, when she, asan of oligarchs. therepresentation favored populistideology whichand niche,supported chosecentrist Tymoshenko to, belonged ideological and campaign strategies, chosen by leadersthe of “Gromada”the party, political culture of population the ideologicaldefined thecentralist political and niche, parliament. in the seat her gained still have would Tymoshenko. This insuredthe safety asher seat, of even if shehad one lost of races,she the in caseof asitwas district, inlistand single-member the on both, a party placed 367). Thus, could acandidate be 2002, for (Herron local toadvocate tend constituencies” legislators who tend to conform with the party and [simultaneously] SMD legislators who “PR create elections: the dualcandidacyon the enabled to system inmixed behavior political legislative describes, the (2002) protection Herron asErik Second, theirgreater of enterprise. In addition, the atomic nature of the party system in Ukraine and the low level of level low the and inUkraine system party the of nature atomic the addition, In The peculiarities of Ukrainian electoral and party system were among the main the were among system party and electoral Ukrainian of The peculiarities Thus, career. meteoric political Iwill main of the Tymoshenko’s First, steps recall ņ therefore he supported Tymoshenko’senter a intention hepolitics,the for to therefore supported th single-member district, being at the same time under number 6 in 6 number under time same the at being district, single-member 37 CEU eTD Collection resources one has in order to become a politician. These resources generally include financial include generally Thesebecome resources apolitician. one hasto inorder resources firstshould for select themselves participation inis politics. The aspect second number the of inbe and by aperson Thus, motivation. selected by order to then voters, the gatekeepers the and interest ambition, personal by their is determined aspirants the of level individual and level aspect of process.Thefirst the structure individual level and the recruitment of The LevelofRecruitment 4. section. following inin upon looked the is recruitmentdetails system, which patronage-oriented the of course, different and “Gromada”, to ideology people, uncertain social of appealed the which groups, Ukraine and such realities of Ukrainian political context as the low level of political culture of Tymoshenko’sfavored instarting was herbelongingpolitics totheoligarchic classof lucrativefor environmententering onlyfor politics is created certain people. Thus, what a in which parties, political and system electoral Ukrainian of features specific of number Tymoshenko’s becomeopportunity to thedeputy was by conditioned not herby gender,but a Yuliia politics. into women bring to aimed strategies, on or politics, in representation focus women’sfavor notpolitical issues, program partieseither on which also did convocation. electionsbecamedeputy and YuliiaTymoshenko VerkhovnaRadaof the of II the the into “Gromada” the Parliament. Pavlothresholdthe andLazarenko’s 4,68%on received got partiesof 4% party. overcame time,the position expensive atthat 1998 eight In secured the members and the range chose for“Gromada” their ideology leaders party.of Theby support central the “Gromada” of the election campaign, which was one of the most massive and Thus, inThus, Ukrainian 1990s system electoral notwas favorable towomen in politics. The The process of women’s recruitmentmay be formally divided into twomain levels: 38 CEU eTD Collection low level of cultural and political culture of the population, which left women with little andcan be structure process become recruitment the with anddesireto politicians, opportunities women left which population, the of culture political and cultural of level low women. Moreover, together with the burden of socio-economic problems in the country and process infrombe is recruitment was for considered to propitious what Ukraine different politics (Matland and Montgomery 2003, 32). isrecruitment centralized, asitprovides more opportunities for (slots) women enter to the of process ifthe women for isbetter also It leaders. theparty of preferences and/or patronage the depend on not do and set clearly are recruitment of rules the where system, recruitment form bythebureaucratic countries of ischaracterized and “Western-European” majority of women This is1993, 325-326). process typemost(Norris of in recruitment thecommon the for be best the to is considered process recruitment formal-localized Thus, recruitment. of process and the system of political by openness a relative beshould characterized and all,structure mainpolitics process conditions. recruitmentthe First several under of Contexts 4.1. The Recruitment System that Supports Women inPolitics: General and Ukrainian order to identify influenced factors which most herentering Ukrainian field.political in in particular, recruitment of Tymoshenko’s Yuliia process atthe look I will subsection second Ukraine.the In in process post-soviet recruitment of the thepeculiarities and analyze in favor women’s politics a number variables,representation out to are considered which of to become the deputyher helped which of theprocess, Verkhovna recruitment the of level the on factors main the identify Rada to and path of Ukraine. In the first subsection I will point education, etc health, status, experience, (Matland 1998;Matland and Montgomery 2003). includes that capital human aspirant’s an of level high a and time of sufficiency support, Taking into account the aspects described above, it may be concluded that general may that be it concluded above, described aspects account the into Taking The level of the recruitment structure and process favors women’s representation in The aim of this section of the chapter is to analyze Yuliia Tymoshenko’s recruitment 39 CEU eTD Collection the crème de la crème: intelligentsia. These people were usually the representatives of representatives the wereusually Thesepeople la intelligentsia. crème de the crème: enter politics. the The of thirdpeople,became group included who elite,Ukrainian political to resources enough gaining develop business, the to capital and thestart-up accumulate to them allowed privatization of The process business. of the became owners the Union Soviet enterprises is after by managers collapsegroup whothe of ofdifferent constituted the the by constituted formerpoliticians 2000; 2003). Thesecond (Andreenkova soviet Bondarenko is elite political about halfof Ukrainian (2006), Research of Strategic by National Institute experience According the bondsinvarious data,proposed political haddifferent and fields. to political These aconsiderable people had social structures. or legislative, executive constituted by the mainfourfrom sources, which Ukrainian political elite appeared in former is 1990s.Firstgroup the members of the Communist Party leadersparty (Rojkova 2007). of the Soviet Union,when the last word in the process of campaign and recruitment depends on the decision of differentthe politics, of “personalization” of level high the to leads This space. political and economic for struggle in the instruments the were which parties, political new of formation the differentThus, were out, of points Rojkovabusiness groups maininitiators asIrina the (2007) influence. of spheres for administrative and political compete to started elites these interests, byvarious driven economic of middle In business elites. 1990s, appearance of the the by marked was corruption, of level high and system legislation imperfect inflation, of level economy, high market the to by transformation the Union, accompanied of Soviet the collapse to women system,recruitment builton lobbying corruption? and unfavorable the in led main of are the which to transformational the process Ukraine, aspects what So in politics. women thenumber of of increase the for obstacle asanother considered In addition,Andreenkova asA. (2000)andK. Bondarenko(2003) point thereare out, As mentioned intheprevious transformation section, the of Ukrainian afterpolitics the 40 CEU eTD Collection they could protectentrepreneurs, of generation new the of representatives the andfor enteringMoreover, advantage. their in system develop politics was theira gamecertain individuals: oligarchs and entrepreneurs,could who opennessof use the political the that business.was worth the for system of thepolitical were extremely of candles,participation recruitment Ukraine advantageous The as throughbelonging politicsdid not favor women’s representation in politics. At the sameof time these characteristicsYuliia process,of the lowthe external pressure of the voters and the patronage-oriented recruitment system Tymoshenko to4.2. Yuliia Tymoshenko:Game isWorth the the Candles system in enabledUkraine Tymoshenko tostarther whirlwind political career. political career. In what follows for Yuliia Tymoshenko’s werecrucial characteristics arguethat these allows meto subchapter I will look upon in details inthefollowing The conducted analysis, politics. top-level the on way to the factors which factors of the recruitmentimportant most the of recruitment process the and andmotivation) sources of availability (the candidate the of level individual the made context political Ukrainian of characteristics These builtUkrainian process, and lobbying. of recruitmentclan the peculiarities the politics on of nature the prearranged business andpolitics The unity of structures. business andpower of interpenetration by the accompanied was which Ukraine, of period transformational businesses. own created for developing their base them a fathers who successful of already relatives or other new thesewere children argues, generation oligarchs the (2003) of Very asBondarenko often, afortune. andmarketization scraped together theirandto quickly privatization advantage use managedof process the who new to is of entrepreneurs, group constituted fourth the Finally, business. to Union turned of Soviet the collapse after the who elite academic As it was concluded in the previous subchapter, the decentralization of decentralization the As it subchapter, intheprevious recruitmentthe of was concluded of the the results above,were of elite,The fourUkrainian political described sources 41 CEU eTD Collection 1990 the industrial field of Dnipropetrivska wasinoblast hands the its governorof influential business partners, the most prominent of whom was, probably, Pavlo Lazarenko. In afew had quite Yuliia Tymoshenko career, business her her and father-in-law Thanks to was herbusiness and and kinship relations power with business prominent of elites 1990s. politician. a become leveragesthe influence to further its fed development, Yuliia motivation Tymoshenko’s to the violation of the currency of thecompany accused arbitration tribunal and the Superior werefrozen legislation.accounts company’s The urge to save millions,the the of charged $42 with were a dept in company the 1999. Thus, of 1997theowners business and the aspiration in on prospective the presidential was Kuchma’s election Pavlo rival potential Lazarenko of Leonid Kuchma started throwingspanners into the corporation’s as works, one ofits heads– Ukraine of president the Inaddition, business structures. from other toattacks subjected becomes themain Being tool of power. fifth the biggestcompany in CIS,the corporation was to become apolitician. interest in herstrong resulted resources of energy onthemarket elites the between competition politics.in In business andgrowing politicsUkraineand of convergence addition, the Ukraine” provided Yuliia with Tymoshenko financial enough forcapital entering Ukrainian biggest corporations in Themulti-millionUkraine. revenue of “Unitedthe Energy Systems of politics. She was young, ambitiouslike? arena and political Ukrainian into well-educatedrecruitment her of level the and level entrepreneur,individual were Tymoshenko’s What enter politics. the helpedher to that factor crucial the the head of one ofbusiness elite of country,the which motivationwith both her provided and was opportunities, the Another factor that increased Tymoshenko’s opportunity to become the deputy become thatincreased Another factor thedeputy opportunity of Tymoshenko’s VR to In “United1996, the Energy ofUkraine”reached businessSystems level,the when enter had to the level,On thein1996 Yuliia enoughresources individual Tymoshenko 42 CEU eTD Collection that such process of recruitment became possible only due to specific features of specific features only becamesuch due to of possible recruitment that process which influenced a enter person’s politicalto capability the Although,itis field. recognized factor, money,as thekey and business connections based kinship, on of process recruitment, business orpoliticalincluding elites, Yuliia These Tymoshenko. circumstances placed the political, by andlegalsystems) wereusedasan economic of advantage many representatives in (such astheloopholes context of Ukrainian circumstances the particular However, favorculture did not women’s inneo-patrimonial representation politics of Ukraine. political people’s of level low egalitarian, over in society values traditional of prevalence the movements, of women’s weakness the economic development, poor The countries. in indemocratic politics favorable women’s participation aspects tothe mainvariables to political context of Ukraineled after to theseveral collapse convocation II VRof of the women deputies 16 other of career as political the aswell career, of the Sovietfindings. Union consisted of Firstthe opposite5. Summary of all, it showed politics. Ukrainian of field that generalUkrainian recruitmentcultural, system, andthepeculiarity the businesspolitical elite, of with connections motivation resources, based and socio-economiconfinancial sufficient clan of availability the oligarchs, and Ukrainian of generation kinshipyoung the relations, allowed and win to electionsthe totheVerkhovna Rada ofUkraine. Thus, Tymoshenko’s belonging to and her to enter the enter gain Tymoshenko politicalthe to lobby support of party, to Dnipropetrivsk the the of helped “Gromada”, leader of andthe Minister Prime former as the He, Corporation”. Petrol “Ukrainian beTymoshenko’s of “godfather” the to considered was also elite. Lazarenko managed toestablish numerousrelations with representativethe ofbusiness and political Tymoshenko Gennadiy Lazarenko, with connections personal tothe Thanks Lazarenko. The analysis Ukrainian of Yuliiacontext, biography Tymoshenko’s and her political 43 CEU eTD Collection third chapter of of the thesis. chapter third in the details in upon looked be will argument This Ukraine. of Minister Prime the become support and popularity,climband herto successfully enabled political ladder andto the combination of andgender, power nationalism, wasafactorwhich provided herwith national based onthe image, successfully political tocreated small inno existent thanks part personality, charismatic Tymoshenko’s time, same the At MP. the becoming for relations she in oblast, the necessary obtained capital and influential functionary Dnipropetrivska sonof the an Tymoshenko, with Oleksandr hermarriage is it career,asthrough her political lobbying and At was samethe corruption, hercrucial. indirect time, genderplayed an in role capital) and the peculiaritiesindividual level ambitions,(strong interest and motivation, enough resources and human of the recruitment her caseof Tymoshenko’s In a politician. becoming factor in of process the important most structure and process of Ukraine, politicalbased elites. on new and for business the in opportunities created which Ukraine process transformational Thus, the research showed that generally Yuliia Tymoshenko’s gender was not the not was gender Tymoshenko’s Yuliia generally that showed research the Thus, 44 CEU eTD Collection different currentthe Prime be Figures of Minister can Ukraine (see 1-5intheAppendix). abandoned cities Ukrainian Orange and villagesafter Revolution, the wonderhow one could determined asJeanne D’Arc.Looking which five the only mostat electoral popular posters, purposefuland feminine or asLady Thatcher, gentleand Diana as Margaret andstricttough shecanappear diversification: by a great imagein is characterized media the Tymoshenko’s few of popularhow Yuliia most the examplesof is Tymoshenko named press.Indeed, in the 12 Ervin Panofsky The iconography(1970). was chosen as itallows me dismantleto themain by described method, iconographic the using wereanalyzed pictures website.official The The material of the analysis is represented by photographs, chosen from Yuliia Tymoshenko’s 2004, when, the Orange after political her Revolution, image current shaped. waseventually popular and discussed women politicians in andoutsideUkraine the country. most stay the of to inone order andchooses picks she self-representation, populist political Tymoshenko’s of elements and strategies main the of identification the to is devoted chapter This insurein her electorate? gender to the among strategy popularity asapolitical order instrumentalizeher inTymoshenko Howdoes mostthe successful one Ukraine? of politicians made which self-representation, political of main Tymoshenko’s Yuliia elements what are the Yuliia the Tigress, Samurai in a Skirt, Ukrainian Jeanne D’Arc, Iron Lady, Chapter III. Political Self-representation ofYuliia Tymoshenko All pictures, used in this study, are taken from Yuliia Tymoshenko’s web site: www.tymoshenko.com.ua. The research is based on the analysis of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s self-representation since self-representation Tymoshenko’s Yuliia of analysis the on based is research The A Warrior Princess, Princess Leia, Gass Princess, Revolutionary Princess, Lady Yu, Viktor Diachenko, Ukrainian journalist, 2006. voters not with breadbut with circuses. Yuliia Tymoshenko is one of few [politicians] who attract 45 ņ those are only 12 So CEU eTD Collection 291). “exaggerated beliefs about appropriate behaviors andtraits that relate to gender roles” of women (Boles,Hoeveler 2004; 13 Tymoshenko’s political self-representation, out in singled in study,this tosee order what main at the and which tothe elements contribute above-mentionedconstitute three images of look will I Thus, image. political current Volodymyrivna Yuliia of dismantling the to devoted is section second The people. the of acelebrity nation, mother of Ukrainian a politician, acompetent woman, time tender at thesame but anddetermined, image strong of a to the injustice of a victim of image the from image-making Tymoshenko’s Yuliia of historiography and communication. non-verbal clothes Tymoshenko’s Politician, and Woman representationout in visualTymoshenko’s self-representation: the image of Berehynia; Beautiful Modern through images, singled of types general thethree of each research, the to Thus,according concepts. nationalistic and such inchastity rooted that, and femininity normative of combination the elements as colors, the emblem of the heart, representation is very much built on the notion of femininity of notion the on built much very is representation crucial for Tymoshenko’s stayingtop level atthe herpopularity,of political as self- whichfactor enter field the enabledis to Yuliia Tymoshenko of Ukrainian politics, hergender (Bonnell propaganda 1999). further in into chapter, iconographicthis of traditions both Christianity artand post-soviet of because the way Tymoshenko is depicted on most of her images is rooted, as it will iconography I use Inaddition, it to. belongs society be of arepresentation a particular or concept shown decode photographs, to theirmeanings symbolic andtoperceive them as certain cultural official her through communicated representation political Tymoshenko’s of elements In this study I understand the notion of femininity socially-constructedas a phenomenon thatrepresents often The results of the analysis allowmeargue to that although gender isnot the determinative This chapter consists of three main parts. In the first section I will look at the ņ implement the visual codes of femininity which is manifested in manifested is which femininity of codes visual the implement 46 13 which, in its turn, is based on based is turn, in its which, CEU eTD Collection secret martyrsecret of Ukrainian nation. later, Though as situationthe in Ukrainian politics changed, corresponded totheimage of a “bluestocking”, avictim Kuchma’sa corrupt of a regime, described byKravchenko ending (2006), Tymoshenko new a completely First, with one. all images, to three correspond partially careershemanaged timeher of political different femininity, often overstressinginit achieve order to their political (Kravchenkogoals 2006). irreproachable appearance and a vivid political image: they absolutely rely on the notion of the 6 by author‘womenthe sexual symbols’. Such women, asfor instance Vaira Vike-Freiberga, is called image third The politicians. male with terms equal on play to in order part feminine normative their shade to tend and image, political extravagant an build not do Finland, of President the Halonen, Tarja or Chancellor, German Merkel, Angela as such representation, “blueKravchenko(2006) stocking”. According towomen, author, the who chosethis type of questions was an example of elegancy Theand exquisite taste. secondimage iscalled by in political firmness her despite who Thatcher, Margaret of that is image this of example although may they bejust asvicious,often and imperious brutal as anyman. Themost vivid males’. usually women, according Such author, the to play gendercardoffemininity,the in their career. political image, Thefirst outbyKravchenko pointed is(2006), called ‘women- tendtoadopt femaleimages generally thatworld three leaders describes “Ukrainethe Daily”, 1. Form Victim toConquer:Transformation the ofTymoshenko’s Political Image order to see why image-makingheris so strategy popular many among so Ukrainians. in image, political Tymoshenko’s in Yuliia elements controversial often other, of variety main reasonswhichcan generally explain usage offemininethe gender witha together place gender occupies among these elements. In the third section I will point out some of the th President of Latvia, or Ilona Staller, a Hungarian-born Italian politician, have politician, Italian a Hungarian-born Staller, Ilona or Latvia, of President The uniqueness politicalthe of figure of Yuliia Tymoshenko lies in factthe at that In one ofher articles, Anna Kravchenko(2006), the in editor chief of newspaperthe 47 CEU eTD Collection 16 15 14 days. prison andJanuary she for of 42 to 19, 2001 wascommitted embezzlement wasaccused on Thus, of country. the corners farthest reached the her arrest news about whenthe 2000s, chastity. artificial and concepts nationalistic symbolic femininity, which normative image, isbased to, leadercancorrespond of awoman on political in,rooted notthatmuch sexualized was asessentialized, creating anew, therefore fourth type been has self-representation Tymoshenko’s femininity, of notion the However, femininity. she banked image onthe “woman-male”of a revolutionary and politician a then symbol on of number of works (Kis 2007, Kryvdyk 2008, Piskunova 2008) was the image of imageYuliia of the Kryvdyk 2008)was 2008, Piskunova 2007, (Kis number works of victory over her tormentors.justice Volodymyrivna the go gained allYuliia through and triumphed obstacles: managed to Thus, “Victim, who concurs her tormentors”, Figure 6). extremely harsh conditions, where she didn’t drink oreat much, being afraid of poisoning (see very looked as Yuliiain told,later slim and exhausted, was she Volodymyrivna kept she year, same the in March released finally was Tymoshenko When in jail. be to her for was politics. attention wasn’t paid to her image as it wasn’t the time suchagreat mainthat at Probably, fameyet. all-Ukrainian reached the hadn’t and politics, factor, which helped her to enter the She was younga ambitious politician whojust started her career on the level top of Ukrainian changes. these to correspond which life political inUkrainian factors main identify and nowadays, majortrace changes in Tymoshenko’s political self-representationfrom late 1990s to See Table 1 in the Appendix. See Chapter II for the details. details. the for III Chapter 2 in section See 16 At time that thenewsbuzzed messages with howunfairherarrestwas and howhardit Despite all challenges Tymoshenko facedDespite all jail, Tymoshenko inchallenges Prime Minister future the Ukraine of notableimage special wasnotfor any late1990,Tymoshenko’s In the political traits. 15 The first important stage of her political self-representation was reached after reached was self-representation her stage of political important Thefirst 48 14 In what follows I will ņ according to a CEU eTD Collection found whichproved thePresidentLeonidKuchma’s in involvement case.this At thattime be scandal”, were famous told when tapes “cassette to Georgiy andthenotoriously Gongadze major was bustled by andUkrainian journalist disappearance events death – the of two andlater –love”, elements of Tymoshenko’s political self-representation. 18 17 Church in 1998, and which she often afterwards. wore Yuliiaby Orthodox the Volodymyrivna which wasgrantedto Martyr, Barbara Great the St. by of were heated Regilione the Tymoshenko towards feelings sympathetic In addition, saints. of suffering face Christian asthechallenges shehadto resembled Tymoshenko, towards compassion forher. being Third, a many society,religious Ukrainians expressed sympathy 1990s, manya people victim sympathized a cruel Tymoshenko: regime, of under influence the ofnumerous soap operas, which Ukrainian flooded in television the and the hardships transformationalthe of Inaddition,period. asKryvdykmentions, (2008) battles political face constant hadto population Ukrainian majority of the time, Thus, atthat 2008). mentality (Piskunova Ukrainian of peculiarities the to wasadapted a victim image of Lazarenko and then, Kuchma, she disowned when the circumstances changed). circumstances the when Kuchma,and disowned she Lazarenko then, off clear from any situationinjustice) favored this image very muchor as she has alwayseven been famous for being able to come takesuffering, imprisonment, in (the itwas Tymoshenko for circumstances the herFirst, ones. main the own advantage (recall her relations with political regime who got hurt in an unfair battle for justice and verity. image tothe a victim and unjust of cruel the of Shecorresponded face her 6). (see Figure setting of courtroom:the in pale,tired, a modest without grey a hintsweater, makeupof on in herAt pictures appearedwhichdepicted that 2001. the after numerous timeTymoshenko Later in this See Table 1 in the Appendixstudy for the details. I will show how the aspect of religiousness and chastity are used as one of the central What didcommunicate Tymoshenko through herimage “Hope, after 2000? belief then Why was this image chosen? For sure there are a number of reasons; I will mention ņ says Ukrainianjournalist KryvdykThus, Ostap (2008). in 2001, Ukraine 49 18 ņ 17 and felt high andfelt Second, the Second, CEU eTD Collection traditions, folklore, art, philosophy, religion and culture in general. In what follows I will consists of different elements, often symbolic, symbolic, often elements, different of consists that construction is a multi-layered each is her hypostases beof that shouldWhat mentioned mainthree it images,is constituted of: Berehynia; Beautiful, Woman; Modern and Politician. 2. YuliiaTymoshenko: AJackof All Traders and self-representation. genderplays inherpolitical rolethat the parts constituent dismantle she toseeits Yuliiain image, Tymoshenko’s political acquired after order 2004, Iwill subchapter next the nation. In theUkrainian of representative politician, atrue asuccessful woman, cosmopolitan beautiful a powerful,into determined, she turned and ill, Figure7).From an and pale woman exhausted – asacredmartyr, injustice, avictim of which messageof love.carried the and cordiality – read hearts BYuTy, symbol the Tymoshenko’s by bright of werecovered Ukrainian cities in fencesbefore in andposts Parliamentary re-elections stability 2006, and prosperity. Later, lead the country to towards Yuschenko’s “Nasha wasable (OurUkraine), Ukraina” party dismissed, Tymoshenko gave belief to many Ukrainians that she, in the Orange coalitionbe to considered was regime Kuchma’s which after Orange Revolution, the figures of with receivedin 20seats Ukrainianthe In Parliament. 2004, beingone of mostthe prominent corruption. the defeat and to stagnation of economic leadit out country,in to the theorder reinstate to Ukrainians injustice andgavehopeto declared regime. warto Kuchma’s criminal Tymoshenko this, By Kuchma”dismiss andthen the“Forumof Rescue”,created whichNational wasaimed to without “Ukraine her action started situation, ofthe advantage took Yuliia Tymoshenko General analysis of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s visual representation allowed to single General visual to allowed analysis representation of out Yuliia Tymoshenko’s Indeed,image YuliiaTymoshenko’s has changed6 drastically since Figure2001 (see In 2002, BYuTy – the oppositional party of Yuliia Tymoshenko, won the elections and 50 ņ which trace their origin in Ukrainian origin their trace which CEU eTD Collection 19 through “thethrough details of dress, bearing,physical andverbalmanners” (Bourdieu 1977,94) that isit that statement Bourdieu’s following Pierre In this, areconstructed. “Womanhood” and and “Ukrainian-ess”Chastity of i.e. nation),and (Ukrainian Berehynia,culture Religiousness, 2.1. Berehynia imageof Berehynia. of Tymoshenko’s Yuliia aspects constituent of the in discuss section. methodology the while others are not. This thesis leads to the problem of the boarders of interpretation, I politicalin Tymoshenko’s purposefully, representation in Yuliia used study,refer to are the that world and national symbolic systems are incredible diverse and rich, some symbols, Iwill in particular. At the same time it should be noted that Iam aware that primarily due to the fact systems which occupy central the inplace in world cultures and general in Ukrainian culture symbolic of importance the admit I because primarily self-representation, Tymoshenko’s 1974, (Rasmessen form” political and social religious, 2).psychic, poetic, its in imagination human Thus, tothe testifies which well-spring the [as] culture of center the “atplaces it who symbol, I refer nation,the its moral and Ishare spiritual depth. Inaddition, to DavidRasmessen’s approach to the symboliccultural “spring wells” to of refers in (Shyian 1987,766),which ideas, sign” one expressed and words of “a is combination symbol that Shyian Thus, Iagreewith Volodymyr literature. nature of differentfirst, Iwill specify the meaning of the notion of symbol, Iuse in this study. elements,Ukrainian Though socio-economic which cultural photographs context. and to refer political, her of loading national and symbolic through communicates she self-representation, political used herof parts constituent the imagesand visual Volodymyrivna’s Yuliia inin analyze detail Yuliia See Chapter I for the details. the for I Chapter See In this Iwill subchapter at look how notional constituent the of parts Tymoshenko’s image In this I use work maintwo approaches tothe notion of symbol,inexist which the 19 Keeping that in mind, I will continue with the analysis the with continue will I mind, in that Keeping 51 CEU eTD Collection Ukraine, Berehynia, as a goddess called Makosh, was often pictured on the pottery pottery the of on the was often pictured Makosh, called asagoddess Ukraine, Berehynia, evil and misfortunes (Slav Mythology 2004). from byher, created the worldand people, Berehynia Thus,protected asagoddess, protect’. ‘to mean which ‘berech’ Russian or ‘berehty’ word Ukrainian to similar is ‘Berehynia’ for Berehynias on the hillsnear the rivers (Slav Mythology 2004). On the other hand the word ‘bereh’ Russian meaning ‘bereg’, a‘riverbank’:or call as performed people Slavic rituals to similar Old to Slavic word‘pregynia’, meaning‘ahill, with forest’ and covered Ukrainian correspond to the etymology of the word.fiancés cheated them on beforeright weddingthe mythology, (Slav 2004). Thus, on the one werehand also the oftenword considered‘Berehynia’beautiful greenhair eyesandlongfairwoman with or green (Melnikov 2006). Berehynias to be is pure young water-banks (Galkovskiy accordingtofolk-beliefs,1916). Thus, brides, Berehyniawasayoung who took their lived a shadowy it on the (Kalashnikov or who Rusalka world2003), to the protected and own life because their2007). Ancient (Lozkobirth gave Slavs believed Berehynia goddess who that eitherwas great niads of images in the or women” “stone in Scythian Crete, on or in Troy found figures, female in small berecognized may image secret this Thus nations. Indo-European many 2.1.1. Berehynia asanelement ofUkrainian culture general and the role itplays in Ukrainian culture. position, gestures and posture, first, Iwill gaze.Though myth aboutthe write Berehynia in of elements: colors, hairstyle, clothes and nonverbal communication, whichmainly includes help offour the symbolic how with image is at will performed look the of Berehynia isimage, created, in apolitical this case, or person, culture, a certain messageabout the religiousBerehyniaimage a of hasTheconnotation.also pre-ChristianThus,in Rusalka) and (asgoddess mythological creature ancient imagesthis of The two of in canbefound mythologies names, different under although The imageof Berehynia, 52 ņ I CEU eTD Collection goddess, and Christianity, resembling theicon Oranta; “Womanhood”, astheimageof and to Religiousness, as both imagethis into is pre-Christianrooted pagan beliefs,signifying a great national symbols ormyths, as Rubchak puts it(Rubchak Chastity 2005); to and important most the of be one to is considered Berehynia of image the as “Ukrainian-ess”, refer to aspects These aspects. threebasic of consists Berehynia image of the of connotation connotation was used at the center of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political self-representation.mentioned in political speeches, in Ukrainian press, in titles of organizations or folkThe festivals. TryzybArms.of –UkrainianCoatof Today,Berehynia isoften concept (Trident) the into transformed wasalso image of Berehynia of city.the The be protected the to considered point of Maidan Nezalejnosti (Independence Square), however itis Archangel Michael whois inmonumentinstance of wasplacedBerehynia of 2001 the incenter highest the Kyiv atthe is still one home, the of ofprotector the thenation, and family most Ukrainian of mother hearth the as popular Berehynia, elements of UkrainianUkrainian Rubchak Marian scholars Kis2008)point (2001,2005)andOksana out, (2002, national and political2007). Inaddition, as (Lozko and averters embroidery on and songs, literature inappears discourses. For gives life and protects it, who gives people hope, belief and protection from evil andspirits misfortune. beseecher isbe nation, andthe Ukrainian theof most important Oranta to Ukraine considered image of The incentury. in the11th Kyiv, built Sophia Cathedral St. the – inthe apseof famous inmost of mosaic Capital one of isthe pictures Ukrainian heart of Oranta the situated Madonna,a portrayed child, without her holding hands upin a prayer 2007).In (Lozko fact, (Rybakov looks 1981). Thisimage muchvery Christian – as a rareimageOranta of praying ancient Trypilska culture as a woman with her hands up – as a protector, who stops evil forces In sum, the image of Berehynia, as an ancient symbol of life, fertility, motherhood which motherhood fertility, life, of symbol ancient an as Berehynia, of image the sum, In No wonder that an image that has such a great popularity and such a rich and powerful ņ is deeply rooted into Ukrainian culture and beliefs, and often 53 ņ CEU eTD Collection legitimization of the object, over which the power is expressed. Thus, as Joan Landes states: Landes as Joan Thus, is expressed. which thepower over object, of the legitimization in order 1993).The mentionedinMcClintock above roles areused self Tymoshenko’s representation to set theparticipants in national,military, economic and otherstruggles Yuval-Davis (Anthias, 1989; boundaries and differences; of ethnic/national signifiers its of culture, transmitters collectivity and of of the reproducers national/ethnic groups; of boundaries the of reproducers; reproducers the stateplayed by women in relation to national processes.and These roles include: a role of biological theAnthiasAnna andYuval-Davis (1993),Floyaaccording (1989),are Nira McClintock to nationcorrespondence of Tymoshenko’s self-representation severalto of andthe five roles which, therefore, arefirstthe andforemost through established state Ukrainian and anewly created to createtraditions andculture. a history, its nation, Ukrainian with ties imagery establish asto well as memory, national independentshape country and to Ukrainian nation, referring collective tothe pre-soviet nationalistic ideasand The beliefs. imageof tosymbolize is first, anew Ukrayinka used, post-communistother countries, was Independence the by marked reinforcementthe of used by in tosecure Tymoshenko order her in position many where,similarlyUkraine, to strategy, be apolitical may nationalism considered of usage The self-representation. political 2.1.2. “Ukrainian-ess” to the notions of “Ukrainian-ness”, “Womanhood”, Chastity and Religiousness. Tymoshenko’s visual theself-representation, image refer to Berehynia, of and, consequently, in used communication, andhairstyle, nonverbal clothes, heart, emblem the the of colors, way the at look will I follows, what In in general. womanhood and femininity nation, isKis mother of the of and Rubchak(2005), asymbol to the Berehynia, (2008)of according The ties, between Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political representation and Ukrainian nation Ukrainian and representation political Tymoshenko’s between The ties, Yuliia her of aspect a significant is woman” Ukrainian true “a of image Tymoshenko’s 54 CEU eTD Collection complementing to Tymoshenko’s imagery ties with Ukrainian nation. Ukrainian with ties imagery Tymoshenko’s to complementing Ukrainian symbolic system, rituals, beliefs, and art, national inculture general, with is associated easily redcolor In sum, life andfuture. for stands red where embroidery, especially be folk for art, Ukrainian traditional to andblackisalsoconsidered red, white theirhouseholds clean from (Mateykoevil andspirits misfortune 1977). Thecombination of keep eggs,to Easter Ukrainian decorated andPysankas, red Krashankas chess inredandkept Thus, Ukrainians often drewprofane purity,love beauty, and from protection evil (Ukrainski Zamovliannia 1993,268). a small red cross on theby many agricultural In peoples. ifaddition, color signified white for god’s purity, redstood door of their houses, paintedcolorin Ukrainian traditional clothes, as it was connected to the cult of sunwindow and life, cherished red colorK.ritual widespread(1977), wasthemost to systems. Thus,according Mateyko –thered this has meaningscolor, inUkrainiancultural subchapter symbolic and a specific symbolic meanings they bear in Ukrainian culture. contribute Yuliiato Volodymyrivna’simage of a “TrueUkrainian Woman”, Iwill look atthe elements these how trace to order In hairstyle. and clothes her BYuTy, party her of symbolics mainly such herestablished through imageelements of and ascolors in emblem,the the used argue that tiesthe between Tymoshenko’s political figure and Ukrainian nation are and state peopleandUkrainian culture. with closeties andhas state anewUkrainian creates who apolitician as legitimization her in and subject apolitical as identification her of process role inthe important an plays nation” the symbolic18). Thus, Tymoshenkoof representation as“Ukrayinka” the “mother and the of of visual identification iconic with representation of andvirtue nationalism” 2003, (Landes process complicated inthe through and […] as subjects political are constituted “Women […] The firstimage elementof Tymoshenko’s of a “TrueUkrainian in Idiscusswoman”, The results of the visual analysis of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s photographs allow me to 55 CEU eTD Collection 10 and Figure 11). What is10 andFigureWhatinteresting 11). Yuliia about national Volodymyrivna’s is outfit that, everyday outfit, which is often decorated with traditional elements and accessories (see Figure Ukrainian clothes, which she often wears in coreof stands mentality atthe Ukrainian and culture. public on special occasions,general both, to values and emotions,a special life andspirituality, symbol, and to which refers it as as communication, well political Tymoshenko’s of element of as example successful bya very her (Kulchitskyi 1995,160).Therefore, the heartas emblemthe may of BYuTy be as considered on predominationthe feelings,affects oversensibility,of and moods rational thinking conceptthe of “Ukrainian psyche” stressed thatUkrainian mentality and psychicsiffounded instance,and For feelings. Ukrainian O.Kulchitskyiphilosopher (1895-1980)whodeveloped Ukrainian andliterature,thought butof mentality Ukrainian as such,which on emotions relies (Valiavko2004). itpeople at should look through morality, lensoftheirhearts, the emotions and feelings incognize life spiritual Therefore, to essence theworld, andpower, andmorality.order 2002). According to the “philosophyChyzhevskyi (1894-1977)(Kovalevsky, andDmytro by Yurkevych(1826-1874) Pamfil of heart” a humanwas shapedby Ukrainian Grygoriy philosopher (1722-1794), andlaterSkovoroda developed heart is at the very center of literature, folkUkrainian pre-Christian back artandmentality, it tradition, to goes though of one’s be Thus, in is to Ukrainian Cordiocentrysm, “philosophy heart”. considered of core the which most famous andpowerful current of Ukrainian philosophic though–Cordiocentrysm orthe (see Figure 8andFigure9).Thus, symbol the heartthe of has its central in place one of the image of Ukrayinka emblem, isthe for Tymoshenko’s chosen party BYuTy – the redheart The image of “Ukrayinka” is also created by is The image Yuliia of “Ukrayinka” traditional created also Tymoshenko’s is of tobecharacteristicnot The philosophy considered Cordiocentrysm only of Tymoshenko’s Yuliia of part constitutive a as analyzing am I element second The 56 CEU eTD Collection one of the most successful elements of a political imagebe to ever. Theconsidered be plaitmay does hairstyle not of type only his sure make For ingeneral. self-representation political her and image both,Berehynia of the of core the constitutes to, referred is as itoccasionally important for the image of a “True Ukrainian Woman”, her hairstyle main reasons: her maiden name and her knowledge of the Ukrainian language. Ukrainian the of knowledge her and name maiden her reasons: main considered bymany,false belonging toUkrainian isethnicity what by usually argued two elements in Tymoshenko’s political modern thetraditional Second, and of combination European andUkrainians. pro-Russian representation may be used as a strategy to smooth her, 20 cosmopolitanism and modernity,cosmopolitanism and her emphasizing time same the at patriotism, and “Ukrainian-ess” her nation, the to belonging mark her to her allows combination this all, of First messages. two least at carries clothes constituency. the combination Thus, traditionalism of modernity with in Tymoshenko’s of Ukrainian groups different satisfy can apolitical imagethat create to elements Figure 11). Tymoshenko’s are outfits avividexamplehow she of picks differentchooses and with embroidery Figure dress maybeshawl or 10and Ukrainian (see traditional decorated modern elements (e.g. high-heeled shoes, or a coat by Louis Vuitton) or vice versa, a modern party. colors of her two andthe her political general style to accordance with way,herinfit aperfect and hand-madealways herare usually clothes meeting, and overall party’s her or holidays national as such occasions, special on only garments traditional of “Ukrainian-ess”, she approachesconsciously issue.Thus,the is Tymoshenko dressed in branda fashionablenowadays to on corresponding any suitable occasion, embroidered shirts) unlike many Ukrainian other politicians whowear Ukrainian Vyshyvankas (national For details see Table 1 in Appendix. Although Tymoshenko andgarments colors the usesinher self-representation are In addition, Yuliia Tymoshenko’s traditional outfit is also often combined with combined often also is outfit traditional Tymoshenko’s Yuliia addition, In ņ in order to get supportfrom in to both nationalists,vigor order pro- 57 ņ the plait, or “basket” 20 CEU eTD Collection analyzed inanalyzed study.the analyze how her hairstyle contributes to such elements of Tymoshenko’s image as chastity and religiousness. and chastity as image ofTymoshenko’s elements such to contributes hairstyle her how analyze 21 image Berehynia of Tymoshenko’s athow the second Iwilllook famous nextsubchapter part of In personalities. constituentthe which refertheir through symbolic meaningtoUkrainian and philosophy,traditions, art emphasized by several elements: colors, the emblem of the heart, hairstyle and clothes,- consists of two colors, where blue stands for the sky and yellow for afield of wheat. meaning for Ukrainian nation, as isfamousUkraine as a European granary flagand Ukrainian symbolic important very a bears which wheat, of color the resembles plait Tymoshenko’s flaxen of Figure12).The color image Ukrainiantraditional women well (see of as golden Tymoshenkocolor, dyes her hairin,is alsoextremely asitimportant, adds herto very beingsick. The poems, write her patriotic to she continued nation, the as devotion to whoa famousis Ukrainian Lesia Ukrayinka(1871-1913), poetess asymbol revolution of and of hairstyle the resembles plate the addition In fairytales. Ukrainian traditional of books the to illustrations numerous in seen be can which hairstyle folk Ukrainian ancient an is plait the all, general, as itimmediately evokes several associations,in regards to Ukrainian culture. First of nation in the Ukrainianher highlight andbelongingandto patriotism to traditionalism, Tymoshenko’s plait very much looks like a nimbus above the heads of Christian Saints. cultural asthistradition; a power, hairstylecrown; andchastity resembles and divinity, as Ukrainian into rooted is it as traditionalism, and patriotism to refers which symbol threefold a embodies it as meaning, acomplex has also but recognizable, immediately Tymoshenko In this section Iwill illustrate how Tymoshenko’s hairstyle communicates the image of Ukrayinka, later Iwill Thus, Yuliia Tymoshenko’s belonging to Ukrainian culture and nation is mainly is nation and culture Ukrainian to belonging Tymoshenko’s Yuliia Thus, a imagespecial Ukrainian archetype is tocreate Thus, the plait usedinTymoshenko’s ņ chastity and religiousness is created in is created pictures, the and religiousness chastity 58 21 CEU eTD Collection symbol of heart is also often usedisbe The heart the 2006). God’stemple Symbols, to and considered (Encyclopedia of Signs as an attribute of Christian in moral with consciousness, Christianity, Forexamplethe connection truth, and God. purity saints. For instance, there are emotions and, of course course of and, emotions of the most powerful positive symbols in the world, meaning life, truth, cordiality, spirituality, Tymoshenko’s image of andpurity religiousness. the shape Thus, of belongs heartthe to one and court Lazarenko the trial in 2001. chastity,her business especially after andstainlessness, with relationships openness Pavlo her stress to attempt an as be explained may self-representation in Tymoshenko’s color from heaven,is it the color of manyangels, shroudand saints’ clothes. The usageof white of divinity, which symbolizes simplicity and unity with White is God. colorthe manna of instance, with For law inChristianity course, white isthecolor of and 1900). religion (Vinker meaningjoy purity, of thoughit cleanness, and virtue, can and with also beassociated power garmentsTymoshenko’s Yuliia of color main the is which white of color the is andimage, political one of the official colors of sovietthe which posters, from derives formerthe (Bonnell 1999). of her politicalTymoshenko iconographic tothe tradition Christianity,of iconographythe through of power party.in the pictures,Thus, analyzedwhite notion posturesof and and religiousness looks, Yuliia Tymoshenko’s gestureswhich she uses in thecolor study. hasIn betweenthe connection the I willestablish Then order emblem hairstyle. the and image ascolors, the to do this I will compare Tymoshenko’s chastity is symbolic meaning stressedby of the such elements of her political photographshow at look first will I subchapter this In religiousness. and chastity of notions the with 2.1.3. Chastity and Religiousness The emblem of BYuTy in Tymoshenko’s religiousness of notion the to refers which element first the Thus, to imageofBerehynia aspect of refers Tymoshenko’s Yuliia The second constituent ņ love. In addition, in many religions, heart is the symbol of symbol is the heart religions, many in addition, In love. ņ the red heart (see Figure 9) also contributes to 59 CEU eTD Collection Ukraine. religious societies Only in Europe. Cypress, Poland,Slovakia andPortugal are ahead of ScienceInerfax Ukrainians Ivaschenko, reported to Olga ten areintheof (2009), mosttop the Departmentof Social structures of Institute the of Sociology of Ukrainian Academy of vigor afterTimes, the level of religiousness of it Ukrainian withpeoplethough dropped, boosted new the fall characterized by a powerful of influence Church. during Orthodox Of the course, Soviet the of the been hasalways society asUkrainian self-representation, Soviet political Volodymyrivna’s Regime. element of Yuliia important isvery religion to The reference Figure 14). woman (see Thus, today,religiousness. and as chastity of thenotions the representation political her in stress to as well researchas sincerity, and purity officer theplaitmessage Thus, headhelps Tymoshenko 2007). tocommunicate the (Veles, Yuliia of of first,the similar to priests, to cuthusbands a small were piecekilled ofin hair,the battle and orlater, womento a strict whoto ledbraided way a veryof life. stricta plaitIn addition,way aroundof life, during roundhadtheir piece ofhair on backthe an of theirCossack heads honor,symbolas a unityof with God and commitment times in Ukraine, Cossack symbolizeswidows whose ascetic way of life. todivinity isand plait connected the tradition, inBesides,religious Christian (see Figure13). Thus, in Catholic and Orthodoxhairstyle resemblesreligions a nimbus above the Saints’ heads, portrayed on traditional Orthodox icons priests Tymoshenko’s of form very the all, of cut First a religiousness. smalland chastity her emphasize Immaculate heart of Mary, stands for Mary’s love towards God, Jesusand people. love towards for Mary’s Mary, heartof stands Immaculate icons, picturing VirginMary inwith a glowing her heart chest.Thisheart, called the In fact, there are a lot of official images, which portrait Tymoshenko as areligious Tymoshenko portrait images, which of official alot there are In fact, Tymoshenko’s hairstyle ņ the plait, can also be interpreted as an element used to 60 CEU eTD Collection (see e.g. Figure16, Figure 17). According to Tom Lubbock (1993), such head-and-shoulder (1993), Tom Lubbock to Figure 17). According (see e.g.Figure16, Christianthe iconography,is the factshe that is often pictured up to her waist orshoulders further to and Proletariat, the of vozhd (leader) of the that backto betraced can representation iconography of soviet the power. of mediation the iconography through images and Christian between Tymoshenko’s similarities establishinto leaders, the order of communist those the and resemble gestures gaze Sovietleaders (Bonnell 1999). In whatfollows I will look at how Tymoshenko’s position, iconographic in which,fortradition, served asabasis of turn its iconography the of power the Yuliia Tymoshenko’s religiousness by herdepicturing in withaccordance Christian in analyzed emphasize study, manythe canbemade. Atthesametime,regimes pictures, and solidUkrainian state nation can andbe created aclearbreak political with previous stressed in basis in toform Tymoshenko’s onwhichanew communication order political the is centered. image communicative political her which around chastity, of built femininity Tymoshenko’s singleness inher political is self-representation a part of codes the of of emphasis The together. them of picture a find hardly could one Tymoshenko, Oleksandr to married still is Volodymyrivna Yuliia although Thus, novices. and saints female of peculiar her“maidenhood”, by isstressing chastity reinforced created artificially Tymoshenko’s addition, In gestures. and looks clothes, color, white hairstyle, her through communicated whichwas anda divinemadonna communicated that of priesthood, with implementedlater she martyr, wasasacred Volodymyrivna firstYuliia chastity: created on artificially based been always has an self-representation Tymoshenko’s Thus, makers. image imageTymoshenko’s of a true believer, who goes to church, prays and constantly The first peculiarity with photographs throughof Tymoshenko, which hervisual are religiousness and chastity of notions the “Ukrainin-ess”, of aspect the to Similarly Such important factor of Ukrainian mentality as religiousness could not skip 61 CEU eTD Collection openness, honesty devotion and 55-70). In a person addition of 1998, (Piz is gesture this both of her palms upwardsVolodymyrivna’s self-representation. is The firstgesture when Yuliia starches Tymoshenko (see Figure 20). of Yuliia typical major gestures, three are there that In showed images Tymoshenko’s psychology Yuliia of analysis the Generally, suchiconography. Christian and art gesturesoviet both, of tradition refers to sincerity, St.Barbarachild, or (seeFigure 18andFigure19). Tymoshenko’s chastity and asmandorla,Thus, hergazeand whichlooks emphasize herhairstyle, 18). postures, compare her to Christiandeal a great very Figure (seeFigure Icons Tymoshenko to Christian such 15, resembles often saints, such as Virgin “great-eye” of saintthe (Bonnell Thus, manyMary1999, 159). on herof Yuliia photographs, without a gaze isinto iconography, thetraditiondirect which wascalledthe that the Orthodox of rooted isis Whatdepicted important on exceptionality, poster. strength the person, the and powerof viewer showed gaze atthe The directpower. to hisrise after established gaze wasfinally where strategy of the gazeBonnell for sovietposters, werecommon According typesthe of these to two (1999), side gaze was used before viewer gazes (seeFigure17). the at directly Figure 18),or see Figure 16, (e.g. spontaneous Stalin’s rule andeitherlooks slightly the side makingto look of camera, the natural the portrait and the strategy of the direct seeFigure porcelain (e.g. 18). doll posters way,symbols: Tymoshenko’s flags, emblems, on background many arecreated the of propaganda posters, of Tymoshenko’s portraits Soviet portraits,imagesportraits etcare (see were often amongFigure the most 16). popularpolished, Furthermore, types of posters in the in sopre-Glasnost a similarher era.skin Similarlyto soviet looksto like that of a Besides the gaze, Yuliia Tymoshenko’s gestures also refer to the iconographic tothe refer also gestures Tymoshenko’s gaze,Yuliia Besides the On the majority of portraits on which Yuliia Tymoshenko is pictured to her waist, she 62 CEU eTD Collection Berehynia imageof thirdthe tothe of aspect corresponds self-representation Tymoshenko’s political way what in identify is to step next My leaders. communist the of posters soviet of basis a as taken was which Christianity, of iconography the and images these between relations addition, analysis the of photographs of Yuliia enabled Tymoshenko metoestablish the In –Religiousness. imageBerehynia of of political the aspects three of the to one contribute simplicity. divine and power his stress order to simultaneously superhuman the vozhdandthe hisof qualities essence: popular background (seeFigure25).Such posture, asBonnell points(1999, 142) out,was used in crowdonthe the comparedis elevated to Tymoshenkodepicted often Yuliia leaders, is Sovietinteresting It politics culture areinsuch a close that and pop similarly relations. to when today, used often still is and 26), Figure (see times in Soviet marketing political the hand by waswidelylifted head 25).Thisstarched out uptothe (seeFigure gesture accepted The third gesture,(Bonnell 1999, 144). typical of the Ukrainian orscroll” hand abook while left“right held whoseicons, the conferredablessing, hand Prime Minister, iscareful, than that of soviettheleaders; it rather resembles that of greetingChrist of the Saints on Orthodox gesture:145) (seeFigure is 23andFigure24).However, Tymoshenko’s moregesture gentle and a isnewSuch not for Christian also both, iconographygesture andSoviet (Bonnell 1999, 144- herfingers and together lifts her arm, keeping usually right, the elbow bent(see Figure 22). Ukrainian culture, previously indiscussed (see Figure chapter the 21). of symbol feminine –avery image powerful, religious, with the of Oranta deeply associated In sum, theemblem colors, the of Tymoshenko’s political herandparty hairstyle threeof or two folds is she when Tymoshenko, Yuliia of typical gesture, The second ņ i.e. “Womanhood”. i.e. 63 CEU eTD Collection 28); she is expressing immense Ukrainians andsympathy distressfulness towards on days the love. Thus, Tymoshenkosuch pictures on is sendingblow kisses into thecrowd (see Figure Tymoshenko’s national usually motherhood, express such qualities sympathy,as and care stress which images, The nation. and culture Ukrainian with ties numerous has that assuch as her created image 2004, was political after communication Tymoshenko’s political asapolitician. competence and women image asthe herauthority of housewives, madonna coulddomestic undermine as correspond tothe stereotypical of depiction Tymoshenko’s to andherunwillingness image in changes the by explained be may 2004 after images such of absence The family. or friends is daughter, herhusband, with pictures portrayed whereTymoshenko or similar pictures Orange the before appearonly Revolution, pictures However, it laying thetableshe ispreparingshould 27). these tea or that benoted (seeFigure Volodymyrivna is in usually depicted atunofficial homeenvironment: in or garden, where the Yuliia pictures, imagethese In madonna. tothe domestic of representation corresponds domesticity aside. image of image loving,of and of caring “mother nation”: the the sympathetic, the on relies much very communication visual her self-representation, Tymoshenko’s Yuliia nation, language andAsfor of preserver Ukrainian (Rubchak the culture, identity 2005). mother of the hearth andmadonna with domestic deeply associated asaconcept, discourses earlier in study,the the myth Berehyniahas beenof appropriated widely by political asitwas mentioned Marian (2005), Rubchak according to Thus, political self-representation. is by Yuliia image through Tymoshenko’s Berehynia, appropriated of and communicated 2.1.4. “Womanhood” As to the image of the mother of the nation, it was vice versa more emphasized in more emphasized was viceversa it nation, the of mother imagethe As tothe of her self- where website, Tymoshenko’s Yuliia fewimageson areonly Thus, there In this section I will discuss how the notion of womanhood, as a constituent part of the 64 ņ afterwards one could hardly find hardly onecould afterwards ņ leaving theaspect of CEU eTD Collection Ukrainian people’s expectations as to the mission of a woman in politics – “to defeat evil mission defeat –“to in astothe of politics a woman expectations people’s Ukrainian of beauty, proves concept the leaderand female link out the between that Kis Oksana points it. save armed “Beauty the Thus, on will the world” flowers with inscription to an guards giving Tymoshenko portrays appeared right Orange smiling Revolution after her that posters Kisisinscriptionsby in stressed For example, Oksana the (2007), several pictures. of one of andgestures. postures looks, her andbeauty through femininity self-representation, clothes, inherpolitical are stressed Tymoshenko’s Yuliia way in what analyze will I section this In etc. tenderness compassion, softness, gentleness, asprettiness, features feminine) be typically to such(considered on and Lewis Thus, femaleimage (Deaux, based 1984,991-1004). Yuliia Tymoshenko’s isoften whichstructures, link one’s personal behaviors andattributes the social to categoriesmale of special cognitive or gender in stereotypes, to arecreated correspondence portraits close visual imagesstylish, elegant and beautiful women both, in Ukraine and outside the country.of The analysis of Yuliiaself-representation has always been perceived Tymoshenko,as such that creates an image of one of the most visual is thatof representation Woman.Indeed,Yuliia Tymoshenko’s a Beautiful, Modern conducted in 2.2. Beautiful,this Woman Modern study showed careoftheUkrainiannation. takes that many and state Ukrainian the whorepresents leader, as apolitical legitimization ofher process the of herin role important an plays Berehynia, of image Tymoshenko’s Yuliia through communicated as nation”, the “motherthe of of womanhood fact,theaspect point In of Figure 31). kissing them (see Figure 30), or helping to make young girls the same hairstyle as she has (see of national morning (seeFigure she isportrayed 29); among playing them children, with or First, the link between Tymoshenko’s image and the notion of beauty, as pointed out pointed as beauty, of notion the and image Tymoshenko’s between link the First, self- political her in to corresponds Tymoshenko image, main second The 65 CEU eTD Collection carefully worked-out style which are present in her every outfit. such as round pearly buttons, laces, quilling or fancy rollers, rollers, fancy or quilling laces, buttons, pearly round as such details, small of full usually are garments Her figure. like” “sand-glass slim her highlighting andneat, fitted elegant, are always Figureclothes (see Figure Tymoshenko’s 33). 32, dresses, she exclusivelywears high-heel shoes andnever appears makeupwithout andjewelry official offittedusually consists outfit costumes, composed of a jackedand a skirtand Tymoshenko’s study, in this analyzed images, the on Thus, femininity. normative of codes Similarly Bordo’s to (1993) statement, Yuliia emphasize Tymoshenko’s garments visual pointingquote,Bordo’s tothe same out topic: Susan mention to relevant it find I masculinity, and femininity of construction in the role their femininity is also expressed her through clothes and Speaking postures. aboutclothes and representation to the notion of beauty, as itis generally considered to be a female attribute. self- in his referring politician male a imagine to hard is rather it Thus, communication. political her of nature gendered the stresses beauty of notion the to reference Tymoshenko’s of women in stabilization of dangerousthe world, Brussels 2008). As a point fact, of role the about speech (Tymoshenko’s weapons” not spirit, their of “strength and beauty the by immorality political by environmentof strength of can uniquethe women evil the that defeat often emphasizes that Indeed, ofbeauty”using inher Yuliia 2007,53). power the (Kis discourse, Tymoshenko, Ukrainian politics needs women, as only they can defeat cruelty and The performativity in Tymoshenko’s self-representation of the so-called normative so-called the of self-representation inTymoshenko’s performativity The (Bordo1993, 181) spheres. female and male defined clearly into life reflected in femalesymbolic and male form,terms,sexualized made possiblethe dualistic by waist,the use of corsetsdivision ideal and century hourglass figure, emphasizing breasts and hips against awaspbustles,was of social ofan Consider andfemininity.intelligible, economic this particularly The sharpclearsymbolic and culturalappropriate form, example;contrast representing the nineteenth- between a thedomestic, 66 ņ the necessary elements of her of elements necessary the CEU eTD Collection competentleader, a woman in the men’s world, a politician of the people and a celebrity. aspects of Tymoshenko’s image of a politician, such as an insider in the politics, a serious and different to conform which characteristics, thematic their basis of the on analysis of the result a as out singled pictures, of groups main five describe will I follows, what In a politician. of 2.3. Politician leader, her image has an aspect of a politician. Iwill look upon it in the next section. competent asaserious, herself assert to in order Thus, alone. woman Modern Beautiful, a an imagestick of cannot to Tymoshenko a politician, as course, Though,societies. of in“Western” normative exists to thenotion femininity,of which imagecorresponds whose majority of her pictures portray her as a beautiful, elegant,The moderngestures. and cosmopolitanpostures looks, woman,clothes, her by performed femininity, of codes normative of code, that she as a politician has to follow. codes of normative femininity,but are muchvery because they conditioned by ethical the Tymoshenko’s postures look somewhat restricted notexclusively in order tocommunicate the Bartky’s Figuredescription Although (see Figure32or shouldis 33). bewhat out pointed that follow pictures Many Tymoshenko’s of spaceaspossible. upaslittle small, taking tense, lookingstraight turnedinward,legs (Bartky pressedtogether” out 1988, 97), and ahead or usually sit “with their arms close to the body, hands folded together in their laps, toes pointing bemasculinity femininity.and Bartky essentialized women according Hence, to (1988), is drawthedifference and consideredto what gestures between how postures understanding who for framework provides atheoretical SandraBartky refer totheAmerican (1988), scholar political before self-representation. of I need Though analyzing to photographs Tymoshenko, The third important element of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s self-representation is her image notion the around built much very is self-representation Tymoshenko’s Yuliia Overall, her in femininity emphasize also postures her clothes, Tymoshenko’s with Together 67 CEU eTD Collection is surrounded (see Figure 39).These pictures are very inspeaking, a sense that they illustrate figure and colorful stand identicalinoutfits tomen’salmost by darksuits, she contrast which woman leader in men’s the of world Onthesepolitics. Yuliiapictures, Tymoshenko’s slender politics nowadays. often taken as a basis for political communication of leadspoliticians, to who a areconclusion paving their way in that modern politicians, numerous of of pictures resemblance their aswell andpost-soviet, the iconography communist worlds”: “different from ofpoliticians two these power,of images the between similarity proved to be successfulimmediately inevoke my mind, especially of those Stalin Figure(see in 37and Figure 38).The the past, is leaders soviet imagesthe of portraits, Looking atthese 36). (seeFigure entire attention her captures who narrator invisible an to listening carefully Volodymyrivna Yuliia depict a desk speech, while at or standingsitting in hall Figure Some an assembly 35). (see images Volodymyrivna inthemotion: writing, signing, reading, talking the givinga phone on or at her work, performing of leader.andstrictfocused includes group This pictures photographs, Tymoshenko picturing her function. Theof world politics. great majority cream the to herbelonging herself, emphasizing Primethe Minister prominence of the stress they hand, ofother the On to. suchcontributes Tymoshenko Yuliia relations diplomatic of picturesvariety portraytop level politiciansYuliia (see Figuremany other and Halonen, Tarja Sarkozy, Nicola Vladimir Putin, Thatcher, Margaret politics: 34). On the one hand these picturestalking posing the most orsimply representatives with prominent Ukrainian and world of show the openness and as insideran inthe field.political picture Yuliia These Tymoshenko shakingphotos hands, The third group distinguished The a inof group Tymoshenkothirdphotos, the analysis, pictures as as ahard-working, of portraysThe YuliiaTymoshenko pictures serious, group second inThe firstof group Yuliia singledout photographs, the analysis,depicts Tymoshenko 68 ņ CEU eTD Collection with resembleoriginal from and Thephotographs vivid style. famous group pictures this of this study,Yuliia refers to image Tymoshenko’s of a celebrity: afamous, public personality Tymoshenko’s image of the mother of the nation, discussed earlier in this work. feeling oflovefriendship andcompassion,a large resembling andgratitude, to extent the convey they is that above, described groups, three the from all pictures about similar listening tothem explainingor something tothem Figure 40and(see Figure 41).Whatis Second fromWar, World various fields, workers etc, students, different andKyiv social veterans of Ukrainianin professions: the groups Immigrants Italy, Tymoshenko appearsin non-official surrounded by“ordinaryenvironment, people’ of in Thus,of of 2006,39). an detachedelite” (Lilleker pictures group, this andapart being than rather represent, they acommunity of part a intrinsically people”, “real “being as contexts, non-political in a politician of adepiction presupposes authenticity of concept the Darren conceptAccording of political Lillekeri.e.communication (2006), to – authenticity. widespread in the ispolitical people,andthem.such imagesrepresents arequite popular among who Generally, self-representationTymoshenko as politician people:i.e.the of apolitician stands forwho people, who of many politicians, of orsymbolic ideas,ascertain concepts meanings. they refer to the herresources of whichlooks, body means beand used can of successfully as communication key in image women’s in than men. thatof a woman Thus, leader has at herdisposal more looks andor nonverbal incommunication which general, are usuallymore diversely presented hairstyle colors, clothes, as such elements, of a number to thanks men of that than variegated more successfully be can politician a woman of self-representation Thus, apolitical man. a being than communication political in possibilities more creates a woman being how The final, fifth group of pictures, singled out as a result of the analysis, conducted in as a of conducted result singled of analysis, the out fifth The final,pictures, group The fourth group of pictures, singled out in the analysis, refers to the image of theimagein of refers Yuliia singledto of The fourth group out analysis,the pictures, 69 ņ huggingand kissing them, CEU eTD Collection 22 main characteristics of a political image is that it is aimed at gaining power through gaining through power gaining at aimed is it that is image apolitical of characteristics main culture. As to the nature relations of and nature the political close the between popular representation politics and of political representation,many images in diverse herpolitical self-representation mainare conditioned by factors: two as it was already mentioned, one of General Context3.1. Tymoshenko’sImage Diversification: the political context. I will start with the first group. Ukrainian tothe connected and those, assuch, politics of peculiarities tothe connected those, main groups: two into bedivided may generally reasons representation. These inher self- acentral position gender holds andwhyher aspects often controversial different, of main the reasons, which manyexplaincan builds whyTymoshenko image her onso some out point will I subchapter this In self-representation? political her in elements different variety such of a great she referto figure? Whydoes muchitfor political one too isn’t she,office,in wear and and work descends tomorrow helmet, coal intomine. the Though, decorated cosmopolitan.but sitsbut inarichly traditional, she Today, tough, tender, trades: be ajack-of-all- seemsto image is.She herpolitical can be diverse andhow Tymoshenko Better? the 3. TheDiversity ofImages of Yuliia politicalfigure Tymoshenko’s or Moreis Why the similar basis of of that mediaa celebrity 2000; (Zoonen Corner and 2003). Pels culture and politics, which results in the construction of political image of a political leader on group presents avivid blurring betweenpopularof boundaries pictures of the example of (seeFigure43).This voice recorders and cameras microphones, byadozenof surrounded Figure 42); or (see herfans andadmirers from to limousine people,the autographs to waving giving portrayed is often Tymoshenko pictures such In sportsmen. and artists actors, singers, Fordetails see section3.1. in ChapterIII. General reasons why Yuliia Tymoshenko, as well as many other politicians, uses so The analysis of visual self-representation of Yuliia Tymoshenko showed how different 70 22 CEU eTD Collection 23 popularity. Tymoshenko, as well as many other politicians, use such a diverse spectrum of political of spectrum adiverse such use politicians, other many as well as Tymoshenko, personality”and (Corner, Pels 2003, 8). of cult andthe emotion, style, “spectacle, focusing on atheatre, or aperformance and as 7) marketing(McNair 2003, ascommercial culture: lawsof the popular according to works Moreover, today politics 25). substance the (Lilleker than 2006, and to rather presentation, process of aestheticisation, consumerism,Pelscelebrity politicsand had and the cynism (Corner undergone 2003,1-8), which means that in political visibility,massive 2003, 222).Today,similarly popular culture, influence underthe of to image the priority is given (McNairto art” butaperformance only a persuasive “has not become ispolitics that styleculture 2000, 3). (Zoonen about” bothers and cares one no strangers by occupied sphere, alien “an become will also be separated, different, and distantfrom everyday life” (Zoonen 2000, 3) and therefore, it will it importantly more but time, spare for competition the survive not will politics] [the it because, as Liesbet von Zoonen states, if one sets the politics apart from the culture, “not only popular noticepoliticsbegan to culture time80s. Atthat scholarsto isclosely that connected ‘low’ (Cornerand2) starteddevelop popular entertainment” mainly Pels in 2003, to 1970s- issue. study the between Generally, the interconnection “‘high’ on representation and political with people’s votes, the victory on the elections, and, consequently, the access to power. expectations of as manyvoters, aspossible, which further canbring them popularity together 2006),(Collenette, Fordetails see section3.2. in ChapterI. Thus, the popular nature of Thus,nature of popularmodern the ispolitics secondmain why the reason, The resultof blurringthe of boundariesthe between politicsthe andthepopular let’s the morefirst learn about andpopular culture, politics relations between As tothe 23 Indeed, as the title of David Collenette’s work says: “Politics is about Winning” about is “Politics says: work Collenette’s David of title the as Indeed, ņ politicians try variegateto their inimages political tosatisfy order 71 CEU eTD Collection Tymoshenko has such a diverse number of elements in her political self-representation. itspopulismout general wasborninUkraine toexplain point in and characteristics order why politician. In whatfollows I will define the notion of populism, look at the main reasons why journalistis Mykola Ryabchuk (Iliyinis 2007), who one, the often most the called a populist political may self-representation by thebe explained fact thatshe,Ukrainian according to 3.2.1. The“Queen” of Ukrainian Populism electorate. In what follows I will look at both groups of explanations in details. of Ukrainian general peculiarities to is connected reason second The representation. uses inof its inUkraine, Yuliia and herpolitical manifestation communication Tymoshenko populism peculiarities the and to refers Thefirstexplanation in specific. Ukraine to are related maintwo of explanations Tymoshenko’s diversification the of political which representation, between distinguish I Generally, context. political and cultural of Ukrainian features specific diversificationthe of Tymoshenko’s self-representationmaypolitical be explained by the Context Image Ukrainian 3.2. Tymoshenko’s Diversification: receivednumbervotes elections. of atthe and, the consequently, leader’s insuring toit, popularity the political beattracted will more or consumers people, acertain it. drama around And bepersonality, the around may created be greater the created more “spectacularpersonalities” andthe andflamboyant(Corner 2003,2)can Pels storylines is, image political one’s diverse more the that doubts No elections. the win to help will that consumption: tomaintain the electorate’s interest and to get the necessary amount of votes receive of entertainment in Thissenseis effect to the 2000). drama created of order (Zoonen events or figures certain political around campaigns in political the often created images in their self-representation. Hence, similarly to popular culture, a sense of drama is Thus, fact the Yuliia that many Tymoshenko usesso in hypostases different her modern politics, of peculiarities to the ofconnected reasons, with thegroup Together 72 CEU eTD Collection 24 Ukrainian politics. Ukrainian findin aplace to image herpolitical inorder variegated of situation advantage and the the took Tymoshenko trump-card.leaders the Yuliia get easily populist determined, charismatic, situation,massivepoliticians,of incurrentstrong, and dissatisfaction people disappointment political and social economic, unstable of circumstances the In revolution. the of results the felt with dissatisfied 80% peopleabout of Ukrainian (2006), IFAK of center data research the the to according Thus, direction. “right” the in country the lead to and it, change to promise neededexplainis whowould personality anew,charismatic wrong, to what beable to self-representation. her political variegate to decision influenced Tymoshenko’s that as such maybeconsidered reasons, which lived in the country inperiod Ukraine. by about transformational many from the brought weresufferingpolitics, people difficulties populist in political representation inlate Ukraine.Thus, 1990, whenshe herstarts careerin conclude Yuliia that had Tymoshenko avery lucrative ground for theformation ofher questions. difficult to decisions simple offer asthey popularity, a great leadersare of situation populist are undergoing certain through andchanges arebeingsubjected tostressful forces. In such conclude populism usually appears popularity that gains tremendous inand which countries, 1996) 2005;Hayward scholars(Baranov2001;Ropp people” 2001).Numerous (Baranov based on manipulationthe values andof expectations, and widely-accepted popular among See Chapter II. First, afterFirst, 2004many in feltdeep disappointment people OrangeRevolutionthe and to is possible it populism, to rise gives stress that claim the account into Taking AccordingN. to Baranov (2001), populism may be defined as“a political activity, 24 ņ Tymoshenko’s current political image was formed after another stress, the Orange Revolution of 2004. In whatfollows I will look at two main 73 CEU eTD Collection continuity,inconform agreatextent verified of to to expectations and was modified the to the order self-representation political Tymoshenko’s Thus, marketing. political Tymoshenko’s Yuliia in was in point and of a turning manifestation the democracy Ukraine, of example vivid for NATO. instance as, questions sensitive cosmopolitan celebrity, butof western;people; nationalist, butneutral such patriot, to is builtoppositions: the on her self-representation andthefactthat Tymoshenko, can explain the modifications, brought into the political self-representation of Yuliia of Such state things who favored pro-Russian course. and course political those, pro-Western was groups, generally between politicaldivided twothe trends: nationalistic,supported who social of different by variety a characterized wasalready which constituency, the addition, In aspossible. electorate of the many parts of as expectations tothe correspond to therefore and votes for the compete harder to made politicians and least power relative at of their of during bottom:Revolution the people. Theevents assured people constraint the underthe from decisions political certain change to forced were elites political the when phenomenon itof symbolized OrangeRevolution the in the was that unprecedented before Ukraine one main states, in of (2007) situation asIrynaRojkova the Thus, characteristics country. the political influence can actually votes their that believed people many as politics, Ukrainian may beby after explained 2004,apopular factthat the elementplayed role animportant in Tymoshenko’s image is created as such that represents new Ukrainian democratic state, on state, newdemocratic Ukrainian assuch represents is that created image Tymoshenko’s level symbolic the on that fact the despite However, Kuchma. of that and Soviet regimes: and anew assuchmakeswithrepresents aclearcut state created Ukrainian previous that consequently, top the on of Ukrainian Thus,power. Tymoshenko’s new political image is On the whole it may be concluded that the Orange Revolution, as the most massive most the as Revolution, Orange the that concluded be may it whole the On representation her political modified Tymoshenko why can explain reason that Second ņ so that she could stay on the wave of popularity among people and, 74 CEU eTD Collection census, conducted in 2001, women present 53,7% of in census, 53,7% Ukrainian population (Population conducted census present 2001, women last the population as accordingto (Lowen 2008), women consists of mostly countries, many other to is,similarly which electorate, Ukrainian of peculiarities to the is connected “Ukrainian-ess”. and chastity i.e. image, political of elements other with them combining political self-representation several myths normative femininity of and above described inincorporatingherfurther, goes Yuliia Tymoshenko bodily (Zoonen 2000,93). practice” as femininity and sexuality as femininity caring, and nurturing as femininity threatening, and enigmatic as femininity femininity: of myths popular four to back brought be “can politicians of representations as describedwomen the MacDonaldZoonen’s in article, to (1995), ThisUkrainian is leaders.among according Thus, common strategy electorate. quite women of groups social different insureheramong thatcan popularity oftheinstruments one political imagemaybeexplainedby she,asapopulist factthat gender politician, as the uses indetails. them at look will I part important reasons whygenderis image. section an of political such In Tymoshenko’s this main least two at are there my In opinion, aspects. of of every these one part constituent although her political representation of a numberconsists of various is genderelements, a chastyna liudstva” (the better half of the world), meaning women. meaning world), ofthe half better (the liudstva” chastyna 27 26 25 3.2.2. Target: “Better the Half” of Worldthe Electorate politician leadersSoviet of that to visual representation Tymoshnko’s of correspondence level, substantive the the I use the expression “better half” of the electoral world” as a calque from the Ukrainian expression “krascha expression Ukrainian the from acalque as world” electoral of the half” “better expression the use I See Chapter II. See section3.2. in Chapter III. The second reason why Tymoshenko places gender at the basis of her political image political her of basis the at gender places Tymoshenko why reason second The visual core at the of isTymoshenko’s placed feminine gender The firstreason why self-representation, Tymoshenko’s Yuliia of analysis visual the in shown was it As 26 refer back to both Soviet and Kuchma’s regimes. 25 , and the peculiarities of her political career and the way she actually became a way andthe career she actually her of political peculiarities , andthe 75 27 CEU eTD Collection image of image of Beautiful, Modern Woman Berehynia; and Politician. Eachof images consists, these self-representation: political in her to corresponds she images main three out single me to 4. Summary bigger6,5% than men of that (Pozniy 2007). shows that among the respondents Ukraine, psychology of andpolitical of social received bytheInstitute data, the instance who gave their preferencesfor men.Thus, than BYuTy party Tymoshenko’s of Yuliia intheelectorate more women to BYuTy, women’s group is are there elections, parliamentary last the after Ukrainians among conducted polls, of several results the to according Thus, be successful. to image appears inTymoshenko’s aspects other combine with gender to strategy the mentioning that Itisworth factor. gender the despite includes anumber of thus everyoneelements, find can there somethingappealing to them, self-representation political Tymoshenko’s biases. of their gender because leaders female for vote to want not do who voters, women way positive in influence to and politician female Tymoshenko’s image of gender with elementsother allows tosmooth imagethe of a purely political strategy to insureitis Thus,as usedasa was mentionedgender (Chaney, above, Leeper 1991). 1994; Sinclair the votes of this partagainst women leadersitis evenhope that or whocanbring awoman men changes couldn’t of electorate. Secondly,two-fold. Firstly, notall womenthe are noteager to vote for female politicians,combination many feel no bias in Butmeyer 1987). Why Tymoshenko stresses her femininity then, one could ask. The answer is Fling, forvote Rogers, notto women Silvers-Pickens, politicians (Rosenwasser, tend women women ishighergenerally andthat candidates levelthe sexism towards show that of from itnoted insures there Ofcourse, that arestudiesshould support be that the group. this apolitician by social a certain group, receive votes: to representing inrepresentation order 2001). descriptive elementof important as an by Tymoshenko used is gender Thus, Overall, the iconographic analysis of official photographs of Yuliia Tymoshenko enabled Tymoshenko Yuliia of photographs official of analysis iconographic the Overall, 76 CEU eTD Collection serves as a confirmation of statement. this of asaconfirmation serves self-representation versatile Tymoshenko’s ways; diverse of number ina communication of means a as looks and body her use to politician awoman allows communication nonverbal and looks colors, clothes, as elements such of variety the Thus, image. political generally, beingthat awoman a of wide foropens creating amany-sided possibilities range maintaining Second, popularity and analysis,the power. in research the conducted showed for source as auseful usesgender Yuliia Ukrainianenter Volodymyrivna politics, to her enabled that factor important most the not was gender Tymoshenko’s although Therefore, concepts. nationalistic chastity and on based artificial of femininity, normative codes conclusions. Tymoshenko’simage First, is onconservativecentered gender on roles, visual tradition. Christian Tymoshenko’s iconography and leaders, of that in whichsoviet is iconography rooted of between similarities trace me to allowed element, latter The communication. non-verbal through such elements of images distinguishedinvisual politicalTymoshenko’s self-representation are mainly manifested representation as popularnatureimage. of andthe political culture andpolitics, The Tymoshenko’s populist colors, the emblem, clothes, between boundaries blurred to as possible, of many voters expectations the the correspond as hairstyle and to politician of every by goal the be may explained self-representation her political in uses Tymoshenko elements, different of variety The self-representation. Tymoshenko’s of inits turn, of several additional general contributing aspects, to complexity and diversification The analysis of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s self-representation allowed me to draw two main 77 CEU eTD Collection maintain highlevelthe of popularity and power. to and, consequently, of different constituency the groups could speakto image that appealing an create governing, tough smooth way of to Tymoshenko’s strategy in to an important order femininity, nationalist symbolic and concepts artificial chastity, hasbeeninstrumentalized as into of normativerooted femininestategender, codes meto that allows representation self- visual official Tymoshenko’s Yuliia of analysis the time, same the At arena. political the relations,lobbying andcorruption, were determinativethe in factors Tymoshenko’s entering kinship on based in Ukraine process recruitment the and system political patrimonial gender of butthepeculiarities neo- as not the be engendered, politics hardly can considered in representation women’s to favorable not was which context political Ukrainian soviet role init.the gender occupies inTymoshenko toidentify order main her elementsof political visual self-representation and iconographic of Ukrainian Yuliia analysisI used official the photographs Finally, of politics. biography unofficial enabledme single that to which outmain factors start herto allowed in representation in the analysis Then I conducted politics. Yuliia of official Tymoshenko’s and women’s to see whether favorable it to was in of order Ukraine context cultural and political atlooked my general socio-economic, serve firstI goals of study, the To representation. and howgenderhas beeninstrumentalized as a strategy political visualin Tymoshenko’s self- was a part of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s entering the political arena of a post-communist country inherbeen toinvestigate electability. political playing In particular, whether Iwanted gender see therole has to in gender from order figure a genderperspective, Tymoshenko’s political Conclusion The results of study the enable me to conclude that Yuliia in Tymoshenko’s start post- The aim of my research was to analyze the current Prime Minister of Ukraine, Yuliia 78 CEU eTD Collection traditional pre-modern discourse of essentialization. back to for thatgoes in aspace women alimitedspace offemininity, politics, codes defines women in image Tymoshenko’srelies Thus, visual politics. the political that normative on naturemay regarding bebut also prejudicial Ukraine, expresses assuch that considered as an example of democratic manifestation of a high level of women’s advancement in only not kinship Iclaim be Moreover, relations. figurecan taken Tymoshenko’s that political and business certain and resources financial sufficient have who those, for only but general, context that showed Ukrainian neo-patrimonial political is system for open not women in political Ukrainian of analysis the Thus, case. the not is this context Ukrainian of level argue enables meto thaton political career andhervisual self-representation substantial the an indication of advanced analysis inUkraine. the politics gender Tymoshenko’s However, of Ukrainianbe heights politician shares with thePresidentpolitics,couldof considered who this country. Thus, on a formal level, Yuliia Tymoshenko’s political figure, as in that of a female advancement women’s general and democracy of level the regarding demonstrative be can of acountry government headthe of of the holds office the leaderwho female of a example their self-representation. in cancommunicate women leaders that image anewpolitical of type therefore exemplifying symbol”, “sexualized a of that into nor “woman-male”, of image the into nor stocking”, “blue of image the into neither well fits “Ukrainian-ess”, symbolic and chastity artificial femininity, normative essentialized on based self-representation, visual Tymoshenko’s Yuliia image. Thus, of political anewtype with self-representation leaders’ female of classification Tymoshenko’s visual communication complementallows me to Anna Kravchenko’s (2006) Yuliia of analysis the First, in particular. in Ukraine and in general politics and women The second theoretical innovation of my study relates to the question of the extent an extent the of question the to relates study my of innovation theoretical second The regarding main innovations theoretical provide two of research The foundings the 79 ņ CEU eTD Collection scholarly research with more material for theanalysis. more material with research scholarly elections inUkraine participate,which is Yuliia Tymoshenko for surewill to going provide politician. upcoming before the changes presidential These experienced, Europe-oriented changes in Tymoshenko’s self-representation political towards imagethe of a more serious, herwithout famous plait, wearing bun amodest Thisinstead. maybe afirst new step towards sincein appears occasionally afew public Furthermore, constituency. weeks,Tymoshenko and of third peculiarities political is the Tymoshenko’s image asit perceivedby the official second discourses, picturesdiscourses, and represented in cartoons, popularmedia her first through communicated self-representations, substantive and descriptive symbolic, be focus Tymoshenko’s could further for research possiblearea of the Therefore, research. in my considered were not representation political her as aswell unofficial constituency) the manifestation of Tymoshenko’s political communication on the level of the public (i.e. among and the substantiverepresentation the Thus, her through photographs. communicated official self-representation, herand of symbolic descriptive manifestation visual the focused solely on cover inable Iwasnotitsthrough, Tymoshenko’s to entirety.study this I representation In becommunicated can it means of variety the and image political Tymoshenko’s Yuliia variety than those of men and therefore, create more possibilities for political communication. by agreater characterized are generally andpostures looks asclothes, such characteristics, body modecan beits of usedasalucrative political representation, visual as conveying case of Yuliia Tymoshenkochallenge can also bethe taken conventional as an exampleimplications of politics,gender in tothe politicala the on research figuresresearch the to of andthe contribute newcan study generation this Thus, the studies. of oftycoon follow-up the role politiciansinto how insights whoa thatfemale gender is considered to play in it. The In addition, it should be mentioned that taking into account the diversification of With respect to further research, I hope that my work can provide several main 80 CEU eTD Collection 01/Rabot042.html. Beans)the on /Magazin CareerNo.3, Last 2001. Accessed 28,2009. April http://www.kariera.orc.ru/03- http://maidan.org.ua/static/narnewslviv/1223553950.html; 10) Zaycev,Printsessa Stepan naBobah (The Princess Kapitelman –Grygian– Tymoshenko, Pavel Lazarenko I VSE-VSE-VSE, 2008.LastAccessed4, 2009. April 2009. 4, accessedApril Vladimirovnahttp://vlasti.net/news/5724?print=1;YuliiaBrovko,Vladymir 9) Ɍɢɦɨɲɟɧɤɨɫɤɪɵɜɚɟɬɫɜɨɺɩɪɨɢɫɯɨɠɞɟɧɢɟ Vlasti Net,Vlasti (online the newspaper “Powerthe Timoshenko ConcealsOrigin), 2008.her Last accessed 4,2009. April www.regnum.ru/news/989417.html; 8) i…: Yuliya Timoshenko Skrivayt Svoe Proishojdeniye (BetweenUkraine, Armenia, Latvia and…:Yuliia http://www.anticompromat.ru/timoshenko/timoshbio.html; 7) Silkin O. Mejdu Ukrainoy, Armeniyey, Latiyey 6) Public online library of V. Prybilskiy Timoshenko Yuliia Vladimirovna, 2006.Last accessed 4,2009. April UkrainianThe 2005.Last Truth, 2009. accessed http://www.pravda.com.ua/ru/news/2005/2/4/1475.htm; April4, biographiya (The Prime MinisterYuliia Timoshenko-Grygian/Telegina. Unofficial Biography) (online edition)http://www.politcom.ru/249.html; 5) Premyer-ministrYuliia Timoshenko-Gugian/Telegina Neoficialnaya Orange Business and New Ukraine),inPower 2005.Last Accessed May 3, 2009. http://file.liga.net/person/26.html; 4) Makarkin, Aleksey Orangeviy Bizness i Novaya Vlast v Ukraine (the Dossier/ LIGABusinessInform. Personalities, 2008.Last accessed4, 2009. April 2009. http://www.gazeta-nd.com.ua/rubrics/vdnh-ua/841.php;LigaBusinessInform 3) Tymoshenko,Yuliia: Timoshenko RealnostMify (The i Clan of Tymoshenko: and Reality), Myths Last Accessed 2008. 25, April Last Accessed4, 2009.http://www.vremya.ru/2007/233/5/194472.html; April 2) Kriger, AleksandrKlan 1) Bizness LediKhrushchevki iz (Business Lady from Khruschevka) issue) /(online the Time No.233,2007. 29 Biography of Yulia Tymoshenko, Last accessed May 18, 2009. http://www.tymoshenko.com.ua/eng/about/ 28 Dnepropetrovsk. November 27th,1960 Appendix The data of Yuliia Tymoshenko’s nonofficial biography is taken from the following sources: following the from taken is biography nonofficial Tymoshenko’s of Yuliia data The source: following the from taken is biography official Tymoshenko’s of Yuliia data The Official Biography Yuliia Tymoshenko Yuliia Tymoshenko’s Biography 28 was bornin ) / online magazine the “Vlasti Net”: Ukraine. Politics, 2008. Last 2008. Politics, Ukraine. Net”: “Vlasti the magazine online / ) ņ CHILDHOOD No”) YuliiaTimoshenko skrivaet svoe proishojdeniye ( 81 Family details, whichdeal with herfamily and origin. Nonofficial biographical sources generally add two maiden nameGrygorian: of Tymoshenko’s origins possible are there sources, these to According name. family father’s of her origin Ukraininess” of Yuliia Tymoshenko, tracing the Origin local school. Mykolayivna Telegina,was about 3yearswas old. Her mother, working Liudmila as a teacherAbramovychGrygian, left in the family, whena Yuliia 3) 2) 1) : Many nonofficial sources stress the “non- : Tymoshenko’s father, Volodymyr Armenian Jews. Armenian Grygian is to Grygian.of Jewish changed was Grygianis surname originforefathers’ orLatvian her where Office, the Passport the in origin ofthe BYuTyAs herself. Tymoshnko by leadersupported is view says, thereGrygian is of Latvian origin: thispoint of was a mistakeGrygian is of Armenian origin; Unofficial Biography 29 Table 1. ɘɥɢɹ CEU eTD Collection 1980 Tymoshenko and daughterher Eugenia wasin born Dnipropetrivsk State University, she married Oleksandr economy itand was used to revitalize the production circulating capital was brought to the domestic Commonwealthof Independent States (CIS). The the in resources energy of source major the mostly, UESU undertook themissionof trading, withRussia experience in market management. In this situation, and inflation. Factories became victims of thelack of to the access without cash struggling was economic The sources. flow as model of the supplying Ukrainianresult industry with energy a new devised Corporation the after, ofShortly UESU. the lastIn 1995 currency reform (UESU). Ukraine” of Systems Energy “United the into transformed UOCwas the Later agriculture. Ukrainian of the demise near-instantaneous the and inflation of monstrous year the was It structure. economic and the society:products. 1991 saw the It availablecollapsing UOC directed has was to purchasing of oil the most of"UkrainianOil" corporationimportant(UOC). funds Allthe the huge statebusinessIn 1991 trend for Dnipropetrivsk. business managerof the "Terminal" youth centerof From 1991 1989 till video rentals chain. the open to used were venture first this from made profits The borrowed. they roubles ofSoviet 5.000 with started shop, video-renting a enterprise, service public In machine-building plant in Dnipropetrivsk. the at engineer economy an as work to days) USSR the specialist, shegot anassignment (the usual practice in young As any degree. an honor with University In 1984 In 1988 1979 . Yuliia her and husband Oleksandr opened a , while studying at the economic faculty of Yulia Tymoshenko became the president of she became the managing director of the director managing the became she Yuliia Tymoshenko was from graduated the Yuliia Tymoshenko worked as the as worked Tymoshenko Yuliia BUSINESS CAREER BUSINESS YOUTH 82 possessed by Pavlo Lazarenko. by Pavlo possessed ofpower top the to connected often is company the of prosperity The economics. Ukrainian OF 25% about economy of Ukraine. By 1997 the company controlled The company continued to work in the shadow producers. agricultural production at low figure directly from the of volumes grate to receive managed it shortage, barterschemes, due to which inthe situationof total The company worked in the shadow economy, using leads of the UOC. elite, new business elite and limbs of law under the gathera lot of former members of communist political to possible became it Lazarenko’s, with relations team. Thanks to Gennadiy Tymoshenko’s good his and Lazarenko Pavlo governor by the controlled of Industrial enterprises in Dnipropetrivska oblast was In 90s the agricultural sector, aswell as the majority right-hand-manof the BYuTy party leader. the became later who Tulchynov, Oleksandr was center youth “Terminal” ofthe initiators of the One with different business and political elites. to Gennadiy Tymoshenko’s help and his relations business world full of criminal authorities only thanks to gatherthat amount of money and to float in the new able were Tymoshenkos the stress sources Numerous University. protection and help father-in-law’s her to thanks is it that claim biography Tymoshenko’s of sources nonofficial Some she was able to graduate from the film-showing facilities. he owned a company, specializingKyrovskyi district executive committee. Inaddition, in the provision occupied1991 positionhe the ofof chairmen the In of of government. levels several on posts different communist political elite. Inthe USSR he hold old the of representative the is Tymoshenko, OleksandrTymoshenko’s father- Gennadiy to meet. decided then and a while for talked they answered, Yuliia number, wrong the dialed Oleksandr accidentally. husband biographies, Yuliia Tymoshenko met herfuture nonofficial and official both, to According CEU eTD Collection Budget committee. Parliament second forthe timeand again heads the In 1998 program. life" proper the to weeks "100 the devised committee Budget the guidance, off andsalaries.addition,Inunderpensions her clearing of mechanics provision, medical and pension of systems new codes, Tax and Budget the for projects During period,Yuliiathis Tymoshenko has developed strategic committee onbudgeting of the Parliament. Since 1998 party. "Gromada" the of chief In 1997 region. Kirovograd the of constituency majority the in votes of 92,3% got She election. parliamentary the for On the On themes. scientific different on works 50 than herscholar activity: Yuliia Tymoshenko wrote more receiving PhD in economics. Still, itwas not the end of "The State Regulation of the TaxationSystem", named thesis a upholds successfully she Meanwhile, party. All-UkrainianUnion "Batkivschina" (Fatherland) In 1999 ofend In the business from authority and forthe state liberalization. of independence the for fight and politician a become engaged in confrontation with the state officials or to Yulia Tymoshenko:for choices two only left of events succession The to stayon the territoryin of CIS at thethe time.structures business bigpowerful most five top business the of one was UESU The andpersecution". pre-ordered "the becalled Ukraine" It was the blowhard for"Unitedthe Energy Systemsof whichinfringement. legislation currency the of accused the it having public after $ than millions more 300 on UESU fined andof Arbitration Court Supreme the and theaccounts mass Revenue Taxpoliceand mediaCorporation’s the arrested alikesued debtthe for of $ 42 millions to "Ukrgasprom", the that is still populartoday: the corporationleaders were was launched scenario usual The factor. political major that levelwhen business outgrows to itself, got becoming the corporation UESU of the development the Thus, doubling the Ukrainian export toRussia. building, house-building and pipes production, machinery- of spheres the in relations economic UESU’s activity. Ukraine has renewed itsinternational forthe natural gas were fully liquidated due to the 1997By Ukrainian heavy industry exchangein forgas and oil. Russia, delivering metals, and pipes otherproducts of and to pay wages. Meantime, UESU was trading with Yuliia Tymoshenko becomes the deputy of the Yuliia Tymoshenko became the leaderof the Yuliia Tymoshenko became the first deputy first the became Tymoshenko Yuliia December30, 1999Yuliia Tymoshenko the multi-billion debts of Ukraine to Russia she was working as the chairman of the 1996 Yuliia Tymoshenko was nominated POLITICAL CAREER 83 to the post of his deputy. Pavlo Lazarenko,who appointed Yuliia Tymoshenko At that time the leader of the party “Gromada” was On herpost ofthevice-Prime Ministerof the “Batkivschina” (Fatherland). party oppositional own her founds and “Gromada” Tymoshenko quickly breaks all bonds with Yuliia country, the from escape Lazarenko’s After (0,4% of Ukrainian gross national product). Unitedescapesabout Stateswith the $200 to 000 000 of embezzlement, money andlaundering fraud, In 1999Pavlo Lazarenko,being under anaccusation Tymoshenko decides to go into politics. additional opportunities forits development, Yuliia to receive and business the secure to order In Kuchma. Minister of Ukraine and went to the opposition to it. Lazarenkoproblems to the company, whichvirtually demolished forthcoming presidential elections, created financial saw Pavloin Lazarenko a potential rival onthe was 1997 the President of Ukraine Leonid Kuchma,who laidnew means to protect its positions. In addition, in offstops just being business, company the to develophad business when level, his the reached UESU the 1997 In post of(Tymoshenko, Yuliia: Dossier2008). thefloating assets of Ukrainianenterprises” the out Primeof pulling and evasion of tax schemes tolling of the ofincorporating “pioneers the were EUS the hand, other the On developed. were countries other almost doubled, international economic relations with was back paid toRussia, product the stream to Russia thanks to its deals amultimillion dept fornatural gas as problems, economic the to resolve helped company the stress, sources official and her Tymoshenko as hand, one the On Janus-faced. is Economy Ukrainian othe UESU of the contribution The CEU eTD Collection Later this year all charges were dismissed. were charges all year this Later office. Prosecutor’s General by the brought charges the minister of Ukraine. appointedUkraine Yuliia Tymoshenko new Prime- On December2007 18, regions and in its capital Kiev. of votes, winning the elections inthe half ofUkraine’s following totals: Yuliia Tymoshenko Bloc got 22,29% of elections The development. Ukraine’s the of projects perspective the on work to continues but government, the In Government. of the head the became she and of her support in voted of Parliament members 373 Ministerto the Parliament. The new record was set: Prime perspective the as Tymoshenko Yuliia presents On February2005 4, during the presidential elections Yuschenko’s "OurUkraine" bloc to support Yuschenko coalition"Power of the People" with the Victor In 2004 the On dismissed from the post of vice-Premier Minister. the On Kuchma" hasbegun. Without "Ukraine action the Then followed. scandal" deathof thejournalist. The ill-famous "cassette and disappearance in involved are rank highest the of President Leonid Kuchma and other authority figures through the country. The opposition searing scandal claimed political huge the that caused has the Gongadze In 2001 of the of the country's fuel energy and issues. occupies the postof vice-Premier Minister responsible September 2005 Yuliia Tymoshenko’s team leaves team Tymoshenko’s Yuliia 2005 September January January 19, 2001YuliiaTymoshenko was 13th of February,2001 the Yuliia Tymoshenko Tymoshenko a the Bloc Yuliia announced , the disappearance of journalist Georgy of journalist disappearance , the March 26th, 2006 the the President ViktorYuschenko – The Verkhovna Rada of Rada Verkhovna The – in October she was arrested on emerged with the . 84 her out of the way and imprisoned her. imprisoned and way ofthe out her put to decided they Therefore political). and business (both, Regime Kutchma the for rival dangerous Kuchma exploded, and Tymoshenko becomes too of Leonid power authoritative the and reputation The Revolution and governmental peripetia. wellas people’s disappointment in theOrange thanks to her political image and populist politics, as Tymoshenko became extremely popular mainly as pressure, public to due possible became This the National Security Council. Yuschenko’s child),who 2005 wasin Secretary the of of (godfather Poroshenko Petro especially circle”, “inner President’s the from people with Tymoshenko’s biography,is strained relationships of sources by non-official named reasons, main the of One power. of branch executive the inside conflicts becauseofconstant was dismissed Tymoshenko of the Prime Minister post of the to Ukraine. her appoints Yuschenko Viktor revolution, politics. As a reward for her help during the one of the most prominent figures of Ukrainian becomes Tymoshenko revolution Orange the During public treasury. named as an attemptarrange the liquidation of depts., which by somewas to to managed she pay resources energy and fuel country’s the UESU dept from the CEU eTD Collection

# Name Date of Education Profession Place of Work Party Electoral District Previously Further Elected as a Deputy Birth Elected as a Women of Deputies the Verkhovna RadaofUkraine ofIIConvocation(1994-1998) Deputy 1 Goshovska 19.01.48. higher teacher First Deputy of the --- #386, Kharkivska --- The deputy of the Verkhovna Valentyna Head of the oblast Rada of Ukraine of III Andriivna Balakliyskyi district (Eastern) convocation State Administration 2 Grygorovyt 12.09.57. higher doctor, Ivano-Frankivsk --- #204, Ivano- --- The deputy of the Verkhovna ch Liliia allergist district hospital, Frankivska oblast Rada of Ukraine of III, IV, V, Stepanivna allergist (Western) VI convocation

3 Karpachova 12.08.57. higher lawyer National University --- #28, the --- The deputy of the Verkhovna Nina of Symferopil, Autonomous Rada of Ukraine of V Ivanivna assistant professor Republic of Crimea convocation (Southern Ukraine) 4 Krandakova 20.09.51. higher economist Agroindustrial firm --- #38, the ------Olena “Zolote Pole”, Autonomous

85 Vasylivna economist Republic of Crimea (Southern Ukraine) 5 Markovska 18.10.47. higher doctor the head of the chair --- #47, Vinnytska --- The deputy of the Verkhovna Nina of Vinnytskiy oblast Rada of Ukraine of III Stepanivna Medical Institute of (Central-West of convocation M.Pyrogovo Ukraine) 6 Pasechna 16.07.48. higher teacher The Principle of Commu #126, Donetska ------Liudmila school #17 in nist oblast Yakivna Konstyantynivka Party (Eastern Ukraine)

7 Pshenychna 13.11.48. higher teacher The Head of the --- #40, the ------Olga department of Autonomous Mykolaivna people’s education Republic of Crimea (Southern Ukraine) 8 Samoilyk 20.12.51. higher teacher Teacher of the Commu #403, Hersonska --- The deputy of the Verkhovna Kateryna Russian language and nist oblast Rada of Ukraine of III, IV, V, Table 2. Semenivna literature Party (Southern Ukraine) VI convocation

9 Semeniuk- 04.06.57. higher economist Rujinska public Commu #159, Jytomyrska --- The deputy of the Verkhovna Samsonenk administration,The nist oblast Rada of Ukraine of III, IV, V o Valentyna governor of socio- Party (Northern Ukraine) convocation Petrivna economic department CEU eTD Collection

10 Shtepa Nataliia 16.11.51. higher teacher the vice head of Communist #42, the Autonomous --- The deputy of the Petrivna the Committee of Party Republic of Crimea Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine the workers’ trade (Southern Ukraine) of III convocation union

11 Starovoytova Galyna 20.11.40. higher lawyer Public Prosecutor --- #32, the Autonomous ------Maksymivna in Republic of Crimea Krasnoperekopsk (Southern Ukraine) procuracy

12 Stetsko Yaroslava 14.05.20. – higher political The Head of the Congress of #201, Ivano------Yosypivna 12.03.03. analyst Congress of Ukrainian Frankivska oblast Ukrainian Nationalists (Western Ukraine) Nationalists

13 Shulejko Mariia 01.03.56. higher economist The Head of the --- #421, Cherkaska ------Yakivna colhosp “Slava” oblast (Central Ukraine) 86

14 Tymoshenko Yuliia 27.11.60. higher economist The head of the --- #229, Kirovogradska --- The deputy of the Volodymyrivna “United Energy oblast (Central Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine Systems of Ukraine) of III, IV, V, VI convocation Ukraine”

15 Vastchuk Kateryna 20.01.47. higher agriculturist Agroindustrial --- #69, Volynska oblast --- The deputy of the Tymofiivna firm “Kolos”, (Western Ukraine) Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine General executive of III, IV convocation

16 Vitrenko Nataliia 28.12.51. higher economist VR, adviser on Socialist #346, Sumska oblast ------Myhaylivna socio-economic Party of (South-North of context Ukraine Ukraine)

27 Zavalevska Valentyna 23.10.56. higher economist, Former --- #232, Kirovogradska ------Oleksandrivna manager representative of oblast (Central the President of Ukraine) Ukraine in Vilshanskiy district CEU eTD Collection Figure 5. Figure 4. Figure 3. Figure 1. 87 Figure 2. CEU eTD Collection Figure 7. Figure 6. 88 CEU eTD Collection Figure 10. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 11. 89 CEU eTD Collection Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 12. Figure 15. 90 CEU eTD Collection Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 18. Figure 16. Figure 17. 91 Figure 19. CEU eTD Collection Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 25. Figure 22. Figure 23. 92 Figure 26. Figure 24. CEU eTD Collection Figure 30. Figure 31. Figure 29. 93 CEU eTD Collection Figure 34. Figure 32. 94 Figure 33. Figure 35. CEU eTD Collection Figure 37. Figure 36. Figure 38. 95 CEU eTD Collection Figure 40. Figure 39. 96 CEU eTD Collection Figure 43. Figure 42. Figure 41. 97 CEU eTD Collection Wilcox (Eds.). Chaney, C., and B. 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