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Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Loading of Natural Plant Extracts and Their Biomedical Applications

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Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Loading of Natural Plant Extracts and Their Biomedical Applications International Journal of Nanomedicine Dovepress open access to scientific and medical research Open Access Full Text Article REVIEW Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Loading of Natural Plant Extracts and Their Biomedical Applications This article was published in the following Dove Press journal: International Journal of Nanomedicine HeshuSulaimanRahman 1,2 Abstract: Many types of research have distinctly addressed the efficacy of natural plant Hemn Hassan Othman 3 metabolites used for human consumption both in cell culture and preclinical animal model Nahidah Ibrahim Hammadi 4 systems. However, these in vitro and in vivo effects have not been able to be translated for fi Swee Keong Yeap5 clinical use because of several factors such as inef cient systemic delivery and bioavail- ability of promising agents that significantly contribute to this disconnection. Over the past Kawa Mohammad Amin 6 decades, extraordinary advances have been made successfully on the development of novel Nozlena Abdul Samad7 drug delivery systems for encapsulation of plant active metabolites including organic, Noorjahan Banu Alitheen 8 inorganic and hybrid nanoparticles. The advanced formulas are confirmed to have extra- 1Department of Physiology, College of ordinary benefits over conventional and previously used systems in the manner of solubility, Medicine, University of Sulaimani, bioavailability, toxicity, pharmacological activity, stability, distribution, sustained delivery, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Republic of Iraq; 2Department of Medical Laboratory and both physical and chemical degradation. The current review highlights the development Sciences, College of Health Sciences, of novel nanocarrier for plant active compounds, their method of preparation, type of active Komar University of Science and Technology, Sulaymaniyah, Republic of Iraq; ingredients, and their biomedical applications. 3Department of Pharmacology and Keywords: nanomedicine, natural plant metabolite, biomedical application, carrier Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University formulation, drug delivery of Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Republic of Iraq; 4Department of Histology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Al- Anbar, Ramadi, Republic of Iraq; 5China- ASEAN College of Marine Sciences, Introduction Xiamen University Malaysia, Sepang, Based on the recently reported data, more than 70% of new drugs formulated are Malaysia; 6Department of Microbiology, College of Medicine, University of showing poor water solubility, which becomes the limiting factor in the absorption Sulaimani, Sulaymaniyah 46001, Republic of drug after oral admission.1 The limitation in the bioavailability of natural products Iraq; 7Integrative Medicine Cluster, Institut Perubatan dan Pergigian Termaju (IPPT), active components includes poor solubility of the ingredient, poor stability due to Sains@BERTAM, Universiti Sains Malaysia, gastric and colonic acidity, poor metabolism by the effect of gut microflora, poor Kepala Batas 13200, Pulau Pinang, Malaysia; fl fi 8Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, absorption across the intestinal wall, poor active ef ux mechanism and rst-pass Faculty of Biotechnology and Bio-Molecular metabolic effects are among the factors that make the failure of clinical trials.2,3 Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, In this respect, developed novel drug delivery system and carriers for herbal Selangor, Malaysia drugs should ideally accomplish some prerequisites such as proper delivering of the Correspondence: Noorjahan Banu drug at a rate oriented by the needs of the body, over the period of treatment and it Alitheen should pass the active entity of herbal drug to the site of action.4 Many approaches Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Faculty of Biotechnology and Bio-Molecular have been adopted to increase drug solubility, sustainability, bioavailability and Sciences, Universiti Putra Malaysia, 43400 5 UPM Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia gastrointestinal permeability. Nanocarrier has gained tremendous attention in the Tel +60 126866947 development of new pharmaceutical carrier and delivery systems. One of the Email [email protected] strategies to thwart this problem is to encapsulate natural plant metabolites into Heshu Sulaiman Rahman the biodegradable and biocompatible nanoparticle.6 Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, University of Sulaimani, Employment of innovative drug delivery systems including utilization of nano- Sulaymaniyah 46001, Republic of Iraq carrier delivery to overcome the physicochemical and pharmacokinetic limitation of Tel +964 7726159598 Email [email protected] phytochemicals enhanced the controlled release and even efficacy of the submit your manuscript | www.dovepress.com International Journal of Nanomedicine 2020:15 2439–2483 2439 DovePress © 2020 Rahman et al. This work is published and licensed by Dove Medical Press Limited. The full terms of this license are available at https://www.dovepress.com/terms. – http://doi.org/10.2147/IJN.S227805 php and incorporate the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial (unported, v3.0) License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/). By accessing the work you hereby accept the Terms. Non-commercial uses of the work are permitted without any further permission from Dove Medical Press Limited, provided the work is properly attributed. For permission for commercial use of this work, please see paragraphs 4.2 and 5 of our Terms (https://www.dovepress.com/terms.php). Rahman et al Dovepress bioactivities. This innovation shows the promising future doses and side effects, and increasing the absorbency of nanomedicine as a potential solution for impressive of medicinal herbs compared with the respective crude hindrance and handling of various chronic diseases.7 extract preparations.12 Additionally, altering the main features of nanocarriers such as their constituents (organic, inorganic or hybrid), Types of Nanocarrier sizes (small, medium or large), shapes (sphere, rod or cube) and surface properties (charge, functional groups, Organic Nanocarrier PEGylation or attachment of targeting moieties) are con- Lipid and Polymer-Based Nanocarrier Lipids act as a suitable penetration enhancer of drugs in sidered as a leading cause for tuning the physiochemical properties of nanocarriers. The overall aim of employing the digestive tract by supporting solubilization of the drug fi nanocarriers in drug delivery is to treat an unwellness in the stomach surroundings and thereby reducing the rst- effectively with the lowest side effects and potential pass metabolism by diffusion of the drug through a lym- 10 outcomes.8 phatic to the circulatory system. Nanomedicine has recently earned enhanced attraction for its ability to efficaciously diagnose and treat various Solid Lipid Nanoparticle (SLN) ailments.9 Therefore, the aim of this review is to display SLN is a colloidal drug carrier that developed in the early the types of nanocarrier loaded natural plant products and 1990s in which the particle size ranges from 50 to focus on their role in various disease therapies with the 1000 nm (Figure 1A). SLN is processed by using emulsi- promising use of nanomedicine. fier(s) to stabilize the dispersion that composed of melted solid lipid(s) in water.13 The high-pressure homogeniza- Design of the Review tion (HPH) technique and microemulsification are the fi In this review, nanocarriers were being classi ed based on most commonly used methods for preparing SLN.14 the types of nanocarrier, i.e. i) organic nanocarriers; ii) The main advantages of SLN are providing a highly inorganic nanocarriers; iii) hybrid nanocarriers; and iv) lipophilic lipid matrix for drugs to be dispersed in,15 biological nanocarriers. References were searched in allowing the encapsulation, embedding with a wide range Scopus data based using each class of nanocarriers as the of molecules (such as drugs, antigens, proteins, and keyword. Articles after the year 2010 were selected nucleotides) and also promoting the delivery of therapeutic (unless the significant references for a particular type of loading into specific tissues and cells. Improving the in nanocarrier, which were downloaded separately) and vitro and in vivo stability and reducing the adverse effects sorted based on the specific type of carrier for each of are also among the acceptable features of SLN.16 SLN is the above classes. quite similar to nanoemulsions except that both solid and Nanocarrier liquid lipids (oils) are used in the formulation of SLN whereas only liquid lipids are used in nanoemulsions. Nanocarrier is hopefully utilized to overcome the difficulty The most extensively employed SLN is puerarin- and issues related to conventional drug delivery systems loaded SLN in rats that characterized by rapid absorption, such as their nonspecificity, side effects, burst release and relatively improved bioavailability and increased tissue detrimental destroying of large populations of the normal 15,17 cells. Nanocarrier improves the bioavailability and thera- concentrations in targeted organs (heart and brain). peutic efficiency of drugs, as well as providing a prefer- Another group developed triptolide-loaded SLN as an fl ential accumulation at the target site.10 Nowadays, a large antioxidant and anti-in ammatory product that showed a fi number of nanocarriers have been produced but only some signi cant reduction in glutathione (GSH) and myeloper- of them are clinically authorized for the delivery of mate- oxidase (MPO) activities. The aim of this development rials because of their
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