Types of Ethnonyms According to Level Motivation of Nomination

Journal of Critical Reviews

ISSN- 2394-5125 Vol 7, Issue 12, 2020

TYPES OF ETHNONYMS ACCORDING TO LEVEL MOTIVATION OF NOMINATION

1Atajonova Anorgul Jumaniyazovna

1Candidate of Philological Sciences, Docent, Urgench State University, Urgench, Uzbekistan. E-mail address: [email protected]

Received: 05.03.2020 Revised: 07.04.2020 Accepted: 09.05.2020

Abstract The study and scientific generalization of the lexical properties of ethnonyms and ethno-toponyms using linguistic and non-linguistic factors is an urgent problem of modern Uzbek onomastics. Because ethnonyms and ethno-names in the Uzbek language, on the one hand, are considered modern (synchronous) material, on the other hand, they are the most ancient, i.e. original names. Therefore, it is impossible to carry out their research using only one method. Based on this, it is advisable to use descriptive, historical-comparative, and historical-etymological methods in toponymic studies. We believe that the phenomenon of the origin of ethnonyms based on the names of the emblems first appeared among cattle-breeding ethnic groups. The names of marks serving as a sign of distinguishing livestock from each other, due to the expansion of meaning, turned into an ethnic term. Some marks of stigma also came from totems.

Keywords: ethnonyms, Ancient Khorezm, folklore, spiritual treasury, historical origin, residence.

INTRODUCTION Beautiful Soul”) by Mahmoud ibn Kushmukhammad Khivaki The names of places are a kind of encyclopedia on the history, (19th century), also in the historical and geographical treatises of fate and lifestyle of our people, an invaluable monument of folk Istahri, Hamdulloh Mustafi Qazvini, Amin Amad Razi a range wisdom, a great value, enriching the spiritual treasury of our number of ethnonyms and ethno-names in Khorezm are people for centuries. Therefore, place names, as an integral part provided. of our national culture, should always be explored and encouraged. The work of the prominent linguist and ethnographer Mahmoud Kashgari, who lived and worked in the 11th century, “Devon To some extent, the system of ethnic names of Turkic and non- Lugoti Turk” (“Dictionary of Turkic dialects”) is also considered Turkic peoples in Central Asia has some common features. Their as an encyclopedic reference book, incorporating rich ethnic reason lies in the common historical origin and the development language material on the origin of Turkic tribal concepts. of tribal relations among these peoples. Therefore, when identifying the origin of Uzbek etymons and ethno-names, it is In the "Dictionary" the names of such Turkic tribes as Karluk, advisable to compare the national toponymic material with the Chingil, Yagmo, Uygur, Kipchak, Turkman are highlighted, as well material in related and unrelated languages, i.e. use research as valuable information about their places of residence is given. methods of comparative onomastics. As noted in the dictionary, the names of some tribes were simultaneously used as a toponym, i.e. the place where some Before embarking on the study of ethno-names, it is necessary to ethnic group lived, and was called the name of the tribes or clan. fully collect historical and ethnographic material and lexical data Also, M. Kashgari in his work gives accurate information about that formed the basis for them, as well as to familiarize oneself 22 Oguz tribes, about their emblems (1.I. P.89-90), these with scientific works in detail. ethnolinguistic data are important in the Uzbek onomastics.

MATERIALS AND METHODS Our ancestors (Khorezmians) who lived in Ancient Khorezm, Interesting data about the history of the origin of some which is one of the centers of culture in the past, lived mixed ethnonyms and place names in Uzbekistan, more exactly, what with various peoples and tribes. According to historical sources, they indicate in which era they originated, by whom, when and in the late XIX - early XX centuries, about 60 large and small how are mentioned in the works of such scholars, historians and Uzbek tribes and clans lived in the Khorezm region (2. P. 11). writers as Mahmoud Kashgari, Abu Raikhan Beruniy, Narshakhi, Here is a partial list of them: avshar, kangli, pichokchi, pishkakli, Ibn Batuta, Hafiz Abru, Muhammad Khaidar, Hafiz Tanish olim, keneges, soyapir, kushchi, suyrum, karamazi, saiyot, karvak, Bukhari, Rashididdin, Alisher Navoi, Zakhiriddin Muhammad tos, tama, uyshun, uyrot, khojeyli, kurbonak, hezreli, misit, Babur, Abulgazi Bakhadyrkhan. The most valuable information chandir, irgakli , sart and etc. about the history, socio-economic, cultural life, spirituality, Each ethnic name has a unique history of origin. We decided to language, writing, customs and traditions of the peoples living in look at the laws and criteria of the origin of these names. the Khorezm oasis are reflected in ancient Arabic, Chinese, Greek, Latin, Armenian sources. Also, in the works of historians and RESULT AND DISCUSSION travelers of the countries of the East (including Central Asia), as Ethnic names are considered the most ancient words in the well as in the holy book of the Zoroastrians “Avesto”. vocabulary of a language. Naming criteria for ethnic groups were different. In the works of S. Ataniyazov, T. Nafasov there are In the works of “Surat ul-arz” (“The Picture of the Globe”) by Ibn interesting observations about this issue (3; 4.). We tried to Havkala (10th century), “Khudud al-olam min al-mashrik ila-l analyze this issue based on the materials of the Khorezm oasis magrib” (“Territories of the world from East to West”), written and classified ethnonyms according to the criteria of origin: by an unknown Guzgan ( a historical region in the territory of present-day Afghanistan) author in 982, “Dili Karoyib” (“The

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Ethnonyms that arose on the basis of totems. names of these objects turned into the names of these clans and In the era of the primitive communal system, the totem was an tribes. animal, plant, object, or specific event that was considered sacred. The word “totem” is considered to be a lexical unit that is The following ethnonyms found in Khorezm appeared on the taken from the language of the Indian tribe of North America and basis of names denoting the signs of the stigma: baymakli, ylanli, means “its seed” (5.XI. P.203). The names of some tribes and kanjigaly, syrgali, chaganakli, balgali and etc. clans arose from these totems. Some domestic animals were also Sometimes it is difficult to establish on what basis the names of considered sacred. animals and birds turned into an ethnonym, i.e. is it a tag or a For example, Turkmens have such names of clans as ‘ak-koyunlu’ totem. The reason for that is over time, the original meaning of and ‘kara koyunlu’ (ie “white sheep” and “black sheep”), ‘teke’ the totem was forgotten or erased. For example, on the basis of which means “goat”, in a string of Turkic clans and ‘aksyuyrly the ethnonym “Ylonli”, there can be either a totem or emblem of tribes’ (with a white cow), ‘Kara-atly’ (with a black horse), in the an animal designating a “snake”. As it is mentioned above, there Yuryuk tribe system –‘ Sary-Kecheli’ (with a yellow goat), ‘Kara- is no doubt that some coats of arms were chosen on the basis of tekel’ (with a black goat) (6.P.139). totemic ideas. In Khorezm one can find such ethnonyms as kiyikchi, karga, 3. Ethnonyms derived words that represent color. taylok (camel), kirpi, buri, tuyachi, hukiz, bakhrin, which also denote the names of animals revered as a totem. On the basis of Many ethnonyms formed from words denoting colors. The the ethnonyms found in the oasis, there are names of animals or following ethnonyms available in Khorezm are formed in this birds, for example, the second part of the ethnonym “karagursak” way: Akmangyt, Aknogay, Kokkarga, Kyzylayak, Sarylar, is actually a karsak, which means an animal with fur, i.e. steppe Kyzylvash, Aktyakly, Karakanly, Karakipchak, Karakulan, etc. fox (1.I.S. 439). The word “karsak” in Uzbek folklore is used as a There are different kinds of opinions available on the meanings wolf. Even in folk songs, traces of this totemic view have been of words denoting color in the composition of such names. Our preserved. studies have shown that there are certain discrepancies between If the snow is as thick as a whip the meanings of words denoting color in the composition of Korsak runs yor-yor toponyms and ethnonyms. Therefore, we attempt to discuss One runs, two runs words that express color, which belongs to ethnonyms only. In the end, yor-yor will stop. The word “karsak” used in the wedding song means “wolf”. The According to N.A. Aristov, the yellow color expressing the word “kerayit” is taken from the Mongolian haree (n) - “karga” ethnonym in the East was used in relation to aristocrats, people (7.P.593), and the ethnonym “nogai” is taken from the Mongolian of the upper class, belonging to the royal family (12.P.309). “nokhoy” (“dog”), where the affix “-t” has a collective meaning ( However, N.A. Baskakov explains this ethnonym of the ethnonym 7.P.272). “Kyrgyz” as qychyu oyuz - “red Oguzes”, i.e. like the southern The use of totemic views in the name of clans and tribes is Oguzes (13.P. 92-93). considered as an ancient tradition that arose among the Turkic and Mongolian people. In his work “Shazharayi Tarokima”, However, according to some scholars, a few words expressing Abulgazi Bakhadyrkhan cites the names of the birds: Burgut color are also used in their own meaning. For example, karaman (golden eagle), Shunkor (falcon), Ukki (eagle owl), Karchichay “brunette” refers to such “Dark-skinned person or a person with (hawk), Turumtoy (merlin bird), Lochin (falcon), Humoy (bird black hair, Sachi Karaly “black-haired” from the tribe of Yuruk “humo”), Tuyun (old hawk), Qarga (crow), which were (6.P.136-139). Also, the ethnonym “sarik” is taken from the word considered totems for the descendants of Oguzkhan (8.P.22-23). “sary” (6.P.136), which is considered as a root for the ethnonym The origin of the names of ethnic groups based on the names of “Polovtsy”, i.e. “kipchak” because they were yellow-haired. The animals, birds, which in the totemic beliefs of ancient people Turkmen tribe of “Kora” also lived in Turkey (6.P. 139). Also, the were believed as sacred, is typical not only for Turkic, but also word “kyok” was used in the meaning of “foresters”, i.e. kyok for the people of Siberia . So, the Nganasan tribe has such clans as Turk means “forest Turks” (14.P. 44). Turna (crane), Burgut (golden eagle), Karga (crow). Also, K.Sh. Shoniyozov, who argues that the names of the ethnic Representatives of these genera do not kill, do not eat animal groups Kara, Kyzyl, Kyok, Saryk did not arise by accident, writes meat, which formed the basis for the names of their genera, in this: “In the ancient era, the Turkic tribes living in Altai and addition to their images are also applied to their coats of arms Southern Siberia, through the colors designated north, south, (9.P.178-182). east and west". Black was north, red was south, green was east, According to Morgan, the Seneca tribe had eight genera that had yellow was west. The location of people who consisted in the the names of the following animals: wolf, bear, tortoise, beaver, unification of a certain tribe, according to the locality, was buffalo, sandpiper, heron, and falcon (10.P. 261). commonplace, and over time the names of the parties (the names of the colors) became an ethonym (15.P.145-146). So, today the Thus, the names of animals considered to be an ancestor totem use of words denoting colors before the name of clans and tribes for certain clans and tribes, over time, turned into the names of as adjectives indicates that in the past they were used to these tribes. determine the cardinal directions.

Ethnonyms that arose on the basis of signs and marks. Many ethnonyms in Khorezm are formed through the addition of Many ethnonyms were called based on the generic emblems. the word “kara” to the ethnonym, for example, karakitay, Each clan or tribe had its own special emblem. Mahmoud karakoili, karamangyt, etc. Kashgari writes about 22 Oguz tribes as follows: “... each of them Z. Dusimov claims that in these names, the component “kara” is has special signs, hallmarks for cattle, which distinguish tribes used in the meaning of ambiguity and in the Khorezm dialect it and clans” (1.I. P. 89). For example, to distinguish their cattle, occurs in this meaning: karachibindai bosdy (surged like a black horses from others, they marked them with a special sign. fly), kara kumyrska kandai bosa shundai (Like a black ant) Subsequently, these marks of brands remained in the names of (16.P.33). In fact, the word “kara” in Khorezm has a meaning of these ethnic groups. For example, the coats of arms of such clans ambiguity. For example, in the expressions “kara dar basdy” are tarokli, kosovli, kaichili, kirghili, chumichli in shape resemble (covered in black sweat), “kara meinat atadi” (engaged in black household utensils (11.P.17). Over time, the words denoting the

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work) the word “kara” has a hint of amplification. However, we 2. Rustamov M. Uzbek ethnography. T .: Science, 1990. - p.32. think that the connotation of ambiguity in the expressions with 3. Ataniyazov S.A. Dictionary of Turkmen ethnonyms. - the word “punishment” is not related to the names. In our Ashgabat: Ylym, 1988. - p.180 opinion, the most important among ethnonyms are the words 4. Nafasov T. Ethnolinguistic analysis of toponymy of Southern denoting colors with a touch of cardinal points. But it is worth Uzbekistan. - T., Science, 1985. - p.84. noting that the word white in Khorezm is used in relation to 5. Uzbek Soviet encyclopedia. In 14 volumes. T .: Main Edition sunrise, i.e. east. But these words do not always express the 6. Eremeev D.E. On the semantics of Turkic ethnic identity // meaning of the cardinal points. In some ethnonyms, these words Ethnonyms. –M., 1970.- p. 133-142. are used in their meaning: karakalpak, kyzylbash, kongyrat, 7. Mongolian-Russian dictionary. –M .: State. ed.for. and nat. kokkarga, kyzylayak, karaman, etc. Dictionaries, 1957 - p.716. 8. Abulgoziy Bahodirkhon. Shazharai tarokima.-T .: Chulpon, In ethnonyms formed from such hydroniomas as “akyap”, it 1995 .-p.48. signifies abundance, i.e. high water or large irrigation ditch with 9. Vashenka P.T., Dolgikh B.O. Traditions about the totemic a constant course. names of genera in Nganasans // Soviet Ethnography. - M., In general, the meaning of words with a color designation as a 1962.-№ 3.-p.178-182. part of proper names is multifaceted; in the future they should be 10. Marx K., Engels F. Selected Works 1-2. –T .: Uzstate- deeply studied by researchers. publishing, 1959. 11. Koraev S. Ethnonymy. - T.: Uzbekistan, 1979.- p.24. Ethnonyms based on words symbolizing quantity. 12. Aristov N. Notes on the ethnic composition of Turkic tribes According to historical sources, in ancient times the number of and nationalities and information on their numbers // clans and tribes was the basis for determining their status and Zhivaya Starina., 1896.- Issue Ш-IV. –p.277-456. place among other tribes. In another way, the place of clans and 13. Baskakov N.A. To the question of the origin of the ethnonym tribes in society was determined by this indicator. Therefore, Kyrgyz // Soviet Ethnography, - 1964-№ 2- p.92-93. some ethnic names consist of words pointing to quantity. The 14. Kononov A.N. Grammar of the language of the Turkic runic ethnonyms Ming, Yuz, Kirk, Beshkoy, Birgulak, Togyz, Onalt, monuments of the 7th-9th centuries - L .: Nauka, 1980. –p. Onikki, Beshui, and Mingbagalan are formed in Khorezm in this 255 way. Also, when we became interested in the etymons of such 15. Shoniyozov K. Land of Kangs and kangs. - T .: Science, 1990. ethnonyms as mangyt, naiman, dorman, we found that they are - p.168. also based on words with the concept of quantity. 16. Dusimov Z. Toponymy of Northern Khorezm: Dissertation work for PhD., T., 1970 .- p.183. This means that ethnonyms, which arose on the basis of words indicating the number, in most cases do not show the number, the number of ethnic groups, but its status among other tribes. 5. Ethnonyms based on anthroponyms At the heart of some ethnonyms found in the Khorezm oasis, the names and nicknames of people can be seen. The study of transformation of nicknames into ethnonyms shows that pure nicknames, i.e. nicknames used directly with or in place of a name directly turn into an ethnic name. The names of professions, positions, ranks, considered one more kind of nicknames, first turn into nicknames, then - as an ethnonym - the common name of a community or group with this nickname. In Khorezm, ethnonyms that have arisen on the basis of people's nicknames are very common: manga (person speaking through the nose), avmas (simple person), diivana, kul, chokai (man of high height), kosa (man without a beard), jogi, chulak (person with small ears), kok (a thin person), churri (a person with a small head), etc. However, not every nickname turns into an ethnonym. For that reason, it is necessary that the nickname should not belong to only one person, but to groups of persons of a certain category or to the descendants of the person who is carrying the nickname.

CONCLUSION Summing up, it can be said that the study of the proper name system based on ethno-toponymic materials is of great importance in solving some important issues of history, historical lexicology and grammar of the Uzbek language, as well as in highlighting ethnic origin, the development of tribal relations, traditions and customs of the Uzbek people, his cultural and economic relations with other nations.

REFERENCES 1. Kashgari Mahmud, Devoni lugati Turk. In 3 volumes. T .: Uz SSR Ed. S.A., 1960.

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