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Limnology and Fisheries the Saskatchewan River In Fisheries Report No. 6 Limnology and Fisheries of The Saskatchewan River In Saskatchewan by Edward B. Reed Department of Zoology, Colorado State University formerly Fisheries Biologist, Fisheries Branch Saskatchewan Department of Natural Resources 1962 Fisheries Branch DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES Province of Saskatchewan Hon. A. G. KUZIAK J. W. CHURCHMAN Minister -83P). Deputy Minister This bulletin may be reproduced else- where provided due credit is given to the author and the agencies concerned. CONTENTS Page Introduction ................................................................................................ 5 Acknowledgments S 5 Physical Conditions ..................................................................................... 6 Water Chemistry .......................................................................................... 13 Biological Factors 24 Plankton ................................................................................................. 24 Coliform Bacteria ................................................................................. 25 Bottom Fauna ...................................................................................... 27 Fish Fauna 29 Fish Populations and Utilization ...................................................... 31 Fish Growth .......................................................................................... 36 Fish Food 39 Fish Parasites ........................................................................................ 40 Pollution 41 Summary and Conclusions .......................................................................... 45 References ...................................................................................................... 46 Introduction The Saskatchewan River is important to the people of Saskatchewan as a source of water for domestic use both by man and his livestock; for industrial purposes; and as a resource for recreation—angling, picnicking and boating. In January, 1957, the Fisheries Branch of the Department of Natural Resources began a two-year survey of the Saskatchewan River system within the Province of Saskatchewan. The principal questions to be answered were: what is the fisheries resource of the Saskatchewan River, how is it utilized, and what is the condition of the river in regard to pollution? The combined length of the three principal portions of the Saskatche- wan River in Saskatchewan is nearly 900 miles. To investigate in detail all parts of so great a river system was beyond the scope of this survey. The general attack upon the problem was to make detailed observations at selected stations, usually near ferry crossings or bridges. The stations at Saskatoon, Prince Albert, and Borden were those most frequently sampled; however, other stations (Figure 1) were visited at least twice during the survey. Field work extended from January, 1957, through September, 1958. Mr. Alan Derbawka assisted with field work in the summer of 1957. Mr. James Dosman was field assistant in 1958. The detailed data and the biological collections are on file at the Fisheries Laboratory, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon. Acknowledgments It is a pleasure to acknowledge the support of the Director of Fisheries, G. E. Couldwell and others of the Department of Natural Resources staff in Prince Albert, particularly Fisheries Supervisor P. H. Edwards for assistance in securing winter observations. The co-operation of Conservation Officers in districts adjacent to the rivers was much ap- preciated. Fisheries Biologist F. M. Atton assisted in organizing the investigation and made valuable suggestions. The late Dr. D. S. Rawson, Department of Biology, University of Saskatchewan, gave advice and stimulating counsel. Physical Conditions Drainage basin The headwaters of both the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers rise in the Rocky Mountains along the British Columbia-Alberta bound- ary. Eastward from the Alberta foothills, the basin of the Saskatchewan is underlain by Palaeozoic and Mesozoic strata covered by glacial drift of considerable depth. Present day physiographic features are mostly the result of events occurring during deglaciation. The two principal types of river bed in areas of strong current are hard sand and gravel or small cobblestones. Reaches of slack current have sub-strata of soft sand or mud. Shifting sandbars are prominent features of the North and South Saskatchewan Rivers and are particularly evident on the South in the stretch from Riverhurst to Dundurn and on the North in the Maymont and Borden areas. Sand bottom areas of considerable extent are found in PRINCE ALBERT -J SWIFT CURRENT CREEK Fig. 1. Map of sampling stations on North and South Saskatchewan Rivers. 1. Frenchman Butte 17. Empress 2. North Battleford 18. Leader ferry 3. Maymont 19. Saskatchewan Landing 4. Borden 20. Swift Current Creek 5. Petrofka 21. Riverhurst 6. Crutwell 22. Elbow 7. Prince Albert 23. Outlook 8. Cecil 24. Yorath Island 9. Forks of North and South 25. Saskatoon Saskatchewan Rivers 26. Clarkboro 10. Fort a la Come 27. Hague ferry 11. Nipawin 28. St. Louis 12. Dept. Nat. Res. boathouse 29. Fenton 13. Cumberland Lake 30. Weldon 14. Old Channel 31. Torch River 15. Empress ferry, So. Sask. River 32. Little Red River 16. Red Deer River 33. Battle River the Saskatchewan between Nipawin and Cumberland House. Inter- spersed in the sandy areas are short stretches of rapids where the rivers cross bars of cobblestones. For the Saskatchewan basin as a whole, the climate is temperate and precipitation varies from moderate to arid (Thomas, 1956). Much of the drainage area is covered by brown and darkbrown prairie soils, and black soils, all of which have a high degree of natural fertility (Hogg, et al., 1952). Areas of the drainage basins are given by Thomas (1956) as follows: Alberta Saskatchewan Total North Saskatchewan 36,050 sq. mi. 22,650 sq. mi. 58,700 sq. mi. South Saskatchewan 44,605 sq. mi. 21,365 sq. mi. 65,970 sq. mi. Saskatchewan 0 sq. mi. 23,180 sq. mi. 23,180 sq. mi. Thomas (1956) stated that the Saskatchewan River system drains 27 per cent of the land area in the Province of Saskatchewan and that 42 per cent of the province's population lives in the drainage basin. Comparable figures for Alberta are 32 per cent of the area upon which 85 per cent of the people live. The total number of people living in the Saskatchewan River drainage was estimated by Thomas to be 1,161,300. Volume and Depth Dennis and Challies (1916) noted that the chief characteristic of rivers that rise in the Rocky Mountains is the great variation between maximum and minimum flow, reporting that the ratio may be as great as 200 to 1. Monthly discharge records for the years 1912-15 made at Prince Albert on the North Saskatchewan and at Saskatoon on the South indi- cate that two peaks of high water usually occur each year. The first, in April, is due to runoff of snow melt on the prairies. The second peak, usually occurring in June but sometimes in July or August, indicates the arrival of meltwater from the mountainous headwater area (Hogg, et. al., 1952). Thus the flood conditions in any one year will depend upon snowfall on the prairies and in the mountains, and upon the amount and time of occurrence of summer rainfall. Daily flow measurements of the North Saskatchewan made at French- man Butte and at Prince Albert, and of the South Saskatchewan made at Saskatoon for the period October 1, 1956, to September 30, 1958, have been made available by the Water Resources Branch, Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Calgary, Alberta. Recordings made on the Saskatchewan at Nipawin in the periods March 1 to October 31, 1957, and March 1 to October 31, 1958, were also furnished by the Water Resources Branch. Flow data for the four stations are summarized in Table 1. The highest ratio of maximum to minimum for a calendar year was 53 to 1 at Frenchman Butte in 1956; however, the ratio of high water in June, 1957, to low water of December, 1956, was over 100 to 1. Prairie runoff and mountain snow melt tended to blend together in both years of the survey; hence in Figures 2 and 3 bimodal curves of flow are not clearly evident. The histogram representing the South in 1957 (Figure 3) sug, gests peaks in April and June separated by a small decline in May. Maximum flow in the South was similar in the two years, but maximum flow of the North was much higher in 1958 than in 1957 (Figures 2 and 3). In both the North and South rivers, continual daily fluctuations are superimposed upon the larger seasonal variations, illustrated by the following measurements made at Saskatoon: 7 Table 1.—Summary of flow data for four stations in the Saskatchewan River system in Saskatchewan. Preliminary information supplied by Department of Northern Affairs and National Resources, Calgary, Alta. Average Maximum Minimum Total discharge Total discharge Drainage monthly observed observed for station for station area discharge discharge discharge during period, during period. Station and period of observations sq. mi. sec.-ft. date and sec.-ft. date and sec.-ft. sec.-ft. acre-ft. Frenchman Butte (North Saskatchewan) Oct. 1/56-Sept. 30/57..................................... 22,000 6,356 June 13 December 12 2,319,952 4,601,000 23,330 436 Oct. 1/57-Sept. 30/58..................................... 8,756 July 2 February 26 3,195,770 6,338,000 48,950 1,050 Prince Albert (North Saskatchewan) : Oct. 1 /56-Sept. 30/57..................................... 46,100 6,708 April
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