Tranzit.Cz Filmaři Všech Zemí, Spojte Se! Zapomenutý Internacionalismus, Československý Film a Třetí Svět

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Tranzit.Cz Filmaři Všech Zemí, Spojte Se! Zapomenutý Internacionalismus, Československý Film a Třetí Svět tranzit.cz Filmaři všech zemí, spojte se! Zapomenutý internacionalismus, československý film a třetí svět Filmmakers of the World, Unite! Forgotten Internationalism, Czechoslovak Film and the Third World Tereza Stejskalová (ed.) Obsah Contents Předmluva 9 Foreword 17 Texty Texts Studenti z třetího světa v Československu: 25 Paradox rasismu v socialistické společnosti a jeho reflexe ve filmu Students from the Third World in Czechoslovakia: 51 The paradox of racism in communist society and its reflection in film Tereza Stejskalová Víc než jen Kompars: 65 FAMU v kontextu československo ‑syrských vztahů More Than Just Extras: 85 FAMU Within Czechoslovak ‑Syrian Relations Kay Dickinson Mohammed Lakhdar ‑Hamina a Boubaker Adjali: 97 Osudy dvou alžírských filmařů, kteří prošli pražskou FAMU Mohammed Lakhdar ‑Hamina and Boubaker Adjali: 123 The careers of two Algerian film makers who attended FAMU Olivier Hadouchi Více tabáku, více holek: 137 Každodenní život arabských studentů v Praze v šedesátých letech 20. století očima oficiálních stížností československých úřadů More tobacco, more girls: 157 The day ‑to ‑day life of Arab students in Prague during the 1960s as reflected in complaints held in the archives of the Czechoslovak authorities Daniela Hannová Čínský sešit Františka Vláčila 169 František Vláčil’s China Notebook 185 Alice Lovejoy Rozhovory Interviews Tereza Stejskalová Věřil jsem, že film může mít na lidi velký vliv. 193 Rozhovor s Piyasirim Gunaratnou I believed film could have a great influence on people. 203 An interview with Piyasiri Gunaratna Srpen 68 byl pro mě zkouškou dospělosti. 209 Rozhovor s Hafedem Bouassidou I arrived right in the middle of a revolution. 221 An Interview with Hafed Bouassida Životopisy autorů 233 Biographies Seznam reprodukcí: záběry z filmů 237 List of illustrations: film frames Předmluva V roce 2015 započala tzv. uprchlická krize a členské státy Evropské unie z bývalého východního bloku se razantně postavily proti přijímání uprchlíků. Rozdělení železnou oponou tak opět vyplulo na povrch navzdory tomu, že jsou Polsko, Maďarsko, Slovensko a Česká republika již přes deset let součástí EU. Pro tranzit.cz, iniciativu, která ve svém programu řešila otázku postkomunistické transformace, vyvstaly přiro‑ zeně nejrůznější otázky. V uměleckých kruzích se tehdy začalo mluvit o Hnutí nezúčastněných (především v zemích bývalé Jugoslávie) a v historii a politické teorii se objevilo jako aktuální téma do té doby méně diskutované stránky studené války – především vztahy mezi východním blokem a postkoloniálním světem. Tváří v tvář všeobecné nevraživosti vůči syrským uprchlí‑ kům, státu, který se oficiálně postavil proti pomoci lidem pr‑ chajících před válečným konfliktem, a menšině aktivistů, kteří zorganizovali pro uprchlíky pomoc,1 před námi vyvstal jiný příběh z doby před rokem 1989. Státní reprezentace v něm de‑ klarovala solidaritu se zeměmi, které nově získaly nezávislost na bývalých koloniálních velmocích, a organizovala programy ekonomické pomoci a kulturní výměny. Důležitá byla mož‑ nost bádat v dosud nezkatalogizovaném archivu Univerzity 17. listopadu, instituce, která existovala v šedesátých letech a byla zřízena Československem přímo pro studenty třetího světa. Tento archiv ale odhalil také rasismus, xenofobii a po‑ city kulturní nadřazenosti, jež občané Československa vůči exotickým návštěvníkům, kteří se tu náhle objevili, projevovali. Tato publikace se zaměřuje na film jako sféru, kde se vyjevovaly ve vší své nejednoznačnosti společenské dopady diplomatických vztahů mezi Československem a „třetím světem“, odehrávajících se pod vlajkou internacionalismu. Jejím hlavním tématem je Filmová a televizní fakulta Akademie múzických umění, kde v letech 1950–1989 studovala asi stov‑ ka studentů z Asie, Afriky a Latinské Ameriky, převážně díky československým stipendiím a různým mezivládním dohodám. Patřili mezi ně i světoznámí režiséři jako například Nabil Maleh ze Sýrie, Mohammed Lakhdar ‑Hamina z Alžíru, Nosratollah Karimi z Íránu, Pramod Pati z Indie či Octavio Cortazár z Kuby. Národní filmový archiv dosud schraňuje některé jejich studentské snímky. Tento náš výzkum ale není ojedinělý. Kurátorky Koyo Kouoh ze Senegalu a Rasha Salti z Libanonu ve 1 Stojí za to připomenout příběh pražského squatu Klinika, který se stal střediskem spontánní pomoci a několik týdnů doslova přetékal věcmi. 9 svém projektu nazvaném Saving Bruce Lee: African and Arab Cinema in the Era of Soviet Diplomacy2 zkoumaly vliv sovětské kinematografie na poskoloniální film, konkrétně na význačné arabské a ze subsaharské Afriky pocházející režiséry a reži‑ sérky, kteří studovali v době studené války na Gerasimovově všeruské státní univerzitě kinematografie (VGIK). Téma tvorby absolventů FAMU z Asie, Afriky a Latinské Ameriky se tak oci‑ tá v obecnějším kontextu kulturní výměny na poli filmu v rámci diplomatických vztahů mezi tzv. „druhým“ a „třetím“ světem. Na podzim roku 2016 jsme se rozhodli prezentovat stu‑ dentské snímky Mohammeda Lakhdara ‑Haminy, Nabila Maleha, Nosratollaha Karimiho, Piyasiriho Gunaratny a Hafeda Bouassidy v Ponrepu a následně jsme je představili v rámci výstavy Biafra ducha v bratislavském tranzitu a o rok později v Národní galerii v Praze. Eseje v této publikaci mají za cíl tyto filmy jako dokumenty kulturní výměny v rámci diplomatických vztahů mezi Československem a Třetím světem hlouběji kon‑ textualizovat. První, úvodní esej, jejíž jsem autorkou, zkoumá rasismus vůči africkým studentům jako palčivý symptom tehdejšího „nemocného“ socialistického zřízení. Jelikož se mělo za to, že je rasismus se socialismem neslučitelný, představoval tehdy tento společenský problém tabu. Byl to právě film, který tuto otázku ve veřejném prostoru otevřel. Nejkomplexněji jej ztvárnil ve svém dokumentu Black and White indický student FAMU Krishna Vishwanath, filmař, jehož stopy se však ztrácejí po jeho návratu do vlasti. Téma rasismu se rovněž objevu‑ je v sociálně ‑kritických filmech československé nové vlny, přičemž v některých z nich hrají studenti z třetího světa sebe sama. Text se věnuje podrobným analýzám těchto snímků. Způsob, jakým jsou v nich studenti z třetího světa prezentová‑ ni, odhaluje, že tu šlo především o sociální kritiku českosloven‑ ské společnosti, nikoliv o kulturu, z níž studenti třetího světa pocházeli. Zájem o jejich politickou a společenskou situaci byl jen povrchní. Další dvě eseje se zabývají osudy některých mezinárod‑ ně proslulých absolventů FAMU z Alžírska a Sýrie. Olivier Hadouchi ve své studii mapuje životní a profesní trajektorie dvou absolventů FAMU, které vyslala na studia do Prahy v průběhu alžírské války Fronta národního osvobození (FLN), aby tu získali filmařské zkušenosti. Snad jejich úkolem měla být pomoc v propagandistické válce mezi Alžírem a Francií. Odhaluje se tu dosud nediskutovaná provázanost FAMU s al‑ žírským protikoloniálním bojem. Jakkoli oba Alžířané studovali 2 Saving Bruce Lee: African and Arab Cinema in the Era of Soviet Diplomacy, Garage Museum of Contemporary Art, Moskva, 12. 6.–23. 8. 2015. 11 v Československu zhruba ve stejné době, jejich tvorba a pro‑ fesní dráha se od sebe nemohla více lišit. Zatímco Mohammed Lakhdar ‑Hamina proslul na celém světě jako první africký filmař, který obdržel Zlatou palmu v Cannes (za svůj film Kronika žhavých let, 1975) a je považován za spoluzakladatele alžírské kinematografie, Boubaker Adjali, politicky angažovaný dokumentarista a novinář zůstal pozapomenut. Zatímco filmy Lakhdar ‑Haminy se týkají zejména alžírské války za nezávislost a jsou poněkud esteticky konzervativní, dokumentaristické počiny Boba Adjaliho jsou úzce svázané s válkami v Angole a Mosambiku, jichž se autor sám účastnil, či s konflikty v Palestině, Západním Timoru a apartheidem v Jižní Africe. Středobodem eseje Kay Dickinson je tvorba a profesní drá‑ ha dalšího slavného absolventa pražské filmové školy – Nabila Maleha. Jeho filmové umění zasazuje do širšího kontextu diplomatických, ekonomických, politických a kulturních vztahů mezi ČSSR a Sýrií. Maleh patřil ke generaci syrských filmařů, kteří studovali film ve východní Evropě a kteří díky svému vzdělání a podpoře nově se rozvíjející syrské Národní filmové organizace (NFO; modelované podle vzoru státem podporovaných východoevropských kinematografií) stvořili esteticky zcela jedinečné a politicky angažované snímky. Na Malehově příkladu Dickinson ukazuje, že při kulturní výměně mezi Československem a Sýrií nešlo o vztahy centra a periferie či věřitele a dlužníka, nýbrž že „příklady sdílené teoretické a technické odbornosti, estetického ladění, společného úsilí o zestátnění, všeobecné vzdělání a zkvalitnění sociálních aspektů ideologického přesvědčení (…) migrovaly multila‑ terálně“ a zakládaly se spíše „na modelu hluboké globální solidarity“. Jak však vlastně probíhal život arabských studentů, jakými byli Maleh, Adjali či Lakhdar ‑Hamina, v Československu? Arabové tvořili mezi studenty z třetího světa v Československu většinu, píše ve svém textu historička Daniela Hannová, která se jejich osudům věnuje dlouhodobě. Ve svém článku mapuje jejich pobyt v Československu, od jazykových kurzů, přes studium a kolejní život až po jejich odjezd domů a popisuje konflikty, ke kterým docházelo mezi nimi a československými institucemi či československými občany. Tématem jsou mimo jiné i milostné vztahy arabských studentů a československých žen, v první řadě ale Hannová přibližuje jejich zklamání z poli‑ tické a společenské reality Československa. Měla­­­­­‑li být podpo‑ ra studia těchto studentů způsobem, jak propagovat ve třetím
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