DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY OF URBAN ROAD TUNNEL PROJECT IN DENSE URBAN SETTING
SHANGEDA SHARMIN SHANTA
MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (TRANSPORTATION)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET)
October 2015
DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY OF URBAN ROAD TUNNEL PROJECT IN DENSE URBAN SETTING
A thesis submitted by
Shangeda Sharmin Shanta Student No. 0409042429P
A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of
MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (TRANSPORTATION)
DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET)
October 2015
DEDICATED TO
My Parents, My Husband And My Respected Supervisor Prof. Dr. Moazzem Hossain
Acknowledgement
I express my deepest thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Moazzem Hossain, Professor Department of Civil Engineering, BUET for his constant supervision, valuable guidance and unlimited encouragement during the period of research work. It was a great opportunity for me to work with Prof. Dr. Moazzem Hossain, whose unfailing eagerness made the study a success.
Sincere thanks also goes to the Members of the Examination Committee, Dr. Tanweer Hasan, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dr. Mizanur Rahman, Professor of Civil Engineering Department, BUET for their special interest, valuable comments and suggestions regarding the study.
I am indebted to all the officials of the Civil Engineering Department for their help and cooperation in collecting the required data and information.
I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents and my husband for their sincere support, sacrifice, inspiration and help during the entire period of this study.
Finally I am grateful to almighty Allah.
Shangeda Sharmin Shanta October, 2015
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Abstract
The rapid growth of population in Dhaka City has led to a growing demand for transport. The city’s infrastructure, services, and management are insufficient to meet the demand and there is little scope to develop any new roads within the limited and congested area. In order to ease the traffic problem and improve the living standards of city dwellers there is a tremendous need for improving transport accessibility and mobility for the residents of city, reducing traffic congestion and addressing long term transport planning. Due to limited land availability in dense city area often urban traffic tunnels are suggested as new connectivity means. Interfacing the urban traffic tunnels with other transportation links and construction difficulty in dense urban setting make such project complex requiring detailed feasibility study for successful implementation. In line with this, there is a need to develop a framework for feasibility study of urban road tunnel project in dense urban setting, which often calls for multi agency/stakeholders’ initiatives for developing the project. In absence of a comprehensive study framework for such project, important and critical issues may be left aside which might prove to be costly mistakes during/after project implementation. In this study, analyzing various city examples of 17 Tunnel projects, a comprehensive study framework has been developed which has been critically validated for the case of Jahangir Gate to Rokeya Sarani Road Tunnel project in Dhaka. The validation exercise reveals that apart from all engineering, technical and safety issues, institutional involvement in different phases of project and their relationship/hierarchy with respect to implementing agency should also be mapped.
A comprehensive framework has been suggested from this study which may help city authorities for undertaking such tunnel projects in dense urban setting such as Dhaka. The outcome of this study will Guide to undertake comprehensive, strategic network- wide investigation, feasibility study and traffic evaluation.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page No.
Declaration i Acknowledgement ii Abstract iii List of Figures viii List of Tables ix
Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study 3 1.3 Outline of Methodology/ Experimental Design 4 1.4 Organization of the Thesis 5
Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General 6 2.2 History of Tunnel 6 2.3 Types of Tunnels 14 2.3.1 Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 14 2.3.2 Cast-in-Situ Tunnel in a Waterway 19 2.3.3 Immersed Tube Tunnels 19 2.3.4 Bored Tunnels 19 2.3.5 Tunnels through Rock 20 2.4 Urban Tunnel 20 2.4.1 Introduction 20 2.4.2 Purpose 21 2.4.3 Relevant Issues 23 2.4.3.1 Justification for a Tunnel 23 2.4.3.2 Land Acquisition Costs 24 2.4.3.3 Construction Costs 24
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2.4.3.4 Operating Costs 24 2.4.3.5 Maintenance Costs 24 2.4.3.6 User Benefits 24 2.4.3.7 Changes to Land and Property Values and Rentals 25 2.4.3.8 Qualitative Factors 25 2.4.3.9 General Design Considerations 25 2.4.3.10 Operations 27 2.4.3.10.1 Bicycles and Pedestrians 27 2.4.3.10.2 Dangerous Goods 28 2.4.3.10.3 Control of Entry in an Emergency 31 2.4.3.11 Manuals 32 2.4.3.12 Training 32 2.4.3.13 Ventilation 33 2.4.3.13.1 Portal Discharge 34 2.4.3.13.2 Traffic Monitoring 34 2.4.3.13.3 Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and 35 Visibility Levels 2.4.3.13.4 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) 36 Requirements 2.4.3.13.5 Fire, Life and Safety 36 2.4.3.13.5.1 Evacuation Egress 37 2.4.3.13.5.2 Detection 37 2.4.3.13.5.3 Smoke Control 37 2.4.3.13.5.4 Fire Load for Ventilation purposes 38 2.4.3.13.5.5 Built in Redundancy 38 2.4.3.13.5.6 Deluge / Drencher System 38 2.4.3.13.5.7 Flame Proof Pits 39 2.4.3.13.5.8 Foam 39 2.4.3.13.5.9 Fire Hydrants 39 2.4.3.13.5.10 Dual Drainage System 40 2.4.3.13.5.11 Fire Fighting Access 40 2.4.3.13.5.12 Fire Engineering Design Brief 40 2.4.3.14 Lighting 40
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2.4.3.14.1 Zone Lighting 41 2.4.3.14.2 Counter Beam 42 2.4.3.14.3 Wall Panels 42 2.4.3.14.4 Emergency Lighting 42 2.4.3.15 Communications 42 2.4.3.15.1 Control Centre Location 43 2.4.3.15.2 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) 43 2.4.3.15.3 Radio Rebroadcast 43 2.4.3.15.4 P.A. System with Radio Interruption 44 2.4.3.15.5 Help Telephones 44 2.4.3.15.6 Mobile Telephones Rebroadcast 44 2.4.3.16 Monitoring 44 2.4.3.17 Structural Design 45 2.4.3.18 Structure Design Life 45 2.4.3.19 Pavement Design Life 45 2.4.3.20 Electrical 45 2.4.3.20.1 Dual Power Supply 46 2.4.3.20.2 UPS (Uninterruptible Power System) 46 2.4.3.20.3 Manual Override 46 2.4.3.20.4 Fire Resistance of Wiring 47 2.5 Tunneling in dense Urban Areas 47 2.6 Implementation Hurdles 48 2.6.1 Land Acquisition 48 2.6.2 Institutional Coordination 49 2.6.3 Existing Traffic Management 50 2.6.4 Utility Relocation 50 2.6.5 Construction Friction 50 2.6.6 Environment Nuisance 51 2.6.7 High Cost 51 2.6.8 Availability of Technology 52 2.7 Clarity and Transparency 53 2.8 Research Need 53 2.9 Review of Dhaka City Context 54
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2.9.1 Existing Dhaka Road Network 54 2.10 Current Traffic Mix 57 2.11 Main Traffic Generators 58 2.12 Qualitative Assessment of Traffic Congestion and Major Problems 61 2.13 Summary 61
Chapter 3. DIFFERENT TUNNEL STUDIES 3.1 General 62 3.2 Different Tunnel Studies 62 3.3 Summary 110
Chapter 4. SYNTHESIS OF ALL CASE STUDIES 4.1 General 111 4.2 Synthesis of All Case Studies 111 4.3 Development of Urban Tunnel Study Framework 136 4.3.1 Content of Urban Tunnel Feasibility Study 136 4.4 Summary 140
Chapter 5. VERIFICATION OF DHAKA URBAN TUNNEL STUDY 5.1 General 141 5.2 Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study 141 5.3 Suggested Framework in Dense Urban Setting 152 5.4 Summary 166
Chapter 6. RESULT & CONCLUSION 6.1 Summary 167 6.2 Result & Conclusions 168 6.3 Recommendation 168 REFERENCES 169
Appendix A Different Tunnel Studies 185 Appendix B Synthesis of All Case Studies 324 vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Page No.
Figure 1.1: Project Site in Relation to Dhaka City 3
Fig: 2.3.1a Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 15
Fig: 2.3.1b Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 16
Fig: 2.3.1c Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 18
Figure 2.9.1: Existing Network (Major Road Names) 56
Figure 2.11: Major Trip Producers and Attractors Highlighted 60
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LIST OF TABLES Page No. Table 4.1.1: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Geographical Extent) 112
Table 4.1.2: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Traffic Coverage) 116
Table 4.1.3: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Institutional Involvement) 119
Table 4.1.4: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Environmental Coverage) 121
Table 4.1.5: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Social Coverage) 123
Table 4.1.6: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Study Method) 125
Table 4.1.7: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Safety) 129
Table 4.1.8: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Economic & Financial 131 Issue)
Table 4.1.9: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Risk Analysis) 133
Table 4.1.10: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Investment/Funding) 135
Table 5.2: Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study 142
Table 5.3: Suggested Framework in Dense Urban Setting 152
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Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background The rapid growth of population in Dhaka City has led to a growing demand for transport that the city’s infrastructure, services, and management cannot meet and there is little scope to develop new roads within the limited and congested area. In order to ease the traffic problem and improve the living standards of city dwellers, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has committed to: Improve transport access and mobility for the residents of the Dhaka City Reducing traffic congestion Address long term transport planning, coordination and institutional issues
According to a recent UN data sheet, Dhaka City is currently the 22nd largest urban agglomeration in the world and will by 2015 be the 5th largest with a population of 19.5 million. Public transport conditions continue to deteriorate and traffic jams, long delays and a high incidence of road accidents have become a daily experience for residents across the city. (SMEC, 2013)
Considering the seriousness of the situation, concerned authorities like Bangladesh Road Transport Authority (BRTA), Dhaka Metropolitan Police (DMP), Dhaka Transport Coordination Board (DTCB) and Bangladesh Road Transport Corporation (BRTC) have taken several measures for its improvement, but so far efforts have been inadequate. In order to ease the traffic problem and improve the living standards of city dwellers, there is high need to improve transport access and mobility for the residents of the Dhaka city, reducing traffic congestion and addressing long term transport planning, coordination and institutional issues. It is expected to reduce traffic congestion and ease traffic movement for Dhaka, which currently has a population of more than 12 million. Therefore, transport services are unable to match the demands of the city’s inhabitants, following rapid population growth in recent decades, experts said. Demand cannot be met only through improvement of transport infrastructure, services and management, they added. In line with these objectives the GOB has planned to construct a multilane ‘Dhaka Road Tunnel Project’ (DRTP), 1
1 km in length starting from Jahangir Gate at Farmgate-Mohakhali Road (east side), crossing under the Old Tejgaon airport, and ending at Rokeya Sarani at Agargoan (west side) (Fig:1.1). As part of technical evaluation, a study is undertaken regarding road configuration, possible road alignments, and management of intersections. Meanwhile, geotechnical conditions of this area, feasibility of soft ground tunnelling techniques, possibilities of flooding, and current land use and various other related issues need to be addressed while considering the feasibility of such project. As in dense urban area, multi-party land ownership, rehabilitation need implementation and operation need, security and safety issue, traffic prediction in a complex network setting, environment and water logging in flood prone areas and myriads of other related issues often posses urban tunnel study as a complex puzzling topic. Such situation often leads to a study design falling chest of comprehensive coverage which later on leaves grey unexplored issues posing threat to proper project implementation. Considering this complexities of urban tunnel project in dense urban setting, it is required to develop framework for urban road tunnel feasibility study for guiding comprehensive and inclusive study. (SMEC, 2013)
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(Source: Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study Report) Figure 1.1: Project Site in Relation to Dhaka City
1.2 Objectives of the Study
The broad objective of the study is to develop aframework for feasibility study of urban road tunnel project in dense urban setting with application of the framework in case of proposed Jahangir Gate to Rokeya Sarani Road Tunnel, Dhaka City. The specific objectives are as follows:
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1. Understanding the issues involved in road tunnel project in dense urban setting. 2. Review of road tunnel and other complex urban project development in dense and large cities such as Dhaka for basis of a common framework. 3. Branching and looping of interdependent issues and agencies involved for developing a generalized study scheme. 4. Application of developed framework in assessing a known case of Dhaka city tunnel project.
The possible outcome of this study is the Guidelines to undertake a comprehensive, strategic network-wide investigation, feasibility study and traffic evaluation for urban tunnel. A comprehensive framework would be suggested which may help city authorities for undertaking of tunnel projects in dense urban setting such as Dhaka.
1.3 Outline of Methodology/ Experimental Design The study will review the urban tunnel cases globally for developing the relevant common agenda, mapping the required slopes, assessing the success and failures and difficulties as found by global urban tunnel projects. Thus relevant case studies will lead to development of a comprehensive framework for dense urban area tunnel projects current research methodology may be outlined as follows: 1. A number of case projects involving tunneling in dense urban setting would be studied to find out the commonalities and issues regarding the tunnel project implementation. 2. Framework for Traffic study, tunnel safety and traffic forecasting would be developed based on similar project concepts in other cities. 3. Guidelines for Environmental Impact Assessment and Socio-economic Modelling would be worked out based on reviewed tunnel project experience. 4. A technology review relevant to tunnel construction will be performed for preparing a guideline for technology adoption in new tunnelling project construction. 5. Review of useful tools, software, models and databases will be made for guiding the appropriate choice of such aids in new project study. 6. Developed comprehensive tunnelling study framework would be critically assessed with the experience of Jahangir Gate to Rokeya Sarani Road Tunnel. 4
1.4 Organization of the Thesis
The Thesis report consists of six chapters including the present one. The first chapter deals with the introduction, Objectives and Methodology. Chapter two introduces Literature Review of Existing Facilities and Services as well as different component of tunnel. Chapter three describes Case Study of Urban Tunnel Feasibility Reports. Chapter four presents synthesis of all case studies and on this basis a framework is developed. Chapter five presents Verification of our developed framework with Dhaka Urban Tunnel case study & a framework would be suggested under considering above findings in dense urban setting such as Dhaka. Result & discussion of this study & future recommendation is discussed in Chapter Six.
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Chapter 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 General
A tunnel is a closed or roofed structure carrying a road through, or under an obstacle. (This obstacle may be anything in the path of a preferred road alignment such as a mountain, a body of water, a building or a complete development. A short tunnel is also termed an underpass, but in general any covered length of road over 90 meters long should be treated as a tunnel (NFPA, 2001).
Tunnels are some of the most expensive parts of road infrastructure but in some cases, they are necessary to overcome circumstances where other solutions cannot be applied. The initial construction cost of a tunnel may be more than ten times that for a bridge at the same location (in terms of road carriageway provided) with high operating and maintenance costs. Yet a tunnel may still be the best option for the site for a range of reasons. Choosing between a bridge and tunnel requires consideration of a range of factors of which cost is only one. It is often the case that the choice will be made on the basis of factors other than cost. Tunnel design is a multi-disciplinary activity requiring geometric design, structural design, electrical and mechanical engineering, fire safety engineering and communications engineering. Interaction of the specialist designers in each of these areas is necessary to obtain the best solution. Decisions on the location and form of tunnels must only be undertaken with the advice of designers. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.2 History of Tunnel The history of ancient tunnels and tunneling in the world is reviewed in various sources which include many examples of these structures that were built for different purposes. (Klaus Grewe, 1998 & Siamak Hashemi, 2013). Some well-known ancient and modern tunnels are briefly introduced below:
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The world's oldest underwater tunnel is claimed (Blogcu) to be the Terelek kaya tüneli under Kızıl River, a little south of the towns of Boyabat and Durağan in Turkey, just downstream from where Kizil River joins its tributary Gökırmak. The tunnel is presently under a narrow part of a lake formed by a dam some kilometers further downstream. Estimated to have been built more than 2000 years ago, possibly by the same civilization that also built the royal tombs on a rock face nearby, it is assumed to have had a defence purpose. The qanat or kareez of Persia are water management systems used to provide a reliable supply of water to human settlements or for irrigation in hot, arid and semi-arid climates. The deepest known qanat is in the Iranian city of Gonabad, which after 2700 years, still provides drinking and agricultural water to nearly 40,000 people. Its main well depth is more than 360 m (1,180 ft), and its length is 45 km (28 mi). (UNESCO World Heritage Centre, Reference No. 5207) One of the first known drainage and sewage networks in form of tunnels was constructed at Persepolis in Iran at the same time as the construction of its foundation in 518 B.C. In most places the network was dug in the sound rock of the mountain and then covered by large pieces of rock and stone followed by earth and rubbles to level the ground. During investigations and surveys, long sections of similar rock tunnels extending beneath the palace area were traced by Herzfeld and later by Schmidt and their archeological teams. (Schmidt, E.F., 1953). Hezekiah's Tunnel was built before 701 BCE for water as a defense against siege attacks. The Eupalinian aqueduct on the island of Samos (North Aegean, Greece) was built in 520 BCE by the ancient Greek engineer Eupalinos of Megara under a contract with the local community. Eupalinos organised the work so that the tunnel was begun from both sides of Mount Kastro. The two teams advanced simultaneously and met in the middle with excellent accuracy, something that was extremely difficult in that time. The aqueduct was of utmost defensive importance, since it ran underground, and it was not easily found by an enemy who could otherwise cut off the water supply to Pythagoreion, the ancient capital of Samos. The tunnel's existence was recorded by Herodotus (as was the mole and harbour, and the third wonder of the island, the great temple to 7
Hera, thought by many to be the largest in the Greek world). The precise location of the tunnel was only re-established in the 19th century by German archaeologists. The tunnel proper is 1.030 km long (3,380 ft) and visitors can still enter it Eupalinos tunnel. The Via Flaminia, an important Roman road, penetrated the Furlo pass in the Apennines through a tunnel which emperor Vespasian had ordered built in 76- 77 CE. A modern road, the SS 3 Flaminia, still uses this tunnel, which had a precursor dating back to the 3rd century BCE; remnants of this earlier tunnel (one of the first road tunnels) are also still visible. Sapperton Canal Tunnel on the Thames and Severn Canal in England, dug through hills, which opened in 1789, was 3.5 km (2.2 mi) long and allowed boat transport of coal and other goods. Above it the Sapperton Long Tunnel was constructed which carries the "Golden Valley" railway line between Swindon and Gloucester. The 1791 Dudley canal tunnel is on the Dudley Canal, in Dudley, England. The tunnel is 1.83 miles (2.9 km) long. Closed in 1962 the tunnel was reopened in 1973. The series of tunnels was extended in 1984 and 1989. (Map of Dudley Canals | Discover Black Country Canals). Fritchley Tunnel, constructed in 1793 in Derbyshire by the Butterley Company to transport limestone to its ironworks factory. The Butterley company engineered and built its own railway a victim of the depression the company closed after 219 years in 2009. The tunnel is the world's oldest railway tunnel traversed by rail wagons using gravity and horse haulage. The railway was converted to steam locomotion in 1813 using a Steam Horse locomotive engineered and built by the Butterley company, however reverted to horses. Steam trains used the tunnel continuously from the 1840s when the railway was converted to a narrow gauge. The line closed in 1933. In the Second World War, the tunnel was used as an air raid shelter. Sealed up in 1977 it was rediscovered in 2013 and inspected. The tunnel was resealed to preserved the construction as it was designated an ancient monument. (Historic England. Retrieved 19 March 2015, BBC News. 1 May 2013&James Drummond, 1 May 2013). The 1794 Butterley canal tunnel canal tunnel is 3,083 yards (2,819m) in length on the Cromford Canal in Ripley, Derbyshire, England. The tunnel was built 8
simultaneously with the 1773 Fritchley railway tunnel. The tunnel partially collapsed in 1900 splitting the Cromford Canal, and has not been used since. The Friends of Cromford Canal, a group of volunteers, are working at fully restoring the Cromford Canal and the Butterley Tunnel. (Friends of the Cromford Canal - HOME). The 1796 Stoddart Tunnel in Chapel-en-le-Frith in Derbyshire is reputed to be the oldest rail tunnel in the world. The rail wagons were originally horse- drawn. Derby Tunnels in Salem, Massachusetts were built in 1801 utilizing the first US National Guard unit to build and hide the dirt in 5 ponds in a park in town. The tunnels were built to smuggle imports that President Thomas Jefferson had ordered local militias to help the Custom House in each port collect. The tunnels ran 3 miles connecting the wharfs in town to an underground train station [citation needed]. Along the way they connected prominent businessmen and politicians homes to their stores, bank, and museums. Members of the Salem Commons Fund hid the tunnels behind a project to fill in the ponds and grade the local common. Tunnel dirt was hid in those ponds and was used to fill in rivers to create new wharfs to connect the tunnels to. Many politicians were involved including a Superior Court Justice, a Secretary of the Navy, and many Senators in the Federalist Party. A tunnel was created for the first true steam locomotive, from Penydarren to Abercynon. The Penydarren locomotive was built by Richard Trevithick. The locomotive made the historic journey from Penydarren to Abercynon in 1804. Part of this tunnel can still be seen at Pentrebach, MerthyrTydfil, Wales. This is arguably the oldest railway tunnel in the world, dedicated only to self- propelled steam engines on rails. The Montgomery Bell Tunnel in Tennessee, an 88 m long (289 ft) water diversion tunnel, 4.50 m × 2.45 m high (14.8 ft × 8.0 ft), to power a water wheel, was built by slave labour in 1819, being the first full-scale tunnel in North America. Bourne's Tunnel, Rainhill, near Liverpool, England. 0.0321 km (105 ft) long. Built in the late 1820s, the exact date is unknown, however probably built in 1828 or 1829. This is the first tunnel in the world constructed under a railway line. The construction of the Liverpool to Manchester Railway ran over a 9
horse-drawn tramway from the Sutton collieries to the Liverpool-Warrington turnpike road. A tunnel was bored under the railway for the tramway. As the railway was being constructed the tunnel was made operational, opening prior to the Liverpool tunnels on the Liverpool to Manchester line. The tunnel was made redundant in 1844 when the tramway was dismantled. (British Listed Buildings. 30 September 2014).
Crown Street Station, Liverpool, England, 1829. Built by George Stephenson, a single track tunnel 266 m long (873 ft), was bored from Edge Hill to Crown Street to serve the world's first intercity passenger railway terminus station. The station was abandoned in 1836 being too far from Liverpool city centre, with the area converted for freight use. Closed down in 1972, the tunnel is disused. However it is the oldest rail tunnel running under streets in the world. (Liverpool's Historic Rail Tunnels". The Liverpool Wiki. 1999-02-22. 2013- 04-19 & Subterranea Britannica: Sites:". 30 September 2014).
The 2.03 km (1.26 mi) 1829 twin track Wapping Tunnel in Liverpool, England, was the first rail tunnel bored under a metropolis. The tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to the south end Liverpool docks and was used only for freight terminating at the Park Lane goods terminal opposite King's Dock. Currently disused since 1972, the tunnel was to be a part of the Merseyrail metro network, with work started and abandoned because of costs. The tunnel is in excellent condition and is still being considered for reuse by Merseyrail, maybe with an underground station cut into the tunnel for Liverpool University. The river portal is opposite the new King's Dock Liverpool Arena being an ideal location for a serving station. If reused the tunnel will be the oldest used underground rail tunnel in the world and oldest section of any underground metro system. (Wapping Tunnel", 30 September 2014& Maund, T.B. 2001).
1836, Lime St Station tunnel, Liverpool. A two track rail tunnel, 1.811 km (1.125 mi) long was bored under the metropolis from Edge Hill in the east of the city to Lime Street. In the 1880s the tunnel was converted to a deep open to the atmosphere cutting four tracks wide, the only occurrence of a major tunnel being removed. A short section of the original tunnel still exists at Edge
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Hill station, giving the tunnel the distinction of being the oldest rail tunnel in the world still in use, and the oldest in use under streets. (Liverpool Lime St)
The Box Tunnel in England, which opened in 1841, was the longest railway tunnel in the world at the time of construction. It was dug by hand, and has a length of 2.9 km (1.8 mi).
The 1.1 km (0.68 mi) 1842 Prince of Wales Tunnel, in Shildon near Darlington, England, is the oldest sizeable tunnel in the world still in use under a settlement.
The Thames Tunnel, built by Marc Isambard Brunel and his son Isambard Kingdom Brunel opened in 1843, was the first underwater tunnel and the first to be built using a tunnelling shield. Originally used as a foot-tunnel, the tunnel was converted to a railway tunnel in 1869 and was a part of the East London Line of the London Underground until 2007. It was the oldest section of the network, although not the oldest purpose built rail section. From 2010 the tunnel became a part of the London Overground network.
The 3.34 km (2.08 mi) Victoria Tunnel/Waterloo Tunnel in Liverpool, England, was bored under a metropolis opening in 1848. The tunnel was initially used only for rail freight and later freight and passengers serving the Liverpool ship liner terminal, the tunnel's path is from Edge Hill in the east of the city to the north end Liverpool docks. The tunnel is split into two tunnels with a short open air cutting linking the two. The cutting is where the cable hauled trains from Edge Hill were hitched and unhitched. The two tunnels are effectively one on the same centre line and are regarded as one. However, as initially the 2,375 m (1.476 mi) long Victoria section was originally cable hauled and the shorter 862 m (943 yd) Waterloo section was locomotive hauled, two separate names were given, the short section was named the Waterloo Tunnel. In 1895 the two tunnels were converted to locomotive haulage. Used until 1972, the tunnel is still in excellent condition, being considered for reuse by the Merseyrail network. Stations cut into the tunnel are being considered. Also, reuse by a monorail system from the proposed Liverpool Waters redevelopment of Liverpool's Central Docks has been
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proposed. ("Victoria Tunnel", 30 September 2014& Waterloo Tunnel", 30 September 2014)
The vertex tunnel of the Semmering railway, the first Alpine tunnel, was opened in 1848 and was 1.431 km (0.889 mi) long. It connected rail traffic between Vienna, the capital of Austro-Hungarian Empire, and Trieste, its port.
The Giovi Rail Tunnel through the Appennini Mounts opened in 1854, linking the capital city of the Kingdom of Sardinia, Turin, to its port, Genoa. The tunnel was 3.25 km (2.02 mi) long.
The oldest underground sections of the London Underground were built using the cut-and-cover method in the 1860s, and opened in January 1863. What are now the Metropolitan, Hammersmith & City and Circle lines were the first to prove the success of a metro or subway system.
On June 18, 1868, the Central Pacific Railroad's 1,659-foot (506 m) Summit Tunnel (Tunnel #6) at Donner Pass in the California Sierra Nevada mountains was opened permitting the establishment of the commercial mass transportation of passengers and freight over the Sierras for the first time. It remained in daily use until 1993 when the Southern Pacific Railroad closed it and transferred all rail traffic through the 10,322-foot (3,146 m) long Tunnel #41 (aka "The Big Hole") built a mile to the south in 1925.
In 1870, after fourteen years of works, the Fréjus Rail Tunnel was completed between France and Italy, being the second oldest Alpine tunnel, 13.7 km (8.5 mi) long. At that time it was the longest in the world.
The third Alpine tunnel, the Gotthard Rail Tunnel opened in 1882 and was the longest rail tunnel in the world, measuring 15 km (9.3 mi).
The 1882 Col de Tende Road Tunnel, at 3.182 km (1.977 mi) long, was one of the first long road tunnels under a pass, running between France and Italy.
The Mersey Railway tunnel opened in 1886 running from Liverpool to Birkenhead under the River Mersey. The Mersey Railway was the world's first deep-level underground railway. By 1892 the extensions on land from Birkenhead Park station to Liverpool Central Low level station gave a tunnel 3.12 mi (5.02 km) in length. The under river section is 0.75 mi (1.21 km) in
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length, and was the longest underwater tunnel in world in January 1886. (Mersey Railway Tunnel", 30 September 2014& Engineering Timelines - Mersey Railway).
The rail Severn Tunnel was opened in late 1886, at 7.008 km (4.355 mi) long, although only 3.62 km (2.25 mi) of the tunnel is actually under the River Severn. The tunnel replaced the Mersey Railway tunnel's longest under water record, which was held for less than a year.
James Greathead, in constructing the City & South London Railway tunnel beneath the Thames, opened in 1890, brought together three key elements of tunnel construction under water: 1) shield method of excavation; 2) permanent cast iron tunnel lining; 3) construction in a compressed air environment to inhibit water flowing through soft ground material into the tunnel heading. (Robie S. Lange, February 1993).
Built in sections between 1890 and 1939, the section of London Underground's Northern line from Morden to East Finchley via Bank was the longest railway tunnel in the world at 27.8 km (17.3 mi) in length.
St. Clair Tunnel, also opened later in 1890, linked the elements of the Greathead tunnels on a larger scale.(Robie S. Lange, February 1993)
In 1906 the fourth Alpine tunnel opened, the Simplon Tunnel, linking Paris to Milan. It is 19.7 km (12.2 mi) long, and was the longest tunnel in the world until 1982.
The 1927 Holland Tunnel was the first underwater tunnel designed for automobiles. The construction required a novel ventilation system.
In 1945 the Delaware Aqueduct tunnel was completed, supplying water to New York City in the US. At 137 km (85 mi) it is the second longest tunnel in the world.
In 1988 the 53.850 km (33.461 mi) long Seikan Tunnel in Japan was completed under the Tsugaru Strait, linking the islands of Honshu and Hokkaido. It was longest railway tunnel in the world at that time.
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2.3 Types of Tunnels Tunnels are constructed in a (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006) wide range of physical and operational circumstances that will determine the type of tunnel used. Types of tunnel include for example: Cut-and-cover at shallow depth; Cast-in-situ in a waterway; Immersed tube for underwater crossings; Bored tunnels; and Tunnels excavated through rock.
2.3.1 Cut-and-Cover Tunnel
This type of tunnel is constructed in (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006) trench excavated from the surface and is appropriate for shallow depths in suitable soils. Special cases of this type of construction include: Contiguous pile wall tunnels (or variants); “Top Down” construction; and “Canopy Tube” method at surface impediments such as railways and other obstructions. Factors to be considered for cut and cover tunnels include: Ease with which the soil can be excavated; Depth of water table below the natural surface; Availability of the surface material being removed for backfilling during the construction period and the consequences for the subsequent land use; The need to dewater/pump the excavation; Stability and earth pressure on the sidewalls and loads and surcharges on the tunnel roof; Temporary construction loads; Uplift forces; and Access restrictions.
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(Source: Department of Main Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual Tunnels, Page 23-5) Fig: 2.3.1a Cut-and-Cover Tunnel
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(Source: Department of Main Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual Tunnels, Page 23-6) Fig: 2.3.1b Cut-and-Cover Tunnel
In the contiguous-pile wall tunnel, each side of the tunnel is formed from contiguous bored or cast-in-place piles, with or with outliners depending on the soil conditions, driven to below the tunnel floor. The space between the walls is excavated after driving the piles, thus exposing the surface of the contiguous piles. Cladding is placed
16 on the face of the piles to present a pleasing internal appearance to the tunnel and to achieve the required reflectivity of the tunnel walls. Drainage using filter drains is essential, as the piles are essentially earth retaining walls. After excavation between piles walls, capping beams are cast over the pile walls, roof slabs placed and the floor constructed. “Top down” construction is used where traffic interruptions have to be kept to a minimum or where soil types permit this method. In this form of construction, thereof of the tunnel is constructed on the ground before the material below is excavated. This allows the surface to be reinstated while the excavation is in progress, thereby reducing the time of closure of the road on top. The “Canopy Tube” method is used in isolated areas where traffic interruptions cannot be tolerated for any period of time and less costly alternatives cannot be used. Figure illustrates this form of construction. It is also referred to as “Fore Poling Method” from mining terminology. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006). The process is: Establish a portal by excavating vertical face beside the road or other facility under which the tunnel is to be constructed; Preborn holes horizontally under the surface in the direction of the tunnel (this may have to be done in stages depending on the length of the tunnel); Insert a steel tube into the prepared hole and fill with grout; Install a steel set at the portal to support the ends of the tubes (a steel set is a supporting frame constructed with steel I-beams); Excavate the material under the tubes on a front in stages and install a steel set at the end of each stage (approximately 750mm centers); Continue this process until the exit portal is reached; Shot Crete between the sets; Place reinforced concrete for floor, sides and roof (the extent of this will depend on the overall design, the construction process and the intended role of the steel sets in the final structure). The design of the supports and their extent will depend on the type and extent of the material present at the site. E.g. the location and extent of competent rock will affect the extent of the steel sets and their founding level.
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Figure illustrates the Canopy Tube concept. The Pipe Canopy type shown in Figure 2.3.1c is another version of this concept.
(Source: Department of Main Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual Tunnels, Page 23-8) Fig: 2.3.1c Cut-and-Cover Tunnel
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In an urban environment, additional considerations are: Severance effect of the removal of surface material, cutting off access for both vehicles and pedestrians; Cutting off and/or relocating public utilities; Noise from the construction site; Vibration effects on properties; Air pollution; and Settlement of buildings adjacent to the excavation due to changes in the water table or excavation techniques.
2.3.2 Cast-in-Situ Tunnel in a Waterway
Where permitted to temporarily block waterway, and if practical, the tunnel maybe constructed in two halves or by using a number of travelling caissons. The first half of the tunnel is constructed within a temporary caisson. On completion of the first half, the waterway above the constructed section is then opened and the second half of the tunnel constructed in procedure similar to the first. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.3.3 Immersed Tube Tunnels
For underwater crossings the immersed tube tunnel may be appropriate where conditions are right. Precast reinforced concrete sections of the tunnel are manufactured in a dry dock, floated and towed to their location above a dredged channel, sunk into position and joined to previous sections.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.3.4 Bored Tunnels
Bored or driven tunnels are constructed where there is sufficient overburden. Temporary support is required before the final lining is placed - precast segments, shotcrete and/or rock bolts depending on the material excavated. The cost of liners can vary widely depending on the soil types, presence of swelling clays, soft rock
19 and/or water. In tunnels excavated using the Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), the liner is placed continuously behind the TBM as it advances. The TBM may grip the sides of the tunnel (by expanding) or thrust off the liner as it advances. There are many different types of TBM for various situations. Under large waterways where soft ground conditions are common Earth Pressure Balance Machines (EPBM), Slurry Shield Tunnel Boring Machines (SSTBM) and shield driven tunnels have been used. In these shields, the cutting head is enclosed within a watertight bulkhead containing earth or betonies slurry, which stabilizes the face. Behind the sealed bulkhead the rest of the tunnel remains under normal atmospheric pressure. Tunnelling materials (earth, rock, clay, water, betonies and other chemicals) are directed through the TBM cutting head and out the rear end. In addition to the TBM itself, there is a considerable amount of material transportation equipment that removes these products, recycles the betonies, and delivers power and hydraulics, water, chemicals and pre-cast segments. Both air and water (and lubricating chemicals) can be lost through the tunnel face. Tunnels of circular cross-section are formed. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.3.5 Tunnels through Rock
Rock tunnels are excavated in a firm, cohesive medium, which may vary from relatively soft rock and sandstone to very hard igneous rocks such as granite. Excavation may be by drilling and blasting and temporary supports may consist only of rock bolts. TBMs can also be used in some circumstances. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4 Urban Tunnel
2.4.1 Introduction
With the improvement of construction techniques and urban development, tunnels are now built under the cities. Urban road tunnels may be used to divert traffic from center cities or to ease this traffic in the center. They are also built on some occasions to cross rivers or ports. From a technical point of view, the construction of tunnels
20 under the cities is particularly challenging. Due to the presence of buildings at the surface and other infrastructure in the vicinity of underground tunnels, parameters like vibrations and ground settlements must be tightly controlled. Therefore, urban tunnels are often made in soils with very low values of overburden. Risks of collapse and large deformations at the surface are very high, and negative impacts on old buildings is likely to occur if measures are not taken in advance when designing and building the tunnel. (Urban Road Tunnel, ITA, AITES).
Urban road tunnels are unique in terms of traffic characteristics (high volume, congestion during commuter periods, wide variety of vehicles, high percentage of buses, etc.), infrastructural design, and difficulty of closing and urban environment. Recommendations are presented to managers and operating bodies not only for the operation of existing tunnels but also for the design, management, operation and maintenance of urban road tunnels.
The recommendations for existing tunnels are aimed at traffic control, maintenance, intervention management, communication with road users and improvement of operation.
For the design of a new urban tunnel or the refurbishment of an existing one, recommendations are presented to facilitate the management of urban traffic network, equipment reliability and durability and whole life costing.
2.4.2 Purpose
For hundreds of thousands of years, our natural domain has been a principally two- dimensional space, the surface of the ground. Urged by necessity, curiosity, and even by temerity, we have always tried to escape from this space, either by widening it, which is only possible in a very restrictive sense, or by searching to utilize the third dimension, upwards or downwards. In these efforts, we have always encountered great difficulties that have been overcome thanks only to an astonishing tenacity. In this field, as in the others, nature provides many challenges and we must doggedly gather our experiences, draw lessons from failures, improve techniques and use all our resources of inventiveness before succeeding. Underground works have always been 21 difficult but this did not prevent their use at a very early stage of human development, as proved by the discovery of underground excavations that are among the first records of human activity. (Chapter 11: Urban Design Guidelines, Planning Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region).
Constructing a tunnel, however, is one of the most complex challenges in the field of civil engineering. Civil engineers design, develop and build different types of structures. The increasing need for rapid and effective ways to move people and goods has led to a new and exciting field in civil engineering: transportation systems. Transportation can be done by systems built over the surface- streets, highways, and train lines- or underground (tunnels, mines, metro systems, etc). (Chapter 11: Urban Design Guidelines, Planning Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region).
The population in cities around the world is constantly growing, and this trend is expected to continue according to different studies. Cities considered small or medium sized twenty or thirty years ago are now considered big. Space in cities is always a limited resource, and as they grow, it becomes a challenge to use it appropriately. In addition, as cities expand the need to move people from one part of the city to another increases because people live farther from their place of work or places of activities (shopping, banking, etc.). So, the limited space and the increase in the need of transportation make urban planners authorities and politicians to seek alternative means of transportation. Building transportation systems underground (metro, railways, etc.) is one of those alternatives that leads to the challenge of doing urban tunneling, that is constructing underground urban tunnels. (Chapter 11: Urban Design Guidelines, Planning Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region).
The scope of works is listed below: 1. Reducing traffic congestion and addressing long term transport planning there is a need to construct a urban road tunnel as there is a little scope to develop any new roads within the limited and congested area; 2. In order to ease the traffic problem and improve the living standards of city dwellers; 22
3. Assessment of resettlement requirements and preparation of action plan; 4. Preparation of land acquisition plan; 5. Study of socio-economic impacts assessment national and international level; 6. In order to develop a congestion free road, saving city dwellers travels time there is badly need a urban road tunnel
Under considering the above circumstances a standard framework can be developed which may help city authorities for the undertaking of such tunnel projects in dense urban setting such as Dhaka.
2.4.3 Relevant Issues
2.4.3.1 Justification for a Tunnel
Selecting a tunnel solution (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006) may be justified: On new routes under densely developed urban areas where land acquisition costs are high; Through mountains to avoid steep grades and longer routes; Under rivers and large bodies of water to keep shipways clear; To avoid impact on cultural heritage or environmentally sensitive areas; and Where clearance requirements or land use prevent construction of bridges.
The high capital cost of tunnels is well-known. To justify expenditure on a publicly funded tunnel, many issues other than the costs of initial construction and on-going operation and maintenance, have to be considered as they need to be with any option. PIARC (1983) suggests three types or levels of evaluation for a tunnel or alternative structure (including alternative route options) as a solution.
2.4.3.2 Land Acquisition Costs Land Acquisition Costs include: Land costs for private, commercial and industrial properties; Relocation costs; and
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Accommodation works.
2.4.3.3 Construction Costs Construction costs include: Cost of actual structure; Cost of operational equipment(including all traffic control equipment and fire, life and safety equipment associated with the tunnel); The cost of links to existing infrastructure and any necessary changes as a result of the effect of the tunnel on the total traffic network; and Noise reduction treatment such as ventilation attenuators and sound barriers.
2.4.3.4 Operating Costs Operating costs include: Ventilation and lighting; Fire life and safety services; Mechanical and electrical services; Inspections; Training of emergency services personnel; and Traffic control.
2.4.3.5 Maintenance Costs Maintenance costs include: Road surface; Cleaning; and Replacement of equipment over the life of the tunnel (over 100 years).
2.4.3.6 User Benefits Reduced travelling times and length of travel (both passenger and commercial vehicles) offset by any toll charges (if any); Reduced number of accidents; and Reduced traffic flow on other roads.
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2.4.3.7 Changes to Land and Property Values and Rentals Changes to land and property values and rentals near and above the tunnel or surface alternatives; and Possible leasing back of resumed land after construction has been completed. Indirect effects: Future developments on the surface (e.g. Streets closed for a pedestrian mall);and Changes to overall traffic patterns and transport routes with consequent changes in user operating costs.
2.4.3.8 Qualitative Factors There are some factors that cannot be given monetary value or completely quantified. They are largely related to environmental protection or social consequences and include: Displacement of people whose homes have been resumed; Effect on Cultural Heritage sites, buildings etc; Changes to the landscape which may increase or decrease the value of a site, including the effects on the community and tourism; Changes in community relationships due to severance or a new route; Aesthetic value of the project for users and the community; Flexibility for increasing the traffic capacity of the road infrastructure in the long term future (say beyond 20 years); Temporary disadvantages or nuisance value during the construction phase tithe commercial and general community; and The impact on animal life and biodiversity in general. For a tunnel, these qualitative factors are generally positive except at the portals and at ventilation exits. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.9 General Design Considerations Tunnels have distinguishing (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006) characteristics such as: The absence of junctions, parked vehicles, bicycles (except for rare exceptions) and pedestrians;
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An enclosed road with lateral and vertical restrictions; Artificial illumination; and Artificial ventilation. Because of these characteristics, some drivers may be apprehensive about entering and leaving the tunnel and become conscious of driving too close to tunnel walls (thus possibly reducing the effective lane width), and misjudging the steepness of grades (hence misjudging braking distances). However, tunnels exhibit a better accident record than the open road, due to a combination of factors such as: Drivers becoming more alert in the changed environment of the tunnel; Absence of roadside obstacles; Standard of construction; and Safety features incorporated in the tunnel. Where there are no Australian Standards for elements of tunnel design, and no applicable mandatory International Standards, PIARC and NFPA publications provide considerable reference and guidance material. Some general design considerations are: Design Speed; Cross-section Elements; Alignment; Grading; Drainage; Operations (including emergency ingress and egress, and maintenance requirements); Ventilation; Fire; Lighting; Communications; Structural requirements; and Electrical requirements. Risk analysis procedures can have benefits for safety. Designers should: Undertake a comprehensive risks/safety analysis to determine the best operation procedures; and 26
Provide control systems that allow any incident to be detected in order to reduce to a minimum the response times for such incidents. It is necessary to: Identify the risks; Assess the causes of possible failures; Determine the effects of those failures; and Provide solutions to minimize the consequences of failures.
2.4.3.10 Operations Some operational issues to be (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006) considered are: Bicycles and pedestrians; Dangerous goods; Control of entry in emergency Manuals; and Training.
2.4.3.10.1 Bicycles and Pedestrians Bicycle lanes are rarely provided in road tunnels. Where provided, they should desirably be separate from the vehicle lanes and protected from vehicular traffic by a barrier. In some tunnels without separate lanes, bicycles are only permitted at night or times of low vehicular traffic density. Pedestrian walkways in vehicular tunnels are generally provided for exit in an emergency. These walkways should be not less than 1.0m wide and level with the top of the kerb. In addition to serving as walkway for emergency exit, they can also be used by maintenance and traffic operations personnel. The emergency walkway may sometimes be at a lower level with a mountable kerbbetween the walkway and the adjacent traffic lane so that the walkway may act as an emergency stopping place for vehicles. It may also be provided in a separate, enclosed combined services / escape void. It is essential that the design provides pedestrian walkway accessible to road users with a disability (drivers or passengers) without assistance. Pedestrian emergency escape tunnels parallel to the vehicular tunnel and pedestrian refuge areas with independent air from the surface have been provided in some major tunnels (Rechnitzer et al,1999). In some
27 circumstances, remaining in the vehicle may be the preferred option. This allows radio re-broadcast (where provided) of emergency instructions.
However, fire combustion products can travel very quickly, thus engulfing passengers stranded in vehicles, eliminating visibility and means of egress, where otherwise an escape may have been possible earlier. The ventilation system should be designed to draw smoke and fumes away from the danger (accident) area.
2.4.3.10.2 Dangerous Goods
The carriage of dangerous goods through a proposed tunnel must be considered at the earliest stages of the planning for the tunnel. Specialist expertise should besought from the Dangerous Goods Unit, Land Transport and Safety, Queensland Transport. Factors to be considered are discussed in the following paragraphs. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
Spillage of dangerous goods being transported through a tunnel may result in fire or explosion or other undesirable effects. In addition, accidents involving vehicles carrying hazardous goods may have disastrous consequences (explosion, toxic gas release, etc.).Hazardous goods may be classified according to their nature and the degree of hazard. Australia has adopted a system based on the United Nations classification, which provides for nine classes identified by a unique diamond for each class. The classes of dangerous goods are: Explosives (substances or articles used to produce explosion or a pyrotechnic effect) Gases (gases stored in tanks or cylinders under pressure, compressed liquefied gases) Flammable Gas (e.g. acetylene, LPG - liquefied petroleum gas) Non-Flammable Non-Toxic Gases (some of these gases have oxidizing or corrosive effects e.g. refrigerated liquid air, compressed oxygen) Toxic Gases (cause death or serious injury to human health if inhaled e.g. chlorine, methyl bromide, nitric oxide)
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Flammable Liquids (liquids whose vapors ignite on contact with a source of ignition and having a flash point not higher than 610°C e.g. petrol, kerosene, paint thinners) Flammable, Spontaneously Reactive or Dangerous When Wet Solids Flammable Solids (solids easily ignited by external sources such as sparks and flames e.g. sulphur, red phosphorus, matches) Spontaneously Combustible Substances (substances liable to heat spontaneously and ignite, particularly when wetted by water, or in contact with moist air e.g. carbon, white phosphorous, calcium dithionite) Dangerous When Wet Substances (those evolving flammable gases when in contact with water e.g. calcium carbide, sodium metal) Oxidizing Agents (Substances which may not be combustible in themselves, but by yielding oxygen or other processes increase the risk and intensity of fire in other materials with which they come in contact) Oxidizing Agent (When in contact with finely divided combustible materials, oxidizers may cause fire and burn with almost explosive violence (e.g. Calcium Hypochlorite- Swimming Pool Organic Peroxides (Liquids or solids that support the burning of combustible materials. Under prolonged exposure to fire or heat, containers of these materials may explode. Decomposition of these substances may give rise to evolution of impurities such as acids, toxic and flammable gases e.g. benzoyl peroxides, methyl ethyl ketone peroxide, MEKP) Poisonous, Toxic, Harmful and Infectious Substances (Solids or liquids which are liable to cause death or serious injury to human health if swallowed, inhaled or by skin contact. Nearly all toxic substances evolve toxic gases when involved in a fire or when heated to decomposition e.g. Calcium Cyanide, Lead Arsenate.) o Toxic Substances (e.g. Industrial products) o Infectious Substances (e.g. medical waste) o Radioactive Goods (materials or combination of materials which spontaneously emit radiation e.g. uranium) Corrosive Goods (solids or liquids possessing in their original state, the common property of being able to damage living tissue to a greater or lesser
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extent. Many give vapors that irritate the nose and eyes, some are toxic and a few produce toxic products when decomposed e.g. Hydrochloric Acid, Sodium Hydroxide) Miscellaneous Dangerous Goods Substances and articles which present a danger not covered by other classes e.g. Aerosols, Dry Ice, and Asbestos) before banning the carriage of these goods through a tunnel, a detailed risk assessment should be carried out to assess the suitability or otherwise of the route compared with the alternatives. Alternative routes may have adverse economic, social and environmental consequences or even create a higher risk of accidents. Some studies have shown that: The total human risk can be higher on the longer route; The chance of multiple fatalities is greater in tunnels than on the alternative route; Economic risks on the tunnel route are higher than the alternative route if the tunnel can be destroyed. In any risk assessment, the Dangerous Goods Unit of Queensland Transport should be contacted for advice. Further guidance may be obtained from Rechnitzeret al (1999), which describes the cause and consequences of nine accidents involving dangerous goods in tunnels internationally, and five accidents in tunnels that did not involve dangerous goods. Although total banning of the transport of hazardous goods through tunnels may seem intrinsically desirable, such action may not be necessary as other measures may give a satisfactory solution with an appropriate level of safety. The following strategies have been used to minimise the risk of accidents and the consequences of spillage in tunnels: Restricting transit times; placing vehicles carrying dangerous goods in an escorted convoy (with or without restricting times of operation); Product and quantity limitations; Speed and distance limits; Diversion to a route with lower risk; Applying load limits; Inspection of vehicles before entry; and Guidance systems (caterpillar, Arian thread, running rabbit etc.).
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Risk can also be reduced by limiting the consequences of a crash by passive measures such as: Fire resistance of the structure and facilities; Explosion resistance; Road surfaces not likely to burn; and Drainage systems directed into collector tanks. Active measures to reduce the consequences of a crash include: Continuous monitoring by closed circuit television; Roadway inspection; Fire detection; Explosion proof radio communications equipment; and Ventilation.
The monitoring of the passage of vehicles carrying dangerous goods, and the detection of spills and fire are described in the sections on “Fire, Life and Safety” and “Communications”. In the event of a spillage or accident, immediate action is required and emergency systems should be well and understood (appropriate manuals). (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.10.3 Control of Entry in an Emergency Traffic signals should be provided at the entrance to tunnels to control entering traffic in an emergency. They should be so positioned that they can stop traffic from using one, two or all lanes in the tunnel as required. These signals can also be used inother circumstances such as:
Periods of maintenance in the tunnel; and Times when congestion may threaten to overload the ventilation system and relief is required. Appropriate signals and signs remote from the tunnel may also be required to divert traffic to alternative routes in times of closure of the tunnel. Forbus way tunnels, direct communication with buses should be available to control their
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movements (e.g. diverting them to alternative routes when excessive delays in the tunnel occur for whatever reason). (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.11 Manuals
It is essential that detailed operating and maintenance manuals be kept for all elements of plant and equipment. All maintenance and repair work must be carried out safely with the utmost efficiency to give minimum disturbance to traffic. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006). Operating and maintenance manuals should cover: Drawings; Systems descriptions; Systems performance; Equipment description; Manufacturers’ technical literature; Any supplementary data available; Operations procedures; Maintenance procedures including expected replacement intervals of parts, test certificates and test reports.
2.4.3.12 Training
Although accidents and other emergencies in tunnels may be infrequent, regular training sessions on emergency procedures should be carried out as any accident or spillage or breakdown of equipment may affect many vehicles and people in a tunnel. (Ref: Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
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2.4.3.13 Ventilation Vehicle exhaust emissions contain toxic (notably carbon monoxide, CO), and noxious gases, smoke, and particulates. In short tunnels, they may be removed by longitudinal ventilation, often assisted by roof mounted jet fans to give discharge at the portals, provided this concentration and subsequent dispersion of pollutants to the air at the exit to the tunnel is acceptable. Air quality is of particular concern in cases where economic justification for a tunnel has been partly based on the recovery of developable land over the roof slab. For tunnels longer than 200 meters, longitudinal bi-directional smoke ventilation systems and control panels should be provided as required by the Queensland Fire and Rescue Service. Tunnel air velocities to ensure smoke and hot combustion gases do not spread upstream against the air flow (back layering) are shown in the section on “Fire, Life and Safety”.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
In longer tunnels, special air ducts carry the polluted air away to selected exit points and others bring fresh air into the tunnel(transverse ventilation).Fans regulating the ventilation are automatically controlled according to traffic volumes, pollution levels and fire detection. They must have manual override. Traffic sensors are required to determine the number of vehicles in the tunnel and at what speed they are travelling. Ventilation needs are automatically adjusted as required to dilute the emissions from vehicles to an acceptable level in the tunnel. Carbon monoxide and smoke monitors are also required to automatically control fan speeds. The ventilation system in a tunnel should be designed in accordance with recognized methods described in the Technical Committee Reports on Road Tunnels, to the Permanent International Association of Road Congresses (PIARC) 1987, 1991 and1995.Due to recent accidents in Europe, revised European standards are expected to be released. The external noise levels of the ventilation plant should not exceed acceptable standards for nearby noise sensitive development. (Refer to the Road Traffic Noise Management: Code of Practice.)Internal noise levels (i.e. those occurring inside the tunnel) should also be limited to acceptable levels. Typically, the maximum tunnel noise level resulting from the ventilation system, measured 1.5 meters above road level at the centerline of each traffic lane, should be not greater than85dBA without traffic and with all fans operating at normal operating speed. Ventilation is also 33 necessary to disperse any smoke, which reduces visibility. The capacity of the system must be adequate to provide an increased effort over the normal operational requirement of steady through vehicle movement.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
Other aspects of ventilation are: Portal discharge; Traffic monitoring; Carbon monoxide (CO), Nitrous Oxides (NOx); Visibility levels; and Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) requirements.
2.4.3.13.1 Portal Discharge Calculations for the dispersal of tunnel exhaust gases at portals should be based on the PIARC requirements set out in PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels (1995a).Puncher et al (1999) provides discussion of this subject under Australian conditions. The direction and effect of prevailing wind sat the portal, together with plume buoyancy, must be considered. Recycling of diluted exhaust gases into fresh air intakes or adjacent portals with undesirable, but nontoxic, effects can occur and must be considered in the design and location of the system.
Discharging tunnel air through a chimney vertically into the atmosphere is a more efficient way of diluting the exhaust gases than discharging at a portal. This method is commonly used on long tunnels (e.g. Sydney Harbour Tunnel, M5 Motorway tunnel, Sydney).
2.4.3.13.2 Traffic Monitoring Traffic sensors are required to regulate the degree of ventilation required. Sensors also assist in controlling traffic outside the tunnel, to allow traffic including buses to be diverted away from the tunnel when unacceptable traffic delays, for whatever reason, occur in the tunnel.
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2.4.3.13.3 Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and Visibility Levels Carbon monoxide (CO) is the most dominant of the toxic vehicle gas emissions. About 10% to 20% of the emitted nitrogen oxides (NOx) are converted to nitrogen dioxide in very long tunnels. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
Visibility is reduced by the attenuation of light by small suspended particles in smoke. The particles absorb and scatter light reducing the amount reaching a driver’s eye. A light beam continually loses its intensity as it travels through smoky air. The process is defined in the formula: E = E0 x e-KL
Where E = light intensity after travelling the distance L in smoky air E0 = light intensity at the beginning e = base of natural logarithms K = coefficient of extinction (m-1) L = length of light ray between emission and reception (m)
In tunnel ventilation, visibility is usually expressed by the extinction factor, K. K = 0.005/meter - indicates clear tunnel air with visibility several hundred meters.
K = 0.007/meter - indicates a slight haziness of the tunnel air. K = 0.009/meter - indicates an air quality providing a foggy impression. Variations in peak visibility may occur during the day when, for example, several diesel trucks are in line, or when the ventilation is adjusting to cater for peak requirements.
Turbidity is sometimes used for the term “visibility” as defined above and in PIARC publications. For tunnels under 300m in length, the following criteria must be met: • Carbon Monoxide (CO): 100 ppm maximum for a 15 minute exposure period. • Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2): 1.5 ppm maximum allowing for conversion of 10% of NOx to NO2 within the tunnel (allow for background levels of pollution in intake air). 35
• Visibility: K = 0.005/m maximum for free flowing traffic.
It is desirable that CO and smoke monitoring systems be installed and employed to increase the fan speeds automatically when required to deal with changes in concentrations of these gases.
2.4.3.13.4 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) Requirements For maintenance purposes, the design of walkways and access to equipment should meet OHS requirements for confined space, working conditions and safety. Air quality during maintenance should meet the requirements defined by PIARC Committee on Road Tunnels (1995a). Bus tunnels require consideration of longer term driver exposure.
2.4.3.13.5 Fire, Life and Safety Fires in tunnels are usually caused by mechanical or electrical faults in vehicles; less frequently by accidents; and rarely by mal-functions of the installations in the tunnel. Automatic temperature activated detectors are preferred to smoke detectors and there should be sufficient to cover the whole length of the tunnel. Ventilation and other tunnel equipment must remain in operation for a sufficient period before failure to aid evacuation. The desired goal is to provide an evacuation path from the tunnel and to facilitate firefighting operations. The highest priority in the event of a fire is the saving of life followed by the saving of property. Design and documentation of proper procedures for these situations are essential. Major design considerations for fire protection include: Fire type (cellulose or hydrocarbon); Detection; Smoke control; Load for ventilation purposes; Built in redundancy of equipment; Deluge / drencher systems; Flame proof pits; Foam; Fire hydrants;
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Evacuation egress; Dual drainage system; and Fire engineering design brief.
2.4.3.13.5.1 Evacuation Egress In short tunnels, the tendency will be for the public to exit through the portals in times of emergency. An adequately lit route (walkway or roadway) to the portals should be provided. NFPA 502 (NFPA, 2001) and the Emergency Services suggest that there should be an emergency exit door at each fire hydrant location with suitable supporting emergency communications. Where there are two tubes (parallel tunnels separated by a wall), emergency doors allowing exit from one tube into the other are suitable. It would be an extremely remote possibility that an accident/emergency would occur on both sides of the wall at the same time. Footways of sufficient width to avoid doors opening into, and discharging people into the traffic lane are required. Appropriate warning lights in the tunnel being entered would also alert drivers in that tunnel to the emergency evacuation. The doors of emergency exits should be smoke and toxic gas resistant, signed and lighted for easy recognition as an emergency exit. When opened, these doors should not obstruct the sight distance of traffic.
2.4.3.13.5.2 Detection Fire detectors should preferably be of the linear fine wire type, which respond to increase in radiant heat. The detectors should cover the full length of the tunnel and automatically call the Fire Brigade in direct Brigade Landline when required. Manual call points complying with AS1603.5 for use by motorists, as well as forewarning bells, should be provided.
2.4.3.13.5.3 Smoke Control For longitudinal ventilation, as soon as fire/smoke is detected there should be an automatic increase in fan speeds to help disperse the smoke and prevent back layering (moving upstream of the fire) from taking place. Tunnel air velocities to stop smoke from spreading upstream should be greater than3m/s. Maximum adverse wind speed should be 6m/s to cope with buoyant combustion product spread. It should be noted
37 that the thermal effects of fires significantly reduce tunnel airflows compared to non- fire situations. Airflow reductions of the order of 1 to 11 percent for a 10 MW fire and 51 to 62 percent for a100 MW fire have been observed (Brisbane City Council, 1999).As ceiling temperatures may be very high in a fire (8000°C in a test school bus fire, Rechnitzer et al, 1999), it should be assumed that at least one fan set would be made non-operational in a fire. The required rating for smoke fans and wiring is 2 hours at 2500°C for a design fire of 30MW (truck) with allowance for derating to allow for operation in a hot smoke stream. In the longer tunnels, exhaust fans may remove the smoke through special conduits rather than blow the smoke longitudinally through the tunnel.
2.4.3.13.5.4 Fire Load for Ventilation purposes For short tunnels (less than 300m) where dangerous goods are not permitted, the smoke ventilation design criteria shall be based on a 30 MW fire, equivalent to that from one bus or truck. For longer tunnels, the design fire shall be50 MW (equivalent to a petrol tanker).
2.4.3.13.5.5 Built in Redundancy It should be assumed in ventilation design that one fan set becomes non-operational in a fire because of the high temperatures reached in the vicinity of a fire.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.13.5.6 Deluge / Drencher System Deluge or drencher systems, when activated, discharge at least twice the volumetric rate of water per minute than sprinkler systems for ordinary hazards (AS2118.1, 1999). Water sprinklers or deluge systems using water are not always provided in tunnels because (PIARC, 1983): Sprinklers (and the relevant codes) are primarily for fires in buildings. Sprinklers do not lend themselves to extinguishing vehicle fires as the vehicles are designed to shed water and keep the interior dry; Contact with water can produce dangerous reactions with some materials; The steam produced can reduce visibility; and
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Metal does not cool quickly even when the flames are extinguished. This means that spilt petrol continues to vaporize and may produce an explosive mixture even after the fire has been extinguished. The danger is even greater if the fuel is LPG. Sprinklers, if fitted, should include an aqueous film forming foam (AFFF) to further prevent potential for ignition. Combined foam and water in accordance with NFPA 16 (NFPA, 1999) may also be appropriate.
2.4.3.13.5.7 Flame Proof Pits With the use of deluge systems, flames may be carried down from gullies into the drainage sumps. The drainage system should therefore be flame proof. Closed sumps should have forced ventilation with duty and standby extraction fans. A gas detection system should be provided to automatically trigger an inert gas foam extinguisher if hydrocarbons are detected. Monitoring of pumping operations should be provided at a Control Centre. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.13.5.8 Foam The benefits of adding foam to deluge systems are obvious, particularly when dangerous goods are allowed in a tunnel, but it should be recognized that firefighting foam is not effective against all dangerous goods (including alcohol), and other contingencies should be planned.
2.4.3.13.5.9 Fire Hydrants Tunnels should have a Fire Hydrant System in accordance with AS 2419. The hydrants should be placed at each portal and at evenly spaced locations not more than 90 meters apart within the length of the tunnel. This distance is consistent with standard hose lengths available. Fire hydrants should be single head complying with AS 2419.1 - 1994, Fire Hydrant Systems - Design Installation and Commissioning or double headed complying with NFPA 502 (NFPA, 1999a). Portable fire extinguishers, preferably of the dry chemical type, should be placed in the Central (Fire) Control Room and other selected locations. The spacing to be adopted depends on the length of the tunnel and at least one extinguisher per direction of travel should
39 be placed in short tunnels (100m maximum spacing). The location of extinguishers should be coincident with Pull-off bays where these are provided.
2.4.3.13.5.10 Dual Drainage System The use of deluge sprinklers indicates the need for a dual drainage system to carry the water excess to normal operations away from the tunnel carriageway. A flame-proof drainage system is required. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.13.5.11 Fire Fighting Access The route for fire brigade vehicles and access for firefighting equipment must be identified and written into operating manuals for use in emergencies. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.13.5.12 Fire Engineering Design Brief Before detailed design of a tunnel is undertaken, a Fire Engineering Design Brief should be prepared and approved. This brief should specify the design considerations relevant to a fire or emergency situation (see other parts of this section). This would include aspects of ventilation, drainage, emergency lighting, communications, structures and all considerations in this section.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006). In addition, the Brief should require the designer to provide: A detailed Manual for operational procedures in an emergency; A hazard analysis for the tunnel; and A quantitative risk assessment.
2.4.3.14 Lighting Lighting at the portals of tunnels must allow drivers to readily adapt their eyesight to see the road carriageway and its limits, signs and road markings when entering or leaving a tunnel. Tunnel lighting must make allowance for the differing light conditions external to the tunnel under all weather conditions at both the entrance and
40 exit. The tunnel lighting is therefore zoned to allow sufficient time forth eye to adjust. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
For a driver entering from sunlight, the illumination at the portals should be of relatively high level reducing progressively to the tunnel lighting level. At night, illumination at the portal equal to that in the tunnel would be appropriate. Luminance of 3 - 10 candelas/m2 for daytime lighting and 2 - 2.5 candelas/m2for nighttime levels is adequate. At the exit, the same level of illuminations at the entrance is appropriate. However, at the exit, it is preferable that a driver is not looking directly into the sun. Appropriate reflectivity (60%) of the walls of a tunnel enhances the lighting within the tunnel. It is important to keep the walls clean to retain this enhancement. Emergency lighting will be required to provide adequate illumination for evacuation in the event that the primary source is made inoperable in an accident. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.14.1 Zone Lighting Design of lighting in tunnels should be in accordance with: CIE 88-1990;CIE 61-1984 for tunnel entrance lighting; and CIE 31-1976 (TC-46) for glare and uniformity in road lighting installations. In a one way tunnel, five zones are considered for illumination design. Moving progressively into and along the tunnel, they are: The access (just outside the tunnel entrance); The threshold; The transition; The interior; and The exit. In practice at least four daytime switching levels and one night time switching level on the light control panel are required to accommodate the potential variations in lighting conditions. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.14.2 Counter Beam
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A lighting system which produces highroad surface luminance and low vertical IL luminance gives relatively high contrast values for most objects on the road. Such system will only be obtained when the lighting distribution is longitudinally asymmetrical and preferentially directed towards the driver (CIE88 - 1990).
2.4.3.14.3 Wall Panels Wall panels with height 3.5m above the road carriageway and with 60% reflectivity are suitable internal fittings for tunnels. They are required to enhance the lighting in the tunnel, thereby reducing the light emission required from the luminaires, and producing a satisfactory result at optimum cost. They should be non-corrodible, resistant to impact and abrasion, non-combustible, resistant to flame spread and easy to clean. In addition to their other properties, they should be colored to provide an attractive internal environment and to highlight safety facilities. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.14.4 Emergency Lighting At least 15% of lighting should be maintained during emergencies (provided by Uninterruptible Power System - UPS).Strip lighting no higher than door height along the tunnel walls may serve as emergency lights.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.15 Communications It is essential that communications be functional at all times in a tunnel, not only in a fire or emergency situation, but also for monitoring and maintenance operations. The following functions are desirable: Control center linked to existing communications providers; Closed circuit TV (CCTV); Radio rebroadcast; P.A. system with radio interruption; Emergency telephones; Mobile telephones rebroadcast; Staffing and traffic control center; Speed cameras; and
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Bus radio rebroadcast.
The system should be designed to provide automatic incident detection as an integral part of the control systems. The elements of the system are included in the individual components described in this section and the sections on Fire, Electrical, Ventilation and Lighting. These must be designed as an integrated system to provide the level of incident detection required. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.15.1 Control Centre Location It is essential that a 24 hour manned control center be established or maintained to receive all monitoring and emergency electronic messages from a tunnel where these facilities are installed. It is nonessential that this control center be at the tunnel itself, although this would be desirable. Any signal denoting a fire should be automatically sent to a nearby Fire Brigade Station as well as the tunnel control center. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.15.2 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) CCTV allows continuous monitoring of the tunnel. The system should allow the operator to zoom in to all sections of the facility. Cameras should be located to facilitate this operation. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.15.3 Radio Rebroadcast A radio rebroadcast where a message from the Tunnel Control Centre can override all local radio AM and FM stations is a most effective way of conveying a clear message for vehicles both inside and outside the tunnel (once radios are turned on).Instructions to turn the radio on can be achieved by using P.A. systems or variable signs. The design should allow for these systems. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
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2.4.3.15.4 P.A. System with Radio Interruption Public address systems are not always clearer readily understood. However, they are much more effective once traffic is stationary. A simple message to turn radios on for more detailed messages would give a good combination of P.A. system and radio. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.15.5 Help Telephones Help telephones on the side of tunnels for use in vehicle breakdowns or accidents would be justified in the longer tunnels but considered desirable rather than essential in shorter tunnels. Spacing of these phones at60 - 100m centers should be considered. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.15.6 Mobile Telephones Rebroadcast It is possible to make mobile cellular telephones work in a tunnel and have message from the Tunnel Control Centre override other use. It is illegal for drivers to use mobile telephones without a “hands free” facility in moving vehicles. However, such telephones are available to drivers with hands free facilities and to passengers in buses and cars. In addition, tunnel operational and emergency services staff can make use of these telephones. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.16 Monitoring The design should provide for: Smoke and fire detectors; Carbon monoxide monitors; Manemometers for air velocity measurement; Transmissometers for visibility measurement; and Traffic sensors for ventilation needs.
All of these units are required in automatic monitoring systems in tunnels to provide essential data for the management and operation of the tunnel. To stop over height vehicles from entering tunnel, there should be a steel height barrier and appropriate surveillance at suitable distance before the entrance to the tunnel. The devices should
44 be located at palace where the offending vehicle can be removed from the traffic stream without preventing other traffic entering the tunnel.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.17 Structural Design Structural considerations (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006) include: Fire rating; Concrete and other cladding; Waterproof membrane; Structure design life; Pavement design life; Pavement wearing surface; and Loading on roof.
2.4.3.18 Structure Design Life The tunnel design life is usually 100 years.(Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.19 Pavement Design Life Pavement design life required can range from 25 to 40 years. An economic analysis should be carried out to determine the most cost effective solution. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.20 Electrical Considerations include: Dual supply (separate substations); UPS (Uninterruptible Power System); Manual override; and Fire resistance of wiring.
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2.4.3.20.1 Dual Power Supply It is essential that electrical power to tunnels be uninterrupted for ventilation and other safety reasons. Two sources of supply from a power company are required; each rated to supply the full load of the tunnel electrical system with an automatic transfer system to enable selection of the available supply. During operation, both could be running at fifty percent capacity, and on the failure of one, the other would automatically be boosted tone hundred percent power output. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.4.3.20.2 UPS (Uninterruptible Power System) In the event that both services of supply from the power company are not available, a UPS (Uninterruptable Power System) comprising batteries or backup diesel generators should provide power for essential loads for 30 minutes at least, and15% illumination level for 120 minutes. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006). Essential loads are: Communications and monitoring equipment; Ventilation; Computer and safety facilities; Signage; Emergency power outlets; and 15% of lighting evenly distributed along the tunnel.
UPS for pumping equipment may be necessary depending on the circumstances and upon the design adopted. UPS for smoke removal ventilation should be in accordance with the requirements of the Queensland Fire Service. The UPS system must include automatic static transfer switching of essential loads in case of system fault, or mains supply failure.
2.4.3.20.3 Manual Override A manual override of control systems may be provided at the portals for use by authorized Emergency Services Authorities. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
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2.4.3.20.4 Fire Resistance of Wiring A fire rating of 2 hours at 2500°C is required for the design fire load. (Department of Roads, Road Planning and Design Manual, Queensland, May 2006).
2.5 Tunneling in dense Urban Areas
To start with underground in an urban setting is based on uncertainty of the main variables needed for structures. The geotechnical behavior of the ground is unknown. So, there is a need at the start of project design to use a probabilistic approach and to proceed to construction with an iterative process “mind set” of building and measuring the response of the construction and adjusting accordingly as the project advances. This process must be repeated periodically and frequently to manage, mitigate, or reduce risks associated with this activity. Underground tunnels is not new. However, the way they are built today is very different. Tunnel construction today is now totally mechanized. The excavation environment is not like mining, but more like a factory with high levels of safety and comfort for workers. The excavation of underground tunnels today generate little disturbance on the surface (noise, vibration, dust, etc.) and overall has a lower cost than traditional non-mechanized methods.( (Chapter 11: Urban Design Guidelines, Planning Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region).
Non-motorised vehicles (Pedal rickshaws, bicycles, animal drawn carts) and pedestrians are normally prohibited from using tunnels on major roads. Auto- rickshaws may be able to be accommodated if adequate air quality can be achieved for the occupants, and if gradients are acceptable for their use. (Vehicles with closed cabins can have their windows shut to reduce exposure to fumes, but if the tunnel is relatively short, air quality in the tunnel will be easier to maintain and auto-rickshaws could possibly be allowed). (Chapter 11: Urban Design Guidelines, Planning Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region). Driven tunnels would also be severely damaged following large liquid petroleum gas leaks or TNT accidents. The transportation of these materials through tunnels is therefore generally prohibited. Radioactive and toxic materials may also be prohibited. The use of short driven tunnels by dangerous goods vehicles may be 47 acceptable, particularly if the alternate route involves greater risk than the tunnel route. However, the risk of airport closure if a catastrophic fire or explosion were to occur may deter any relaxation of restrictions. There are also a range of products such as margarine, palm oil, tyres, timber, expanded polystyrene, etc. that are not classed as hazardous but can result in powerful fires. These fires must be managed through the coordinated use of deluge or sprinkler systems, smoke extraction system and fire brigade attendance. Rules for the traffic that may use the tunnel will need to be established as part of any operations strategy for the tunnel. (Chapter 11: Urban Design Guidelines, Planning Department, The Government of Hong Kong Special Administrative Region).
2.6 Implementation Hurdles The growth of many cities has resulted in the need for increased infrastructure. As urban space becomes more limited, subsurface structures such as tunnels are becoming more efficient in providing the required infrastructure. New tunnel projects have to be constructed beneath high density urban areas. Constructions of tunnels in urban areas have major and particular characteristics and constraints. Before constructing new underground structures in urban areas, an analysis of the possible induced effects and risk assessment is necessary. It is required to determine mitigation measures, including modifications in excavation method, the treatment of the ground and the reinforcement of the existing structures. It is very difficult to construct a tunnel in densely populated urban areas. Possible difficulties are discussed as follows:
2.6.1 Land Acquisition It is the vital issue to implement any type of subsurface structures such as tunnels. Squatters creates main obligation to acquire any land. Besides this land acquisition cost is too much high.
In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel, the land of the Airport belongs to Government, so land acquisition will not be required for the main component. However, at the east end opposite to Jahangir gate Shahinbagh area, some land with structures belonging private persons might be impacted. Similarly, at the other end Agargaon-Rokeya Sarani (Mirpur) junction on the southern side some private land with structures also may be impacted. Still the impacts on privately 48 owned lands are likely to be very small. The Socio-Economic profile informs that some squatters are operating various small businesses but they will not be entitled to any benefit as the government doesn’t recognize these sorts of illegal occupations. The tunnel has been shelved amid objection of the Bangladesh Air Force (BAF) to let pass the underground road through the old airport area on security reasons. They said the BAF considers the tunnel a threat to their security, though there are hundreds of tunnels in and around many reputed national and international-level airports across the world. (SMEC, 2013).
2.6.2 Institutional Coordination Numerous institutions are involved to implement any type of infrastructure such as tunnel. It is very important to maintain coordination among various institutions to implement any projects successfully.
In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel, Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) of the Bridge Division, Ministry of Communications (MOC) is representing the Government of Bangladesh as the Executing Agency (EA) of the Multi-Lane Dhaka Road Tunnel Project. The authority has appointed SMEC Consultant to conduct the study under the Dhaka Road Tunnel Study. Earlier, the government decided to construct a multilane underground tunnel, approximately 1.5 kilometers long, from Jahangir Gate to Rokeya Sarani in a bid to cut down traffic congestion and improve living standards of city dwellers. The tunnel was proposed to be built under the Tejgaon Old Airport road. High officials of the Bangladesh Bridge Authority have failed to announce the start of the tunnel’s construction work as most of the groundwork required for the project has not been completed over the last two years. The officials said as objection came from the BAF, the authority is now considering shifting the tunnel from the airport area and constructing it along the feeder road that crosses in front of the PMO to link with Rokeya Shoroni. With the latest objection, implementation of this projects faced hindrance. So, there should be coordination between the concern institutions. (SMEC, 2013).
2.6.3 Existing Traffic Management During tunneling in urban areas, an appropriate plan for the temporary diversion of the traffic, an accurate planning of worksite areas are necessary. Heavy traffic along 49 the highways and connecting roads above the tunnel should be considered. So, there should be a traffic management plan to divert traffic during construction. In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel ,due to the construction activities, movement of transports on the existing roads will be significantly hampered and may cause serious traffic congestion and even road accidents. To avoid such unwanted situations, there is a plan to prepare a Traffic Management Plan (TMP) during the detailed design stage and acted on accordingly during the construction stage of the project. Moreover, occupational health and safety measures must be provided for the construction workers. In order to ensure uninterrupted construction work, an emergency management plan must be prepared in case of any sudden environmental risks like flooding or a seismic event.
2.6.4 Utility Relocation Utility service facilities comprising electric and telephone lines, gas pipe lines, drainage and sewerage connections etc. Besides these existing buildings, shops, different kind of trees may be present in the project area. These should be properly relocated without hampering their regular work. In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel, there is a consideration that during the pre-construction stage of the project, vegetation/trees and utility connections (water, gas, telephone, and electricity) will be negatively affected. Hence measures must be taken so that project activities do not hamper the living of the local residents due to the unplanned disruption of utility connections.
2.6.5 Construction Friction Due to the construction activities, movement of transports on the existing roads will be significantly hampered and may cause serious traffic congestion and even road accidents. Moreover, occupational health and safety measures must be provided for the construction workers. In order to ensure uninterrupted construction work, an emergency management plan must be prepared in case of any sudden environmental risks like flooding or a seismic event. In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel, there is a consideration to prepare a proper Traffic Management Plan (TMP) during the detailed design stage and acted on accordingly during the construction stage of the project. 50
2.6.6 Environment Nuisance At the construction period of the project, air, noise, and surface and groundwater will be affected due to earth excavation, pile driving, rock crushing, electricity generation and transportation. Nearby residential and office buildings may experience nuisances, vibration in the form of access noise. Ground settlements induced by tunnelling with potential damage to the existing structures (buildings, bridges, etc.) and utilities above the tunnel. An extensive and redundant geotechnical structural environmental monitoring plan is required, which needs not only extra and direct money input but also additional human efforts. The political and physical environment of larger cities makes decisions on heavy construction projects not always as clear an issue as in rural areas. Urban tunnelling has to be considered not as three-dimensional, not even as four-dimensional including time, but as five-dimensional including politics. In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel, there is a plan to predict the future noise level after opening the tunnel, prepare an existing noise profile during detail design stage. Vehicles transporting construction materials must be covered and water must be sprayed on the road regularly to prevent dust creation. Wastes from the construction and labour camp need to be properly managed.
2.6.7 High Cost The tunnel is very costly. The amount of traffic that would use the tunnel is nowhere near enough to justify its construction. It is very difficult to manage funding in developing countries like Bangladesh. In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel, it is proposed to charge tolls. Toll collection consumes resources and is therefore an economic cost. The tolls themselves are not an economic cost since they merely transfer money from one pocket (the road user’s) to another pocket (the tunnel operator’s). Nevertheless, tolls diminish economic benefits by suppressing use of the tunnel.
2.6.8 Availability of Technology
There is a shortage of instruments as well as technologies regarding tunnel excavation. Also there is a limitation for instrumental installation at the tunnel route,
51 on the buildings and other surface structures. We have to heir technology as well as expertise from aboard. That involves higher cost. In case of proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel, Cut and cover solutions with mechanized TBM tunneling are expected to be the most competitive technically viable solution for these structures. Construction of tunnel using a Tunnel Boring Machine is an expensive treatment. The length of the tunnel had to be increased by nearly 400m to comply with the relevant RHD design standard. In addition, for the tunnel to be effective enough, other infrastructure has also been planned that include overpass, widening of the existing roads etc.
The proposed Jahangir Gate-Rokeya Shoroni tunnel Officials said the objection came when the feasibility study on the tunnel was about to be completed. The Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) planned the tunnel in 2010 to lessen traffic pressure along the Old Airport Road, particularly at the Prime Minister's Office (PMO) and avoid waiting at signal points. The authority has appointed SMEC Consultant to conduct the study under the Dhaka Road Tunnel Study Project along with study on Karnaphuli tunnel. The draft study was submitted in August 2011. The officials said construction cost of the planned 75-metre-long tunnel was fixed at Tk 125 million. The steering committee on transport also emphasized construction of the tunnel, removing all traffic signals from Hazrat Shahjalal (R) International Airport to Shahbagh, considering frequent signals as one of the major reasons behind acute gridlock. The Dhaka Transport Coordination Board showed that the city experiences the highest number of vehicular movements on Kazi Nazrul Islam Avenue in absence of any east- west connecting road. Some six big intersections on the same road also deteriorate the traffic situation. Earlier, the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) line-3, also known as metro- rail, faced a blow after armed forces objected in allowing the elevated rail-track cross Bijoy Shoroni. Due to the objection, route of the MRT line-3 was changed towards Khamarbari, delaying the project time by more than a year and increasing its cost. (SMEC, 2013) In order to be able to be able to avoid such hurdles it is required to design feasibility study as more comprehensive and inclusive.
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2.7 Clarity and Transparency
It is important that the project study should develop clarify about issues and complexities; also then should be transparency about cost, resettlement options and beneficiaries. The funding and financing mechanisms should be explored in detail project design should be well publicized and inclusive of maximum opinions.
2.8 Research Need
To overcome the above hurdles research i.e. knowledge creation is needed for this type of project understanding clearly.
Tunneling is increasingly being seen as an environmentally preferable means of providing infrastructure such as transportation and utilities to densely populated urban areas. It is often cost-effective as an alternative to surface solutions, when the risk and cost of disruption during construction is taken into account.
Over the last few years the transportation problem of Dhaka City has visibly been deteriorating steadily. Citizens constantly complain about the unbearable twin problems of traffic jam and air pollution. Crisis in the transportation system has considerably affecting the physical form and functional performance of the city. Earlier, The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) have been decided to construct a multilane underground tunnel, approximately 1.0 kilometers long, from Jahangir Gate to Rokeya Sarani in a bid to cut down traffic congestion and improve living standards of city dwellers. The tunnel was proposed to be built under the Tejgaon Old Airport road. High officials of the Bangladesh Bridge Authority have failed to announce the start of the tunnel’s construction work as most of the groundwork required for the project has not been completed over the last two years. In this issue, there is a need to perform a research which would be critically validated on the Jahangir Gate to Rokeya Sarani Road Tunnel project as well as help us to develop a framework which may help city authorities for the undertaking of such tunnel projects in dense urban setting such as Dhaka. (SMEC, 2013)
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2.9 Review of Dhaka City Context
2.9.1 Existing Dhaka Road Network
In order to implement such complex project in Dhaka situation we need to know Dhaka City’s relevant issues in details. There are two main types of road in Dhaka City: Primary/Main Roads and local roads. The primary roads are the major, local roads are the local are the internal secondary and the link roads. (SMEC, 2013)
The major north-south of the Dhaka city road network including the following:
Mirpur Road Begum Rokeya Sharani New Airport Road/ Shaheed Tazuddin Road Pragati Sarani /DIT Road
These roads primarily connect Shahjalal International Airport from the northeast and the sub-district of Mirpur from the northwest to the sub-districts of Dhanmondi and Motijheel in the south. The Mirpur road passes through the sub-districts of Mohammadpur and Hazaribag on the western side of Dhaka City, while the new airport road and Pragati Sharani / DIT road pass through the sub-districts of Gulshan, Badda and Tejgaon on the eastern side.
The major east-west routes in the northern part of Dhaka, which are relatively shorter compared to the north-south ones, include Agargaon road, Mirpur link road (also called New link road or Mirpur/ Mohammadpur &Gulshan / Banani Link road), Manik Mia avenue in central Dhaka. New Elephant Road/ Shahabag Road and Zahangirnagar Sarani provide the major east-west links in the southern part of Dhaka.
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To the north of the Tejgaon Airport, the main east-west connector is ShaheedYousuf Road, which links with Kachukhet Road and eventually connects with Mirpur road. (DTCA, 2001)
A location map showing the streets is shown below in figure 2.9.1.
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(Source: Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study Report) Figure 2.9.1: Existing Network (Major Road Names)
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2.10 Current Traffic Mix The vehicle types in Dhaka are quite varied and can be classified according to the standard Roads and Highways Department (RHD) motorized vehicle classes, which are as follows: Heavy Truck Medium Truck Light Track Large Bus Mini Bus Micro Bus Utility (Jeep/ Pick-up) Car- Taxi Cab Auto Rickshaw and Tempo Motorcycle
There is also a significant amount of no-motorized transport, particularly rickshaws and pedestrians. Although rickshaws mostly operate on the major roads, a significant number of pedestrians can be seen almost anywhere in the network. Walking is very common transport mode in Dhaka and this further adds to the network congestion as in some areas, pedestrians freely mix with motorized traffic, even on major roads. The latter is probably a consequence of having approximately 40% of the existing footpaths being occupied illegally. (SMEC, 2013).
Bicycles, another form of non-motorized transport, are also being used by some people in Dhaka but not as extensively as walking and rickshaws. The last survey conducted as part of the development of the Strategic Transport Plan (STP) for Dhaka completed in 2005 found that bicycles comprise only 2% of the total vehicles counted.
The major roads are still predominately used by passenger cars, although a considerable proportion of traffic demand consists of buses and auto-rickshaws (also called ‘baby taxi’ or ‘CNG’ by the locals). Minor roads are typically used heavily by non-motorized transport (rickshaws), which makes driving through these roads quite challenging.
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2.11 Main Traffic Generators Dhaka City’s land use is generally structured such that a large number of the population is living in the western part of city with most of the key employment centers situated in the east. Commercial areas are mainly located in the Gulshan, Ramna and Motijheel sub-distrcits, and educational institutions which also generated significant traffic demand are located at different areas of the city, but primarily at Dhanmondi, Mohammadpur, Mirpur and Gulshan. (SMEC, 2013).
Trip generators can be classified as either ‘producers ‘or ‘attractors’. Producers generate outgoing trips while attractors generate incoming trips. In the morning peak period when workers and students make their journey to their respective workplaces and school the main trip producers are the residential zones. The main trip attractor includes employment centers (e.g. offices, factories, etc), educational institutions, and also some shopping centers that open during the morning peak. In the afternoon or evening peak period, the direction of travel generally reverses with most people heading home. (SMEC, 2013).
In Dhaka, the main trip producers in the morning peak are the western sub-districts of Pallabbi, Mirpur, Mohammadpur and Dhanmondi, where most of the residential areas are concentrated. Other residential areas with relatively lower densities and mostly located in the eastern part of the city include Banani, Gulshan, Khilgaon, Ramna and Motijheel. The relatively new residential area in the north of Dhaka, Uttarra, is already generating a considerable amount trips during the peak periods and is expected to generate more once fully developed.
The morning peak attractors in Dhaka are mostly situated in the eastern and south- eastern parts of the city. Gulshan, being one of the major commercial areas of Dhaka and a major employment hub, generates significant journey-to-work trips. Similarly, Tejgaon also generates significant demand in the morning peak period as this is the largest industrial area in the city.
Old Dhaka, located in the sub-districts of Ramna and Motijheel and Gulistan is widely regarded as the city’s central business district (CBD). It is therefore considered a major trip attractor, being a commercial area and a destination for employees and 58 shoppers alike during the morning peak. (SMEC, 2013).The major trip producers and attractors are shown in Figure 2.11 below.
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(Source: Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study Report) Figure 2.11: Major Trip Producers and Attractors Highlighted 2.12 Qualitative Assessment of Traffic Congestion and Major Problems
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Traffic congestion is prevalent in a number of areas in Dhaka. Although the main cause is insufficient capacity to meet demand another significant factor is poor driver behavior. In addition the large number of auto-rickshaws and private vehicles compete for road space with public vehicles. (SMEC, 2013)
Intersections are especially problematic for several reasons. Although major intersections are generally in accordance with good geometric design and mostly manned by the police, intersection performance is not optimal as the flow of traffic is dependent on the judgment of the police officers in charge. Often the police controlling the traffic ‘over-rule’ the traffic signals which can compound congestion away from the main junctions. Some intersections do not have an optimal geometric layout and also suffer from a shortfall in control strategy. (SMEC, 2013)
2.13 Summary
This chapter covers History of Tunneling, Tunneling in dense Urban Areas, Relevant Issues, Research, Review of Existing Facilities and Services of Dhaka Road Network & some general component of Ideal road tunnel. Next chapter presents Case Studies of Urban Tunnel Feasibility Reports.
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Chapter 3 CASE STUDIES OF URBAN TUNNELS
3.1 General
3.2 Different Tunnel Studies
Seventeen case studies have been done in this research in order to find out the commonalities and issues regarding the tunnel project implementation. These are as follows:
Case 1: SMART Tunnel, Kualalampur, Malaysia
Physical Description of the Project:
In Kualalampur, Malaysia the Storm water Management and Road Tunnel (SMART) was developed as a concession. The 12.7 kilometer tunnel project includes a holding pond at the northern entrance, a storage pond at the southern entrance, 9.7 kilometers of storm water storage, and 3 kilometers of tunnel that doubles as storm water storage and a motorway. The tunnel begins just before the confluence of the Klang and Ampang Rivers, so that flood water can be diverted away from the Klang River, eliminating flooding in the center city. The whole project provides storage for 3 million cubic meters of water, sufficient to prevent most of the flooding of the city center.
The tunnel project operates in three different modes to meet the needs of Kuala Lumpur traffic and prevent flooding. In two of the modes, cars can continue to use the motorway tunnel and storm water is stored in holding ponds and under the motorway portion. In the third mode, the tunnel is closed to traffic and storm water is diverted into all levels of the tunnel. Once the flooding problem has passed, and water has drained, the tunnel is dried, cleaned of debris, and reopened to traffic, all within 48 hours of the tunnel closing.
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The motorway tunnel was opened to traffic in May 2007 and the storm water sections were fully operational a month later. Now when the water level of the Klang River is high, water is diverted into the tunnel, eliminating or greatly reducing flooding in the city center. In addition, with the option of a tolled motorway, traffic congestion has been reduced on the Southern Gateway into the city.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
The primary goal of the SMART Project was to mitigate flooding caused by heavy rains during the monsoon season. Flooding of the center city was very costly for the government and disruptive to the economy. By creating a storage tunnel as a release mechanism for the water, Kuala Lumpur can be spared the expense of flood damages and the retroactive responses to a flood. Simultaneously, businesses and residents are able to continue their normal activities.
A second objective of the project was to reduce congestion on Kuala Lumpur’s main southern route into the city center. Kuala Lumpur is a busy urban center, with frequent problems of high traffic congestion. Since toll roads are not uncommon in Malaysia, adding a toll tunnel under an existing road gives commuters the option of avoiding this congested traffic be paying to use the tunnel. Use of the tunnel also leads to traffic reduction on the above-ground roads.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
In 1983, the Malaysian Government, through the Prime Minister, introduced the concept of “Malaysia Incorporated” (Malaysia Inc.) as a platform for its economic development policies. The concept called for closer cooperation and collaboration between the public and private sectors and labeled the nation a “business entity”, jointly owned by both sectors. National development was to be the responsibility of both the private and public sectors and required their mutual cooperation. The government created a long-term development plan, called VISION 2020, which emphasized the importance of the Malaysia Inc. policy in developing as an industrialized nation.
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The Civil Service of Malaysia issued the Development Administrative Circular No. 9 of 1991, ‘Guidelines on the Implementation of the Malaysia Inc. Policy.’ The Civil Service implemented four major initiatives to facilitate private sector development: (1) strengthening public-private sector working relationships; (2) improving the quality of public services rendered to the private sector; (3) improving information dissemination; and (4) enhancing the understanding of the Malaysia Inc. policy among public service personnel.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the project are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
The motorway has helped to reduce congestion and cut down on travel time into the city center. Cars using the tunnel see an average commute time of just four minutes, compared to between 10 and 15 minutes to surface road users.
The Stormwater Management and Road Tunnel is an innovative project that combines two needs of Kuala Lumpur into one, less expensive, more cost-effective project. By using a public-private partnership, the government was able to effectively lower its costs on a much-needed flood relief tunnel. Thus far the tunnel has prevented flooding in the city center, which has allowed business to operate without interruption.
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Case Study 2: Urban Deep Road Tunnel Construction Project in Korea and Technical Requirements, Seoul, Korea
Physical Description of the Project:
Currently, advanced nations including Europe and USA have been expanding underground traffic facilities in an effort to ease the traffic congestion as well as develop the new sustainable space and promote the green growth. Korea also has been experiencing the difficulties in expanding the traffic facilities on the ground in metropolitan area because of the problem with land acquisition and civic complaints during construction, and particularly increasing traffic concentration and severe congestion causes a huge social and economic loss and thus the need for constructing a deep underground traffic facilities in downtown as part of the way to fundamentally deal with the traffic congestion has been emerged.
Seoul Metropolitan government, in a bid to deal with such problems, made public the U-Smart way project comprising 6 underground highways and 2 belt ways which totals 149km in length, and the Ministry of Land, Transport and Maritime Affairs (MOLTMA) and Gyeonggi Province revealed the plan to build a 40m-deep underground railway in metropolitan area.
However Korea has yet to have sufficient experience and have accumulated or evaluated the technologies needed for constructing the deep underground road in downtown, compared to advanced nations, and thus dependence on foreign technologies would be high, when such project is implemented. Hence, this study was intended to evaluate the planned underground traffic facilities and furthermore identify the core technologies needed for constructing the cost efficient and safe road tunnel.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To evaluate the planned underground traffic facilities 2. To identify the core technologies needed for constructing the cost efficient and safe road tunnel.
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An urban deep road tunnel refers to the underground road designed to pass through the underground space in densely-populated urban area for the purpose of urban redevelopment and traffic control, and the need of such a deep road tunnel has been on the rise because of overcrowding in downtown, land acquisition, civil complaints and increasingly growing value on environment and urban landscape. A deep depth refers to the depth beyond the level for subway construction (40m or deeper) or the level for footing of the structure (10m from the top of supporting ground).
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
Seoul Metropolitan government made public plan to build a 149km-long U-Smart way road tunnel which comprises 9 routes in north-south and east-west in 3x3 grid shape as part of the plan to cope with the severe traffic congestion. U-Smart way will be designed for the drivers to share the various information using sophisticated information system while driving road tunnel and moreover, vehicle will possibly be controlled by the system, not to mention the driver, to provide more safe and comfortable environment than on the ground. Total length is 149km and the cost is estimated at 1.12 billion. U Smart way network was planned to provide the access to the harbor and airport, incorporating the regional characteristics as indicated in Figure 1 so as to enhance the accessibility between Seoul and Incheon. And the major locations, downtown and the outskirt area will be linked in a grid shape and the urban circulation function will be granted to allow the bypass. Two underground belt ways will be linked to inner belt ways on the ground and Kangnam belt way, thereby significantly reducing the traffic passing through the downtown.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents are of the project attached as Appendix A.
Output of this study:
Viewing the foreign cases including A86 tunnel road in France, Tokyo tunnel beltway, M40 project in Madrid, SMART project Malaysia and Alaskan Way Project
66 in Seattle, USA, technologies used in common included avoiding open-cut method to prevent environmental impact or disturbance of traffic flow, adoption of environment- friendly shield TBM and a twin tunnel to accommodate the small vehicles for efficient use of the section. The core technologies needed for construction of underground traffic facilities are as follows. Since the project is to build the road tunnel to deal with the urban traffic congestion, demand for technology for a 2-lane or wider tunnel is expected. To build such wide tunnel, application of shield TBM for a large tunnel section, design and construction of a large twin tunnel and the strict safety management are necessary. And in view of the foreign cases, the technologies to connect with the existing traffic network have yet to be systematically established. So the technologies to link with the existing traffic network would possibly serve the core technologies in the future. The technologies for a large section, deep excavation, vertical shaft which are needed to link the tunnel with the structure on the ground and the open-cut excavation in urban area seem to have reached a certain level already. However in line with the increasingly growing concern on comfortable living space, minimized disturbance of traffic flow and environmental impact, the need for developing more ecofriendly and cost-efficient technologies and open-cut excavation technology are expected to continuously grow. And the priority shall be given to ventilation and life-safety technologies to ensure the safety will be maintained at the deep underground level and the state-of-the-art technology to reduce the environmental impact and damage to the existing structure shall be developed. More importantly, the study on Net-zero energy tunnel technology and green space development technology to produce the energy for tunnel operation shall be implemented in line with the eco-friendly green growth era, and furthermore, the technology to create the human-centered sustainable new space needs to be developed.
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Case Study 3: New tunnels for the national highway NH-1A in India (Jammu to Srinagaru)
Physical Description of the Project:
A road from Jammu to Srinagaru is located in complicated terrain of Himalaya foothills. The operated road runs on steep slopes, through areas of frequent landslides, and crosses many ridges on its way to the central Kashmir valley. Whole project is separated into three sections. The first section (Jammu – Udhampur) does not consider a tunnel. The second section (Udhapur – Banihal) includes 8 tunnels (section of D2 Consult participation). The third section (Banihal – Srinagar) includes two tunnels. The second section is further divided into 5 parts. The first part does not consider any tunnel. The second part is just for the Patnitop tunnel (lenght 9km, overburden 1km, currently the longest prepared road tunnel in the Southeast Asia). The third part and fifth part include one tunnel each; the fourth part includes five tunnels. All together it means seven shorter tunnels of various distances.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To focuse on seven shorter tunnels (lengths from 195m to 888m) 2. To increase traffic capacity as well as road safety
An operated road from Jammu to Srinagaru is located in a very complicated terrain of Himalaya foothills. The decision about four-laning of the NH – 1A has been made as a part of this massive infrastructure development in India. The road capacity increment and also a traffic safety increase were the main aims of project. Whole project has been separated into three sections. This paper is focused on seven shorter tunnels (lengths from 195m to 888m) which were designed for the second section (Udhapur –Banihal). The paper highlights all major design issues as evaluation of the road alignment options, realized site investigation, geological conditions, numerical modelling, proposed excavation and support classes, tunnel cross section, permanent tunnel lining, mechanical and electrical equipment, safety concept of the tunnels and many other interesting details.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
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The road capacity increment and also a traffic safety increase were the main aims of the project. Separation of the opposite direction should assist to the safety, thus the road is designed as a dual carriageway (2 x 2 lanes) with the design speed 50kph (according the Indian Standards for the mountain communications). Whole project is separated into three sections. The first section (Jammu – Udhampur) does not consider a tunnel. The second section (Udhapur – Banihal) includes 8 tunnels (section of D2 Consult participation). The third section (Banihal – Srinagar) includes two tunnels. The second section is further divided into 5 parts. The first part does not consider any tunnel. The second part is just for the Patnitop tunnel (lenght 9km, overburden 1km, currently the longest prepared road tunnel in the Southeast Asia). The third part and fifth part include one tunnel each; the fourth part includes five tunnels. All together it means seven shorter tunnels of various distances. The shortest (km 155) is 195m long; the longest (Chanderkot) is 888m long. Individual tunnels were designed in areas, where road crossing using ground shaping, retaining wall construction or elevated road construction was not possible. Although pure road straightening (alignment rectification with possible ascending lanes) would significantly increase a current standard of the road, the client decided to build a dual carriageway. This adjustment led to tunnel design also in places, where two-lane road would pass through without problems. Vicinity of the road running mostly in the rock cutting means very constraint conditions. Therefore a construction of the second directionally separated road without current road traffic restrictions would be very complicated. Even location of a site plant in majority tunnel portal areas is difficult. Geology along the road alignment is composed from two basic types. Sedimentary rocks (so called “Murree formation”) are predominant in the south section. Volcanic rocks and rocks metamorphic from volcanic rocks (so called „Panjal formation“) is prevailing in the central and north section. “Murree” is formed by lower to middle Miocene formation. It consideres mainly dark red, purple and gray sandstones, siltstones, brittle shales, and various conglomerates. „Panjal“is formed by eocen rocks (shales containing carbon, limestones, quartzities), volcanic rocks, metamorphed rocks, mostly phyllites. The Chanderkot tunnel runs through formation of alternating layers of sedimentary rocks (claystones, sandstones, and siltstones) in area of the south portal. This geology is also characteristicfor the Patnitop tunnel. There is a tectonic fault approximately in the one third of the Chanderkot tunnel, where is located contact of two formations. Basalts and phyllites with a high content of 69 quartzities are characteristic for the remaining two thirds of the Chanderkot tunnel. Tunnels km 154 and km 155 are crossing two rock outcrops which are formed by phyllities with close lamination up to foliation. All three tunnels by the Kooni Nallah village are composed by layers of quartzities, gneisses and phyllites. Ridge crossed by the Ramsu tunnel is formed by quartzities followed in direction from surface to the tunnel level by a layer of foliated phyllites with fine filling of joints. The rock mass was divided into kvazihomogenous units for the design purpose, to allow the design of basic technological classes for individual tunnels.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the project are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
The tunnels are designed only with lighting in the first stage of a construction. Longitudinal or natural ventilation was anticipated from the beginning with regards to tunnel lengths (about 150 – 900m). All tunnels operate for traffic only in one direction. Ventilation calculations did not demonstrate a need for mechanical ventilation, thus tunnels stays ventilated on by a piston effect and by a natural air flow. The tunnels will be prepared for installation of further M&E services based on real requirements of traffic or requirements of operator. Cable trenches were designed below pavements. Radial cable channels determined for cable transfer in cross direction were designed in the permanent lining. Niches for emergency calls and for firefighting equipment were considered in design. All niches are combined. Emergency call niches and fire-fighting niches were designed only for tunnel longer than 500m to assure minimum distance 300m between emergency calls and water hydrants. Niches for rodding eyes (to clean longitudinal drainage) are situated with maximum axial spacing 60m (according a composition of blocks). European tunnelling experience and solutions in a modified version will probably become standard for the National Highway Authority of India (stakeholder of national highways). Four-laning of the road from Jammu to Srinagaru is one of the biggest road tunnelling projects in India due to amount of tunnelling works. Gradual commissioning of new tunnels will significantly increase capacity and safety of the
70 road NH 1A in whole Kashmir area and will assist to better accessibility of the main Kashmir valley.
Case 4: Review of Road Tunnel Standards - The safety implications on urban road tunnels in Singapore
Physical Description of the Project:
Road tunnels are critical road infrastructure, especially in land scarcity Singapore, as it helps to improve road accessibility and capacity and at the same time, reducing air and noise pollutions. Urban road tunnels in Singapore are generally complex in design and have high traffic volumes. One such road tunnel is the 12 kilometers (km) KPE which comprises of a 9km underground section. KPE started operation in September 2008 and it has improved the connectivity between three major expressways – East Coast Parkway Expressway, Tampines Expressway and Pan-Island Expressway. KPE will be further extended with the ongoing development of a 3.6km MCE, comprising of a 420 meters (m) section constructed below the seabed. The likelihood of major tunnel incidents such as huge fire from vehicles may be low. However, the consequences could be severe and costly in terms of casualties, damage to tunnel structures and equipment, environmental degradation, repair works and the impact on the transport economy. As safety is of utmost importance, international road tunnel design standards have been adopted by the LTA to ensure the safe design and operation of all road tunnel projects. LTA and NUS collaborated to develop a QRA software tool to evaluate the risk of the road tunnels design.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To ensure the safe operation of all existing and new tunnel projects 2. To evaluate the risks of road
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This QRA software tool is adopted as part of our study where the international standards specified different requirements or did not cover certain areas related to Singapore road tunnels. For example, the tool is being used to study the risk level of motorist evacuation emergency exits located at different intervals for the combined KPE/MPE tunnel configuration. Moreover, the feasibility of hazardous material (Hazmat) transportation in the road tunnel can also be evaluated with the aid of the software. LTA and the National University of Singapore (NUS) collaborated through a joint research in developing a Quantitative Risk Analysis (QRA) software tool to evaluate the risks of road tunnels design. This software tool is used as part of our study where the international standards specified different requirements or did not cover certain design applicable to urban tunnels such as those in Singapore. This paper will discuss some of the design safety challenges encountered in the application of these standards to road tunnels in Singapore and the usefulness of a QRA software tool in the safety study on areas which are not addressed by the international standards.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
Urban road tunnels in Singapore are complex in design and its traffic volume is many times higher as compared to most overseas long tunnels. The Kallang-Paya Lebar Expressway (KPE) in Singapore is the longest underground road tunnel in South-East Asia, with an estimated traffic volume of 400 million vehicle kilometers per year. In addition, there is an ongoing construction of Marina Coastal Expressway (MCE), which is an extension of KPE. To ensure the safe operation of all existing and new tunnel projects, international road tunnel design standards are adopted by the Land Transport Authority (LTA) of Singapore.
International road tunnel design standards such as the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA 502) Standard for Road Tunnels, Bridges and Other Limited Access Highways 2008 Edition from the United States, the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges (BD 78/99) from the United Kingdom and the European Union (EU) Directive 2004/54/EC are the most commonly adopted guidelines for the design and operation of road tunnels in Singapore. The NFPA 502 provides fire protection and
72 fire life safety requirements for limited access highways, road tunnels, bridges, elevated highways, depressed highways, and roadways that are located beneath air- tight structures. It establishes minimum criteria that provided fire protection and its related hazards. It is necessary to prevent loss of life and property due to the occurrence of fire. BD 78/99 covers the procedures required for the design of new and refurbished road tunnels located within motorways and other trunk roads. It provides guidance on the necessary equipment and operational and maintenance systems that are required for consideration by the tunnel designer so as to facilitate continued effective and safe operation. EU Directive 2004/54/EC aims at ensuring a minimum level of safety for road users in tunnels in the trans-European road network by the prevention of critical events that may endanger human life, the environment and tunnel installations, as well as by the provision of protection in case of accidents. Relevant chapters from these international standards are adopted and formed the Design Safety Principles (DSP) for the safety design of road tunnels in Singapore. The design of the Singapore road tunnel would have to conform to the clauses stated in the DSP. NFPA 502 is the main standard adopted, supplemented by BD 78/99 and the EU Directive. Not all clauses in these standards are being used. This is attributed to the fact that these international standards are more applicable for most overseas tunnels. In general, overseas tunnels are constructed in the mountainous regions with one entrance and exit. For KPE/MCE tunnel, it has multiple slip roads for entrances and exits.. In addition, KPE/MCE is constructed in the urban area of Singapore and the traffic volume is expected to be at least 600 million vehicle kilometers per year when in operation, which is many times higher than that of most European tunnels.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Project are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
International standards are adopted for the design and operation of road tunnels in Singapore to ensure a minimum level of safety. However, different requirements arise from different international standards because they are more applicable for local context of which the standard was published. Risk based approach together with the
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QRA software would be useful to resolve some of the technical issues. Furthermore, there is a need for the development of standards for future urban road tunnels, taking into consideration the higher traffic volume in urban road tunnels.
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Case 5: Dhaka Road Tunnel Feasibility Study Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh
Physical Description of the Project:
The rapid growth of population in Dhaka City has led to a growing demand for transport that the city’s infrastructure, services, and management are insufficient to meet and there is little scope to develop any new roads within the limited and congested area. In order to ease the traffic problem and improve the living standards of city dwellers, the Government of Bangladesh (GOB) has planned to construct a multilane ‘Dhaka Road Tunnel Project’ (DRTP), 1 km in length starting from Jahangir Gate at Farmgate-Mohakhali Road (east side), crossing under the Old Tejgaon airport, and ending at Rokeya Sarani at Agargoan (west side). The Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) has commissioned the SMEC–COWI–ACE Joint Venture to carry out a Feasibility Study to determine the economic viability and technical feasibility of constructing this tunnel.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. Improve transport access and mobility for the residents of the Dhaka City 2. Reducing traffic congestion 3. Address long term transport planning, coordination and institutional issues
The Scope of Work for this feasibility study includes:
Determination of alignments and Engineering Options
Route options
Geotechnical investigations
Traffic study and forecasting
Environmental studies
Environmental Impact Assessment
Land use study
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Preliminary Design of Preferred Engineering Solution
Construction Methodology appreciation
Procurement Models including PPP
Socio-economic Model
Financial Model including cost estimates, NPV, FIRR, EIRR and BCR
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
There are two main types of road in Dhaka City: Primary/Main Roads and Local Roads. The primary roads are the major, arterial roads and the local roads are the internal secondary and link roads.
The major north-south roads of the Dhaka City road network include the following:
Mirpur Road Begum Rokeya Sharani New Airport Road / Shaheed Tazuddin Road Pragati Sharani / DIT Road
These roads primarily connect the Shahjalal International Airport from the northeast and the sub-district of Mirpur from the northwest to the sub-districts of Dhanmondi and Motijheel in the south. The Mirpur Road passes through the sub-districts of Mohammadpur and Hazaribag on the western side of Dhaka City, while New Airport Road and Pragati Sharani / DIT Road pass through the sub-districts of Gulshan, Badda and Tejgaon on the eastern side.
The major east-west routes in the northern part of Dhaka, which are relatively shorter compared to the north-south ones, include Agargaon Road, Mirpur Link Road (also called New Link Road or Mirpur / Mohammadpur & Gulshan / Banani Link Road), and Manik Mia Avenue in central Dhaka. New Elephant Road / Shahbag Road and Zahir Raihan Sharani provide the major east-west links in the southern part of Dhaka. To the north of the Tejgaon Airport, the main east-west connector is Shaheed Yousuf Road, which links with Kachukhet Road and eventually connects with Mirpur Road.
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There is also a significant amount of non-motorised transport, particularly rickshaws and pedestrians. Although rickshaws mostly operate on the minor roads, a significant number of pedestrians can be seen almost anywhere in the network. Walking is a very common transport mode in Dhaka and this further adds to the network congestion as in some areas, pedestrians freely mix with motorised traffic, even on major roads. The latter is probably a consequence of having approximately 40% of the existing footpaths being occupied illegally.
Bicycles, another form of non-motorised transport, are also being used by some people in Dhaka but not as extensively as walking and rickshaws. The last survey conducted as part of the development of the Strategic Transport Plan (STP) for Dhaka completed in 2005 found that bicycles comprise only 2% of the total vehicles counted.
The major roads are still predominantly used by passenger cars, although a considerable proportion of traffic demand consists of buses and auto-rickshaws (also called ‘baby taxi’ or ‘CNG’ by locals). Minor roads are typically used heavily by non- motorised transport (rickshaws), which makes driving through these roads quite challenging.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
The tunnel is very costly. The amount of traffic that would use the tunnel is nowhere near enough to justify its construction. The economic return on investment is negative. Charging a toll makes it more negative because tolls suppress demand. There is no conceivable combination of cost reduction and benefit enhancement that would make the tunnel worthwhile or economically viable. To build a project based on the traffic model data to meet the economic criterion of 12%pa the cost must be no more than 295.8 crore BDT ($36.1M USD) with 8.2 crore BDT ($1M USD) operation and maintenance costs per year. These figures assume the connection is free; by charging a toll you suppress demand and thus suppress benefits. As long as work inside the Air Force base is prohibited there is no viable tunnel project that can be undertaken within these funds. The final recommendation is to undertake a comprehensive, strategic network-wide investigation. This would extend the existing
77 traffic model for the tunnel project and the elevated highway project to include all the current and future works. A series of projects can then be developed and prioritized base on cost effectiveness. This would require interagency cooperation to achieve a successful outcome.
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Case 6: Geotechnical, structural and geodetic measurements for conventionaltunnelling hazards in urban areas – The case of Niayesh road tunnel project, Tehran, Iran
Physical Description of the Project:
Tunnelling is increasingly being seen as an environmentally preferable means of providing infrastructure such as transportation and utilities to densely populated urban areas. It is often cost-effective as an alternative to surface solutions, when the risk and cost of disruption during construction is taken into account. When excavation is conducted to lead underground connections such tunnels and galleries, the ground level is subject to subsidence impacting the infrastructures such as buildings, bridges, pipe lines and roads. Therefore a monitoring system is required to control the risk on the tunnel influence areas. In this research firstly tunnelling hazards in urban areas are introduced, and then the importance of monitoring during conventional urban tunnelling is presented. Finally the characteristics, limitations, problems, hazards and remedial measures for Niayesh road tunnel project were introduced. The Niayesh tunnel is under construction in urban area in Tehran, Iran. It was shown that the tunnelling in urban area has some major and particular characteristics and constraints compared with rural area which must be considered in the design and during construction of these types of infrastructures. The importance of geotechnical/ structural/geodetic instrumentation as a practical engineering tool for systematic monitoring of tunnels and buildings in urbanized areas were shown and layout of Niayesh tunnel monitoring plan considering all requirements were planned and implemented. Based on monitoring results probable alerts, possible counter-measures and several design optimizations were given.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. Firstly tunnelling hazards in urban areas are introduced 2. The importance of monitoring during conventional urban tunnelling is presented
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3. Then the characteristics, limitations, problems, hazards and remedial measures for Niayesh road tunnel project were introduce
Tunnelling is increasingly being seen as an environmentally preferable means of providing infrastructure such as transportation and utilities to densely populated urban areas. It is often cost-effective as an alter-native to surface solutions, when the risk and cost of disruption during construction is taken into account. When excavation is conducted to lead underground connections such tunnels and galleries, the ground level is subject to subsidence impacting the infrastructures such as buildings, bridges, pipe lines and roads. Therefore a monitoring system is required to control the risk on the tunnel influence areas.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
Niayesh road tunnel project is a mouth shaped twin tunnel (north and south tunnel) which is under construction in urban area between Niayesh and Sadr highways in Tehran, Iran. This project is the biggest tunnelling project in urban area in Middle East for its length, big cross sections and step of the route. The major characteristics of Niayesh tunnel are listed as bellow:
Heavy traffic along the highways and connecting roads above the tunnel.
High building intensity in several areas of the tunnel alignment.
Sewers and pipes above the tunnel route and old sewers with unknown locations.
Military structure close to the project area.
Highway bridges crossing the alignment of the tunnel.
Low overburden in some area with soft ground and man-made features with high water inflow in some regions.
Passing beneath Mellat Park Lake.
Many Bifurcations with large cross sections along the tunnel route.
Limitations for instrument’s installation at the tunnel route and on the buildings and other surface structures.
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Inadequate site investigations due to a lack of permission especially in residential area.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
Constructions of tunnels in urban areas have major and particular characteristics and constraints. Tunnelling induced settlements (usually in soft ground) could affect the surface or other subsurface structures. For this reason before constructing new underground structures in urban areas, an analysis of the possible induced effects and risk assessment is necessary. It is required to determine mitigation measures, including modifications in excavation method, the treatment of the ground and the reinforcement of the existing structures. In particular the monitoring of the stress– strain behaviour of ground and of the structures must guarantee the fast reaction to unexpected events by protecting the existing buildings from severe damages and by keeping all the excavation parameters inside the allowable limits. To do this an extensive monitoring system using geotechnical, geodetic and structural instruments were designed for Niayesh project, in which support system, tunnel surrounding ground, surface settlement and buildings deformation were monitored. The intelligent and continuous building monitoring system using Automatic Total Stations, dual axis inclinometers (tiltmeter), crack meter and GPS were considered, in which all data automatically collected in data base, processed and send to client, consultant, etc. by several communication ways such as SMS, and Email. Results shows that illustrated system was successfully monitored the Niayesh project so far and its results properly used for warning, construction optimization, obtaining real time ground behaviour and possible taking mitigation measures. Furthermore, automatic, continuous geodetic monitoring systems deployed along the axis of the Niayesh tunnel to determine 3D deformation of the buildings is the best affordable solution to warn the owner and the contractors of project of the impact onto the buildings and could guarantee the project during construction. Based on monitoring results and design modifications, the cost of the Niayesh urban tunnel project were decreased more than 23 million US dollars and
81 excavation rate were increased about 61%. The growth of many cities has resulted in the need for increased infrastructure. As urban space becomes more limited, subsurface structures such as tunnels are becoming more efficient in providing the required infrastructure. New tunnel projects have to be constructed beneath high density urban areas.
Case 7: Tunneling in an urban critical area – A case study, Porto, Portugal
Physical Description of the Project:
A 700m road tunnel crossing very heterogeneous granite formations within a critical area of the city of Porto, Portugal, in which around 400mwere excavated below groundwater according to NATM principles, has been open to public use in 2005. The average excavated section area is 100m2 with a cover varying between 2,7m and 21 m. The concerned area is quite challenging from a geological/geotechnical point of view – very heterogeneous Porto granite rock mass overlaid by residual soil – as well as from a technical/environmental and social point of view – intense traffic, densely constructed and under construction area having some problematic old nearby buildings with delicate foundations. The question of whether or not explosives should be used in such an environment has been a very controversial issue. Following various geotechnical, geophysical, vibration surveys, reports and feasibility studies, the tunnel has been successfully excavated using mainly blasting techniques and, whenever necessary, mechanized means. During the tunnel excavation a comprehensive seismic vibration monitoring survey took place aiming at preventing damage risks as well as optimizing subsequent blasting diagrams.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. Finalizing feasibility study of this project
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2. Adjusted in-situ strategies during the excavation works 3. Monitoring procedures and safety measures
The present report, following a brief summary of some project key issues regarding namely the final feasibility study, adjusted in-situ strategies during the excavation works, monitoring procedures and safety measures, presents seismic vibration monitoring data treatment procedures and an example of the promising preliminary results aiming at improving the geological/geotechnical model inference along the tunnel alignment.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
In order to assess the adequacy and advantage of using explosives along the tunnel excavation, vibration tests were carried out in two selected areas, taking advantage of at the time existing surface excavations. Several holes, drilled in the rock mass, were loaded with weighted ammonia gelatin 33% charges and data acquisition took place at the surface in selected representative places, namely close to foundations of nearby buildings. Extensive exploration of the optimization algorithms especially implemented in Mat Lab language for this purpose allowed the selection of three sets of values, for the used Langefors & Khilstrom equation parameters, considered representative of the rock mass. Results pointing to the advantageous possibility of using explosives allowed the dimensioning of a drilling and blasting design adjusted to imposed legal constraints, namely by the 20 mm/s PPV threshold allowable by the Portuguese NP-2074 safety Standard “Evaluation of the influence in buildings of vibrations due to blasting or similar effects”. The mentioned three sets of optimized parameter values were then used in a particle velocity formula in order to obtaining tables of theoretical explosive charges for different distances from source, depending on the considered admissible PPV thresholds, according to Portuguese, Spanish and Swedish safety standards. Based in the obtained tables for particle velocity thresholds – distance – maximum admissible charge, simulations were performed for the three considered data sets, considering different maximum admissible velocity scenarios. 83
These simulations led to mapping of the tunnel susceptibility to being excavated by explosives, assuming a calculated drilling and blasting design. The synthesis of many simulation results led to the conviction that using explosives in two thirds of the total tunnel length was an adequate solution. The vibration tests allowed a good picture of time window lengths having higher peaks as well as determining relevant signal frequency bandwidths. This kind of analysis allowing namely an estimation of the minimum advisable time-delay between consecutive detonations, is rather important for the planning of micro-delaying in the blast global design, in order to minimize the total wave amplitudes resulting from the sum of effects due to sequential blasting. It was suggested a blasting diagram based on the heading and benching method with fun cut central ring, comprising two main phases, respectively for the heading tunnel and for the bench, having the first phase three distinct sequential sub-phases. As referred, the main conclusion of the study was the predicted adequacy of using explosives in two thirds of the total length of the tunnel with initial exploratory advances of 1m.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
This report presents the preliminary results of vibration seismic data treatment. The generic aim of the present approach is to take advantage of data obtained during vibration monitoring surveys of underground excavation works with explosives in sensitive urban areas in order to gain a better understanding of the involved rock/soil mass formations. The promising preliminary results point to the possibility of reducing the uncertainty associated with the predictive initial geological/geotechnical model updating process. The final objective of the described approach is to develop a methodology capable of capturing, in the frequency domain, the “signature” of distinctive Geological/geotechnical relevant ground characteristics/ features allowing an optimized risk damage control.
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Case 8: A feasibility study for urban tunnelling in soft tertiary sedimentary rocks of Mizoram, India
Physical Description of the Project:
The 2.3 km long proposed Aizawl Traffic Tunnel in the northeast of India can be considered to be the first major venture of this kind in a densely populated urban area in the country. The proposed tunnel would be excavated through an inter bedded soft sandstone/siltstone sequence of the Tertiary Surma Group. Based on a geotechnical assessment the paper concludes that the NATM approach with the use of road headers could be employed for tunnel construction with recommendation for pre- excavation umbrella support using spile-bolting. Determination of rate of penetration in drilling, specific rock energy index, abrasion value and compressive strength are among other parameters that need to be determined during investigation for making decisions regarding design and selection of equipment. Dissemination of sound technical information to a highly literate population is considered to be of prime importance for avoiding controversial social issues. The idea of a traffic tunnel along the congested Aizawl city ridge was raised by the Government of Mizoram in the year 2000 and a preliminary plan of sub-surface exploration by drilling was outlined at that time. In general, the Aizawl Traffic Tunnel would be excavated in comparatively soft Tertiary strata comprising sandstone, siltstone and shale with their lithological variants. An important consideration for construction is the scarcity of good quality coarse aggregate for concrete in Mizoram. The strongest rocks known so far in the State are shelly limestone and calcareous sandstone – siltstone which have not been found to be suitable as concrete aggregate (Rawat and Parihar, 2001). The arenaceous rocks show vary poor soundness, low compressive strength, abrasion and crushing values. Coarse aggregate borrow areas in river terraces for the Dhaleswari Project in Aizawl District have been reported to be located as far away as 130-190 km (Anand, 1990). In view of an overall high literacy rate, that is as much as 88.49% in Mizoram and 99.64% in Aizawl, it would be prudent to disseminate technically sound information on the Aizawl Traffic Tunnel Project to the population to maintain a good relationship with the project.
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Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. Determination of rate of penetration in drilling, specific rock energy index, abrasion value and compressive strength are among other parameters 2. Minimize traffic jam in densely populated urban area in the country.
The proposed tunnel would be excavated through an interceded soft sandstone/siltstone sequence of the Tertiary Surma Group. Based on a geotechnical assessment the paper concludes that the NATM approach with the use of road headers could be employed for tunnel construction with recommendation for pre-excavation umbrella support using spile-bolting. Determination of rate of penetration in drilling, specific rock energy index, abrasion value and compressive strength are among other parameters that need to be determined during investigation for making decisions regarding design and selection of equipment. Dissemination of sound technical information to a highly literate population is considered to be of prime importance for avoiding controversial social issues.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
The case studies of projects executed in Tertiary formations in the Himalayan terrain, provide excellent information about the general features of tunnelling in soft rocks that could be indicative of the ground conditions for the tunnelling project at Aizawl. The Siwalik and Murree Group of rocks in NW Himalaya, confined between the Indo- Gangetic alluvium towards south and the MBF (Main Boundary Fault) in the north, include several important hydroelectric projects. In the northeast, hydroelectric projects have been executed in the rocks of Surma Group and Disang Formation.
The depth of tunnel excavation, more than 30m, is of paramount importance in taking a decision regarding the preferred mode of excavation technique and installation of supports – both primary as well as permanent – with factor of safety kept at a high level. Considering the shallow depth of the tunnel, delicate social fabric and existence of old buildings above the proposed tunnel, it would be advisable to avoid
86 conventional modes of tunnel excavation by drilling and blasting (DBM). The soft lithological assemblage of the Bhuban Sub-group in the Aizawl Main Ridge, could be an ideal subsurface media for excavation using road headers. If the tunnel excavation is planned using four working faces – two from the end portals and two from a central adit – it may necessitate deployment of four road headers that could be an expensive proposition for a short tunnel, unless the redeployment of the machines is dovetailed with some other project. As an alternative, a single machine may be deployed at the adit end for handling excavation at both the working faces thereby saving expenditure on one machine. Excavation from two working faces would require only two machines.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
In general, the proposed Aizawl Traffic Tunnel would be excavated through inter bedded Tertiary sandstone/siltstone of the Middle Bhuban Formation of the Surma Group. The strata occupy the upper portion of the Aizawl Main Ridge, a dissected cuesta type landform. The tunnel can be driven from the two terminal portals with an upward gradient facilitating drainage under gravity – both during construction as well as in operation. Excavation by road headers may be preferred to drilling and blasting in the urban environment. The final recommendation is as follows:
Tunnel construction through NATM is recommended for which the support systems would be primarily shotcreting and rock bolting. Pre-excavation umbrella support through spile-bolting may be advisable.
Besides detailed engineering geological mapping and sub-surface exploration through drilling and geophysical surveying (resistivity and seismic refraction), excavation of drifts at portal locations may provide crucial geotechnical information. Rate of penetration in drilling, specific rock energy index, SPT, compressive strength and abrasion value are amongst the parameters that are required to be determined for designing the structure and for selection of road
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headers. In view of the high literacy rate in the project area, dissemination of sound technical information about critical social issues is of paramount importance and needs to be addressed by a professional team right from the beginning.
Finally, it should be kept in mind that “a stitch in time saves nine”, or, in the present context, it would be more to say that “a minute spent in support erection saves nine in corrective measures”.
Case 9: The Kowloon Southern Link feasibility study, Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong
Physical Description of the Project:
The concept of linking the KCRC’s West Rail system with its original East Rail line via the Kowloon Peninsula was first noted in the Hong Kong Government’s railway development strategy published in 1994. The KCRC undertook preliminary studies between 1997-1998 as part of its proposed East Rail extensions projects, but at that time the link was indicated as depending on the construction of a large reclamation in Victoria Harbour to be known as Kowloon Point, immediately to the west of the southern tip of Kowloon Peninsula. Since then, the Hong Kong government has put an embargo on harbor reclamation unless there is no viable alternative.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To confirm that it would be technically possible to build the KSL 2. Cost and program were to be assessed, and potential for property development to be investigated
In the case of the Kowloon Southern Link (KSL), there clearly were alternative railway alignments, and in 2000 the KCRC called for consultancy bids for a preliminary feasibility study to confirm that the project was still viable without Kowloon Point reclamation. Arup won the commission and the seven-month study commenced in January 2001.
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Issues & Extents of the Projects:
East Tsim Sha Tsui station to Jordan Road Running beneath the urban fabric of the Kowloon Peninsula in the tourist and shopping district of Tsim Sha Tsui, this area is characterized by a heavily trafficked road network with a dense mix of building types and uses - mainly hotel, commercial, and retail, but some residential blocks. Buildings range from new to listed historical structures. West of East Tsim Sha Tsui station, the tunnels are aligned beneath Salisbury Road directly across the twin-tube running tunnels of the MTR Tsuen Wan Line and close to the prestigious Peninsula Hotel, the Hong Kong Cultural Centre with its arts and theatre venues, as well as the Space Museum. Turning north with very tight radii of 225 and 240m, the twin tunnels pass directly under two small listed brick buildings that housed the former Tsim Sha Tsui fire station, and a remaining hillock of land on which stands the former Marine Police headquarters – also listed. The alignment continues north beneath Canton Road, close to and partly under an elevated road at the junction with Kowloon Park Drive, and then skews north-west into the site allocated for West Kowloon station.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
This feasibility study was a challenging undertaking, with a multi-disciplinary team identifying several alignment and station alternatives that involved review and study of railway operation and timetabling aspects for the whole of West Rail. The study indicated that viable construction methods were available for this highly constrained alignment in a busy urban environment, and gave construction options where appropriate. While the successful design/build contractors have developed alternative construction methods for some sections of the route, it is pleasing to note that the project remains much as conceived.
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Case 10: A Review of Delhi Metro Tunnel Construction with 14 EPB Shield TBMS, Delhi India
Physical Description of the Project:
The construction of Delhi Metro Phase-II started in 2006 and was a continuation of the Phase-I construction. Due to a tight construction schedule, 14 Tunnel Boring Machines have been deployed to bore 3 metro corridors of twin tunnel with a total drive length of 30km. The purpose of this paper is to review machine performance under various ground water and soil conditions and also to introduce the methods employed to overcome the rock formations encountered during excavation while deployed TBM was for soft soil excavation. Through the various tunnelling performance and related ground settlement results, several conclusion and recommendation have been deduced for future tunneling works within New Delhi area of India.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To review machine performance under various ground water and soil conditions 2. To introduce the methods employed to overcome the rock formations encountered during excavation The contractors accepted a slower progress for the initial drives and installed a number of switches with the tunnel to speed up mucking operations where possible.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
Tunnel progress is related to numerous factors such as ground conditions (including the presence of ground water), dictated TBM operation parameters such as to surface structures, size of launching shaft and back up arrangements, capacity of gantry cranes and muck pit size, etc.. The launching shafts for BC18 and BC24 North tunnel operation were 60m in length and proved advantageous allowing back up gantries installation at one time for the initial drives. The shaft lengths of other contracts were dictated by external parameters and varied from 17m – 20m.
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A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
Delhi Metro is the first Client in India to apply EPB technology in an urban area. A comparison of the merits of the various tunneling machines and their tunneling performance is of interest to many because of future metro projects planned for Mumbai, Chennai, Kolkata and Bangalore.
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Case Study 11: Congestion Relief Toll Tunnels, Texas, USA
Physical Description of the Project:
Traffic congestion has become one of this country's most serious urban problems. The Texas Transportation Institute estimates that the annual cost of traffic congestion in the 39 largest urban areas was $43.2 billion in 1990. These costs include the value of time wasted in stop-and-go traffic, extra fuel consumed, and higher insurance rates. The $43.2 billion does not include worsened air quality due to the higher emission rates of vehicles in stop-and-go traffic. As can be seen, for Los Angeles alone, the annual cost was $7.7 billion. Traditional central business districts (CBDs) are one focal point for traffic congestion. Many U.S. freeway systems were designed to bring commuter traffic from suburbs to the (presumed) single CBD. In many cases, a ring-road or beltway was later added to offer through traffic a way to bypass the CBD area's traffic.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To develop a new type of transportation facility 2. To make the project economically feasible 3. To relief traffic jam and saving travel times
This type of project is likely to be seen as politically feasible, since it offers a way to make significant transportation improvements in impacted downtowns with little or no public funding. While transit proponents may oppose the construction of toll tunnels, highway users are likely to support such projects, and some environmental groups may support this method of implementing congestion pricing in urban areas, because of its potential for reducing air emissions.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
Changing urban land-use patterns have reduced the importance of traditional downtowns as the origin and destination of numerous vehicular trips. Much traffic on
92 downtown-area freeways seeks merely to get past downtown, thereby worsening the level of congestion for those seeking access to downtown.
A number of European cities have begun to develop a new type of transportation facility: congestion-relief toll tunnels in downtown areas. These projects appear to be economically feasible largely or entirely from premium-price tolls paid by users. Hence, they are being developed by private consortia, operating under long-term franchises from government. Other keys to the feasibility of such projects are peak/off-peak pricing structures (congestion pricing), nonstop electronic toll collection, and restriction of use to auto-size vehicles only (to reduce tunnel dimensions and therefore capital investment).
Preliminary analysis indicates that congestion-relief bypass tunnels for downtown Los Angeles and San Francisco would be economically feasible as private business ventures, if developed along European lines. Similar approaches might be applied to other controversial freeway projects in both cities, and to restructuring Boston's huge and controversial Central Artery/Tunnel project.
Congress has already authorized public-private partnerships of this type, permitting private capital and private owner/operation to be used, both for new projects and to rebuild existing highway, bridge, and tunnel facilities. Six states and Puerto Rico have enacted private-tollway legislation under which such projects could be developed and operated.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
In this study, in the overseas tunnel experience, nearly all of these projects are being developed largely or entirely with private capital, under long-term franchise agreements of the build-operate-transfer (BOT) type. Nearly all make use of electronic toll collection (ETC), which permits nonstop, at-speed payment and
93 dramatically lower operating costs than conventional toll booths. Many also employ congestion pricing, charging higher tolls at peak periods, in order to limit access so as to keep traffic moving at design speeds. And many also are designed to handle only cars and other small vehicles, to minimize tunnel dimensions. These four features serve to change the economics of urban tunnels, making them more viable candidates for congestion-relief than American planners have believed.
Based on the foregoing analysis, congestion-relief toll tunnels appear to be economically and technically feasible in selected urban areas.
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Case 12: Route 710 Tunnel Technical Feasibility Assessment Report, Los Angeles, USA
Physical Description of the Project:
The Interstate 710 (I-710) “Long Beach” freeway serves as a major north-south link in the Los Angeles County transportation network. The freeway is an extensively traveled facility and its level of service has deteriorated as congestion and demand grow within the corridor. This facility currently extends from its southern terminus in the City of Long Beach to Valley Boulevard, just north of the Interstate 10 (I-10) “San Bernardino” freeway near the boundary between Cities of Los Angeles and Alhambra. Beyond this northern terminus is a 4.5 mile gap in the Route 710 until the freeway resumes at Del Mar Boulevard, in the City of Pasadena, where it extends 0.6 miles to the north --- to its junction with the Interstate 210 (I-210) “Foothill” freeway. The California Department of Transportation (Caltrans), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), the Southern California Association of Governments (SCAG) and the Los Angeles County Metropolitan Transportation Authority (MTA) support the completion of Route 710 to relieve regional and local traffic congestion and to enhance regional air quality. Consequently, SCAG has included this project in its Regional Transportation Plan (RTP) since 1989 and in its Regional Transportation Improvement Plan (RTIP) since 1991. Over the past forty years, alternative concepts have been proposed and evaluated to complete the I-710 freeway and close the 4.5 mile gap in the corridor. To date, none of the previously proposed and evaluated alternatives has been successful in satisfying the regional mobility needs and community/ environmental concerns.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To determine the feasibility of completing this freeway gap by tunneling underground 2. Identify preliminary potential physical, environmental, and financial impacts to neighboring communities 3. Validate the concept of a bored tunnel(s); and 95
4. Develop a preliminary project scope and cost estimates.
Recent advances in tunnel construction technologies appear to give merit to completing the Route 710 corridor using a tunnel. This technical feasibility assessment is intended to ascertain whether the tunnel concept is physically, environmentally and financially viable, as well as resulting in congestion relief, and worthy of more comprehensive evaluation and technical consideration.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
The intent of the assessment is to determine the feasibility of completing this freeway gap by tunneling underground. Specifically, this evaluation is principally focused on deep subterranean bored or mined tunnel construction methods instead of the more environmentally intrusive shallow trench excavation or “cut-and-cover” tunnel methods.
Although this assessment has examined a variety of issues related to a tunnel, it was by no means intended to be comprehensive nor exhaustive in scope. The purpose of this assessment is to serve as a technical foundation to allow decision-makers sufficient information to determine what appropriate actions should be initiated regarding the tunnel option.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
It is the conclusion of this technical feasibility assessment that the tunnel concept to complete the Route 710 freeway is feasible from the physical perspective. Further, since the anticipated environmental issues or impacts can be eliminated, minimized or mitigated by proven methods, the concept also appears to be environmentally feasible. Although, the determination of the financial feasibility is dependent on several external factors, it is warranted that the tunnel concept be advanced to the next more detailed stage to further validate the findings of this assessment and to determine whether the tunnel concept can ultimately serve as the alternative to
96 complete the Route 710 freeway. However, it is recommended that additional detailed evaluations and analyses be conducted to determine the tunnel alternative including alignment, features and amenities that would be the most environmentally suited to the community and the Route 710 corridor.
Case 13: Tunneling in Soft Soil: Tunnel Boring Machine Operation and Soil Response, Seoul, Korea
Physical Description of the Project:
Constructing tunnels in soft soil with the use of Tunnel Boring Machines may induce settlements including soil movements head of the face, soil relaxation into the tail void, possible heave due to grouting, long lasting consolidation processes, and potentially several other mechanisms. A considerable amount of the total soil displacements seems correlated with the passage of the TBM-shield. Even so, the TBM-induced soil displacements have so far only been coarsely correlated to the total settlements. This paper attempts to relate the shield geometry and its operation through the soil with the observed soil displacements. The snake-like motion of the shield within the excavated soil profile is one of the key aspects as the erratic advance of the shield appears to induce unevenly distributed ground displacements at the interface with the soil. These displacements are expected to spread through the soil with a similar pattern. A numerical investigation on the TBM kinematics and the associated soil response has been performed based on the monitoring data from the construction of a tunnel in The Hague, The Netherlands, in order to quantify these aspects. Results confirmed that the geometry and the operation of the TBM-shield through the ground influence the amount and distribution of the induced soil displacements. The analysis also highlighted the essential role that the tail-void grouting has not only in filling-in the tail-void but also in compensating the kinematical effects of shield advance. Tunnel Boring Machines (TBMs) are used to construct tunnels in challenging environments (Mair et al. 1996). However, the current soil-settlement predictions are still largely based on the experience gained from previous projects and little correlated with aspects such as the TBM features and its kinematic behaviour. The predictions’ accuracy and reliability are therefore negatively affected. The interaction processes between the TBM, the soil, and the
97 process fluids is a critical aspect to be better understood in order to improve the tunnel-boring’s reliability.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To construct tunnels in challenging environments 2. To establish a quantitative correlation between the soil displacements 3. To improve the tunnel-boring’s reliability
This study aims to establish a quantitative correlation between the soil displacements observed during the construction of a TBM-driven tunnel and the specific driving pattern of the TBM. Special attention is given to how the TBM-shield interacts with the cavity excavated by the cutting wheel.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
The study is based on the monitoring-data from the Hubertus Tunnel, a double-tube road tunnel located in The Hague, The Netherlands. The Hubertus tunnel tubes, northern and southern, are 1666.70 m and 1653.48 m long. The tubes were excavated by a 10 680 mm long slurry-shield TBM, with a front diameter of 10 510 mm, and a rear one of 10 490 mm. A standard radial overcutting of 10 mm was permanently used. The tail-void grouting occurred via the upper four of the six injection openings available. The final lining is formed by 2 m long prefab reinforced-concrete elements, with an external diameter of 10 200 mm. The deepest point of the tunnel axis is located at 27.73 m below surface. The groundwater level may be assumed at +1.0 m above N.A.P. (Dutch Reference System approximately equivalent to the Mean Sea Level).
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
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Output of the Study:
Tunnel construction in soft soil usually induces settlement in the surrounding ground even when tunnel boring is performed with a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). Most of the current soil-settlement predictions still disregard relevant aspects such as the TBM features and its real kinematic behaviour when driven through the soil. Based on a recent tunnelling project in The Netherlands both TBM and subsurface soil displacements monitoring data were processed in order to compare the TBM-shield kinematic behaviour with the soil response to it. The comparison highlighted the existence of a relationship between the two. However, even more importantly, it appeared that the tail void grouting process in certain conditions has an essential role not only in filling-in the tail void but also in compensating for the kinematical effects of shield advance. Further research Tunnel construction in soft soil usually induces settlement in the surrounding ground even when tunnel boring is performed with a Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM). Most of the current soil-settlement predictions still disregards relevant aspects such as the TBM features and its real kinematic behaviour when driven through the soil. Based on a recent tunnelling project in The Netherlands both TBM and subsurface soil displacements monitoring data were processed in order to compare the TBM-shield kinematic behaviour with the soil response to it. The comparison highlighted the existence of a relationship between the two. However, even more importantly, it appeared that the tail void grouting process in certain conditions has an essential role not only in filling-in the tail void but also in compensating for the kinematical effects of shield advance. Further research is advisable in two directions. First, the established correlation between TBM-shield kinematics and induced soil displacements has to be generalized to more cases than the single one presented here. Second, the effect of the process fluids on the induced soil displacements in general and of tail void grouting in particular needs to be addressed more quantitatively.
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Case Study 14: The Future Use of Underground Space in Malaysia: A Literature Review, Malaysia
Physical Description of the Project:
Today, more than half of the world population lives in urban areas and it is expected that this figure will grow rapidly to reach 85.9% in 2050. People will keep on migrating from inland to village, city, and metropolis and the number is increasing year by year. Cities are increasingly overcrowded and congested. The rapid developments in urban area to meet human needs are found to be inconsistent with the principle of sustainable development. Besides, space is highly demanded with great pressure especially for housing and infrastructure. This results in other problems such as greater traffic congestion, air pollution, and lack of green space for development. Due to these circumstances, the other consideration is using none other than going to the third dimension of city as a final frontier in urban development and possible path to sustainable urban form. In Malaysia, the use of underground space started with the establishment of shop lots below the Merdeka Square, sixteen years ago, then followed by Petronas Twin Towers, Light Rail Transit, Storm water Management and Road Tunnel (SMART), and the most recent is an on-going project of Mass Rapid Transit (MRT). Looking on positively for the underground development for infrastructure, this paper attempts to review and discuss the present and future use of underground space in Malaysia. The paper also explores the potential planning and challenges of underground development. This is done by reviewing successful underground developments around the world in order to suggest the potential planning for underground space in Malaysia.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To review and discuss the present and future use of underground space in Malaysia 2. Explores the potential planning and challenges of underground development.
Therefore, the aim of this article is to highlight the potential of urban underground space development in Malaysia. It explains the present situation of underground 100 space utilization and identifies the possible future uses for sustainable urban underground space development in Malaysia.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
Since the recent centuries and particularly during the last decades, numerous reasons have encouraged mankind to use and develop underground space. For a good understanding of these reasons it is necessary to keep in mind certain fundamental characteristics of underground space (ITA-AITES, 2002). Firstly, the underground medium is a space that can provide the setting for activities or infrastructures that are difficult, impossible, environmentally undesirable or less profitable to install above ground. A fundamental characteristic of underground space lies in the natural protection it offers to whatever is placed underground. This protection is simultaneously mechanical, thermal, and acoustical. On the other hand, the containment created by underground structures has the advantages of protecting the surface environment from the risks and/or disturbances inherent in certain types of activities. Lastly, one important feature of underground space is its opacity. Thanks to the natural visual screen created by the geological medium where an underground structure is only visible at the points where it connects to the surface.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
The need for urban underground space in Malaysia is not that critical compared to other developed countries. However, awareness about the possibility of using urban underground space as a new type of development must be considered. Due to rapid growth of development, the demand for land also increases and in the future, Malaysia seems to utilize all surface and underground spaces for achieving sustainable development. It is rather futile to develop underground space without sustainable elements associated with it. Therefore, underground space use must
101 conform to the sustainable development in urban area because it will give impact on the physical, social and environment at the surface area. Urbanization must always take into account underground space as an important element of development and sustainability. A three-dimensional concept of the city and land planning should constitute the basis for a long-term management of resources. Underground space is tied to the sustainability of an urban area because the use of underground facilities can positively impact on the extent to which human occupancy of a land area affects the surface environment. Finally, the development of urban underground space must conform to a required standard of sustainable development since it has impacts on the physical, social, and economic environment of the surface area. Suggested future research in this context must touch on the legal aspects, planning policy, urban underground resources, and other related issues.
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Case 15: Fixed Link between Labrador and Newfoundland Pre-feasibility Study, Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada
Physical Description of the Project:
The concept of providing a fixed transportation link between the Island of Newfoundland and Labrador across the Strait of Belle Isle has been the subject of discussion for many years. In early 2004, the Public Policy Research Centre of Memorial University, acting on behalf of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador requested a proposal from independent consultants to conduct a study of fixed link concepts at a prefeasibility level. In April, 2004, the Policy Centre awarded a contract for the study to Hatch Mott MacDonald. In keeping with the Terms of Reference, the study was undertaken in four distinct phases as follows:
Phase 1 – Background and Research.
Phase 2 – Engineering and Technical Feasibility Options Analysis.
Phase 3 - Economic and Business Case Analysis.
Phase 4 - Financing Considerations.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To obtain an appreciation of the parameters relating to major fixed links 2. To make a comparison with the subject fixed link
In order to obtain an appreciation of the parameters relating to major fixed links and to make a comparison with the subject fixed link, a review was conducted of eight tunnels, causeways and bridges. The review showed that the costs varied from $10 million per kilometre for the Laerdal Tunnel in Norway to $700 million per kilometre for the Channel Tunnel, illustrating that the location and characteristics of the project can have a dramatic effect on the cost of the facility.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
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The most relevant work in the study area is that carried out over a 10-year period in the 1970’s and early 1980’s by the Lower Churchill Development Corporation (LCDC). This comprehensive program of site investigations and engineering studies related to the crossing of the Strait, for the purposes of electricity transmission, by means of a tunnel constructed in the deep Precambrian granite underneath the Strait. The tunnel was to be created using drill-and-blast methods and, by being in this zone, potential problems with water ingress and fragmented rock in the upper sedimentary layers would be avoided. By late 1979, however, as more sophisticated studies of the risk associated with iceberg scour problems were conducted, it was concluded that a trenched submarine cable crossing route could be selected. Information obtained from approximately 40 reports on various aspects of the crossing, made available to the study by Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, and formed the basis of the study background.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
The economic and business case analysis showed that a fixed link could not be financed privately under normal economic and business case criteria. This result, however, may be considered not unusual in the realm of public transportation infrastructure. Including costs and revenue for the transmission lines has an effect on the overall viability of the fixed link. Incorporating the HVDC cables in the fixed link rather than constructing a submarine installation, reduces the capital cost to an HVDC proponent by approximately $390 M. This cost reduction includes the cost of the cable, for which a rental would be charged by the fixed link proponent. Of the financing methodologies addressed, some form of PPP (Public Private Partnership) arrangement would appear to be the most appropriate. An infusion of approximately $1.4 billion from public sources would be required to make the proposition attractive to the private sector.
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Case Study 16: Benefits of rerouting railways to tunnels in urban areas: a case study of the Yongsan line in Seoul
Physical Description of the Project:
As ground transport infrastructure causes diverse externalities such as noise and urban separation, the rerouting of such facilities to tunnels is one practical option to resolve the problem of social costs. Although such a mega-project is normally associated with huge budgets, this solution can also generate useful benefits for society. This paper explores these benefits using the Yongsan line in Seoul, Korea, as a case study. Four representative values are considered. Noise reduction benefits are represented by two cost components: annoyance and health risk. Railway crossings are evaluated by operating and accident costs. Excess travel time for pedestrians is used as the key index to measure urban separation. Finally, the value of the landscape is quantified based on an anthropocentric method in the form of the transfer of benefits. In the calculation of these benefits, the local parameters of Korea are applied for realistic estimates while a universal methodology for each component is adopted for securing theoretical validities.
Objective & Scope of the Study:
1. To estimate the benefits of rerouting the Yongsan line as tunnels in Seoul,Korea 2. To minimize congestion and scarcity costs, air pollution, and climate change etc
The scheme, however, generates diverse benefits in return. Surface areas previously used for transport can be redeveloped into open space, footpaths, cycle routes, and new affordable housing and offices, for example. The project can also reduce noise, mechanical vibration, and traffic accidents close to the facility. Moreover, it is helpful in reuniting the urban area. This paper considers these benefits based on the redirection scheme of theYongsan rail line in Seoul, Korea. In the next section, the Yongsan reroute plan is briefly explained. Subsequently, four representative benefits involving noise, crossings, urban separation, and landscape are discussed and
105 measured. Some comments on the excluded components and issues of sensitivity analyses are provided, followed by concluding remarks.
Issues & Extents of the Projects:
The Yongsan line connects Yongsan with Gajwa, 1. The line was originally built in 1905 as a sub-link of the Gyeongui line that connects Seoul to Sinuiju in North Korea. The railway used to transport both passengers and goods, but the line has only been used for freight since 1943. The surface railway started to be demolished in 2004, and as of now, a double-track underground railway is under construction. After the completion of this mega-project, the surface area will be used for stations, public parks, and other amenities.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
Output of the Study:
This paper has estimated the benefits of rerouting as follows:
The Yongsan line as tunnels in Seoul, Korea. Four representative externalities associated with noise, grade crossings, the urban separation of neighborhoods, and landscapes were evaluated.
Each component was quantified based on a universal methodology, but with Korean-specific parameters. There were also other elements which were not included in this study. Congestion and scarcity costs, air pollution, and climate change were not monetized since they are indirectly related to the purpose of this paper.
Land reuse effects can be double counted and thus cause problems.
Measurements for water and soil pollution, and urban up- and downstream processes are beyond the scope of this research. Benefit estimates can vary
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depending on the definition of the catchment area, and sensitivity analysis has illustrated this risk.
The results of this study can be a useful reference to represent the benefits of this kind of mega-project. However, it leaves many items for future studies.
Two typical directions have been noted. First, a cost–benefit analysis will be the corollary of follow-up studies.
The cost can include investment and operating expenses, but they should be evaluated with do-minimum and do-something baselines. In other words, the difference between the reroute and non-reroute options should be measured in treating the scheme cost. Second, an ex-post analysis will supply useful implications for future planning. Ex-ante and ex-post analyses are standard evaluation techniques. These subsequent studies will ultimately be good resources to internalize the externalities.
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Case 17: EPB Tunneling in Limited Space: A Case Study of the San Francisco Central Subway Project, San Francisco, USA
Physical Description of the Project: The San Francisco Central Subway project is a challenging modern example of urban tunneling in limited space conditions. Two 6.3 m diameter Earth Pressure Balance Machines (EPBs) are excavating parallel 2.5 km long tunnels under low cover and in mixed ground conditions. The small launch site situated between an interstate and an off-ramp, highly curved tunnel alignment, and geology are particular challenges. These elements required customized tunnel and machine design, from TBM shipment and assembly, to launch and excavation. This paper discusses the project challenges and solutions at the Central Subway project, with a focus on TBM and continuous conveyor logistics. Requirements of the project include explosion-proof electrical components, laser-guided survey, rubber-tired supply vehicles, and machine and back-up solutions for steep inclines and tight curves. Tunneling in urban areas lends itself to certain challenges to overcome during all stages of design and construction. While there are also many political, environmental, financial and logistical concerns with tunneling in urban areas, this paper will focus on the issues seen from a TBM manufacturer’s standpoint. The main issue faced is that of space at the site level. More frequently, urban tunneling jobsites are relatively small. In the ideal situation there would be enough room at the jobsite for staging of all the TBM parts, services, and tunnel excavation support equipment. This is not the case in most urban environments as the ground level is usually congested with other infrastructure. Because of this, tunnel launching and reception shafts need to be squeezed into existing unused or underused areas. The TBM must be able to be broken down into smaller pieces in order to fit and navigate these small sites. The TBM must then be assembled, launched, operated, and disassembled under these same constraints.
Objective & Scope of the Study: 1. To overcome during all stages of design and construction. 2. To customize tunnel and machine design, from TBM shipment and assembly
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A large range of sizes of tunnels are used in urban environments, from micro utility tunnels to multiple lane highway mega-tunnels. This paper will focus on challenges specific for light-rail-sized tunnels. There are also considerations to be made in order to protect the surrounding infrastructure. Settlement monitoring and excavation volume monitoring are two such measures that can be used to ensure minimal disturbance at the ground level. An efficient, inexpensive, and reliable transportation network is an important part of any urbanization plan as it moves the people and goods inside, and through these urban areas.
Issues & Extents of the Projects: Urban tunneling is a unique challenge for a number of reasons—one being that the surrounding infrastructure already exists. Designing and constructing a tunnel near other buildings, roads, highways, utilities and other tunnels must be done in a way to minimize risk. Usually this infrastructure needs to be kept in operation during all phases of tunneling. Caution must be taken to either design the tunnel in a way to avoid this infrastructure or to have proper mitigation plans in place in case something does go wrong. Also, due to the surface infrastructure that is in place, space is often limited for assembly, launching, operation, and recovery of the TBM and its related systems. It is of vital importance to the success of a project that specifics of the assembly, launch and reception sites are shared with the TBM manufacturer as early on in the design process as possible.
A summary chart is given to show the Issues & Extents of the Projects are attached as Appendix A.
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Output of the Study: In this study, presently the first TBM has been fully commissioned, has built 428 rings (652 m) and is boring at a rate of 16–20 rings per day. The typical operating “day” is 20 hours of operation comprised of 2 × 10 hour long excavation shifts and 4 hours for machine maintenance. The continuous conveyor system is fully installed on this drive and muck flows from it to the overland conveyor onto the radial stacker. The second TBM has also been assembled and launched with the full trailing gear installed. After advancing 113 m (74 rings) using piston pumps to discharge muck, the initial section was completed in mid-November 2013. Boring is presently sus- pended while the contractor removes the piston pump mucking system, thrust frame and temporary free standing rings. Concurrently they will begin the installation of main drive, belt storage cassette and remaining components of the continuous conveyor system to complete the commissioning process and resume production.
Urban tunneling can be a difficult and risky endeavor, but working closely with the TBM manufacturer can greatly alleviate many of these difficulties. By having assurance that the most current technology is being used much of the risk of urban tunneling can be reduced. Also, having detailed assembly, startup, operational and settlement mitigation procedures in place at the outset of a project can greatly increase its chances of success.
3.3 Summary
This chapter covers Seventeen (17) case studies on tunnel and show Issues & Extents of the Projects. The cases cover most of the continents projects although majority are from Asia. Synthesis of all cases characteristics will lead to develop a common framework for urban tunnel feasibility study.
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Chapter 4
SYNTHESIS OF ALL CASE STUDIES
4.1 General Urban design in short is an art of designing places for people and is one of the important elements in urban planning, especially for a compact and dynamic city like Dhaka, Bangladesh. It concerns about the total visual effect of building masses, connections with people and places, creation of spaces for movements, urban amenities and public realm, and the process for improving the overall townscape. Urban design sets the framework for the physical and spatial arrangement and composition of built-forms and their three-dimensional relationship with the spaces around them and the surrounding settings for achievement of aesthetic and socio- cultural qualities.
4.2 Synthesis of All Case Studies In this report, Seventeen (17) case studies have been done so far. In continuation to previous chapters Synthesis of all case studies are tabulated in this chapter.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Geographical Extent is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.1: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Geographical Extent) Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P This The Traffic A Land Malaysian The The tunnel This is tunnel is tunnel begins jams along ir acquisitio Governme tunnel begins begins just Mixed-use located in just before Jalan Quality n issues nt & PPP just before the before the tunnel Kuala the Sungai Monitori was confluence of confluence situated in Lumpur, confluence of Besi and ng discussed. the Klang and of the Klang the capitals Malaysia's the Klang and Loke Yew Equipm Ampang and of Malaysia. capital city. Ampang flyover at ent was Rivers. Ampang SMART It is Rivers. Pudu set up in SMART Rivers, so Tunnel, the longest There during project Tunnel", is a that flood 1 Kualalamp multi- are two rush hour area storm water can be ur, purpose components was V drainage and diverted Malaysia tunnel in of this tunnel, analyzed. entilatio road structure away from the world. the Reduce n/ in Kuala the Klang It stormwater traffic escape Lumpur, River, begins at tunnel and jams along shafts at Malaysia. eliminating Kampung motorway Jalan 1km flooding in Berembang tunnel. Sungai intervals the center lake near 1.6 km (0.99 Besi and city.
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Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P Klang mi) at Kuala Loke Yew River at Lumpur- flyover at Ampang Seremban Pudu and ends at Expressway during Taman Links: City rush hour. Desha lake Centre near The near Kg. Pandan motorway Kerayong Roundabout tunnel is River at KL-Seremban suitable Salak Expressway for light South. near Sungai vehicles Besi Airport only. Motorcycl es and heavy vehicles are not allowed.
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The above tabulated sheet represents geographical extent of case studies. Almost all case studies discuss about a specific location of respective countries so that we can find an idea of overall. The summaries are as follows: In general most of the tunnel is located in urban area. In respect of South Asia, most of the tunnel is located in capital city of respective country. For any country location of a tunnel is based on considering higher demands for traffic as well as traffic congestion rate.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Traffic Coverage is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.2: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Traffic Coverage)
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period The traffic 9.7 km (6.03 24- SMART Consideri Malaysian During During The coverage is miles) storm hour system ng Government construction operation motorway almost 12.7 water by- SCADA has land & PPP period the period Cars has helped km. pass tunnel. Monitorin prevented acquisitio motorway using the to reduce Design 4 km (2.49 g & seven n issue tunnel covers tunnel see an congestion speed limit of miles) Surveillan potentiall within 3 km and average and cut 60 km/h double-deck ce y traffic Storm water commute down on SMART No of lane motorway The disastrou area. tunnel covers time of just travel time Tunnel, 4 double deck within storm entire s flash 9.7 km. four minutes, into the 1 Kualalam water tunnel expresswa floods in compared to city center. pur, y had its the city between 10 Cars using Malaysia speed center. and 15 the tunnel limit of 60 minutes to see an km/h surface road average users. commute time of just four minutes,
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SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period compared to between 10 and 15 minutes to surface road users.
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The above tabulated sheet represents Traffic Coverage of case studies.
The summaries are as follows:
Length of tunnel depends on higher traffic demand as well as availability of land. Design speed limit in maximum study varies from 60-80 km/h. In average design speed limit 60 km/h can be considered. In average traffic volume 600 million vehicles per year can be considered. In average Annual Average Daily Traffic (AADT) 42,000 would be considered as standard. Standard Vertical grades ranges from 1.95 % to 3%. In average Level of Service (69 miles per hour) can be considered. There is a variation of lanes in car. In average 2x2 traffic lanes for cars can be considered.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Institutional Involvement is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.3: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Institutional Involvement)
Structural SI Name of Design Financial Construction Operatio Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M n Period on Malaysian Malaysian Malaysian Department Department Malaysian Malaysian Malaysia Malaysia Highway Highway Highway of Irrigation of Irrigation Government Highway n n Authority and Authority Authority and and & PPP Authority and Highway Highway the and the Drainage Drainage the Authority Authority Department Department Department of and the ,
SMART of Irrigation of Irrigation Irrigation and Departme Irrigation Tunnel, and Drainage, and Drainage, nt of , 1 Kualalam Economic Drainage Economic Irrigation Drainage pur, Planning Planning and Unit 7 Malaysia Unit’s (EPU) Unit’s (EPU) Drainage, Govt. of Economi Malaysia c is Planning involved Unit’s here. (EPU)
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The above tabulated sheet represents Institutional Involvement of case studies. The summaries are as follows: Institutional arrangement and capacity development are the most important parts for any project development. Respective Authority, Ministry, Government, university and other organization should involve. For any kind of successful construction involvements of Government and private-public organization is mandatory.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Environmental Coverage is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.4: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Environmental Coverage) Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M 38 sets Holding - Air Quality - Govt. of - - This of Air Quality basin Monitoring Malaysia study Monitoring complete with Equipment covers air Equipment diversion and was set up quality & (AQME) tunnel intake in project ventilatio monitoring structures area n issue. SMART carbon Tunnel, monoxide Storage 1 Kualalam (CO), nitrogen reservoir and pur, monoxide a twin-box Malaysia (NO) and culvert to particulate release flood Ventilat discharge ion/ escape shafts at 1km intervals
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The above tabulated sheet represents Environmental Coverage of case studies. It is mandatory to follow Environmental impacts in all phases but only few studies cover all issues. The summaries are as follows: The air pollution problem is worst in long tunnels because of higher pollution levels and a longer time of exposure. The potential health hazards attributable to the strongly elevated levels of air pollutants. Smoke can be exhausted through the ventilation duct which creates a harmful environment for people to evacuate outside. Environmental Quality Survey should conduct to examine the baseline air, noise, and surface and groundwater quality. Environmental requirements and furthermore identify the core technologies needed for constructing the cost efficient and safe underground structure. A tunnel ventilation and environmental control system is needed. Damage to tunnel structures and equipment, environmental degradation, repair works and the impact on the transport economy. Demolition of buildings may be necessitated. Nearby residential and office buildings may experience nuisances in the form of reduced access, noise etc. Water supply pipelines and sewerage lines which run under the road sides may be affected due to project activities at the starting point and ending points. At the construction period of the project, air, noise, and surface and groundwater will be affected due to earth excavation, pile driving, rock crushing, electricity generation and transportation. The worst disturbance and possible danger in using explosives in an urban environment is due to induced propagating seismic vibrations. Excavation by road headers may be preferred to drilling and blasting issues environmental factors. Construction options should consider upon urban environment. At the operation stage Noise and air pollution will be created in and surrounding the project area due to the movement of vehicles along the tunnel.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Social Coverage is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.5: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Social Coverage) Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Land acquisition ------This study SMART issue covers only Tunnel, 1 land Kualalampur, acquisition Malaysia issue.
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The above tabulated sheet represents Social Coverage of case studies. It is mandatory to follow social impacts in all phases but only few studies cover all issues. The summaries are as follows: Evaluation of social values like social discount rate, social costs, and socio-economic activities. Social benefits in terms of increased economic activity. In case of fire for protecting both human life and tunnel infrastructure involve social risk. Higher insurance rates to serve the social issue for long and safe working life of workers. Land uses consisting of single and multi-family residential, public facilities, open space, industrial manufacturing, and general commercial uses. Traffic concentration and severe congestion causes a huge social loss. Social survey should conduct based on households living in the project influencing zone providing information on demographics, settlement patterns, occupation and income, water and sanitation, and transport expenditure among others. From this data Socio-economic profile can be developed. Detailed assembly, operational and resettlement, rehabilitation, availability of land issues. A profit motive, animosity crime, crime concealment, vandalism, personality disorders (including suicides) and political objectives such as terrorism, avoiding controversial social issues, social safety to female worker.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Study Method is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.6: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Study Method) Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 1 SMART The original With the The Air - Malaysia Kuala This The Tunnel, idea was for a help of motorwa Quality n Govt. Lumpur sits tunnel is methodolog Kualalampu tunnel to divert the largest y tunnel Monitori & PPP on with a high working y of this r, Malaysia and store the tunnel is ng ground water in three case study storm water, boring designed Equipme table for this modes: were based but the idea machine for light nt was set it was decided Th on the progressed into the 9.7 vehicles up in that tunnel e first concept of a the concept of a km-long only project boring mode, mixed-use mixed-use 13.3 m Motorcyc area machines under tunnel, tunnel that excavated les and (TBMs) normal flood water would allow diameter heavy would be the conditions discharge traffic flow SMART vehicles most cost- where rate, toll when the tunnel tunnel has are not effective and there is no collection, was empty of been allowed. least storm, no application water. designed. damaging flood of Tunnel method to water will Boring construct the be Machine tunnel. diverted (TBM) etc.
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Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP into the system. W hen the second mode is activated, flood water is diverted into the bypass tunnel underneat h the motorway tunnel. The motorway
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Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP section is still open to traffic at this stage. When the third mode is in operation, the motorway will be closed to all traffic.
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The above tabulated sheet represents Study method of case studies. Different types of methodology were considered in for different case studies. The summaries of above table are as follows: Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock. The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management. Different study methods are discussed here i.e. for tunnel construction European tunneling experience, Viable construction methods, Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), NATM (New Austrian Tunneling method) etc. Different types of analysis also discussed here i.e. anthropocentric method (Cost Benefit analysis), Based on Population Statistic in urban area, Economic and Business Case Analysis, QRA Software etc.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Safety is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.7: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Safety) Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP There are To protect the Motorist - - By using The tunnel The tunnel In this study ventilation/esc ventilation s are a public- operates to operates to different ape shafts at system during still able private ensure ensure types of 1km intervals flooding, the to access partnersh maximum maximum safety SMART throughout the systems the ip, the safety and safety and measures Tunnel, tunnel. consist of a motorwa governm cost- cost- were 1 Kualalampur, series of y safely. ent was effectiveness. effectivene considered. Malaysia shafts, each able to ss. containing an effectivel exhaust and y lower fresh air its costs. injector.
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The above tabulated sheet represents Safety Measures of case studies. Different types of Safety Measures was considered in different case studies.
The summaries are as follows: International standards are adopted for the design and operation of road tunnels in Singapore to ensure a minimum level of safety. For safety purpose traffic safety issues, seismic resistance & ventilation were considered. Pedestrians, motorist and bicyclist safety were considered. During tunnel excavation construction safety issues were considered. For safety purpose control of dust and noise emissions, death or injury of workers, engineers and citizens were considered. Death or Injury of workers, engineers and citizens were considered. For safety purpose fire resistant, ventilation system, occupational health and safety measures were considered. For safety purpose firefighting Equipment, M&E equipment were considered. For safety purpose Fire- prevention measures, ventilation & earthquake-resistance & safety management plan etc. were considered. Ventilation/escape shafts consider at 1km intervals throughout the tunnel. Video surveillance equipment can be used and real-time pictures of traffic conditions for some highways may be viewable by the general public via the Internet.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Economic & Financial Issue is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.8: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Economic & Financial Issue) Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP The joint - The - - Both - By using a Cost was venture Stormwater Public & public- analyzed. portion of this Management Private private public-private and Road Sector partnership, partnership is Tunnel is an the composed of innovative government SMART two private project that was able to Tunnel, sector combines two effectively 1 Kualalam Malaysian needs of lower its pur, companies, Kuala costs on a Malaysia with each Lumpur into much- partner one, less needed owning 50 expensive, flood relief percent. more cost- tunnel. effective project.
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The above tabulated sheet represents Economic & Financial Issues of case studies. Different types of Economic & Financial Issues were considered in for different case studies. The summaries are as follows: The Economic & Financial Issues are depend on funding. Project duration also effect on Economical & Financial Evaluation. The project duration must be identified using a work breakdown structure (WBS) and critical path method (CPM). Understanding the amount of time the project requires, the amount of labors and materials needed is a crucial part of Economical & Financial evaluation. Also, the amount of land that will need to be excavated and the proper machinery that is needed is also very important. Participation of Public-Private partnership can play a vital role in this regards.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Risk Analysis Issue below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.9: Synthesis of Tunnel Studies (Risk Analysis) Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 1 SMART The risk of the city The risk of The risk The risk The risk The risk The risk of The risk Risk of Tunnel, being flooded has the city being of the of the of the of the the city being of the city flooding Kualalamp been estimated to flooded has city being city being city being city being flooded has being was ur, be once every 100 been flooded flooded flooded flooded been flooded considered. Malaysia years. estimated to has been has been has been has been estimated to has been be once every estimated estimated estimated estimated be once every estimated 100 years. to be to be to be to be 100 years. to be once once once once once every 100 every 100 every 100 every 100 every 100 years. years. years. years. years.
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The above tabulated sheet represents Risk Analysis Issues of case studies. Different types of Risk Analysis Issues were considered in for different case studies.
The summaries are as follows: Risk of segment damage, ring deformation, or settlement during boring. Potential health hazards attributable to the strongly elevated levels of air pollutants i.e. toxic gases. The frequency of fire occurred in road tunnels is the most important contributing factor for the risk assessment of road tunnels. Identify the core technologies needed for constructing the cost efficient and safe underground structure to avoid risk. Before constructing new underground structures in urban areas, an analysis of the possible induced effects and risk assessment is needed. Risk of subsidence and building damage. Cancer risk thresholds, rather than emission burdens, are used to determine the significance of a project impact. The cancer risk threshold according to CARB is measured by continuous exposure over a 70-year period. Therefore, in-tunnel exposures are not of concern within the tunnel, but the resulting concentrations outside the tunnel would require. There are diverse health risks due to noise exposure.
Synthesis of (01) Tunnel Study in terms of Funding/Investment Issue is tabulated below. Rest of sixteen along with this one are attached as Appendix B.
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Table 4.1.10: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Investment/Funding) Structural Constructi SI Name of Design Financial Operatio Considerati TIA EIA SIA on Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Option/PPP n Period on O& M The total cost of The total The The total The The total The The total Governmen the SMART cost of the Malaysian cost of the Malaysian cost of the Malaysian cost of t, public & project was SMART governme SMART governmen SMART governme the private US$510 million. project was nt project t expending project was nt SMART sector was The private sector US$510 expending was US$340 US$510 expending project involved. SMART provided a third of million. US$340 US$510 million and million. US$340 was Tunnel, the total funds, The private million million. the joint The private million US$510 1 Kualalam with the Malaysian sector and the The venture sector and the million. pur, government provided a joint private covering provided a joint The Malaysia expending US$340 third of the venture sector the third of the venture private million and the total funds covering provided a remaining total funds covering sector joint venture the third of US$170 the provided covering the remaining the total million. remaining a third of remaining US$170 US$170 funds US$170 the total million. million. million. funds
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The above tabulated sheet represents Investment/Funding Issues of case studies. Different types of Investment/Funding Issues were considered in for different case studies. The summaries are as follows: Government funds are a major factor in the creation of tunnels. When a tunnel is in the process of being constructed, economics and politics play a large factor in the decision making process. This division of the project is part of the construction/project management aspect of civil engineering. Involvement of donor bank such as ADB, WB and JICA etc. can be considered. Since infrastructures require millions, or even billions of dollars, acquiring these funds can be challenging.
4.3 Development of Urban Tunnel Study Framework
Under considering from above tabulated sheet we can now develop a framework for a tunnel in a densely urban area. From different point of view suggested framework is given below:
4.3.1 Content of Urban Tunnel Feasibility Study
Content of Urban Tunnel Feasibility Study based on above case studies is as follows:
A. Project Background Based on case study synthesis Project Background should contain following item: Project location Project Need Project catchment area Project beneficiary Project general impact Project general purpose B. Scope of the Project Based on case study synthesis Scope of the Project should contain following item: Determination of alignments and Engineering Options Route options Geotechnical investigations Traffic study and forecasting 136
Environmental studies Environmental Impact Assessment Land use study Institutional Arrangement
C. Project Description Based on case study synthesis Project Description should contain following item: Detailed geotechnical Investigations, geological mapping, seismic study, hydrographic survey Details traffic survey with O-D survey, traffic analysis and traffic forecast for a reasonable time horizon establishing traffic model Detailed environmental impact assessment and environ mental management and mitigation plan Assessment of resettlement requirements and preparation of action plan Preparation of land acquisition plan Selling out design criteria, preliminary design of the tunnel, approach roads and other components with cost estimation
D. Project Design Based on case study synthesis Project Design should contain following item: Determination of the appropriate tunnel construction method, tunnel configuration and technology Study of socio-economic impacts assessment of the project at local, national and international level Formulate of procurement strategy, implementation and O & M plan Public Utility Relocation Materials Used Environmental Management Plan Structural Design Study Method
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Study of construction schedule E. Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) Based on case study synthesis Traffic Impact Assessment (TIA) should contain following item: Trip generation Trip distribution Travel time estimation Estimate and distribute site-generated traffic Forecast future non-site related traffic Type of vehicles Traffic control & safety Traffic user benefit Provision for Bicycles and Pedestrians
F. Environment & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Based on case study synthesis Environment & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) should contain following item: Environment & Social Impact Assessment (ESIA) Environmental Laws and Regulations Noise Air & Odor Pollution Visual Intrusion Vibration Effects Drainage Ventilation Social Risks Social Cost Loss of Amenity Socio-economic determinants Socio-political context Quality of life impacts
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Land acquisition Effects on the community and tourism Government and Other Stakeholders Consultation
G. Economic & Financial Analysis
Based on case study synthesis Economic & Financial Analysis should contain following item:
Preparation of financial model
Assessment of Public Private Partnership Possibilities
H. Safety
Based on case study synthesis Safety should contain following item:
Occupational health & safety
Construction safety
Pedestrians, motorist and bicyclist safety
Death or Injury of workers, engineers and citizens
Fire-prevention measures, ventilation & earthquake-resistance
I. Risk Analysis
Based on case study synthesis Risk Analysis should contain following item:
Risk of segment damage, ring deformation, or settlement during boring
Potential health hazards
Risk of subsidence and building damage
Environmental risks like flooding or a seismic event.
J. Investment/Funding
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Based on case study synthesis Investment/Funding should contain following item:
Funding from Government
Involvement of donor bank such as ADB, WB and JICA as well as public private participation (PPP)
Economic Rate of Return
Project duration
Understanding the project requires, the amount of labors and materials needed
The amount of land that will need to be purchased
K. Institutional Mapping
Based on case study synthesis Institutional Mapping should contain following item:
Institutional Coordination
Stakeholder Consultation
4.4 Summary
This chapter covers seventeen (17) case studies on tunnel and show Synthesis of All Case Studies. Next chapter presents a Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study with our developed framework from which a framework could be suggested under considering above findings in dense urban setting.
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Chapter 5 VERIFICATION OF DHAKA URBAN TUNNEL STUDY
5.1 General The Government of Bangladesh (GOB) had been planned to construct a multilane ‘Dhaka Road Tunnel Project’ (DRTP), 1 km in length starting from Jahangir Gate at Farmgate- Mohakhali Road (east side), crossing under the Old Tejgaon airport, and ending at Rokeya Sarani at Agargoan (west side). The land of the Airport belongs to Government, so land acquisition will not be required for the main component. However, at either end some private lands with structures might be impacted. However, the impacts on privately owned lands are likely to be very small. The Socio-Economic profile informs that some squatters are operating various small businesses but they will not be entitled to any benefit as the government doesn’t recognize these sorts of illegal occupations. As long as work inside the Air Force base is prohibited there is no viable tunnel project that can be undertaken within the given funds.
5.2 Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study In this paper Seventeen (17) case studies have been done and in this basis a framework is developed. Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study with our developed framework is tabulated below:
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Table 5.2: Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study
Issues Developed Framework Dhaka Urban Tunnel Remarks A. Project Background Project location Considered To get uninterrupted service geographic area Project Need Considered should be revised that connect the Shahjalal Project catchment area Considered International Airport from the Banani overpass to Project beneficiary Considered Mohakhali flyover and the sub-district of Mirpur Project general impact Considered from the northwest to the sub-districts of Project general purpose Considered Dhanmondi and Motijheel in the south in Bangladesh.
B. Objectives Determination of alignments Considered Dhaka Urban Road Tunnel covers almost all and Engineering Options Considered Traffic Coverage issues. In this study 1300m twin Route options Considered tunnel was suggested that allows for longer Geotechnical investigations approach ramp lengths to reach the necessary Traffic study and forecasting Considered tunnel cover depth without exceeding the Environmental studies Considered required 4% grade. Environmental Impact Considered Assessment Considered Land use study
Institutional Arrangement
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Considered
C. Project Description Detailed geotechnical This contain covers almost all issues in case of Investigations, geological Considered traffic survey, geotechnical Investigations, mapping, seismic study, geological mapping, seismic study, hydrographic hydrographic survey survey, environmental impact assessment, Details traffic survey with resettlement requirements, Preparation of land O-D survey, traffic analysis acquisition plan. and traffic forecast for a Considered reasonable time horizon The officials said as objection came from the establishing traffic model BAF, the authority is now considering shifting Detailed environmental the tunnel from the airport area and constructing impact assessment and it along the feeder road that crosses in front of the environ mental management Considered PMO to link with Rokeya Shoroni. With the latest and mitigation plan objection, implementation of the government's Assessment of resettlement faced hindrance. requirements and preparation of action plan Considered Preparation of land acquisition plan Selling out design criteria,
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preliminary design of the Considered tunnel, approach roads and other components with cost Considered estimation
D. Project Design Determination of the The Bangladesh Air Force requirements for the appropriate tunnel Considered proposed project mandate an excavated tunnel construction method, tunnel with negligible impact on airport operations both configuration and during and after construction. It is expected that technology cut and cover construction will be adopted near Study of socio-economic the tunnel portals. impacts assessment of the Preparation of price analysis classified into items project at local, national and Considered such as materials used, labor, equipment, tax and international level others to be necessary for the construction and Formulate of procurement public utilities relocation. strategy, implementation and The selection of study method covers almost all O & M plan issues in case of design, supervision & operation Public Utility Relocation Considered stage. For excavation environment friendly TBM Materials Used method is used here. Environmental Management Considered Plan
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Structural Design Considered Study Method Study of construction Considered schedule Considered Considered
Considered
E. Traffic Impact Trip generation Considered Dhaka Urban tunnel should consider the Assessment (TIA) Trip distribution Considered following issue in case of Traffic Impact Travel time estimation Considered Assessment (TIA): Forecast future non-site Considered If the tunnel entries are designed below related traffic flood level, the tunnel and its equipment Type of vehicles Considered must be designed to withstand being Traffic control & safety Considered submerged, or alternatively, flood gates Considered Traffic user benefit should be fitted. Considered Provision for Bicycles and
Pedestrians Considered Design Speed
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Not considered
F. Environment & Social Environmental Laws and Considered Dhaka Urban tunnel should consider the Impact Assessment Regulations following issue in case of Environment Coverage: (ESIA) Noise Considered The air pollution problem is worst in long Air & Odor Pollution Not Considered tunnels because of higher pollution levels Smoke Considered and a longer time of exposure. The Visual Intrusion Considered potential health hazards attributable to the Vibration Effects Considered strongly elevated levels of air pollutants. Considered Drainage Excavation by road headers may be Considered Ventilation preferred to drilling and blasting issues Not Considered upon environmental factors. Social Risks Not Considered Dhaka Urban tunnel should consider the Social Cost Considered following issue in case of Social Coverage: Loss of Amenity Considered Evaluation of social values like social Socio-economic Considered discount rate, social costs, and socio- determinants Considered economic activities. Socio-political context Higher insurance rates to serve the social Land acquisition Considered issue for long and safe working life of Effects on the community workers. and tourism
Government and Other
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Stakeholders Consultation Considered
G. Economic & Financial Preparation of financial Considered Dhaka Urban tunnel should consider the Analysis model following issue in case of Economic & Financial Assessment of Public Private Issue: Partnership Possibilities Considered Project duration must be identified using a Economic Rate of Return Considered work breakdown structure (WBS) and critical path method (CPM). Understanding the amount of time the project requires, the amount of labors and materials needed is a crucial part of Economical & Financial evaluation. H. Safety Occupational health & safety Considered Dhaka Urban tunnel should consider the Construction safety following issue in case of Safety Issue: Pedestrians, motorist and The main dangers are gas and smoke bicyclist safety Considered production, with even low concentrations Death or Injury of workers, of carbon monoxide being highly toxic. engineers and citizens Considered Carbon monoxide poisoning is the main Fire-prevention measures, cause of death. ventilation & earthquake- The majority of fatalities were caused by resistance Not considered toxic smoke, rather than by the initial
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crash. Traffic conflicts and vehicle crash is Considered common scenario in urban road tunnels cause huge human life loss. Video surveillance equipment can be used and real-time pictures of traffic conditions for some highways may be viewable by the general public via the Internet.
I. Risk Analysis Risk of segment damage, Not considered Dhaka Urban tunnel should consider the ring deformation, or following issue in case of Risk Analysis: settlement during boring Potential health hazards Not considered Potential health hazards due to noise & air Risk of subsidence and pollution, contribution of different toxic building damage Not considered gases etc. Environmental risks like Identify the core technologies needed for flooding or a seismic event. Considered constructing the cost efficient and safe underground structure to avoid risk. Risk of subsidence and building damage
J. Investment/Funding Funding from Government Considered Funding from Government as well as PPP would
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Involvement of donor bank be better solution for Electronic Toll System. such as ADB, WB and JICA Considered as well as public private participation (PPP)
H. Institutional Mapping Institutional Coordination Considered Bangladesh Bridge Authority (BBA) of the Stakeholder Consultation Considered Bridge Division, Ministry of Communications (MOC) is representing the Government of Bangladesh as the Executing Agency (EA) of the Multi-Lane Dhaka Road Tunnel Project. A Project Management Office (PMO), headed by a Project Director (PD), has already been set up within BBA for execution of the Project’s Feasibility Studies.
The considerable number of external stakeholders involved in this Project include Government agencies, the Military, public bodies, political parties, private concerns, technical institutions, the media and the public at large. Some stakeholders have a direct influence on the scheme and also have a direct involvement and
149 physical interface with the project. In view of the sensitive nature of the project and its impact on Dhaka City and the airfield it is recommended that BBA engage with these ‘primary’ stakeholders at an early stage in the study. From the Consultant’s direct experience with projects including airports and military agencies early stakeholder involvement can offset predetermined ideas and allow for constraints to be agreed upon rather than ‘imposed’ in an arbitrary manner. Of course all such interaction with stakeholders will need to be approved by BBA.
The Dhaka Urban Tunnel project was deferred several times due to objections from the Defence Ministry. Later, the Bridge authority was forced to change the course of the tunnel and set a new route between the two points. As Air Force of Bangladesh is the main land owner of Dhaka Urban Tunnel so there should be interaction between them. If initially they are involved then a
150 positive outcome will find out.
Institutional involvement in different phase of project and their relationship/hierarchy with respect to implementing agency is need to be mapped.
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From the above table we can you suggest the below framework:
5.3 Suggested Framework in Dense Urban Setting From the verification of above suggested framework is tabulated below:
Table 5.3: Suggested Framework in Dense Urban Setting
Elements of Urban Tunnel Study Extent/Scope Scheme A. Project Background In general most of the tunnel is located in urban area
In respect of South Asia, most of the tunnel is located in capital city of respective country
For any country location of a tunnel is based on considering higher demands for traffic as well as traffic congestion rate.
Length of tunnel depends on higher traffic demand as well as availability of land
B. Objectives Determination of alignments and Engineering
Options - The horizontal and the vertical alignments of the roads will have a significant impact on the design of the tunnel which will need to account for aspects such as stoppage distances, lines of sight in narrow curves, speed limits, number of lanes, gradients, etc.
- Engineering options are based on the design criteria of having tunnel lanes, direction,
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maximum gradient.
Route options
- Selection of route options is a vital point depending on alignment and Engineering Options Geotechnical investigations
- Geotechnical investigation to identify the potential requirement of soil treatment.
Traffic study and forecasting
- Details traffic survey with O-D survey, traffic analysis and traffic forecast
Environmental studies
- Environmental Management Unit will manage environmental monitoring activities including measurements of ambient air quality, surface and ground water Quality, and noise, hosting regular environmental consultation meeting with all stakeholders including contractors, residents and the WARD Commissioners.
- Environmental Management Unit is also assisted and advised by environmental management consultants, hired externally.
Environmental Impact Assessment
- Carry out the preliminary environmental screening to assess the direct and induced impacts due to the project
Land use study
- Acquire land should be studied on the basis of
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Government land or either private land
Institutional Arrangement
- Institutional arrangement and capacity development are the most important parts for any project development.
- Respective Authority, Ministry, Government, University and other organization should involve.
- For any kind of successful construction involvements of Government and private- public organization is mandatory.
C. Project Description Detailed geotechnical Investigations, geological
mapping, seismic study, hydrographic survey - Review the available data and information and will assess the requirement to collect supplementary information;
- Undertake a detailed geotechnical investigation out to identify the potential requirement of soil treatment etc.;
- Identify the geological feature soft he study area by preparing a geological map:
- Briefly investigate the seismic characteristics of the area to assess the potential earthquake hazard to the infrastructure;
- Take the results of the above investigations and will ascertain tile foundation requirement stability aspects and construction methods
Details traffic survey with O-D survey for three- 154
hour periods during both at morning peak period & evening peak period, traffic analysis and traffic forecast for a reasonable time horizon establishing traffic model
- Origin Destination Survey:
- Classified Traffic Volume Count Survey:
- Turning Movement Surveys
- Speed Delay Surveys
The data derived from the surveys above shall be analyzed to forecast demand for the proposed infrastructure. To achieve this objective the Consultant shall establish possible traffic growth rates in respect of all categories of vehicles, taking into account the past trends annual population and real per capita growth rate elasticity of transport demand in relation to income and estimated annual production increase. The other aspects including socio-economic development plans and the land use patterns of the city and cross elasticity shall have to be taken into consideration.
Detailed environmental impact assessment and environ mental management and mitigation plan
- Assess of baseline condition;
- Assess potential positive and negative significant impacts and identify the cost effective mitigation measures;
- Analyze alternatives incorporating environmental concerns and the associated costs in the economic analysis:
- Give special attention to the environmental
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enhancement measures in the project for the cultural properties landscape. water bodies etc.;
- Prepare the reports as may be required to get the project approved by competent authority of environmental regulation;
- Ensure that the mitigation measures identified are incorporated in the project design so that they are carried out during construction. operation and maintenance;
- Suggest a suitable monitoring network with regard to air water and noise pollution.
Assessment of resettlement requirements and preparation of action plan
- Ensure the proposed solution has a minimum requirement of resettlement and/or displacement of people;
- Assess resettlement requirement in case it is inevitable: Prepare resettlement framework in consultation with the Client;
- Prepare a re settlement action plan.
Preparation of land acquisition plan
- Based on the selected alignment and concept design a land acquisition plan can be prepared to assist the Client in acquisition of land.
Selling out design criteria, preliminary design of the tunnel, approach roads and other components with cost estimation
- Establish the design criteria in consultation
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with the Client: The safety concept shall form part of the above criteria
- Conduct a preliminary design to be able to scope out the project and estimate the cost to ascertain the viability
D. Project Design Determination of the appropriate tunnel
construction method, tunnel configuration and technology
- Depending on the outcome of length and alignment study the engineer will investigate and suggest the most suitable construction method and technology with a view to achieve a cost effective yet sustainable solution.
Public Utility Relocation
- Utility service facilities comprising
o Electric and telephone lines
o Gas pipe lines
o Drainage and sewerage connections etc.
Project Materials & Used
- Preparation of price analysis classified into items such as materials used, labor, equipment, tax and others to be necessary for the construction and public utilities relocation.
Environmental Management Plan
- Air quality. noise and vibration
- Surface and ground water quality
- Soil contamination
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- Ecosystem Study of construction schedule
Structural Design
- Structural considerations include:
o Fire rating
o Concrete and other cladding
o Waterproof membrane
o Structure design life
o Pavement design life
o Pavement wearing surface and
o Loading on roof.
Analytical Tool/ Method
o Tunnels are dug in types of materials varying from soft clay to hard rock.
o The method of tunnel construction depends on such factors as the ground conditions, the ground water conditions, the length and diameter of the tunnel drive, the depth of the tunnel, the logistics of supporting the tunnel excavation, the final use and shape of the tunnel and appropriate risk management.
o Different study methods are discussed here i.e. for tunnel construction European tunneling experience, Viable construction methods, Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM), NATM (New Austrian Tunneling method) etc.
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o Different types of analysis also discussed here i.e. anthropocentric method (Cost Benefit analysis), Based on Population Statistic in urban area, Economic and Business Case Analysis, QRA Software etc.
o Traffic Simulation software is getting better in a variety of different ways. With new advancements in mathematics, engineering and computing, simulation software programs are increasingly becoming faster, more powerful, more detail oriented and more realistic. Some well-known simulation software for transportation like SUMO, TransModeller, VISUM, Commuter, TransCAD etc.
o In general practice in South Asia Cut & Cover method using Tunnel Boring Machine (TBM) on the basis of Toll collection system is considered.
E. Traffic Impact Assessment Trip generation (TIA) - Trip generators can be classified as either ‘producers’ or ‘attractors.’ Producers generate outgoing trips while attractors generate incoming trips.
Trip distribution
- Trip distribution is a model of the number of trips that occur between each origin zone and each destination zone.
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- It uses the predicted number of trips originating in each origin zone (trip production model) and the predicted number of trips ending in each destination zone trip attraction model.
Travel time estimation
- It includes mean and covariance of link travel times, intersection delays.
Forecast future non-site related traffic
- Existing traffic.
- Existing and proposed street network.
- Traffic growth rates, using historic trends.
Type of vehicles
- Light vehicles
- Heavy motor vehicles
Traffic control & safety
- Road traffic control involves directing vehicular and pedestrian traffic around a construction zone, accident or other road disruption, thus ensuring the safety of emergency response teams, construction workers and the general public.
Traffic user benefit
- Reduced travelling times and length of travel (both passenger and commercial vehicles) offset by any toll charges (if any);
- Reduced number of accidents; and
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- Reduced traffic flow on other roads.
Provision for Bicycles and Pedestrians
- Bicycle lanes & Pedestrian walkways should provide
Design Speed
- For safety reasons, the maximum allowable speed in two-way tunnels throughout the world is between 60 and 80 km/h.
F. Environment & Social For Environmental Coverage the following field should Impact Assessment (ESIA) consider:
The air pollution problem is worst in long tunnels because of higher pollution levels and a longer time of exposure. The potential health hazards attributable to the strongly elevated levels of air pollutants
Smoke can be exhausted through the ventilation duct which creates a harmful environment for people to evacuate outside
Environmental Quality Survey should conduct to examine the baseline air, noise, and surface and groundwater quality
Environmental requirements and furthermore identify the core technologies needed for constructing the cost efficient and safe underground structure
A tunnel ventilation and environmental control
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system is needed
Damage to tunnel structures and equipment, environmental degradation, repair works and the impact on the transport economy
Demolition of buildings may be necessitated. Nearby residential and office buildings may experience nuisances in the form of reduced access, noise etc.
Water supply pipelines and sewerage lines which run under the road sides may be affected due to project activities at the starting point and ending points
At the construction period of the project, air, noise, and surface and groundwater will be affected due to earth excavation, pile driving, rock crushing, electricity generation and transportation
The worst disturbance and possible danger in using explosives in an urban environment is due to induced propagating seismic vibrations
Excavation by road headers may be preferred to drilling and blasting issues environmental factors
Construction options should consider upon urban environment
At the operation stage Noise and air pollution will be created in and surrounding the project area due to the movement of vehicles along the tunnel
For Social Coverage the following field should consider:
Evaluation of social values like social discount
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rate, social costs, and socio-economic activities. Social benefits in terms of increased economic activity. In case of fire for protecting both human life and tunnel infrastructure involve social risk. Higher insurance rates to serve the social issue for long and safe working life of workers. Land uses consisting of single and multi-family residential, public facilities, open space, industrial manufacturing, and general commercial uses. Traffic concentration and severe congestion causes a huge social loss. Social survey should conduct based on households living in the project influencing zone providing information on demographics, settlement patterns, occupation and income, water and sanitation, and transport expenditure among others. From this data Socio-economic profile can be developed Detailed assembly, operational and resettlement, rehabilitation, availability of land issues A profit motive, animosity crime, crime concealment, vandalism, personality disorders (including suicides) and political objectives such as terrorism, avoiding controversial social issues, social safety to female worker Social safety should provide female workers
G. Economic & Financial The construction of tunnel is very costly. The Analysis Economic & Financial Issues are depending on funding.
Project duration also effect on Economical &
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Financial Evaluation. The project duration must be identified using a work breakdown structure (WBS) and critical path method (CPM).
Understanding the amount of time the project requires, the amount of labors and materials needed is a crucial part of Economical & Financial evaluation. Also, the amount of land that will need to be excavated and the proper machinery that is needed is also very important.
Participation of Public-Private partnership can play a vital role in this regards.
H. Safety For Safety and Security Purpose the following field should consider:
International standards are adopted for the design and operation of road tunnels in Singapore to ensure a minimum level of safety.
For safety purpose traffic safety issues, seismic resistance & ventilation were considered
Pedestrians, motorist and bicyclist safety were considered
During tunnel excavation construction safety issues were considered
For safety purpose control of dust and noise emissions, death or injury of workers, engineers and citizens were considered
Death or Injury of workers, engineers and citizens were considered
For safety purpose fire resistant, ventilation system, occupational health and safety measures
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were considered
For safety purpose firefighting Equipment, M&E equipment were considered
For safety purpose Fire-prevention measures, ventilation & earthquake-resistance & safety management plan etc. were considered
Ventilation/escape shafts consider at 1km intervals throughout the tunnel
Video surveillance equipment can be used and real-time pictures of traffic conditions for some highways may be viewable by the general public via the Internet.
I. Risk Analysis For Risk Analysis the following field should consider:
Risk of segment damage, ring deformation, or settlement during boring
Potential health hazards attributable to the strongly elevated levels of air pollutants i.e. toxic gases
The frequency of fire occurred in road tunnels is the most important contributing factor for the risk assessment of road tunnels.
Identify the core technologies needed for constructing the cost efficient and safe underground structure to avoid risk.
Before constructing new underground structures in urban areas, an analysis of the possible induced effects and risk assessment is needed.
Risk of subsidence and building damage
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Cancer risk thresholds, rather than emission burdens, are used to determine the significance of a project impact. The cancer risk threshold according to CARB is measured by continuous exposure over a 70-year period. Therefore, in- tunnel exposures are not of concern within the tunnel, but the resulting concentrations outside the tunnel would require.
There are diverse health risks due to noise exposure
J. Investment/Funding For Investment/Funding the following field should consider:
Government funds are a major factor in the creation of tunnels.
When a tunnel is in the process of being constructed, economics and politics play a large factor in the decision making process. This division of the project is part of the construction/project management aspect of civil engineering.
Involvement of donor bank such as ADB, WB and JICA etc. is also mandatory.
Since infrastructures require millions, or even billions of dollars, acquiring these funds can be challenging.
K. Institutional Mapping Institutional involvement in different phase of project and their relationship/hierarchy with respect to implementing agency is need to be mapped.
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5.4 Summary
This chapter presents a Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study with our developed framework and a framework is developed that may help city authorities for undertaking of tunnel projects in dense urban setting such as Dhaka. Next chapter presents a result & discussion of this study & future recommendation.
Chapter 6
RESULT &CONCLUSION
6.1 Summary Present study has investigated the study reports of seventeen urban traffic tunnels. Based on these case studies, elements of tunnel feasibility are synthesized from various perspectives. Based on these detailed analysis a comprehensive urban tunnel feasibility study framework has been suggested out of this study.
6.2 Result &Conclusions After several months’ detailed investigation and study, and also from observation of overseas tunnel reports some conclusions and recommendations are made as below:
In general most of the tunnel is located in urban area. In respect of South Asia, most of the tunnel is located in capital city of respective country. For any country location of a tunnel is based on considering higher demands for traffic
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as well as traffic congestion rate. Length of tunnel depends on higher traffic demand as well as availability of land. Institutional arrangement and capacity development are the most important parts for any project development. Respective Authority, Ministry, Government, University and other organization should involve. For any kind of successful construction involvements of Government and private-public organization is mandatory. The Environmental Impact Assessment is a legal requirement for obtaining Environmental Clearance Certificate from the Department of Environment (DoE) for implementation of proposed Multilane Tunnel Project. Necessary environmental clearance should be obtained for the project before start of construction work. Risk analysis and management is essential for any underground project. A risk register should be established as early as possible in the project development. A range of social and economic benefits are expected to result from the tunnel including: o Better connectivity with the proposed route o Reduced congestion in the CBD and on existing bridges o Shorter journey times and travel time savings Proposed framework may help city authorities for undertaking of tunnel projects in dense urban setting such as Dhaka
6.3 Recommendation From this study, a guiding framework for feasibility study of urban traffic tunnel is proposed. This framework can be further enriched with inclusion of idea from future projects. While this framework can be thought to be a starting standard agencies of respective countries may arrange further efforts to develop this framework into a standard for most of approved study guidelines.
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Appendix A
DIFFERENT TUNNEL STUDIES
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Case 1: SMART Tunnel, Kualalampur, Malaysia Table 1: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 1)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding Design This The Malaysian 38 sets Land The Automate The joint The risk The total
Consideration tunnel is traffic Highway of Air Quality acquisit original d Flood venture of the cost of located in coverage is Authority Monitoring ion idea was Control portion of city the Kuala almost 12.7 Equipment issue for a Gates this public- being SMART Department Lumpur, km. (AQME) tunnel to private flooded project of Irrigation Equipped Malaysia's monitoring divert partnership has been was Design and Drainage with capital city. carbon and store is composed estimated US$510 speed limit firefighting Economic monoxide the storm of two to be million. It is of 60 km/h equipment, Planning (CO), nitrogen water, private once The the longest telecommun No of Unit’s (EPU) monoxide but the sector every 100 private multi- ication and lane 4 (NO) and idea Malaysian years. sector purpose surveillance double particulate progress companies, provided tunnel in the system at deck ed into with each a third world. Ventilat 1km the partner of the ion/ escape intervals It concept owning 50 total shafts at 1km along the begins at of a percent. funds, motorway
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding Kampung intervals mixed- tunnel with the Berembang use Malaysi lake near tunnel an Klang River that governm at Ampang would ent and ends at allow expendi Taman Desa traffic ng lake near flow US$340 Kerayong when the million River at tunnel and the Salak South. was joint
empty of venture water. covering the remainin g US$170 million.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding Structural The 9.7 km Malaysian Holding - With the To protect The private The risk Malaysia
Consideratio tunnel (6.03 Highway basin help of the sector of the n Govt. begins just miles) Authority complete ventilation provided a city & PPP n the before the stormwat with system third of the being Department large confluence er by-pass diversion and during total funds, flooded of Irrigation st of the Klang tunnel. tunnel intake flooding, the with the has been and Drainage and Ampang structures tunnel systems Malaysian estimated 4 km Rivers. consist of a government. to be (2.49 boring series of once There miles) Storage machine shafts, each every 100 are two double- reservoir and a the 9.7 containing years. components deck twin-box km-long an exhaust of this motorway culvert to 13.3 m and fresh air tunnel, the within release flood excavate injector. stormwater stormwat discharge d tunnel and er tunnel. diameter motorway SMART tunnel. tunnel 1.6 has been
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding km (0.99 mi) designed. at Kuala Lumpur- Seremban Expressway Links: City Centre near Kg. Pandan Roundabout KL- Seremban Expressway near Sungai Besi Airport
TIA Traffic jams 24- Malaysian - - T To ensure SMART The risk Malaysi along Jalan hour Highway he safety Sdn Bhd of the an Sungai Besi SCADA Authority motorwa during charges a city Govt. & and Loke Monitoring y tunnel flooding toll fee for being PPP Yew & is flood water using the flooded
189
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding flyover at Surveillanc designed is diverted motorway has been Pudu during e for light into the portion in estimated rush hour vehicles bypass order to to be The was only tunnel recoup the once entire analyzed. underneath capital every 100 expressway M the investment years. Reduce had its otorcycle motorway traffic jams speed limit s and tunnel so along Jalan of 60 km/h heavy that Sungai Besi vehicles motorway and Loke are not remaining Yew allowed. open. flyover at Pudu during rush hour.
The motorway tunnel is suitable for
190
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding light vehicles only.
Motorcycle s and heavy vehicles are not allowed.
EIA Air SMART - Air Quality - - - - Risk of - Quality system has Monitoring flooding Monitoring prevented Equipment was that Equipment seven set up in cause was set up in potentially project area potentiall
project area disastrous y flash floods disastrou Ventil in the city s ation/ escape centre shafts at 1km intervals
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding SIA Land ------acquisition within the project area
Financial Malaysian SMART's Malaysian Flood Land Tunn Safety issue Loss for Risk of Malaysi
Option/PPP Govt. & PPP unique Govt. & PPP mitigation cost acquisit el is deals with Flooding flooding an Govt. financial ion excavate flood during that cause & PPP package is mitigati d by mitigation constructi potentiall another on Tunnel & traffic on y feature of Boring accident disastrou the project Machine s that has (TBM) received Cost wide global is attention RM200 and million accolade. each. The JV came up
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding with an option to finance part of the project by incorporati ng a motorway within the stormwater tunnel. This reduces the governmen t financing to only two-third of the project
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding cost.
Construction The During Malaysian - - Kuala To ensure Financed by The risk Malaysi
Period, tunnel constructio Highway Lumpur safety from Malaysian of the an Govt. begins just n period the Authority and sits on flooding Govt. & city & PPP O&M before the motorway the with a during PPP. being confluence tunnel Department of high construction flooded of the Klang covers 3 Irrigation and ground there is a has been and Ampang km and Drainage water storage estimated Rivers. Stormwater table for reservoir to be tunnel this it and a twin- once SMART covers 9.7 was box culvert every Tunnel", is km. decided to release 100 a storm that flood years. drainage tunnel discharge. and road boring structure in machines Kuala (TBMs) Lumpur, would be Malaysia. the most
194
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding The 9.7 km cost- (6.0 mi) effective tunnel is the and least longest damaging stormwater method tunnel in to South East construct Asia and the second tunnel. longest in Asia.
Operation The tunnel During Malaysian - - This State-of-the- By using a The risk Malaysi
Period begins just operation Highway tunnel is art public- of the an Govt. before the period Cars Authority and working operations private city & PPP confluence of using the the in three control partnership, being the Klang and tunnel see Department of modes: room the flooded Ampang an average Irrigation and equipped government has been T Rivers, so commute Drainage, with the was able to estimated he first that flood time of just Economic latest effectively to be
195
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding water can be four Planning mode, systems in lower its once diverted away minutes, Unit’s (EPU) under operations costs on a every from the compared normal managemen much- 100 Klang River, to between condition t, needed years. eliminating 10 and 15 s where surveillance flood relief flooding in minutes to there is and tunnel. the center surface no storm, maintenance city. road users. no flood of the water SMART will be system. diverted into the system.
W hen the second mode is activated, flood
196
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding water is diverted into the bypass tunnel underneat h the motorwa y tunnel. The motorwa y section is still open to traffic at this stage.
When the third
197
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding mode is in operation , the motorwa y will be closed to all traffic.
198
Case Study 2: Urban Deep Road Tunnel Construction Project in Korea and Technical Requirements, Seoul, Korea Table 2: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 2)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design The tunnel is T Seoul For Traffic Adoption Fire- The cost is - This tunnel
Consideration located in he traffic Metropolita Environmental concentr of preventi estimated is financed Seoul coverage n coverage: ation and environme on at $ 1.12 by Seoul metropolitan of this government, severe nt-friendly measur billion. Metropolita Measur area, Korea. Geotechnica congesti shield es are n tunnel is es about l on TBM and a taken. government. to prevent 149km in Engineering causes a twin tunnel ground water length. & huge to pollution Tunnelling accommod It social Research Technology ate the is two loss. Division, to small lane Korea deal with high vehicles Institute of water pressure for Constructio efficient n use.
199
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Technology Korea
Structural The tunnel is U- Geotechnica Non- - Application Fire- - - Seoul
Consideratio located in Smartwa l open-cut Long of shield resistan Metropolitan n urban area of y Engineering distance TBM for a ce government. Seoul, Korea. & large ventilati project excavation Tunnelling on & comprisi Minimal tunnel Research earthqu ng 6 vertical shaft section. undergro Division ake-
und resistan Reliabl highway ce are e ground s and 2 taken. investigation belt technology ways.
TIA This tunnel To ease Tunnelling In order to get - The core - - - Seoul comprises 9 the traffic Research uninterrupted technologie Metropolita
200
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue routes in congestio Division, traffic s needed n north-south n Korea for government flow and east-west undergro Institute of environment- constructio . in 3x3 grid und Constructio friendly shield n of
shape. traffic n TBM was undergroun facilities Technology adopted. d traffic were Korea facilities. analyzed.
EIA EIA was Consideri Geotechnica To reduce the - The need Safety - - Seoul
done at ngurban l environmental for will Metropolita Urban area landscape Engineering impact and developing be n Seoul, issue. & damage to the more maintai government. Korea: Tunnelling existing ecofriendly ned at Research Grou structure deep and cost- the Division nd water underground efficient deep conservation level and the technologie undergr state-of-the-art s and open- ound Pollu technology cut level
201
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue tants (dust, was adopted. excavation and the NOx) technology state- removal are of-the- technology expected to art continuousl technol y ogy to
grow. reduce the
environ mental impact.
SIA For SIA land Consideri Geotechnica ------
acquisition ng l issues was land Engineering & discussed for acquisitio Tunnelling Urban area n issue. of Seoul, Research Division
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Korea.
Financial Government Loss due Seoul Loss due to Loss due Los Loss - - Seoul
Option/PPP of Seoul to Traffic Metropolita Environmental to social s due to due to Metropolita accident n pollution issues ground fire & n government settlement earthqu government. ake Los s due to constructio n technology
Construction Seoul and During Geotechnica Ground Civic Hig Techno - - Seoul
Period, Incheon and constructi l water complain h-speed logies Metropolita the outskirt on Engineering conservation excavatio for a n O&M ts during area will be overcrow & n & large government. Efficient constructi linked in a ding in Tunnelling constructi section, mucking and on. grid shape. downtow Research on deep material
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue n is Division delivery technolog excavat considere y ion, d. vertical Adoption shaft of which environm are ent- needed friendly to link shield the TBM tunnel
with the structur e on the ground and the open- cut
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue excavat ion in urban area.
Operation In urban area In line Geotechnica - - To expand The - - Seoul
Period of Seoul, with the l the priority Metropolita Two increasin Engineering undergroun shall be n underground gly & d traffic given government. belt ways growing Tunnelling network as to will be concern Research well as to ventilat linked to on Division create the ion and inner belt comforta green space life- ways on the ble living on the safety ground and space, ground in technol
Kangnam minimize metropolita ogies to belt way, d n area, ensure thereby disturban using the the significantly ce of deep safety
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue reducing the traffic undergroun will traffic flow. d space is be passing unavoidabl maintai through the e. ned. downtown.
206
Case Study 3: New tunnels for the national highway NH-1A in India (Jammu to Srinagaru) Table 3: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 3)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Design This tunnel This National Site - The Niches - - Govt. of
Consideration covers from research Highway investigation tunnels for India Jammu to is focused Authority of are emergenc Geological Srinagaru, on seven India & designe y calls conditions India. shorter Govt. of d only and for tunnels India with firefighti (lengths lightin ng
from g in the equipmen 195m to first t were 888m) stage considere which of a d in were constru design. designed ction. for the Longit second udinal
207
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue section or (Udhapur natural
– ventilat Banihal). ion Dual was anticip carriagewa ated y (2 x 2 from lanes) the Design beginni Speed ng with 50kph regards to tunnel lengths (about 150 – 900m).
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Structural This tunnel is Seven National Steep slopes - All - - - Govt. of located from shorter Highway India Consideratio Frequent tunnels Jammu to tunnels of Authority of n landslides operate Srinagaru in various India & for
complicated distances Govt. of traffic
terrain of (shortest India only in Himalaya is 155 km one foothills. to 195 directio and the n. longest is
888m).
TIA Considering Dual National - - All - - - Govt. of
higher carriagew Highway tunnels India demands for ay (2 x 2 Authority of operate traffic from lanes) India & for Jammu to with the Govt. of traffic Srinagaru, design India only in India. speed one
209
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue 50kph. directio n.
Ventilat ion calcula tions did not demon strate a need
for mecha nical ventilat ion, thus tunnels stays
210
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue ventilat ed on by a piston effect and by a natural air
flow.
EIA Frequent - National ------Govt. of landslides is Highway India considered Authority of from Jammu to India & Srinagaru, Govt. of India India
SIA ------Govt. of India
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Financial Govt. of India Loss due National Loss due to - Loss Loss of - - Govt. of & Govt. of to traffic Highway environmental due to life & India & Option/PPP Delhi congestio Authority of damage mechan property Govt. of n & India & ical due to Delhi accident Govt. of fault of fire India instrum ent
Construction This tunnel is During National - - Europe Safety - - Govt. of
Period, constructed in constructi Highway an analysis India hilly area of on dual Authority of tunnelli of O&M Jammu to carriagewa India & ng operation Srinagaru, y (2 x 2 Govt. of experie and
India. lanes) with India nce and conseque the design solution nt M&E speed s in a equipmen
50kph modifie t (according d requirem version ents were the Indian
212
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Standards will accommo for the probabl dated to
mountain y the communic become local ations) is standar condition considered d for s. . the Nationa l Highwa y Authori ty of India.
Operation This tunnel This National - - The Gradual - Govt. of
Period covers from project Highway tunnels commissi India Jammu to brings Authority of will be oning of Srinagaru, higher India & prepare new
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue India. demands Govt. of d for tunnels for traffic India installat will infrastruct ion of significan
ure of the further tly country. M&E increase services capacity based and on real safety of require the road ments NH 1A in
of whole traffic Kashmir or area and require will assist ments to better
of accessibil operato ity of the r. main
214
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economi Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method c & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Kashmir valley.
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Case 4: Review of Road Tunnel Standards - The safety implications on urban road tunnels in Singapore Table 4: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 4)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Design The Kallang- Traffic Syst Damage to Provi QRA Internat The LTA and Govt. of
Consideration Paya Lebar coverag ems tunnel sion of Software ional costing is the Malaysia Expressway e of this Assurance structures and protectio standar S$1.7 National (KPE) road tunnel & equipment, n in case ds are billion. Universit tunnel is the is about Integration environmental of adopte y of longest tunnel 12 km. Division, degradation, accidents d for Singapor in Singapore. Singapore, the e (NUS) No. of repair works P design collabora lane is Land and the impact revention and ted two Transport on of operati through Authority of critical Traffic the transport on of a joint Singapore events volume economy is road research that may National considered. 600 tunnels in endanger million University in human developi vehicles of Singap life ng a Singapore
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue per year (NUS). ore to Quantitat ensure ive Risk
a Analysis
minim (QRA) um software level of tool to safety. evaluate the risks of road
tunnels design.
Structural In structural In Systems In structural - QRA The - QRA Govt. of
Consideratio point of view it structura Assurance point of view Software likelih software Malaysia n is the longest l point & this tunnel ood of toolis tunnel in of view Integration covers: major being
South-East this Division, tunnel used to Asia and tunnel Singapore inciden study the Environme located in covers: ts such risk level
217
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue urban area of 9 km Land ntal as huge of Singapore. of cut- Transport degradatio fire motorist and- Authority n from evacuati cover of vehicle on Damage to undergro s may Singapore tunnel emergen und be low. National structures cy exits tunnels University located 6 of at traffic Singapore different lanes (NUS). intervals for the 8 interchan combine ges and 6 d ventilatio KPE/MP n E tunnel buildings configur . etion.
Traffic
218
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue volume is 1800 vehicles per hour per lane respectiv ely at peak period
Traffic volume is 1200 vehicles per hour per lane at off peak period.
219
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
TIA Traffic volume KPE Land Air pollution A speed QRA LTA - LTA and Govt. of was estimated reduces Transport limit of Software would NUS Malaysia Noise in Kallang- journey Authority 70 like to have Paya Lebar time in of km/hour ensure collabora Expressway the Singapore to lower the ted to (KPE) region. north- the risk safety develop National eastern of a QRA University of the part of accidents software of motori the island in the tool in Singapore sts and by up to tunnels. evaluatin (NUS). at the 25% and same g the risk improves time, of connectiv to road ity optimi tunnels among 3 se the design, main numbe especiall expressw r of y for
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue ays i.e. escape urban ECP, PIE stairca road and TPE. ses tunnels needed which . have multiple entrances and exits.
EIA Environmental Ventilati Syst Tunnel - QRA This is - - Govt. of issues were on issues ems Ventilation Software one of Malaysia considered in were Assurance System design motorway, considere & safety Fire and air Kallang-Paya d in 6 Integration challen monitoring Lebar ventilatio Division, ges Air Expressway n Singapore, faced temperature (KPE) region. buildings Land by . Transport Carbon LTA as
221
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Authority monoxide this is of levels the Singapore first Fire Fighting time National System that a University deluge of Singapore system (NUS). is being used in Singap ore road tunnel s.
222
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue SIA Prevention of KPE Systems Societal Provisi QRA The - - Govt. of critical events Operation Assurance Risk on of Software speed Malaysia that may s Control & protectio is Critical endanger Centre m Integration n in case limited events that human life onitors Division, of to 70 may were the traffic Singapore accidents km/ho endanger considered in 24 hours ur to Land human life Pr motorway, a day lower Transport evention Kallang-Paya unusual the Authority of critical Lebar situations risk of of events Expressway .i.e social accide Singapore that may (KPE) region. risk, nts in endanger National accident the human University etc. tunnels life of . Singapore (NUS).
Financial KPE, Loss of Govt. of Environmental Loss due Cost Cost Deals with - Govt. of
223
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Option/PPP Singapore is human Malaysia. pollution to social involve for traffic Malaysia funded by life due Impact on the issues in safety accident, Govt. of to traffic transport developin purpos environme Malaysia. accident economy. g e ntal loss, software social loss, cost for developing software, safety purpose
Construction The KPE is the Estimated Syst Fire and air Social QRA The - The risk Govt. of
Period, world's sixth traffic ems monitoring safety Software risk assessme Malaysia longest volume Assurance of assess nt of O&M Air underground was 400 & labors ment road temperature road project at million Integration during of road tunnel its time under vehicle Division, construc tunnel safety construction in kilometer Singapore, tion safety focused Southeast Asia. s per focuse on the Land
224
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue year. Transport d on use of Authority of the use Cause Singapore of Consequ Cause ence National Conse Analysis University quence of Singapore (CCA). Analys (NUS). is
(CCA) .
Operation The KPE starts The Land State-of-the- Provide QRA Provid - Risk Govt. of
Period from East traffic Transport art fibre-optic road Software e road based Malaysia Coast Parkway volume Authority of heat safety of safety approach (ECP) in the is Singapore, detectors is drivers. of together south, crossing expected installed to drivers with the Govt. of under the to be at detect fire and . QRA Malaysia. Geylang River, least 600 air monitoring software Nicoll million sensors to would be
225
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Highway, vehicle monitor tunnel useful to Mountbatten air temperature resolve kilometer Road, Geylang s per year and carbon some of Road, Sims when in monoxide the Avenue and the operation levels, and technical Pan Island . activate fire issues. Expressway alarms and
(PIE). tunnel ventilation system.
226
Case 5: Dhaka Road Tunnel Feasibility Study Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh Table 5: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 5)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Design These roads Traffic BBA, An As a part Three The The Environ It is
Consideration primarily coverage is Bangladesh environmental of the types of installati estimated mental understoo connect the 1 km in Bridges Quality Survey ‘Feasibili traffic ons and cost of risks like d that Shahjalal length. Authority was conducted ty Study’ data were equipme preferred flooding funding International to examine the a Social surveyed nt will option or a will be It is multi- Ministry Airport from baseline air, Study has for three- be amounts to seismic from the lane tunnel of the northeast noise, and been hour sectione approximat event. Governm Communica and the sub- surface and carried periods d ely USD ent of tion (MOC) district of groundwater out in in both through 490 million. Banglade Govt. of Mirpur from quality. order to the AM- the sh. Bangladesh the northwest find and PM- tunnel to to the sub- Departm whether peak prevent districts of ent of the periods the total Dhanmondi Environmen proposed within immobil and t (DoE), project is the study ization Motijheel in socially area. of the Project
227
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding the south in Director feasible. tunnel Bangladesh. (PD), safety systems Strategic due to a Transport severe Plan (STP) fire, Banglade severe sh Road accident Transport involvin Authority g many (BRTA) cars, or sabotage .
Structural This tunnel is The tunnels BBA, For From a Cut and Structure Structural - Govt. of
Consideratio located in will be two ‘Bangladesh environmental social cover s and cost was Banglade n urban area separate Bridges Quality Survey perspecti solutions installati analyzed by sh Dhaka, the structures Authority, samples were ve the are ons will adopting Capital city separated by collected in Study expected as a different Banglad of a 13.0 m two locations found to be the minimu
228
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Bangladesh. median and esh Road in the project that it most m be structures. connected by Transport area and tested reduce competiti resistant cross Authority by the traffic ve to a passages (BRTA) Department of congestio technicall design within the Environment n. y viable fire of traffic area. (DoE). solution 100 MW for these (fire in a structures heavy . lorry).
TIA Traffic data The vertical Bangladesh An Surveye Utility In a Three types - Govt. of were clearance Bureau of employment d relocatio modern of traffic Banglad collected proposed is Statistics rate of the househ ns and road data was esh from 5.7 m outside (BBS), surveyed 861 olds use traffic tunnel collected & Shahjalal the tunnel to population and are diversion there is a on this basis Banglades International allow traffic within the 15- mostly s will requirem toll h Road Airport, flow in the 65 year age depend normally ent for collection Transport Mohakhali peak bracket is 97.3 ent on be the system was Authority Flyover, direction. percent. road required monitori adopted. (BRTA), Mirpur, transpor if Cut & ng,
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Dhanmondi Road and ts Cover control & Motijheel Highway method and surveye at peak will manage Department d period and carry ment of (RHD), populati also at off out. the daily Strategic on in peak period. traffic Transport the situation Plan (STP) Study as well Area as Analyzi during ng operatio educati n and on maintena levels nce activities for safety.
EIA Baseline From Departme Demolition of Baseli A full There is Field data In order Govt. of environment baseline nt of buildings may ne Environm an was to ensure Banglade
230
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding al survey household Environmen be environ ental adequate collected on uninterru sh comprises survey it was t (DoE) necessitated. mental Managem ventilati air quality, pted Shahinbag found that Nearby survey ent Plan on noise level, construct RA under average residential and will be system and surface ion Li Tejgoan household office prepared and the and work, an teracy Thana at east size to be buildings may after the concrete groundwate emergen rate side and 4.45, higher experience proposed structure r quality. In cy Pi Taltola than the 2001 nuisances in road must be this basis manage ped Colony under census. the form of tunnel able to socio- ment water Kafrul Thana reduced project withstan economic plan supply at west side, access, noise gets d the profile was must be connecti Dhaka. etc. environm fire made. prepared ons ental load. in case U clearance of any se from the sudden electricit Departme environ y nt of mental Environm risks like In ent. flooding
231
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding come or a seismic event.
SIA Commercial From social Resettleme Water supply Land When the Household - Govt. of settlements survey it was nt pipelines and Acquisi final Firefight survey was Banglade close to the fond that Implementat sewerage lines tion Engineeri ing done, sh Jahangir houses and ion Unit which run ng system resettlement Type Gate and at buildings (RIU) under the road Design is will be issue, Land and the starting occupy about sides may be prepared intastlle acquisition extent point of the 63 percent of affected due to the Land d to cost was of loss M Morshed lands, 8 project Acquisiti eunsure analyzed. of Sarani percent are activities at the on human assets starting from paved feeder starting point Survey life likely Rokeya roads within and ending will be safety. to be Sarani, the points of the carried impacte government settlements DRTP. out. d, staff and 16 includin quarters, percent of g land some rented lands are
232
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding households used for and and some health, social, structur squatters on educational es the and religious Principl government infrastructure es and fallow lands. s. legal framew ork applica ble for mitigati on of these losses
Financial This Tunnel Charging a Govt. of Loss due to Loss Loss of Loss due The Loss due Govt. of
Option/PPP is financed toll makes it Bangladesh environmental due to Land to fire economic to Banglade by Govt. og more damage social Acquisi return on construct sh
233
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Bangladesh negative damage, tion investment ion risk, wil the help because tolls resettlem Survey is negative. risk of of Asian suppress ent etc. female Utility Development demand. workers, Insuran relocati Bank (ADB). fire, ce for ons and flooding workers traffic etc. diversio ns
Construction Shahjalal This project Roa At the Increased The In order The tunnel Cost Govt. of
Period, International details the d and construction traffic Banglade to is very analysis Banglade Airport from traffic survey Highway period of the congestio sh Air ensure costly. The was done sh O&M the northeast data that was Department project, air, n during Force uninterr amount of by and the sub- collected for (RHD), noise, and construct requirem upted traffic that different district of traffic micro- surface and ion ents for construc would use types of BBA Mirpur from simulation groundwater period the tion the tunnel is option , the northwest model will be would proposed work, nowhere for ‘Bangladesh to the sub- estimation. affected due to only be a tunnel occupati near enough tunnel Bridges districts of earth temporar mandate onal to justify its construct Authority,
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Dhanmondi Govt. of excavation, y an health construction ion. and Bangladesh pile driving, negative excavated and . The Motijheel in rock crushing, impact. tunnel safety economic the south in electricity with measure return on Bangladesh. generation and negligible s must investment transportation. impact on be is negative. airport provided operation for the s both construc during tion and after workers. constructi on. Near the tunnel portals it is expected that cut and cover
235
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding constructi on could be adopted.
Operation Shahjalal This would Roa At the The At the For the The tunnel The Govt. of
Period International extend the d and operation stage impleme operation emergen is very tunnel is Banglade Airport from existing Highway of the project, ntation stage of cy costly. The very sh. the northeast traffic model Department there are phase is the entities amount of costly. and the sub- for the tunnel (RHD), chances of continge project, such as traffic that The district of project and drainage nt upon there are Fire would use amount BBA Mirpur from the elevated congestion, acceptab chances Brigade, the tunnel of traffic , the northwest highway road accidents, ility of of Police is nowhere that ‘Bangladesh to the sub- project to or groundwater the drainage and near would Bridges districts of include all level changes. feasibilit congesti Rescue enough to use the Authority, Dhanmondi the current Noise and air y study on, road Teams it justify its tunnel is Govt. of and and future pollution will report by accidents is constructio nowhere Bangladesh. Motijheel in works. be created in the , or necessar n. The near the south in and Govern groundw y to economic enough surrounding ater level have return on to justify
236
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Bangladesh. the project area ment. changes. fully investment its due to the Noise compreh is negative. construct movement of and air ensive ion. The vehicles along pollution and pre- economi the tunnel. will be prepared c return created emergen on in and cy plans, investme surround procedur nt is ing the es and negative. project instructi area due ons for to the selected moveme scenario nt of s. vehicles along the tunnel.
237
Case 6: Geotechnical, structural and geodetic measurements for conventionaltunnelling hazards in urban areas – The case of Niayesh road tunnel project, Tehran, Iran Table 6: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 6) Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Design This The P.O.R. The Health NATM Safety At design Before Govt. of
Consideration tunnel is Niayesh Consulting environmental hazards (New of were constructi Iran located in tunnel Co., Tehran, impacts such as Austrian worker decreased ng new Accide Tehran, Iran. project is Iran, release of Tunnelli s, more than 23 undergro ntal risk (10,108 Department of toxic/inflamma ng engine million US und It is m) Mining and ble/ method) ers, dollars. structures the biggest Metallurgical pedestr in urban tunnelling Average harmful Engineering, ian etc. areas, an project in Daily materials were Amirkabir analysis urban area in Traffic considered. University of of the Middle East (AADT) Technology, possible for its length. 42,000 Tehran, Iran induced Design ,Department effects speed 80 of Civil and risk km/h Engineering, assessme University of nt is
238
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Tarbiat analyzed. Modares, Tehran, Iran, Govt. of Iran
Structural This tunnel is The Department of Impact of Temp NATM Safety - Damage Govt. of
Consideration located in length of Mining and household orary (New of to Iran urban area Main Metallurgical living in diversion Austrian worker building between north Engineering building of the Tunnelli s, structure Niayesh and tunnel is adjacent to traffic ng engine Sadr 3256m & tunnel. method) ers, A highways in Main pedestr n Tehran, Iran. north ian etc. accurate tunnel of planning Main of South worksite tunnel is areas for 3045m. workers
TIA Traffic along The Department of Site Istrument NATM Safety - Increase Govt. of
239
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding the highways design Civil investigations al (New of of Traffic Iran and speed is Engineering, in residential installatio Austrian worker at Peak connecting considered University of area. n at peak Tunnellin s, Period roads above as Tarbiat period g engine the tunnel. 80km/hr Modares, method) ers, between for both Tehran, Iran pedestr Niayesh and main ian etc. Sadr north & highways in south Tehran, Iran. tunnel.
EIA Sewers and Ground Department of Household Control NATM A - Control Govt. of pipes above condition Civil survey of dust (New particu of dust Iran the tunnel Engineering, Austrian lar Noise Impact Site Noise route and old University of Tunnellin attenti of investigations emissio emissio sewers Tarbiat g on to household n n between Modares, method) control living in Ground Ground Niayesh and Tehran, Iran of dust building settlem settlem
240
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Sadr adjacent ent and ent highways in to tunnel noise Tehran, Iran. emissi ons and a special care for safety issues are necess ary.
SIA Health To avoid Department of Health Health NATM Social - Health Govt. of hazards, social Civil hazards hazards (New safety hazards Iran accidental risk hazard the Engineering, Austrian to Acciden Accidental Acciden between position of University of Tunnellin worker risk tal risk tal risk Niayesh and buildings Tarbiat g s. Political Political Sadr relative to Modares, risk
241
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding highways in tunnels Tehran, Iran risk method) Tehran, Iran. were considered .
Financial Govt. of Iran Loss due Govt. of Iran Loss due to Loss due Loss due Cost - Cost for Govt. of
Option/PPP to traffic household to health to ground for accidenta Iran accident survey, hazards, settlemen safety l risk, & traffic harmful toxic political t, issues political congestion gases, noise, risk demobili risk dust etc. zation of building
Construction This tunnel is Ground Department of Geodetic Noise NATM Death The Death or constructed Mining and emissions (New or excavation Injury of Period, deformati measureme between on Metallurgical nts and a Austrian Injury rate were workers, O&M Niayesh and (inclinome Engineering special Tunnellin of increased engineers Ground Sadr ter and care for g worker about 61% and type highways in extensome safety method) s, in citizens. Ground Tehran, Iran. ter). issues are engine construction
242
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Surface behaviour necessary ers stage. settlement for and Importance (levelling workers citizen of point) at s were tunnelling constructi consid Tunnel influence on stage. ered. deformati zone
on monitorin g
Operation Results shows Based on Department of Devise Urban NATM The - Govt. of
Period that illustrated the Civil remedial tunnellin (New politic Iran system was buildings Engineering, measures to g has to Austrian al & successfully categorizat University of fix problems. be Tunnellin physic monitored the ion, Tarbiat considere g al Reduce Niayesh various Modares, d not as method) enviro litigation. project so far types of Tehran, Iran, three- nment and its results geodetic Department of dimensio of properly used and Mining and nal, not lrger
243
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding for warning, structural Metallurgical even as cities construction instrument Engineering, four- makes optimization, s were Govt. of Iran dimensio decisio obtaining real designed nal ns on time ground to monitor including heavy behaviour and buildings time, but constr possible probable as five- uction taking deformatio dimensio project mitigation ns. nal s not measures. including always politics. as clear an issue as in rural areas.
244
Case 7: Tunneling in an urban critical area – A case study, Porto, Portugal Table 7: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 7) Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverag Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding e Financial Issue Design This tunnel is This is J.M. The worst Densely NATM Conside - Risk of -
Consideration located in 700m Carvalho disturbance and construct (New red nearby Porto, road & A.T. possible danger ed Austrian admissi damage of
Portugal. tunnel. Cavalheio in using and under Tunnelli ble buildings. explosives in ng PPV Departame renovatio an urban method) threshol nto de n area for environment is ds, Engenhari settlemen due to induced accordi a de Minas t were propagating ng to – FEUP & considere seismic Portugu CIGAR, d. vibrations were ese, Porto, considered. Spanish Portugal, and P. Teixeira Swedis Golder h safety Associate standar
245
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverag Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding e Financial Issue Portugal ds.
Structural This tunnel is 400m Departame Propagating Ground NATM Particle - Damage -
Consideratio located in were nto de seismic settlemen (New velocity of n critical area excavate Engenharia vibrations. t. Austrian threshol buildings of the city of d below de Minas – Tunnelli ds – Risk of Porto, groundw FEUP & ng distance human life Portugal. ater. CIGAR, method). – Porto, maximu Portugal. m admissi ble charge, simulati ons were perform ed for the
246
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverag Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding e Financial Issue safety data analysis . TIA This road Intensity Departa Vibration Ground NATM - - Risk of - tunnel of traffic mento de impact on settlemen (New accident at crossing very volume Engenharia traffic. t in Austrian peak heterogeneou was de Minas – densely Tunnelli period s granite calculate FEUP & populated ng formations d within CIGAR, area. method). within a city the Porto, of Porto, traffic Portugal. Portugal. area.
247
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverag Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding e Financial Issue EIA Vibration Vibratio Departame Seismic Explosive NATM PPV - Environm - surveys were n nto de vibrations PPV (New thresh ental risk done within a surveys Engenharia threshold. Austrian old comprises PPV city of Porto, were de Minas – Tunnellin value Noise, thresholds Portugal. carried FEUP & g was seismic out CIGAR, method). analyz vibration. within Porto, ed. the Portugal. traffic area.
SIA Social issues Social Departam Loss of Ground NATM - - Social risk - were issues ento de human life settlem (New involves considered in were Engenharia ent Austrian loss of heterogeneou consider de Minas – Tunnelli human Loss of s urban area ed FEUP & ng life, human within in city within CIGAR, method). ground life of Porto, the Porto, settlement Portugal. traffic Portugal. .
248
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverag Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding e Financial Issue area.
Financial Govt. of Cost for Dep Loss of Loss due Cost Loss of - Risk -
Option/PPP Potugal traffic artamento vibration to involve human involve congesti de impact & resettlem mechanic life loss due to on & Engenharia threshold ent issues al fault of environme traffic de Minas – values on instrume ntal & accident FEUP & traffic nts social & CIGAR, impact Loss fatality Porto, due to rates Portugal. tunnel excavatio n
Construction This road 400m Departam Loss of human Ground NATM PPV - - -
Period, tunnel were ento de life settlem (New threshol excavated excavate Engenharia ent Austrian d value O&M below d below de Minas – Tunnellin was Loss of groundwater groundw FEUP & g analyze human
249
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverag Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding e Financial Issue within a city ater. CIGAR, life method). d. of Porto, Porto, Portugal Portugal.
Operation This road The Departame The vibration For NATM - - - -
Period tunnel synthesis nto de tests allowed a human (New excavated of many Engenharia good picture of life safety Austrian below simulati de Minas – time window 20 mm/s Tunnellin groundwater on FEUP & lengths having PPV g within a city results CIGAR, higher peaks as threshold method) of Porto, led to Porto, well as allowable Portugal. the Portugal. determining by the convicti relevant signal Portugues on that frequency e NP- using bandwidths. 2074 explosiv safety es in two Standard. thirds of the total
250
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverag Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding e Financial Issue tunnel length was an adequate solution.
251
Case 8: A feasibility study for urban tunnelling in soft tertiary sedimentary rocks of Mizoram, India
Table 8: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 8) Issues Geographical Traffic Institutio Environm Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage nal ental Coverage Method Financial Analys nt/ Involvem Coverage Issue is Funding ent Design Aizawl This tunnel Geologic Water Dissemina NATM B - Risk of Govt. of
Consideration Traffic covers traffic is al Survey supply tion of (New oth subside India Tunnel in the about is 2.3 km in of India, sound Austrian design & nce Sewage Mizoram, length. Lucknow technical Tunnelli constructi and Drainage northeast of , informati ng on phase buildin Two parallel, India. Geologic on to a method) with g circular tunnels al Survey highly factor of damag (each 1.3 km long, of India, literate safety e were 6.2 m dia) Pune populatio should be consid n is kept at a ered. considere high level d to be of prime Safety importanc against e for high avoiding
252
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutio Environm Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage nal ental Coverage Method Financial Analys nt/ Involvem Coverage Issue is Funding ent controver Himalaya sial social n issues. seismicity
Structural Aizawl Two parallel, Geologic Drainage - NATM Safety - - Govt. of Traffic circular tunnels al Survey (New against India Consideratio Damage Tunnel is (each 1.3 km long, of India, Austrian high n to located in the 6.2 m dia), were Lucknow Tunnelli Himalaya nearby densely driven. , ng n structure populated Geologic method) seismicity s urban area, al Survey Mizoram, of India, India. Pune
TIA Traffic jam Increasing the Geologic Populati - NATM - - - Govt. of was length of tunnel al Survey on (New India calculated in 1.5 km may be of India, survey Austrian
253
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutio Environm Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage nal ental Coverage Method Financial Analys nt/ Involvem Coverage Issue is Funding ent densely considered by the Lucknow Literacy Tunnelli populated town planners on , rate ng urban area, the basis of traffic Geologic survey method) Mizoram, density and flow. al Survey India. of India, Pune
EIA Urban Subsurface Geologic Excavatio - NATM - - - Govt. of environment drainage was al Survey n by (New India
was considered within of India, roadheade Austrian
considered the traffic area. Lucknow rs may be Tunnelli within the , preferred ng
study area, Geologic to drilling method) Mizoram, al Survey and India. of India, blasting
Pune issues environme ntal factors
254
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutio Environm Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage nal ental Coverage Method Financial Analys nt/ Involvem Coverage Issue is Funding ent were considered .
SIA Critical Risk of subsidence Geologic Risk of - NATM - - - Govt. of social issues & building damage al Survey subsidence (New India were within the traffic of India, & building Austrian considered area. Lucknow damage Tunnelli within the , within the ng study area, Geologic traffic method) Mizoram, al Survey area. India. of India, Pune
Financial Govt. of Loss for building Govt. of Loss due Social Cost Costing - Cost Govt. of
Option/PPP India damage within India to benefits involve for safety involve India traffic area as well environme by mechani measures risk for as traffic accident ntal population cal fault against damag damage literary of Himalaya e of i.e. water rate instrume n adjace
255
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutio Environm Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage nal ental Coverage Method Financial Analys nt/ Involvem Coverage Issue is Funding ent supply, survey nts vibration nt sewage, buildin Loss due
drainage to tunnel g excavati damag
on e
Construction Aizawl Traffic accident Geologic Excavatio Highly NATM The - - Govt. of Traffic within the traffic al Survey n by literate (New depth of India Period, Tunnel area during of India, population Austrian tunnel O&M road
would be construction. Lucknow headers is Tunnelli excavatio excavated , may be considered ng n, more
through Geologic preferred to be of method) than 30m interblended al Survey to drilling prime with Tertiary of India, and importanc factor sandstone/silt Pune blasting e for of safety stone of the considerin avoiding kept at a Middle g urban controvers high Bhuban environme ial social level. Formation in
256
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutio Environm Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage nal ental Coverage Method Financial Analys nt/ Involvem Coverage Issue is Funding ent Mizoram, nt. issues. India.
Operation First major Aizawl Traffic Geologic - - NATM The need Economical - Govt. of
Period venture of Tunnel the Indian al Survey (New for a high and practical India this kind in a experience in of India, Austrian level of approach to densely urban tunnelling Lucknow Tunnelli safety the execution
populated includes two , ng would of the Aizawl
urban area newly Geologic method) permit no Traffic Mizoram, commissioned al Survey comprom Tunnel India. major underground of India, ise on should
metro systems in Pune design consider. Kolkata and New and Delhi. impleme ntation of support systems.
257
Case 9: The Kowloon Southern Link feasibility study, Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong
Table 9: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 9)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding Design This tunnel is This Tunnel is Hong Hong - There - - - Govern
Consideration located in 3.75 km long. Kong Kong Space were ment of Kowloon Government Museum three Hong It is dual two- Peninsula, options Kong lane Hong Hong Kong for the underpass and Kong Cultural construc four sets of Centre tion large, twin- complex method: cell, box cut-and- culverts. cover, bored, and drill- and- blast. To give
258
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding the KCRC confide nce that all methods were viable, two were develop ed
Structural East Rail line The KSL is a Hon Event theatre - Viable - - - Govern
Consideratio via the 3.75km, wholly g Kong sensitive to construc ment of n Kowloon underground Government noise and tion Hong Peninsula, twin-track vibration. method. Kong Hong Kong railway.
TIA Heavily This tunnel will Hon Shopping mall, - Viable - - - Govern
259
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding trafficked run from the g Kong hotels, and construc ment of road network overrun tunnels Government hostel, all with tion Hong with a dense west of the basements, method. Kong mix of current East including building types Rail terminus at Hong Kongí s within East Tsim Sha premier hotel, Kowloon Tsui to the The Peninsula Peninsula, overrun tunnels fronting Hong Kong south of the Salisbury current West Road. Rail terminus at Nam Cheong in the Sham Shui Po district.
EIA Urban The railway Hong Arts, concert, - Viable - - - Govern environment runs through Kong and theatre construc ment of was urban Governme venues tion Hong considered in environment. nt sensitive to method. Kong Kowloon noise and
260
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding Peninsula, vibration. Hong Kong.
SIA ------. - - - -
Financial Hong Kong Loss due to Hong Loss due to - C - - - Govern
Option/PPP Government traffic accident Kong environmental onstructi ment of Governm pollution i.e. on loss Hong ent noise, air, Kong D vibration etc. rilling & blasting cost
Construction East Tsim Sha West of East Hong Construction Constru Viable - - - Govern
Period, Tsui station to Tsim Sha Tsui Kong options were ction of construc ment of Jordan Road station, the Government considered an tion Hong O&M
Running tunnels are upon urban off-line method. Kong beneath the aligned beneath environment. concour urban fabric Salisbury Road se box of the directly across require Kowloon the twin-tube
261
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysis ent/ ge Issue Funding Peninsula, running tunnels. d land. Hong Kong. For this purpose a land survey was conduct ed.
Operation Kowloon The railway Hong The railway - Viable - - - Govern
Period Peninsula in runs through Kong runs through construc ment of the tourist and two distinct Governme urban tion Hong shopping areas: nt environment. method. Kong district of South Tsim Sha Sections Tsui, Hong North Kong. Sections
262
Case 10: A Review of Delhi Metro Tunnel Construction with 14 EPB Shield TBMS, Delhi India Table 10: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 10)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design This tunnel is Tr Oriental Ground water - Cut & - This is - Jointly
Consideration located in affic Consultants level Cover US$ 4 funded by Delhi, India. coverage Co., Ltd., New Metho billion the is about Delhi, India, ds scheme. Japanese 30 km in Delhi Internation length. Metro al Railway Cooperatio Corporation n Agency Twin Co., Ltd., New (JICA), the Tunnel Delhi, India Governmen
Gov of India t of India & Delhi and Delhi Governmen t. Structural This tunnel is This is 3 Metro Ground water - TBMS - - - (JICA), the
263
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Consideration located in metro Railway level aries (Tunne Governmen urban area of corridors Corporation from GL-10m l t of India Delhi, India of twin Co., Ltd (typical tunnel Boring and Delhi tunnel crown level) to Machi Governmen with a GL-35m. ne) t. total drive length of 30km.
TIA Traffic - Metro - TBMS - - - (JICA), the impact was Railway (Tunne Governmen analyzed Corporation l t of India within Delhi, Co., Ltd Boring and Delhi India. Machin Governmen e) t. EIA Environment Environ Oriental Ground water - TBMS - - - (JICA), the al issues mental Consultants level (Tunne Governmen were issues Co., Ltd., New l t of India
264
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue considered were Delhi, India, Boring and Delhi within Delhi, considere Delhi Machin Governmen India d within e) t. traffic area.
SIA ------
Financial Government Loss due Government Loss due to - Constr - Cost for - (JICA), the
Option/PPP of India and to traffic of India and environmental uction traffic Governmen Delhi accident Delhi damage loss accident, t of India Government & fatality Government during environme and Delhi cost launchi ntal Governmen ng the damage, t. shafts constructio n loss Construction This tunnel is Consists Oriental As ground - TBMS Throug - For (JICA), the
Period, constructed of the Consultants water level (Tunne h the avoiding Governmen in busy urban constructi Co., Ltd., varies tunnel l various risk t of India O&M area of Delhi, on of New Delhi, excavation can Boring tunnelli according and Delhi
265
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue India. 128km of India, Delhi, be carried out Machin ng to the Governmen track, 81 Metro in open mode. e) perform suggestio t. stations Railway ance n from and 5 Corporation during TBM depots. Co., Ltd excavat supplier, ion and the for all Contracto machin r eray proposed purpose to change safety the cutter issue face were from soft conside soil red. mining face to hard rock mining
266
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue face which was available from Singapore project C855. Operation This tunnel is The Oriental - - TBMS - - - (JICA), the
Period excavated in 7.2km of Consultants (Tunnel Governme busy urban the Qutab Co., Ltd., New Boring nt of India area of Delhi, Minar Delhi, India, Machin and Delhi India. Line will Delhi, e) Governme make use Metro nt. of six Railway TBMs, Corporation four Co., Ltd TBMs
267
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue have been allocated for a 4.2km stretch of the Badarpur Line and additional four will excavate 3.5km of the Airport Line.
268
Case Study 11: Congestion Relief Toll Tunnels, Texas, USA
Table 11: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 11) Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design The tunnel is This Texas Worsened air Higher Applica The The Texas The risk Privately
Consideration located in study was Transportati quality due to insurance tion of tunnels Transporta of funded toll Texas, USA. based on on Institute the higher rates to Electri would tion worsened ways. several emission rates serve the c Toll be safer Institute air overseas of vehicles. social Collect (as estimates quality experienc issue. ion measure Higher that the due to the es of System d by amount of annual cost higher urban (ETC) vehicle causes the of traffic emission tunnel higher number congestion rates of case emission rates. of in the 39 vehicles studies. accident largest in stop- Noise There is victims), urban and-go no Odor in part areas was traffic specific pollution. due to $43.2 was length of the billion in discussed. tunnel. absence
269
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue of 1990 pedestria excluded ns and environme bicycles ntal cost. in the tunnels.
Structural The tunnel is - Texas Worsened air - Applica - While - Privately
Consideratio located in Transportati quality due to tion of overseas funded toll
n Urban area of on Institute the higher Electric tunnels ways. Texas, USA. emission rates Toll average of vehicles. Collecti $35 per on lane-mile, System the (ETC) domestic tunnels' average cost is $38 per lane-
270
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue mile.
TIA Annual cost of Constant Texas Higher amount Higher Applica - Annual - Privately traffic -speed Transportati of vehicle amount tion of cost of funded toll congestion in mode on Institute causes higher of traffic Electric traffic ways. the 39 largest emission rates. cause Toll congestion urban areas of accident Collecti was $43.2 Texas, USA. & huge on billion in social System the 39 loss. (ETC) largest urban areas of Texas, USA.
EIA Annaul cost of - Texas Worsen air Higher Applica - - - Privately worsened air Transportati quality emission tion of funded toll quality due to on Institute rates Electric ways. Noise the higher causes Toll Odor emission rates huge Collecti
271
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue of vehicles in pollution social on urban area of loss. System Texas, USA. (ETC)
SIA Higher - Texas Higher emission Higher Applica - A higher - Privately insurance rates Transportati rates causes emission tion of insurance funded toll due to on Institute huge social loss. rates Electric rate was ways. accidental loss causes Toll estimated in urban area huge Collecti with TIA. of Texas, USA. social on loss. System (ETC)
Financial BOT & PPP Self- Texas Environmental Higher The Cost for Covers the Loss for Privately
Option/PPP financing Transportati loss due to insuranc range safety following risk of funded toll via user on Institute worsen air e rate of issues cost: higher ways. charges & PPP quality, noise, investm of emission Environ odor pollution ent pedestri rates of mental cost etc. costs ans and vehicles. Annual per
272
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue lane- bicycles cost of mile is traffic
from congestion $22 Higher million insurance to $76 rate million.
Construction This tunnel is - Texas Worsen air Higher Applica Constru Domestic - Privately
Period, constructed in Transportati quality insurance tion of ction tunnels funded toll central on Institute rates to Electric safety of average ways. O&M Noise business serve the Toll workers, cost is $38 Operate in a districts social Collecti pedestri per lane- low-emission (CBDs) of issue. on ans and mile. Texas, USA. System bicycles (ETC) in the tunnels.
273
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Operation This tunnel - Texas The project has Higher Same Safety Congestio - Privately provide been subject to emission as must be n costs for funded toll Period Transportati congestion free on Institute fierce opposition rates & above. ensured the 10 ways. road in urban from higher for all most- area of Texas, environmental amount types of congested USA. organizations, of traffic road urban on grounds that causes users. areas were
by adding lane- huge $7.7
miles and social billion.
modernizing the loss. Central Artery, it will attract additional traffic and
therefore worsen air quality.
274
Case 12: Route 710 Tunnel Technical Feasibility Assessment Report, Los Angeles, USA Table 12: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 12)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue Design This tunnel is This is 4.5 mile Los Noise, The TBMS This The For TAC, Toll located in Los underground Angeles project assess constructio cancer revenue Consideration Air (Tunnel Angeles, tunnel. County study ment n cost is $3 risk could quality, Boring USA. Metropolita area was billion thresholds potentiall Vertical grades Machin Historic n traverses perfor dollar. , rather y be a from 1.95 % to e) properties, Transportati land uses med in than compone 3%. on Aesthetics consistin consid emission nt of the Level of Service Authority , g of eration burdens, funding. (69 miles per single of the are used Archaeolo hour) and suitabil to gy, Traffic capacity multi- ity of determine Hazardous is (1950 family the the waste, vehicles/lane/ho residenti geotec significan ur) Soil al, public hnical, ce of a disposal, facilities, geolog project
275
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue and open ic, impact. space, hydrol Storm industria ogical, water l seismi manufact c uring, conditi and ons general and the commerc ability ial uses, of the land uses tunnel issues. concep t to satisfy traffic deman d, highwa
276
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue y standar ds, ventila tion require ments, and other safety criteria .
Structural This tunnel is Geotechnical, Los Historic Industrial TBMS - - - Toll
Consideration located as a geologic, Angeles properties, manufact (Tunnel revenue major north- hydrological, County uring, could Aesthetics Boring south link in seismic conditions Metropolita and potentiall , Machine the Los were considered n general ) y be a Archaeolo Angeles within traffic area. Transportati commerci compone
277
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue County in Los on gy, al uses. nt of the Angeles, Authority funding. Soil USA. disposal, and
Storm water
TIA Local traffic Traffic modeling, Los Noise, - TBMS - - - Toll congestion traffic impact Angeles revenue Air (Tunnel rate was analysis were County could quality Boring analyzed in done within Metropolit Machine potentiall
urban area of traffic area. an ) y be a Los Angeles, Transporta compone USA. tion nt of the Authority funding.
EIA Regional air EIA was done Los Noise, Land TBMS - - - Toll quality was within the study Angeles uses revenue Air (Tunnel
analyzed in area. County issues. Boring could
278
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue urban area of Metropoli quality, Machine potentiall Los Angeles, tan ) y be a Environm USA Transport compone ental ation nt of the assessmen Authority funding. t
SIA Land uses SIA was done Los Land uses Public TBMS - - - Toll issues was within the study issues. facilities, revenue Angeles (Tunnel
analyzed in area. County land uses Boring could
urban area of Metropolita issues. Machine potentiall Los Angeles, n ) y be a USA Transportat compone ion nt of the Authority funding.
Financial Toll Loss due to traffic Los Loss due to Loss due Loss due Loss Covers Cost for Toll
Option/PPP Collection modelling, traffic Angeles environment to land to high due to cost for risk of revenue System data analysis County al issue uses charge traffic traffic health could Metropolita issues to safety, safety, damage potentiall
279
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue n technolo seismi technology y be a Transportati gy & c & compone on machine safety machine, nt of the Authority etc. land uses funding. issues, environme ntal issue etc.
Construction This tunnel is Lane controls Los Soil - TBMS Constr Constructi - Toll
Period, constructed in could be Angeles disposal, (Tunnel iction on cost revenue Central considered to County and safety ranging could O&M Boring Business Area prohibit lane Metropolita for from potentiall Storm Machine of Los changes within the n worker approxima y be a water ) Angeles, study area. Transportati s, tely $2.3 compone USA. on engine billion to nt of the Authority ers, $3.6 funding. pedestr billion ain, (2006
280
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue cyclist, dollars). motori st.
Operation This tunnel As a result of the Los Historic - TBMS - - - Toll
Period would require traffic modeling Angeles properties (Tunnel revenue four lanes of and analysis, it County could Archaeolo Boring traffic in each was determined Metropolita potentiall gy Machine direction to that the 2030 n ) y be a provide an forecast demand Transportat compone acceptable along this ion nt of the level of proposed section Authority funding.
281
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environment Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement al Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Coverage Financial Funding Issue service in Los of the Route 710 Angeles, freeway would USA. require four lanes of traffic in each direction to provide an acceptable level of service.
282
Case 13: Tunneling in Soft Soil: Tunnel Boring Machine Operation and Soil Response, Seoul, Korea Table 13: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 13)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Design This tunnel is The Delft This paper has - TBMS Health - Risk -
Consideration located in Seoul, Hubertus University of analysed (Tunnel and assessm Korea. tunnel Technology, environmental Boring safety ents tubes, assessment in were Faculty of Machin northern sush as tunnell introduc Civil e) and conventional ing ed for Engineering southern, tunnelling, were Sustaina and are monitoring and consid ble Use Geosciences, 1666.70 settlement ered. of Department m and control, Undergr of 1653.48 geotechnical ound Geoscience m long. site Space and investigation. Engineering, Section of Geo-
283
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands.
Structural This tunnel is Soil- Delft - - TBMS - - - -
Consideration located in sub settlement University of (Tunnel urban area of prediction Technology Boring Seoul, Korea. s were Faculty of Machine done Civil ) within Engineering study area. and Geosciences
Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Section of Geo- Engineering,
284
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Delft, The Netherlands
TIA ------
EIA - - Delft - - TBMS - - - -
University of (Tunnel Technology Boring Faculty of Machine Civil ) Engineering and Geosciences,
Department of Geoscience and Engineering, Section of Geo- Engineering,
285
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Delft, The Netherlands
SIA ------
Financial Govt. of Korea - Department Loss due to - L - - Cost for -
Option/PPP of ground oss Use of Geoscience settlement during Undergr and soil ound Engineering displace Space , Section of ments Geo- L Engineering oss , Delft, The during Netherlands tunnel lining
Construction This tunnel is The tubes Delft - - TBMS - - - -
Period, located in Seoul, were University of (Tunnel Korea. excavated Technology O&M Boring by a 10
286
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding 680 mm Faculty of Machine long Civil ) slurry- Engineering shield and TBM, Geosciences, with a Department front of diameter Geoscience of 10 510 and mm, and a Engineering, rear one Section of of 10 490 Geo- mm. Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands
Operation This tunnel is Tunnel Delft - - TBMS - This - -
Period located in Seoul, constructi University of (Tunnel represents Korea. on in soft Technology, Boring the growing
287
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding soil Faculty of Machine importance usually Civil ) and use of induces Engineering undergroun settlement and d space in within the Geoscience worldwide traffic economic Department area. developmen of Geoscience t and the and Engineering, increasing Section of interest and Geo- investment Engineering, in research Delft, The and Netherlands developme nt effort in this area.
288
Case Study 14: The Future Use of Underground Space in Malaysia: A Literature Review, Malaysia
Table 14: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 14)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environm Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement ental Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Coverage Financial Issue Design This tunnel is This Department of Local Use of Based Occupan - The -
Consideration located in study was Land culture undergro on ts. containm Malaysia. based on Administration, und space Populati Health & ent Geograp the & on safety created Faculty of hical utilization Statistic issue by Geoinformation situation Land of in urban were undergro and Real Estate, , acquisitio undergrou area. discusse und Universiti n issues Air nd space d. structure Teknologi Pollutio of s has the Malaysia n Malaysia. advantag Noise es of 2x2 protectin traffic Odor g the lanes for pollutio surface cars n environ Design . ment
289
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environm Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement ental Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Coverage Financial Issue speed of from the 70km per risks hour and/or disturban ces inherent in certain types of activities .
Structural This tunnel is Due to Department of Local Use of Based Safety - - -
Consideratio located in urban flooding Land culture undergro on during area of Malaysia. effect the Administration, und space Percent use of n Geograp developm age undergro Faculty of hical ent of Urbaniz und Geoinformatio situation undergrou ation by space. n and Real nd Develop Estate, commerci ment Universiti
290
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environm Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement ental Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Coverage Financial Issue al centres, Teknologi Group, open Malaysia, spaces can be utilised as well as having the potential to reduce the cost for land acquisitio n.
TIA Population lives - Department of Air Present Based Based on - - - in urban areas of Land Pollution Use of on Populati Malaysia was Administration, Urban Populati on Noise estimated. Undergr on Statistic Faculty of Odor ound Density in urban Geoinformatio pollution in area.- n and Real
291
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environm Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement ental Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Coverage Financial Issue Estate, Malaysi Universiti a Teknologi Malaysia
EIA Effect of air - Department of Effect of ------pollution, noise Land air was estimated in Administration, pollution, urban area of noise was Faculty of Malaysia. estimated Geoinformatio in urban n and Real area of Estate, Malaysia. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
SIA Land acquisition - Departm Land Land - - - - - issues were ent of Land acquisitio acquisitio estimated in Administration, n issues n issues.
292
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environm Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement ental Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Coverage Financial Issue urban area of Faculty were Malaysia. of estimated Geoinformation in urban and Real Estate, area of Universiti Malaysia. Teknologi Malaysia
Financial - - - - Undergr - - - - -
Option/PPP ound space reduce land acquisiti on cost.
Construction This tunnel is - Department of -. - Based Based - - -
Period, located in urban Land on on area of Malaysia. Administration, percenta percenta O&M ge use ge use of
293
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environm Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement ental Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Coverage Financial Issue Faculty of of urban urban Geoinformation undergr undergro and Real Estate, ound und Universiti space. space. Teknologi Malaysia,
Operation This tunnel is Malaysia Departm However, - - Based - - -
Period located in urban seems to ent of Land undergrou on area of Malaysia. utilize all Administration, nd percenta surface and utilization ge use of Faculty undergroun pattern urban of d spaces varies in undergro Geoinformation for different und and Real Estate, achieving urban space. Universiti sustainable contexts, Teknologi developme depending Malaysia nt. on local culture,
294
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environm Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement ental Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Coverage Financial Issue geographi cal situation, social, environme nt and economic need.
295
Case 15: Fixed Link between Labrador and Newfoundland Pre-feasibility Study, Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada
Table 15: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 15)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
Design This tunnel is The Hatch Mott - - Engineeri Costs Accurac Govt. of located in MacDonal ng and Occup varied y of cost Canada Consideration tunnel is Labrador and actually d (HMM), Technica ational from $10 estimates Newfoundland, three 50 “Public l health million represent Canada. kilometre- Policy Feasibilit and per s a long Research y safety kilometre significa parallel Centre”, Options of for the nt risk
tunnels Canada, Analysis worker Laerdal factors Governme Tunnel in which It is four s were nt of Norway to were lane discus Newfoundl $700 discusse sed.
and and million d. Labrador per
296
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
and the kilometer. Governme nt of Canada
Structural This tunnel is Two Hatch Mott - - Engineeri - - - Govt. of
Consideration located in fixed running MacDonald ng and Canada transportation tunnels (HMM), Technica link between the carrying “Public l Island of rail tracks Policy Feasibilit Newfoundland and one Research y and Labrador service Centre”, Options across the Strait tunnel for Canada, Analysis of Belle Isle. maintenan Government ce vehicles of and for Newfoundla
297
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
emergency nd and egress Labrador within the and the traffic Government area. of Canada
TIA Determining Traffic Hatch Mott The causeway - Economi - - Risk of Govt. of traffic projections MacDonald option is c and having Canada projections in were (HMM), exposed to Business operation Labrador and determined “Public the same Case al Newfoundland, within the Policy environmenta Analysis interrupti Canada. traffic area. Research l risks for the ons in Centre”, bridge but the Canada, may be winter Government marginally months of less is
298
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
Newfoundla sensitive to consider nd and wind and ed to be Labrador icing. In total, high. and the the risk of Government having of Canada operational
interruptions in the winter months is considered to be high.
EIA Environmental Environme Hatch Mott - - - - - Environm Govt. of assessments ntal MacDonald ental Canada were done in assessment (HMM), risks for Labrador and s were “Public the bridge Newfoundland, done Policy but may
299
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
Canada within the Research be traffic area. Centre”, marginall Canada, y less
Government sensitive of to wind Newfoundla and icing nd and Labrador and the Government of Canada
SIA Social factors Social Hatch Mott ------Govt. of were considered factors MacDonald Canada in Labrador and were (HMM), Newfoundland, considered “Public
300
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
Canada. within the Policy traffic area. Research Centre”, Canada, Government of Newfoundla nd and Labrador and the Government of Canada
Financial PPP Loss due to Government Cost for - Engineeri Cost Costs Accurac Govt. of
Option/PPP traffic of Canada environmental ng and for varied for y of cost Canada congestion risk Technica health different estimates
301
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
l and sections. represent Feasibilit safety s a y Options of significa
Analysis, worke nt risk
Economi rs factors c and Business Case Analysis
Construction This tunnel is Variations Hatch Mott - - Immerse - - - Govt. of
Period, constructed in in traffic MacDonald d tube Canada Labrador and growth (HMM), technique O&M Newfoundland, rates for “Public s (ITT) Canada. different Policy segments Research were Centre”,
302
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
evaluated Canada, within the Government traffic area. of Newfoundla nd and Labrador and the Government of Canada
Operation Based on traffic - Hatch Mott - Social Engineeri Occup - - Govt. of
Period projections over MacDonald benefits ng and ational Canada a 30 year period (HMM), in terms Technica health it is the most “Public of l & economic tunnel Policy increased Feasibilit safety between Research economic y Options issues
303
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
Labrador and Centre”, activity Analysis must
Newfoundland, Canada, that may be
Canada. Government be caused ensure of by this d to Newfoundla project. pedest nd and rian & Labrador road and the users. Government of Canada
304
Case Study 16: Benefits of rerouting railways to tunnels in urban areas: a case study of the Yongsan line in Seoul Table 16: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 16)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue Design This tunnel is The Department Annual Evaluation Anthrop This There are There This
Consideration located in Seoul, Yongsan of annoyance of social ocentri study several are work was Korea. line Environmen costs values like c present cost diverse supporte connects tal Planning, social method s all component health d by the Number of Yongsan discount (Cost operati s were risks BK21 Seoul households with rate, social Benefit onal discussed due to Plus National, exposed Gajwa. costs, analysi traffic such as noise program University, socio- s). safety. Annual exposur of the Seoul, economic landscape e which National Korea, activities costs, was Research Korea were Annual consider Foundati Transport discussed. urban ed. on of Institute, separation Korea. Goyang, costs, Geonggi, Annual
305
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue Korea, crossing costs, The calculation of unit value for the operating costs associated with crossings, The calculation of unit value for the traffic accident costs
306
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue associated with crossings, Annual medical costs, Health costs, Annual annoyance costs, Annoyance costs etc.
Structural This tunnel is The Depar - - Anthrop -. Unit value - This
Consideration located in urban Yongsan tment of ocentric for the work was area of Seoul, line Environment method operating supporte Korea. connects al Planning, (Cost costs d by the Yongsan Benefit BK21 Seoul
307
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue with National, analysis Plus Gajwa. University, ). program Seoul, of the Korea, Korea National Research Transport Foundati Institute, on of Goyang, Korea. Geonggi, Korea,
TIA Traffic accident This Depar - - Anthrop - Annual - This was estimated in study was tment of ocentric urban work was Seoul, Korea. addressed Environment method separation supporte by al Planning, (Cost costs, d by the estimatin Benefit traffic BK21 Seoul g the analysis accident Plus National, operating ). costs. program University, and of the Seoul, accident National
308
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue expenses Korea, Korea Research associate Foundati Transport d on of Institute, Korea. with Goyang, grade Geonggi, crossings Korea,
EIA Noise reduction - Department - - Anthrop - Annual - This benefits were of ocentric annoyance work was considered in Environmen method costs supporte Seoul, Korea. tal Planning, (Cost d by the Benefit BK21 Seoul analysis Plus National, ). program University, of the Seoul, National Korea, Research Korea Foundati Transport on of
309
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue Institute, Korea. Goyang, Geonggi, Korea,
SIA Social cost - Departme - - Anthrop - Social cost - This issues were nt of ocentric work was considered in Environmen method supporte urban area of tal Planning, (Cost d by the Seoul, Korea Benefit BK21 Seoul analysis Plus National, ). program University, of the Seoul, National Korea, Research Korea Foundati Transport on of Institute, Korea. Goyang,
310
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue Geonggi, Korea,
Financial Annual Traffic Govt. of Annual Social Anthrop Health Health & - This
Option/PPP urban separation accident Korea & PPP annoyance discount ocentric & safety costs work was costs is costs costs is rate is method safety quantify supporte 7,655,035,293 associat 2,755,360,115 5.5% (Cost costs physical d by the wons ed with wons Benefit quantif damage by BK21 crossing analysis y noise - Plus Urban s ). physic program area requires al of the huge budget Annual damag National medical e by Research costs noise. Foundati 62,410,2 on of 40 wons Korea.
Construction The Yongsan There is Department - - Anthrop - Traffic - This
Period, line connects growing of ocentric accident work was Yongsan with interest in Environment method costs supporte
311
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue O&M Gajwa in Seoul, urban al Planning, (Cost associated d by the Korea. regenerati Benefit with BK21 Seoul on analysis crossings, Plus National, around ). Annual program University, the medical of the Seoul, Korea, world. costs, National Korea Transport Health Research Transport facilities costs. Foundati Institute, can be on of Goyang, redirected Korea. Geonggi, undergro Korea, und or covered to open up
grade- level space for
312
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue other purposes. Consideri ng traffic volumes.
Operation This tunnel is - Department This study - Anthrop - Annual This
Period located in urban of stresses the ocentric landscape work was area of Seoul, Environment value of the method costs, supporte Korea. al Planning, natural (Cost Annual d by the environment Benefit urban BK21 Seoul but analysis separation Plus National, ). costs, program University, does not focus Annual of the Seoul, Korea, as much on crossing National Korea that of the built environment. costs, The Research Transport calculation Foundati Institute, of unit on of Goyang, value for Korea.
313
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue Geonggi, the Korea, operating costs associated with crossings, The calculation of unit value for the traffic accident costs associated with crossings, Annual medical
314
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue costs, Health costs, Annual annoyance costs, Annoyance costs etc. must be covered.
315
Case 17: EPB Tunneling in Limited Space: A Case Study of the San Francisco Central Subway Project, San Francisco, USA
Table 17: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 17)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
Design This tunnel is The traffic The During Having Two Nu - Risk of -
Consideration located in San area Robinson design consider detaile 6.3 m merous segment Francisco, coverage is Company urban d diamet regulatory damage, USA about 2.5 environment. assemb er bodies ring km. ly, Earth deforma Cal/OS with startup Pressur tion, or Multiple HA and complicate , e settleme lane numerous d, operati Balanc nt regulatory contradict
onal e bodies ory and during and Machin boring with extremely settlem es were complicated, follows ent (EPBs) consider contradictory safety were are ed. and measures. consid excavat
316
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
extremely strict ered ing Ca safety and parallel l/OSHA environmental . and
codes numerous regulatory bodies
with complicate d, contradict ory and
extremely strict safety and environme ntal codes
317
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
Structural This 2.5 km The - - TBMS - - - -
Consideratio tunnel is long tunnels Robinson (Tunnel n located in under low Company Boring urban area of cover and in Machin San Francisco, mixed e) USA. ground conditions. Densely populated Steep urban setting grades— in a historic Sections of city. ± 7% do not allow the use of convention al locomotive s.
318
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
Curvy alignment - there is a 137 m radius
curve followed by a 260 m curve
TIA Traffic impact Fatalities The - - TBMS - - - -
was analyzed rates were Robinson (Tunnel in urban area discussed Company Boring of San within the Machin
Francisco, traffic area. e) USA.
319
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
EIA Urban Urban The - - TBMS - - - -
environment environment Robinson (Tunnel was considered was Company Boring in San considered Machin Francisco, within the e) USA. traffic area.
SIA ------
Financial Annual urban Traffic - Annual Social - - Health & - - Option/PPP separation accident annoyance discoun safety costs costs is costs costs is t rate is quantify 7,655,035,293 associated 2,755,360,115 5.5% physical wons with wons damage by crossings noise
Ann ual medical costs 62,410,240
320
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
wons
Construction This tunnel is Traffic data The Environmental - TBMS - - -
Period, constructed in was Robinson issues were (Tunnel O&M San Francisco, analyzed to Company focused during Boring
USA. overcome tunnel Machin during all construction in e) stages of urban area. design and construction within the traffic area.
Operation This tunnel is This tunnel The - - TBMS - The project - -
Period located in is fully Robinson (Tunnel owner or urban area of operated Company Boring contractor San Francisco, within the Machin must study
USA. traffic area. e) the tunnel
321
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
plan and
determine the optimum solution for the situation.
One of the biggest factors is weighing the additional
cost and complexity to operate multiple machines
against the
322
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment
Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Covera Method Financial Analysi / ge Issue s Funding
increased duration of the project with
fewer TBMs.
323
Appendix B
SYNTHESIS OF ALL CASE STUDIES
324
Table 4.1.1: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Geographical Extent) Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P This The Traffic jams Air Land Malaysian The The tunnel This is tunnel is tunnel along Jalan Quality acquisitio Governme tunnel begins begins just Mixed-use located in begins just Sungai Besi Monitorin n issues nt & PPP just before the before the tunnel Kuala before the and Loke g was confluence of confluence situated in Lumpur, confluence Yew flyover Equipmen discussed. the Klang and of the Klang the Malaysia's of the at Pudu t was set Ampang and capitals of SMART capital city. Klang and during rush up in Rivers. Ampang Malaysia. Tunnel, It is Ampang hour was project SMART Rivers, so Kualala the longest Rivers. analyzed. area Tunnel", is a that flood 1 mpur, multi-purpose Ther Reduce Ve storm water can be Malaysi tunnel in the e are two traffic jams ntilation/ drainage and diverted a world. components along Jalan escape road structure away from It of this Sungai Besi shafts at in Kuala the Klang begins at tunnel, the and Loke 1km Lumpur, River, Kampung stormwater Yew flyover intervals Malaysia. eliminating Berembang tunnel and at Pudu flooding in lake near motorway during rush the center Klang River tunnel. hour. city.
325
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P at Ampang 1.6 km The and ends at (0.99 mi) at motorway Taman Desha Kuala tunnel is lake near Lumpur- suitable for Kerayong Seremban light vehicles River at Expressway only. Salak South. Links: City Motorcycles Centre near and heavy Kg. Pandan vehicles are Roundabout not allowed. KL- Seremban Expressway near Sungai Besi Airport Urban The tunnel is Urban area This tunnel EIA was For SIA Governme Seoul and In urban To ease Deep located in of Korea comprises 9 done at land nt of Incheon and area of the traffic 2 Road Seoul routes in north- Urban acquisitio Seoul. the outskirt Seoul, Two congestion Tunnel metropolitan south and east- area n issues area will be undergroun Korea also
326
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P Constru area, Korea. west in 3x3 Seoul, was linked in a grid d belt ways has been ction grid shape. Korea: discussed shape. will be experienci Project Gr for Urban linked to ng to in Korea ound area of inner belt develop and water Seoul, ways on the the new Technic conservati Korea. ground and sustainabl al on Kangnam e space Require Polluta belt way, and ments nts (dust, thereby promote NOx) significantly the green removal reducing the growth. technolog traffic y passing through the downtown. New This tunnel This tunnel Considering Frequent -. Governme This tunnel is This tunnel This tunnels covers from is located higher landslides nt of India constructed in covers from tunnel is 3 for the Jammu to from Jammu demands for is hilly area of Jammu to constructe national Srinagaru, to Srinagaru traffic demand considered Jammu to Srinagaru, d in hilly
327
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P highway India. in from Jammu to from Srinagaru, India. area of NH-1A complicated Srinagaru, Jammu to India. Jammu to in India terrain of India. Srinagaru, Srinagaru, Himalaya India India. foothills. Review In structural Traffic volume Environm Prevention KPE, The KPE is the The KPE The of Road point of was estimated ental of critical Singapore world's sixth starts from Kallang- Tunnel view it is in Kallang- issues events that is funded longest East Coast Paya Standard the longest Paya Lebar were may by Govt. underground Parkway The Kallang- Lebar s - The tunnel in Expressway considered endanger of road project at (ECP) in the Paya Lebar Expresswa safety South-East (KPE) region. in human life Malaysia. its time under south, Expressway y (KPE) implicati Asia and motorway, were construction in crossing 4 (KPE) road road ons on located in Kallang- considered Southeast Asia. under the tunnel is the tunnel is urban urban area Paya in Geylang longest tunnel the road of Lebar motorway, River, in Singapore. longest tunnels Singapore. Expresswa Kallang- Nicoll tunnel in in y (KPE) Paya Highway, Singapore. Singapo region. Lebar Mountbatte
re Expresswa n Road,
328
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P y (KPE) Geylang region. Road, Sims Avenue and the Pan Island Expressway (PIE). These roads This tunnel Traffic data Baseline Commerci This Shahjalal Shahjalal These primarily is located in were collected environme al Tunnel is International Internationa roads connect the urban area from Shahjalal ntal settlement financed Airport from l Airport primarily Dhaka Shahjalal Dhaka, the International survey s close to by Govt. the northeast from the connect Road International Capital city Airport, comprises the og and the sub- northeast the Tunnel Airport from of Mohakhali Shahinbag Jahangir Banglades district of and the sub- Shahjalal 5 Feasibili the northeast Bangladesh. Flyover, RA under Gate and h wil the Mirpur from district of Internatio ty Study and the sub- Mirpur, Tejgoan at the help of the northwest Mirpur from nal Project district of Dhanmondi & Thana at starting Asian to the sub- the Airport Mirpur from Motijheel at east side point of Developm districts of northwest to from the the northwest peak period and the M ent Bank Dhanmondi the sub- northeast to the sub- and also at off Taltola Morshed (ADB). and Motijheel districts of and the
329
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P districts of peak period. Colony Sarani in the south in Dhanmondi sub- Dhanmondi under starting Bangladesh and district of and Motijheel Kafrul from Motijheel in Mirpur in the south in Thana at Rokeya the south in from the Bangladesh. west side, Sarani, Bangladesh. northwest Dhaka. governme to the sub- nt staff districts of quarters, Dhanmon some di and rented Motijheel household in the s and south in some Banglades squatters h. on the governme nt fallow lands. 6 Geotech This tunnel is This tunnel Traffic along Sewers Health Govt. of This tunnel is Results This
330
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P nical, located in is located in the highways and pipes hazards, Iran constructed shows that tunnel is structura Tehran, Iran. urban area and connecting above the accidental between illustrated located in l and between roads above tunnel risk Niayesh and system was urban area geodetic Niayesh and the tunnel. route and between Sadr highways successfully between measure Sadr between old sewers Niayesh in Tehran, Iran. monitored Niayesh ments highways in Niayesh and between and Sadr the Niayesh and Sadr for Tehran, Sadr highways Niayesh highways project so highways conventi Iran. in Tehran, Iran. and Sadr in Tehran, far and its in Tehran, onal highways Iran. results Iran. tunnellin in Tehran, properly g Iran. used for hazards warning, in urban construction areas – optimization The case , obtaining of real time Niayesh ground road behaviour tunnel and possible
331
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P project taking mitigation measures. This tunnel is This tunnel This road Vibration Social - This road This road located in is located in tunnel crossing surveys issues tunnel tunnel Porto, critical area very were done were excavated excavated Tunneli Portugal. of the city heterogeneous within a considered below below This road ng in an of Porto, granite city of in groundwater groundwater tunnel urban Portugal. formations Porto, heterogen within a city of within a city excavated 7 critical within a city of Portugal. eous Porto, Portugal of Porto, below area – A Porto, urban area Portugal groundwat case Portugal. within in er within a study city of city of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Portugal. A Aizawl Aizawl Traffic jam Urban Critical Govt. of Aizawl Traffic First major Aizawl feasibilit Traffic Traffic was calculated environme social India Tunnel would venture of Traffic 8 y study Tunnel in the Tunnel is in densely nt was issues be excavated this kind in Tunnel in for Mizoram, located in populated considered were through a densely the
332
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P urban northeast of the densely urban area, within the considered interbedded populated Mizoram, tunnellin India. populated Mizoram, study area, within the Tertiary urban area northeast g in soft urban area, India. Mizoram, study area, sandstone/siltst Mizoram, of India. tertiary Mizoram, India. Mizoram, one of the India. sedimen India. India. Middle tary Bhuban rocks of Formation in Mizora Mizoram, m, India India. This tunnel is East Rail Heavily Urban - Hong East Tsim Sha Kowloon This The located in line via the trafficked road environme Kong Tsui station to Peninsula in tunnel is Kowloo Kowloon Kowloon network with a nt was Governme Jordan Road the tourist located in n Peninsula, Peninsula, dense mix of considered nt Running and Kowloon 9 Souther Hong Kong Hong Kong building types in beneath the shopping Peninsula, n Link within Kowloon urban fabric of district of Hong feasibilit Kowloon Peninsula, the Kowloon Tsim Sha Kong y study Peninsula, Hong Peninsula, Tsui, Hong Hong Kong Kong. Hong Kong. Kong.. 10 A This tunnel is This tunnel Traffic impact Environm - Governme This tunnel is This tunnel Delhi
333
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P Review located in is located in was analyzed ental nt of India constructed in is excavated Metro is Of Delhi Delhi, India. urban area within Delhi, issues and Delhi busy urban in busy the first Metro of Delhi, India. were Governme area of Delhi, urban area Client in Tunnel India considered nt India. of Delhi, India to Constru within. India. apply EPB ction technolog with 14 y in an EPB urban Shield area. TBMS The tunnel is The tunnel Annual cost of Annaul Higher BOT & This tunnel is This tunnel The tunnel located in is located in traffic cost of insurance PPP constructed in provide is located Congesti Texas, USA. Urban area congestion in worsened rates due central congestion in Urban on of Texas, the 39 largest air quality to business free road in area of 11 Relief USA. urban areas of due to the accidental districts urban area Texas, Toll Texas, USA. higher loss in (CBDs) of of Texas, USA. Tunnels emission urban area Texas, USA. USA. rates of of Texas, vehicles in USA.
334
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P urban area of Texas, USA. This tunnel is This tunnel Local traffic Regional Land uses Toll This tunnel is This tunnel This located in Los is located as congestion rate air quality issues was Collection constructed in would tunnel is Route Angeles, a major was analyzed was analyzed System Central require four constructe 710 USA. north-south in urban area analyzed in urban Business Area lanes of d in Tunnel link in the of Los in urban area of of Los traffic in Central Technic Los Angeles Angeles, USA. area of Los Angeles, USA. each Business al County in Los Angeles, direction to Area of 12 Feasibili Los Angeles, USA provide an Los ty Angeles, USA acceptable Angeles, Assessm USA. level of USA. ent service in Report Los Angeles, USA. Tunneli This tunnel is This tunnel - - - Govt. of This tunnel is This tunnel This 13 ng in located in is located in Korea located in is located in tunnel is
335
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P Soft Seoul, Korea. sub urban Seoul, Korea. Seoul, located in Soil: area of Korea. sub urban Tunnel Seoul, area of Boring Korea. Seoul, Machine Korea. Operatio n and Soil Respons e, Seoul, Korea The This tunnel is This tunnel Population Effect of Land - This tunnel is This tunnel This Future located in is located in lives in urban air acquisitio located in is located in tunnel is Use of Malaysia urban area areas of pollution, n issues urban area of urban area located in Undergr of Malaysia. Malaysia was noise was were Malaysia. of Malaysia. urban area 14 ound estimated. estimated estimated of Space in in urban in urban Malaysia. Malaysi area of area of a: A Malaysia Malaysia.
336
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P Literatur e Review This tunnel is This tunnel Determining Environm Social PPP This tunnel is Based on This located in is located in traffic ental factors constructed in traffic tunnel is Fixed Labrador and fixed projections in assessmen were Labrador and projections located in Link Newfoundlan transportatio Labrador and ts were considered Newfoundland, over a 30 Labrador between d, Canada. n link Newfoundland, done in in Canada. year period and Labrado between the Canada. Labrador Labrador it is the Newfound r and Island of and and most land, 15 Newfou Newfoundla Newfound Newfound economic Canada. ndland nd and land, land, tunnel Pre- Labrador Canada Canada. between feasibilit across the Labrador y Study Strait of and Belle Isle. Newfoundla nd, Canada. Benefits This tunnel is This tunnel Traffic Noise Social PPP The Yongsan This tunnel This 16 of located in is located in accident was reduction cost issues line connects is located in tunnel is
337
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P reroutin Seoul, Korea. urban area estimated in benefits were Yongsan with urban area located in g of Seoul, Seoul, Korea. were considered Gajwa in of Seoul, urban area railways Korea. considered in urban Seoul, Korea Korea. of Seoul, to in Seoul, area of Korea. tunnels Korea. Seoul, in urban Korea areas: a case study of the Yongsan line in Seoul Urban This tunnel is This tunnel Traffic impact Urban - - This tunnel is This tunnel This EPB located in San is located in was analyzed environme constructed in is located in tunnel is Tunneli Francisco, urban area in urban area nt was San Francisco, urban area located in 17 ng in USA of San of San considered USA. of San urban area Limited Francisco, Francisco, in San Francisco, of San Space: USA. USA. Francisco, USA. Francisco,
338
Name of Structural Financial SI Design Construction Operation the Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Consideration Period, O& M Period Study on P A Case USA. USA. Study of the San Francisc o Central Subway Project
339
Table 4.1.2: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Traffic Coverage)
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on The 9.7 km (6.03 24- SMART Consideri Malaysian During During The traffic miles) storm hour system ng Government construction operation motorway coverage is water by- SCADA has land & PPP period the period Cars has helped almost 12.7 pass tunnel. Monitoring prevente acquisitio motorway using the to reduce km. 4 km (2.49 & d seven n issue tunnel covers tunnel see an congestion Design miles) Surveillanc potential within 3 km and average and cut speed limit double-deck e ly traffic Storm water commute down on SMART of 60 km/h motorway The disastro area. tunnel covers time of just travel time Tunnel, No of within storm entire us flash 9.7 km. four minutes, into the 1 Kualalampu lane 4 water tunnel expressway floods in compared to city center. r, Malaysia double deck had its the city between 10 Cars using speed limit center. and 15 the tunnel of 60 km/h minutes to see an surface road average users. commute time of just four minutes,
340
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on compared to between 10 and 15 minutes to surface road users.
The U-Smartway To ease the Conside Consideri Government During In line with The traffic traffic project traffic ringurba ng of Seoul. construction the coverage of Urban Deep coverage of comprising 6 congestion n land overcrowding increasingly this tunnel Road this tunnel underground undergroun landscap acquisitio in downtown growing is about Tunnel is about highways and d traffic e issue n issue is considered concern on 149km in Constructio 149km in 2 belt ways. facilities within within within traffic comfortable length 2 n Project in length. were traffic traffic area. living space, comprising Korea and It is analyzed.- area. area. minimized 6 Technical two lane disturbance of undergroun Requiremen traffic flow d highways ts within traffic and 2 belt area.. ways.
341
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on This Seven shorter Dual - - Govt. of During This project This research is tunnels of carriagewa India & construction brings higher research is focused on various y (2 x 2 Govt. of dual demands for focused on seven distances lanes) with Delhi carriageway (2 traffic seven shorter (shortest is the design x 2 lanes) with infrastructure shorter tunnels 155 km to 195 speed the design of the tunnels (lengths and the 50kph. speed country. (lengths New tunnels from 195m longest is 50kph from 195m for the to 888m) 888m). (according the to 888m) national 3 which were Indian which were highway designed Standards for designed NH-1A in for the the for the India second mountain second section communicatio section (Udhapur – ns) is (Udhapur – Banihal). considered. Banihal). Dual carriageway (2 x 2 lanes)
342
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on Design Speed 50kph
In structural KPE Ventilati KPE 12 Estimated The traffic KPE will Traffic point of view reduces on Operatio kilometers traffic volume volume is be further coverage this tunnel journey issues ns (km) KPE is was 400 expected to be extended of this covers: time in the were Control funded by million at least 600 with the Review of tunnel is 9 km of north- consider Centre m Govt. of vehicle million ongoing Road about 12 cut-and-cover eastern part ed in 6 onitors Malaysia. kilometers per vehicle developme Tunnel km. underground of the ventilati the traffic year kilometers per nt of a Standards - No. of lane tunnels island by on 24 hours year when in 3.6km 4 The safety is two up to 25% building a day operation. MCE, implications Traffic 6 traffic and s. unusual comprising on urban volume lanes improves situations of a 420 road tunnels 600 8 connectivit .i.e. meters (m) in Singapore million interchanges y among 3 social section vehicles and 6 main risk, constructed per year ventilation expressway accident below the
s i.e. ECP, etc. seabed.
343
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on buildings. PIE and TPE. Traffic volume is 1800 vehicles per hour per lane respectively at peak period
Traffic volume is 1200 vehicles per hour per lane at off peak period.
Dhaka Road Traffic The tunnels . The From From Toll This project This tunnel is The eastern 5 Tunnel coverage will be two vertical baseline social Collcetion details the 1 km in interchange
344
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on Feasibility is 1 km in separate clearance househo survey it System traffic survey length. is a partial Study length. structures proposed is ld was fond data that was interchange Project It is multi- separated by a 5.7 m survey it that collected for with the lane tunnel 13.0 m outside the was houses traffic micro- tunnel median and tunnel to found and simulation connecting connected by allow that buildings model only to the cross passages traffic flow average occupy estimation. Mohakali within the in the peak househo about 63 Flyover. At traffic area. direction. ld size percent the western to be of lands, there is a 4.45, 8 percent full higher are paved interchange than the feeder , i.e. all 2001 roads movements census. within are allowed the for, with settlemen Sayed ts and 16 Manbub percent Morshed
345
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on of lands Ave are used providing for the east- health, west route, social, and Begum education Rockeya al and Avenue religious provided a infrastruc north-south tures. connection. The tunnel alignment runs diagonally under the airport runway to conform to the
346
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on geometry of the eastern and western approach roads. Geotechnica The The length of The design Groun To avoid Govt. of Ground Based on the The l, structural Niayesh Main north speed is d social Iran deformation buildings Niayesh and geodetic tunnel tunnel is considered conditio hazard (inclinometer categorization tunnel measuremen project is 3256m & as 80km/hr n the and , various types project ts for (10,108 m) Main north for both Impact position extensometer) of geodetic (10,108 m) conventiona Average tunnel of main north of of . Surface and structural is the 6 l Daily Main South & south househo buildings settlement instruments biggest tunnelling Traffic tunnel is tunnel. ld living relative (levelling were designed tunnelling hazards in (AADT) 3045m. in to tunnels point) to monitor project in urban areas 42,000 building were Tunnel buildings urban area – The case Design adjacent considere deformation probable in Middle of Niayesh speed 80 to tunnel d. monitoring deformations. East for its road tunnel km/h length.
347
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on project This is 400m were Intensity of Vibratio Social - 400m were The synthesis The 700m road excavated traffic n sueys issues excavated of many average tunnel. below volume were were below simulation excavated groundwater. was carried considere groundwater. results led to area is
Tunneling calculated. out d within the conviction 100sqm in an urban within the traffic that using with a 7 critical area the area. explosives in cover – A case traffic two thirds of varyinh study area. the total between tunnel length 2,7m and was an 21m. adequate solution.
A feasibility This Two parallel, 1.5 km Subsurfa Risk of Govt. of Traffic Aizawl Aizawl study for tunnel circular may be ce subsidenc India accident Traffic Traffic 8 urban covers tunnels (each considered drainage e & within the Tunnel the Tunnel in tunnelling in traffic is 1.3 km long, by the town was building traffic area Indian the soft tertiary about is 2.3 6.2 m dia), planners on consider damage during experience in northeast
348
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on sedimentary km in were driven. the basis of ed within construction. urban of India rocks of length. traffic within the traffic tunnelling can be Mizoram, Two density and the area. includes two considered India parallel, flow. traffic newly to be the circular area. commissioned first major tunnels major venture of (each 1.3 underground this kind in km long, 6.2 metro systems a densely m dia) in Kolkata populated and New urban area Delhi. in the country covers 2.3 km in length.
The This The KSL is a This tunnel The - Hong Kong West of East The railway This tunnel Kowloon Tunnel is 3.75km, will run railway Government Tsim Sha Tsui runs through is wholly 9 Southern 3.75 km wholly from the runs station, the two distinct undergroun Link long. underground overrun through tunnels are areas: d,
349
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on feasibility It is dual twin-track tunnels urban aligned South twin-track study two-lane railway. west of the environ beneath Sections railway. underpass current ment. Salisbury North and four East Rail Road directly Sections sets of large, terminus at across the twin-cell, East Tsim twin-tube box Sha Tsui to running culverts. the overrun tunnels. tunnels south of the current West Rail terminus at Nam Cheong in the Sham Shui Po district.
350
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on Traff This is 3 - Environ - Government Consists of Consists of This is 3 A Review ic coverage metro mental of India and the the metro Of Delhi is about 30 corridors of issues Delhi construction construction corridors of Metro km in twin tunnel were Government of 128km of of 128km of twin tunnel Tunnel 10 length. with a total consider track, 81 track, 81 with a total Constructio drive length ed stations and 5 stations and 5 drive n with 14 Twin of 30km. within depots. depots. length of EPB Shield Tunnel traffic 30km. TBMS area. This - - - - BOT & PPP - - In this study was study, in based on the several overseas Congestion overseas tunnel 11 Relief Toll experiences experience, Tunnels of urban nearly all tunnel case of these studies. projects are There is no being
351
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on specific developed length of largely or tunnel. entirely with private capital, under long- term franchise agreements of the build- operate- transfer (BOT) type. Route 710 This is 4.5 Geotechnical, Traffic EIA was SIA was Toll Lane controls As a result of Geotechnic 12 Tunnel mile geologic, modeling, done done Collection could be the traffic al, Technical undergrou hydrological, traffic within within System considered to modeling and geologic,
352
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on Feasibility nd tunnel. seismic impact the the study prohibit lane analysis, it hydrologic Assessment Vertical conditions analysis study area. changes was al, seismic Report grades were were done area. within the determined conditions, from 1.95 considered within study area. that the 2030 traffic % to 3%. within traffic traffic area. forecast modelling, Level of area. demand along EIA, SIA Service this proposed were (69 miles section of the considered per hour) Route 710 within Traffic freeway traffic area. capacity is would require (1950 four lanes of vehicles/la traffic in each ne/hour) direction to provide an acceptable level of service.
13 Tunnelling The Soil- - - - - The tubes Tunnel Tunnel
353
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on in Soft Soil: Hubertus settlement were construction constructio Tunnel tunnel predictions excavated by in soft soil n in soft Boring tubes, were done a 10 680 mm usually soil usually Machine northern and within study long slurry- induces induces Operation southern, area. shield TBM, settlement settlement and Soil are 1666.70 with a front within the within the Response m and diameter of 10 traffic area. traffic area. 1653.48 m 510 mm, and long. a rear one of 10 490 mm. This study ------Malaysia This study The Future was based seems to was based Use of on the utilize all on the Undergroun utilization surface and utilization 14 d Space in of underground of Malaysia: A undergroun spaces for undergroun Literature d space of achieving d space of Review Malaysia. sustainable Malaysia. 2x2 development.
354
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on traffic lanes for cars Design speed of 70km per hour The tunnel Two running Traffic Environ Social PPP Variations in Variations in Two is actually tunnels projections mental factors traffic growth traffic growth running three 50 carrying rail were assessm were rates for rates for tunnels Fixed Link kilometre- tracks and one determined ents considere different different carrying between long parallel service tunnel within the were d within segments segments rail tracks Labrador tunnels for traffic area. done the traffic were were and one and 15 It is four maintenance within area. evaluated evaluated service Newfoundla lane vehicles and the within the within the tunnel for nd Pre- for emergency traffic traffic area. traffic area. maintenanc feasibility egress within area. e vehicles Study the traffic and for area. emergency egress
355
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on within the traffic area. The This study - - - PPP There is - The Yongsan was addressed growing Yongsan line by estimating interest in line connects the operating urban connects Benefits of Yongsan and accident regeneration Yongsan rerouting with Gajwa. expenses around the with railways to associated world. Gajwa. tunnels in with grade Transport There is no 16 urban areas: crossings facilities can specific a case study be redirected length. of underground the Yongsan or covered to line in Seoul open up grade-level space for other purposes.
356
Design SI Name of the Structural Financial Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. Study Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period on Considering traffic volumes. The traffic 2.5 km long Fatalities Urban - - Traffic data This tunnel is Traffic data Urban EPB area tunnels under rates were environ was analyzed fully operated was Tunneling coverage is low cover and discussed ment to overcome within the analyzed to in Limited about 2.5 in mixed within the was during all traffic area. overcome Space: A km. ground traffic area. consider stages of during all Case Study 17 Multiple conditions. ed design and stages of of the San lane within construction design and Francisco the within the constructio Central traffic traffic area. n within Subway area. the traffic Project area.
357
Table 4.1.3: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Institutional Involvement)
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Malaysian Malaysian Malaysian Department Department Malaysian Malaysian Malaysia Malaysia Highway Highway Highway of Irrigation of Irrigation Governme Highway n n Authority Authority Authority and Drainage and Drainage nt & PPP Authority and Highway Highway and the and the the Authority Authority Department Department Department of and the , of Irrigation of Irrigation and Departme Irrigation SMART and Irrigation Drainage, nt of , Tunnel, 1 Drainage, and Economic Irrigation Drainage Kualalampur, Economic Drainage Planning and Unit 7 Malaysia Planning Unit’s (EPU) Drainage, Govt. of Unit’s Economi Malaysia (EPU) c is Planning involved Unit’s here. (EPU)
Urban Deep Seoul Geotechnic Tunnelling Geotechnical Geotechnical Seoul Geotechnical Geotechn Seoul 2 Road Tunnel Metropolita al Research Engineering Engineering Metropolit Engineering ical Metropol
358
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Construction n Engineerin Division, & Tunneling & Tunneling an & Tunnelling Engineeri itan Project in government, g & Korea Research Research governme Research ng & governm Korea and Geotechnica Tunnelling Institute of Division Division nt Division Tunnellin ent, Technical l Research Constructio g Geotechn Requirement Engineering Division n Research ical s & Technolog Division Engineeri Tunnelling y Korea ng & Research Tunnellin Division, g Korea Research Institute of Division, Constructio Korea is n involved Technology here. Korea
New tunnels National National National National National Govt. of National National National 3 for the Highway Highway Highway Highway Highway India Highway Highway Highway national Authority of Authority Authority Authority of Authority of Authority of Authority Authority
359
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P highway NH- India & of India & of India & India & India & India & Govt. of India of India 1A in India Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of of India & Govt. & Govt. India India India India India of India of India involved here. Systems Systems Land Land Systems Govt. of Systems Land Land Assurance Assurance Transport Transport Assurance & Malaysia. Assurance & Transport Transport & & Authority Authority of Integration Integration Authority Authority Review of Integration Integration of Singapore Division, Division, of of Road Tunnel Division, Division, Singapore Singapore, Singapore, Singapor Singapor Standards - Singapore, Singapore, &National Land Land e, Govt. e & The safety Land Land University Transport Transport of National 4 implications Transport Transport of Authority of Authority of Malaysia. Universit on urban Authority of Authority Singapore Singapore& Singapore & y of road tunnels Singapore & of (NUS). National National Singapor in Singapore National Singapore University of University of e (NUS). University &National Singapore Singapore Involved of University (NUS). (NUS). here. Singapore of
360
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P (NUS). Singapore (NUS).
BBA, BBA, Bangladesh Department Resettlement Govt. of Road and Road and BBA, Bangladesh ‘Banglades Bureau of of Implementati Banglades Highway Highway ‘Bridges Bridges h Bridges Statistics Environment on Unit h. Department Departme Division’ Authority, Authority, (BBS), (DoE) (RIU) (RHD), BBA, nt of the Ministry of Bangladesh Bangladesh ‘Bangladesh (RHD), Ministry Communica Road Road Bridges BBA, of tion (MOC) Transport Transport Authority, ‘Banglad Commun Dhaka Road & Govt. of Authority Authority Govt. of esh ication Tunnel 5 Bangladesh, (BRTA) (BRTA), Bangladesh Bridges (MOC) & Feasibility Department Road and Authority Govt. of Study Project of Highway , Govt. of Banglade Environmen Department Banglade sh t (DoE), (RHD), sh involved Project Strategic here. Director Transport (PD), Plan (STP) Strategic
361
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Transport Plan (STP. P.O.R. Department Department Department Department Govt. of Department of Departme Departme Consulting of Mining of Civil of Civil of Civil Iran Mining and nt of nt of Geotechnical Co., Tehran, and Engineerin Engineering, Engineering, Metallurgical Civil Mining , structural Iran, Metallurgic g, University of University of Engineering Engineeri and and geodetic Department al University Tarbiat Tarbiat ng, Metallurg measurement of Mining Engineerin of Tarbiat Modares, Modares, Universit ical s for and g Modares, Tehran, Iran Tehran, Iran, y of Engineeri conventional Metallurgic Tehran, Amirkabir Tarbiat ng, 6 tunnelling al Iran University of Modares, Amirkabi hazards in Engineering Technology, Tehran, r urban areas – , Amirkabir Tehran, Iran Iran, Universit The case of University ,Department Departme y of Niayesh road of of Civil nt of Technolo tunnel Technology, Engineering, Mining gy, project Tehran, Iran University of and Tehran, ,Department Tarbiat Metallurg Iran of Civil Modares, ical involved
362
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Engineering Tehran, Iran Engineeri here. , University ng, Govt. of Tarbiat of Iran Modares, Tehran, Iran J.M. Departame Departame Departament Departament - Departamento Departam J.M. Carvalho & nto de nto de o de o de de Engenharia ento de Carvalho A.T. Engenharia Engenharia Engenharia Engenharia de Minas – Engenhar & A.T. Cavalheiro, de Minas – de Minas – de Minas – de Minas – FEUP & ia de Cavalheir Departamen FEUP & FEUP & FEUP & FEUP & CIGAR, Minas – o, Tunneling in to de CIGAR, CIGAR, CIGAR, CIGAR, Porto, FEUP & Departam an urban Engenharia Porto, Porto, Porto, Porto, Portugal. CIGAR, ento de 7 critical area – de Minas – Portugal. Portugal Portugal Portugal. Porto, Engenhar A case study FEUP & Portugal. ia de CIGAR, Portugal Minas – Porto, FEUP & Portugal, P. CIGAR, Teixeira Porto, Golder Portugal,
363
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Associate P. Portugal Teixeira Golder Associate Portugal involved here. Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological Governme Geological Geologic Geologic A feasibility Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of nt of India Survey of al Survey al Survey study for India, India, India, India, India, India, of India, of India, urban Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow Lucknow tunnelling in Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological , , 8 soft tertiary Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Geologic Geologic sedimentary India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune al Survey al Survey rocks of of India, of India, Mizoram, Pune Pune India involved here. 9 The Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Hong Kong Hong Hong
364
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Kowloon Government Governmen Governmen Government Government Kong Government Kong Kong Southern t t Governme Governm Governm Link nt ent ent feasibility involved study here. Oriental Metro Oriental Oriental - Governme Oriental Oriental Metro Consultants Railway Consultants Consultants nt of Consultants Consulta Railway Co., Ltd., Corporatio Co., Ltd., Co., Ltd., India, Co., Ltd., nts Co., Corporati New Delhi, n Co., Ltd New Delhi, New Delhi, Governme New Delhi, Ltd., on Co., A Review Of India, Delhi India, India, Delhi nt of Delhi India, New Ltd., Delhi Metro Metro Delhi Delhi,Metro Delhi, New Tunnel Railway Railway India, Delhi, 10 Construction Corporation Corporation Delhi,Me India with 14 EPB Co., Ltd., Co., Ltd tro and Gov Shield New Delhi, Railway of India TBMS India Corporati & Delhi and Gov of on Co., 7 India & Ltd consultin Delhi g firm
365
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P involved here. Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas BOT & Texas Texas Texas Transportati Transportat Transportat Transportatio Transportatio ETC Transportatio Transport Transport Congestion on Institute ion ion n Institute n Institute System n Institute ation ation 11 Relief Toll Institute Institute Institute Institute Tunnels involved here. Los Angeles Los Los Los Angeles Los Angeles - Los Angeles Los Los County Angeles Angeles County County County Angeles Angeles Route 710 Metropolita County County Metropolitan Metropolitan Metropolitan County County Tunnel n Metropolita Metropolita Transportatio Transportatio Transportatio Metropol Metropol Technical Transportati n n n Authority n Authority n Authority itan itan 12 Feasibility on Transportat Transportat Transport Transport Assessment Authority ion ion ation ation Report Authority Authority Authority Authority involved here.
13 Tunnelling in Delft Department Delft Delft Delft - Delft Delft Delft
366
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Soft Soil: University of University University of University of University of Universit Universit Tunnel of Geoscience of Technology, Technology, Technology, y of y of Boring Technology, and Technolog Faculty of Faculty of Faculty of Technolo Technolo Machine Faculty of Engineerin y, Faculty Civil Civil Civil gy, gy, Operation Civil g, Section of Civil Engineering Engineering Engineering Faculty Faculty and Soil Engineering of Geo- Engineerin and and and of Civil of Civil Response and Engineerin g and Geosciences Geosciences Geosciences, Engineeri Engineeri Geosciences g Geoscience Department of ng and ng and , s Geoscience Geoscien Geoscien Department and ces, ces, of Engineering, Departme Departme Geoscience Section of nt of nt of and Geo- Geoscien Geoscien Engineering Engineering, ce and ce and , Section of Delft, The Engineeri Engineeri Geo- Netherlands ng, ng Engineering Section involved , Delft, The of Geo- here. Netherlands Engineeri
367
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P ng, Delft, The Netherlan ds
Department Department Department Department Department Govt. of Department of Departme Departme of Land of Land of Land of Land of Land Malaysia Land nt of nt of Administrati Administra Administra Administrati Administrati Administratio Land Land on, Faculty tion, tion, on, Faculty on, Faculty n, Faculty of Administ Administ The Future of Faculty of Faculty of of of Geoinformati ration, ration & Use of Geoinforma Geoinform Geoinform Geoinformati Geoinformati on and Real Faculty Universit Underground tion and ation and ation and on and Real on and Real Estate, of y of 14 Space in Real Estate, Real Real Estate, Estate, Universiti Geoinfor Malaysia Malaysia: A Universiti Estate, Estate, Universiti Universiti Teknologi mation involved Literature Teknologi Universiti Universiti Teknologi Teknologi Malaysia and Real here. Review Malaysia Teknologi Teknologi Malaysia Malaysia Estate, Malaysia Malaysia Universit i Teknolog i
368
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Malaysia
Hatch Mott Hatch Mott Hatch Mott Hatch Mott Hatch Mott - Hatch Mott Hatch Governm MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald Mott ent of (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), MacDona Newfoun “Public “Public “Public “Public “Public “Public Policy ld dland and Policy Policy Policy Policy Policy Research (HMM), Labrador Research Research Research Research Research Centre”, “Public and the Fixed Link Centre”, Centre”, Centre”, Centre”, Centre”, Canada, Policy Governm between Canada, Canada, Canada, Canada, Canada, Government Research ent of Labrador and Government Governmen Governmen Government Government of Centre”, Canada 15 Newfoundlan of t of t of of of Newfoundlan Canada, and a d Pre- Newfoundla Newfoundl Newfoundl Newfoundlan Newfoundlan d and Governm public feasibility nd and and and and and d and d and Labrador and ent of research Study Labrador Labrador Labrador Labrador and Labrador and the Newfoun centre is and the and the and the the the Government dland and involved Government Governmen Governmen Government Government of Canada Labrador here. of Canada t of Canada t of Canada of Canada of Canada and the Governm ent of
369
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Canada
Department Korea Korea Department Seoul - - - Departme of Transport Transport of National, nt of Environmen Institute Institute Environment University Environ Benefits of tal Planning, al Planning, ment & rerouting Seoul Korea Departme railways to National, nt of tunnels in University, Korea is 16 urban areas: Seoul, involved a case study Korea, here. of Korea the Yongsan Transport line in Seoul Institute, Goyang, Geonggi, Korea, Urban EPB The The The The The - The Robinson The It is a 17 Tunneling in Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson case
370
Design Structural Financial SI Name of the Construction Operatio Considerati Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. Study Period, O& M n Period on on P Limited Company Company Company Company Company Company Company study & Space: A conducte Case Study d by a of the San company. Francisco Central Subway Project
371
Table 4.1.4: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Environmental Coverage) Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M 38 sets Holding - Air Quality - Govt. of - - This of Air Quality basin Monitoring Malaysia study Monitoring complete with Equipment covers air Equipment diversion and was set up quality & (AQME) tunnel intake in project ventilatio monitoring structures area n issue. SMART carbon Tunnel, monoxide Storage 1 Kualalam (CO), nitrogen reservoir and pur, monoxide a twin-box Malaysia (NO) and culvert to particulate release flood Ventilat discharge ion/ escape shafts at 1km intervals Urban For Non- In order to To reduce - Government Ground - Technolo 2 Deep Environmental open-cut get the of Seoul water gy used
372
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Road coverage: Long distance uninterrupt environme conservatio to Tunnel Measur excavation ed traffic ntal impact n prevent Constructi es Minimal flow and Efficient environm on Project to prevent vertical shaft environme damage to mucking ental in Korea ground water nt-friendly the existing and material impact. and pollution Reliable shield structure delivery Technical Technology ground TBM was deep Requirem to investigation adopted undergroun ents deal with high technology d level and water pressure the state- of-the-art technology was adopted. New Site Steep slopes ------This tunnels for investigation Frequent study 3 the Geological landslides covers national conditions different highway environm
373
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M NH-1A in ental India impacts i.e. Site investigat ions, geologica l condition s, steep slopes, frequent landslide s. Review of Damage to In structural Repair •Tunnel Societal Govt. of Damage State-of- Environ Road tunnel point of view Works Ventilation Risk Malaysia to the- mental Tunnel structures and this tunnel Impact System Critical Tunnel art fibre- degradati 4 Standards equipment, covers: on the • Fire events that structure optic heat on issue - The environmental transport and air may s and detectors is are safety degradation, Environm economy monitoring endanger Equipme installed to discussed
374
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M implicatio repair works ental • Air human life nt detect fire here. ns on and the impact degradatio temperatur and air urban road on n e monitoring tunnels in the transport Damage • sensors to Singapore economy is to tunnel Carbon monitor considered. structures monoxide tunnel air levels temperatur • Fire e and Fighting carbon System monoxide levels, and activate fire alarms and tunnel ventilation system. Dhaka An For An Demolition Water Toll At the At the This 5 Road environmental environmental employmen of supply Collcetion construction operation study Tunnel Quality Survey Quality t rate of the buildings pipelines System period of stage of the covers
375
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Feasibility was conducted Survey surveyed may be and the project, project, almost all Study to examine the samples were 861 necessitate sewerage air, noise, there are time of Project baseline air, collected in population d. Nearby lines which and surface chances of environm noise, and two locations within the residential run under and drainage ental surface and in the project 15-65 year and office the road groundwater congestion, impact groundwater area and age bracket buildings sides may will be road during quality. tested by the is 97.3 may be affected affected due accidents, tunnel Department of percent. experience due to to earth or design as Environment nuisances project excavation, groundwate well as (DoE). in the form activities at pile driving, r level constructi of reduced the starting rock changes. on 7 access, point and crushing, Noise and operation noise etc. ending electricity air period. points of generation pollution the DRTP. and will be transportatio created in n. and surroundin g the
376
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M project area due to the movement of vehicles along the tunnel. Geotechni Impact of Site Househol Health Govt. of Geodetic Devise The cal, household investigatio d survey hazards Iran measure remedial environm structural The living in ns in Site Accident ments measures ental and environmental building residential investigatio al risk Ground to fix impacts geodetic impacts such as adjacent to area. ns type problems such as measurem release of tunnel. Ground . release of 6 ents for toxic/inflamma behaviou Reduce toxic/infla conventio ble/ r litigation. mmable/ nal harmful Importan harmful tunnelling materials were ce of materials hazards in considered. tunnellin were urban g considere areas – influence d.
377
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M The case zone of Niayesh road tunnel project The worst Propagating Vibration Seismic Loss of - Loss of The Only disturbance seismic impact on vibrations human life human life vibration seismic and possible vibrations. traffic. PPV tests vibration danger in using thresholds allowed a s were Tunneling explosives in good considere in an an urban picture of d. urban 7 environment is time critical due to induced window area – A propagating lengths case study seismic having vibrations were higher considered. peaks as well as
378
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M determinin g relevant signal frequency bandwidths . Water supply Drainage Excavation Risk of Highly Govt. of Excavation - Drilling A Sewage Damage to by subsidence literate India by and feasibility Drainage nearby roadheader & building population road headers blasting study for structures s may be damage is may be issues urban preferred to within the considered preferred to environm tunnelling drilling and traffic area. to be of drilling and ental 8 in soft blasting prime blasting factors tertiary issues importance considering were sedimenta environme for urban considere ry rocks of ntal factors avoiding environment d. Mizoram, were controversi . India considered. al social issues.
379
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Hong Event theatre Shopping Arts, - Hong Kong Constructio The Environ Kong Space sensitive to mall, concert, Government n options railway mental Museum noise and hotels, and and theatre were runs impact Hong vibration. hostel, all venues considered through was Kong Cultural with sensitive to upon urban urban considere The Centre basements, noise and environment environme d only Kowloon complex including vibration. . nt. constructi Southern 9 Hong on phase. Link Kongí s feasibility premier study hotel, The Peninsula fronting Salisbury Road. A Review Ground water Ground water As ground - - Government As ground As ground River Of Delhi level level aries water level of India and water level water level deposits 10 Metro from GL-10m varies Delhi varies varies contains Tunnel (typical tunnel tunnel Government tunnel tunnel alluvial
380
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Constructi crown level) excavation excavation excavation soils on with 14 to GL-35m. can be can be can be derived EPB carried out carried out carried out from the Shield in open in open in open adjacent TBMS mode. mode. mode. quartzite ridge was discussed . Worsened air Worsened air Higher Worsen Higher BOT & PPP Worsen The project Different quality due to quality due to amount of air emission air quality has been environm the higher the higher vehicle quality rates Noise subject to ental emission emission rates causes Noise causes fierce factors Congestio rates of of vehicles. higher Odor huge social opposition were n Relief 11 vehicles. emission pollution loss. from considere Toll Higher rates. environmen d in all Tunnels amount of tal phase. vehicle organizatio causes higher ns, on emission grounds
381
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M rates. that Noise by adding Odor lane-miles pollution. and modernizin g the Central Artery, it will attract additional traffic and therefore worsen air quality. Route 710 Noise, Historic Noise, Noise, Land uses Toll Soil Historic Different Tunnel Air quality, properties, Air Air issues. Collection disposal, propertie environm 12 Technical Historic Aesthetics, quality quality System and s ental Feasibility properties, Archaeolog Environ Storm Archaeol factors Assessme Aesthetics, y, mental water ogy were
382
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M nt Report Archaeology Soil assessme considere , disposal, nt d in all Hazardous and phase. waste, Storm Soil water disposal, and Storm water This paper has ------This Tunnellin analysed paper has g in Soft environmental analysed Soil: assessment environm Tunnel sush as ental 13 Boring conventional assessme Machine tunnelling, nt sush as Operation monitoring and conventio and Soil settlement nal Response control, tunnellin geotechnical g,
383
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M site monitorin investigation. g and settlemen t control. Local culture Local - Effect of Land - Effect of air However, Different Geographica culture air acquisition pollution, undergroun environm l situation, Geographic pollution, issues were noise was d ental The Air Pollution al situation noise was estimated estimated in utilization factors Future Noise estimated in urban urban area pattern were Use of in urban area of of Malaysia. varies in considere Undergrou area of Malaysia. different d in all nd Space 14 Malaysia. urban phase. in contexts, Malaysia: depending A on local Literature culture, Review geographic al situation, social,
384
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M environme nt and economic need.- - - The - - PPP - - Traffic causeway impact on option is environm Fixed exposed to ent Link the same impact between environme was only Labrador ntal risks considere 15 and for the d. Newfound bridge but land Pre- may be feasibility marginally Study less sensitive to wind and icing.
385
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M In total, the risk of having operational interruptio ns in the winter months is considered to be high. Benefits Annual - - - PPP - - This study Environ of annoyance stresses the mental rerouting costs value of the impact railways Number of natural only 16 to households environme considere tunnels in exposed nt but d in urban does not operation areas: a focus as period. case study much on
386
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M of that of the the built Yongsan environme line in nt. Seoul Urban During design - - - - - Environmen - Environ EPB consider urban tal issues mental Tunneling environment. were impact in Limited focused only Space: A during considere Case tunnel d in 17 Study of construction constructi the San in urban on Francisco area. period. Central Subway Project
387
Table 4.1.5: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Social Coverage) Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Land acquisition ------This study SMART issue covers only Tunnel, 1 land Kualalampur, acquisition Malaysia issue. Traffic - - - - Governm Civic - Social Urban Deep concentration ent of complaints impact was Road Tunnel and severe Seoul. during considered Construction congestion construction. on design 4 Project in causes a huge and traffic Korea and social loss. impact Technical assessment Requirements phase. ------This study New tunnels does not for the national 5 cover any highway NH- Social 1A in India impact.
388
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Provisio - A speed - Provi Govt. of Social safety Provide This study n of protection limit of sion of Malaysia of labors road safety does not in case of 70 protectio during of drivers. cover any Review of accidents km/hour n in case construction Social Road Tunnel Preventi to lower of impact. Standards - on of critical the risk accident The safety events that may of Preven 4 implications on endanger human accidents tion of urban road life in the critical tunnels in tunnels. events Singapore that may endanger human life As a part of the From a social Surveye B Land Toll Increased The Social Dhaka Road ‘Feasibility perspective d aseline Acquisi Collcetio traffic implement Impact & Tunnel 5 Study’ a Social the Study househo environ tion n System congestion ation social risk Feasibility Study has been found that it lds use mental Type during phase is were Study Project carried out in reduce traffic and are survey and construction contingent considered
389
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP order to find congestion. mostly Li extent period would upon in all whether the depende teracy of loss only be a acceptabili phase. proposed project nt on rate of temporary ty of the is socially road Pi assets negative feasibility feasible. transpor ped likely to impact. study ts water be report by surveye supply impacte the d connecti d, Governme populati ons includin nt. on in U g land the se and Study electricit structur Area y es Analyzin Incomein Principl g come, es and education water and legal levels sanitation framew , and ork transport applica
390
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP expenditu ble for re among mitigati others. on of these losses
Health hazards Temporar Istrument Control Health Govt. of Noise Urban This study Geotechnical, Accidental risk y diversion al of dust hazards Iran emissions and tunnelling does not structural and of the traffic installatio Noise Accide a special care has to be cover any geodetic An n at peak emissio ntal risk for safety considered Social measurements accurate period n Politica issues are not as impact. for planning of Ground l risk necessary for three- conventional 6 worksite settlem workers at dimensiona tunnelling areas for ent construction l, not even hazards in workers stage. as four- urban areas – dimensiona The case of l including Niayesh road time, but as tunnel project five-
391
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP dimensiona l including politics. Densely Ground Ground Explosiv Ground - Ground For human Resettleme constructed settlement. settlemen e PPV settlem settlement life safety nt issue and under t in threshold. ent Loss of 20 mm/s was renovation area densely Loss of human life PPV considered. Tunneling in for settlement populated human threshold an urban 7 were considered. area. life allowable critical area – by the A case study Portuguese NP-2074 safety Standard. A feasibility Dissemination of Disseminatio - - - Govt. of - Highly Controversi study for urban sound technical n of sound India literate al social 8 tunnelling in information to a technical population issues was soft tertiary highly literate information is considered sedimentary population is to a highly considered in all
392
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP rocks of considered to be literate to be of phase. Mizoram, India of prime population is prime importance for considered Importance avoiding to be of for controversial prime avoiding social issues. importance controversi for avoiding al social controversial issues. social issues. - - - - - Governm Construction - Land ent of of an off-line requiremen The Kowloon Hong concourse box t issue was Southern Link Kong required land. considered 9 feasibility For this in study purpose a constructio survey was n phase. conducted.- A Review Of ------Change the - Social 10 Delhi Metro construction issue
393
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Tunnel method to Cut regarding Construction & Cover tree cutting with 14 EPB tunnel: there was Shield TBMS are 20-30 considered number of old in trees to be cut constructio and it is n phase. difficult to get permission from authority. Higher insurance - - - - BOT & - - All social rates to serve the ETC issues were Congestion social issue, land System considered 11 Relief Toll requirement, in all Tunnels social impact phase. assessment were considered. 12 Route 710 The project Industrial - Land Public Toll - - Land
394
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Tunnel study area manufacturin uses facilities, Collectio requiremen Technical traverses land g, and issues. land uses n System t issue was Feasibility uses consisting general issues. considered. Assessment of single and commercial Report multi-family uses. residential, public facilities, open space, industrial manufacturing, and general commercial uses, land uses issues. Tunnelling in Social issue was ------Only social Soft Soil: discussed like risk was Tunnel Boring sustainable use considered 13 Machine of underground in design Operation and space. phase. Soil Response
395
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP The Future Use Use of Use of Present - Land - - - All social of underground underground Use of acquisitio issues were Underground space & space Urban n issues. considered. 14 Space in Land acquisition Undergro Malaysia: A issues und Literature Review - - - - - PPP - Social Socio- benefits in economic Fixed Link terms of issue was between increased considered Labrador and 15 economic in Newfoundland activity operation Pre-feasibility that may be phase. Study caused by this project. Benefits of Evaluation of ------All social 16 rerouting social values like issues were railways to social discount considered
396
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP tunnels in rate, social costs, in design urban areas: a socio-economic phase only. case study of activities were the Yongsan discussed. line in Seoul Urban EPB Having detailed ------Resettleme Tunneling in assembly, nt issue Limited Space: startup, was A Case Study operational and considered 17 of the San settlement were in all Francisco considered. phase. Central Subway Project
397
Table 4.1.6: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Study Method) Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 1 SMART The original idea With the The Air - Malaysia Kuala This The Tunnel, was for a tunnel help of motorwa Quality n Govt. Lumpur sits tunnel is methodol Kualalampur, to divert and store the largest y tunnel Monitori & PPP on with a high working ogy of Malaysia the storm water, tunnel is ng ground water in three this case but the idea boring designed Equipme table for this modes: study progressed into machine for light nt was set it was decided Th were the concept of a the 9.7 vehicles up in that tunnel e first based on mixed-use tunnel km-long only project boring mode, the that would allow 13.3 m Motorcyc area machines under concept traffic flow when excavated les and (TBMs) normal of a the tunnel was diameter heavy would be the conditions mixed- empty of water. SMART vehicles most cost- where use tunnel has are not effective and there is no tunnel, been allowed. least storm, no flood designed. damaging flood water method to water will discharge construct the be rate, toll tunnel. diverted collectio
398
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP into the n, system. applicati W on of hen the Tunnel second Boring mode is Machine activated, (TBM) flood etc. water is diverted into the bypass tunnel underneat h the motorway tunnel. The motorway
399
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP section is still open to traffic at this stage. When the third mode is in operation, the motorway will be closed to all traffic. 2 Urban Deep Adoption of Application The core The need - Governm High- To expand Applicati Road Tunnel environment- of shield technolog for ent of speed the on of Construction friendly shield TBM for a ies developin Seoul excavation & undergrou TBMS Project in TBM and a twin large needed g more construction nd traffic (Tunnel Korea and tunnel to tunnel for ecofriend technology network Boring
400
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP Technical accommodate the section.. constructi ly Adopti as well as Machine) Requirements small vehicles on of and cost- on of to create was for efficient use.. undergro efficient environment- the green considere und technolog friendly space on d. traffic ies and shield TBM the ground facilities. open-cut in excavatio metropolit n an area, technolog using the y are deep expected undergrou to nd space continuo is usly unavoidab grow. le. 3 New tunnels The tunnels are All All All - - European The The for the designed only tunnels tunnels tunnels tunnelling tunnels methodol national with lighting in operate for operate operate experience will be ogy of highway NH- the traffic only for for traffic and solutions prepared this case
401
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 1A in India first stage of a in one traffic only in in a for study construction. direction. only in one modified installatio were Longitudinal or one direction version will n of based on natural direction. with probably further lighting, ventilation was Ventilati lighting become M&E ventilatio anticipated from on facility. standard for services n, traffic the beginning calculati the National based on operation with ons did Highway real etc. regards to tunnel not Authority of requireme lengths (about demonstr India. nts of 150 – 900m). ate a traffic or need requireme for nts of mechani operator. cal ventilatio n, thus tunnels stays
402
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP ventilated on by a piston effect and by a natural air flow. 4 Review of QRA Software QRA QRA QRA QRA Govt. of QRA QRA QRA Road Tunnel Software Software Software Software Malaysia Software Software Software Standards - tool is The safety used implications here. on urban road tunnels in Singapore 5 Dhaka Road Three types of Cut and Utility A full When the Toll The At the The Tunnel traffic data were cover relocatio Environ final Collcetio Bangladesh operation methodol Feasibility surveyed for solutions are ns and mental Engineeri n System Air Force stage of ogy of
403
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP Study Project three-hour periods expected to traffic Manage ng requirements the this case in both the AM- be the most diversion ment Design is for the project, study and PM-peak competitive s will Plan will prepared proposed there are were periods within the technically normally be the Land tunnel chances based on study area. viable be prepared Acquisiti mandate an of traffic solution for required after the on excavated drainage data these if Cut & proposed Survey tunnel with congestio survey, structures. Cover road will be negligible n, road Traffic method tunnel carried impact on accidents, micro will carry project out. airport or simulator out. gets operations groundwa method, Traffic environm both during ter level Cut and micro ental and after changes. cover simulator clearance construction. Noise and solutions, method is from the Near the air Environ used Departme tunnel portals pollution mental here. nt of it is expected will be Manage Environ that cut and created in ment ment and cover and Plan,
404
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP will be construction surroundi Socio- necessary could be ng the economic to adopted. project survey, manage area due Electroni off- to the c Toll setting movemen Collcetio the t of n system negative vehicles etc. impacts along the arising tunnel. from the project and enhancin g positive impacts.
405
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 6 Geotechnical, NATM (New NATM NATM NATM NATM - NATM (New NATM Applicati structural and Austrian (New (New (New (New Austrian (New on of geodetic Tunnelling Austrian Austrian Austrian Austrian Tunnelling Austrian NATM measurements method) Tunnelling Tunnellin Tunnellin Tunnellin method) Tunnellin (New for method) g g g g method) Austrian conventional method) method) method) Tunnellin tunnelling g hazards in method) urban areas – tunnellin The case of g method Niayesh road was tunnel project considere d in all phase. 7 Tunneling in NATM (New NATM NATM NATM NATM - NATM (New NATM Applicati an urban Austrian (New (New (New (New Austrian (New on of critical area – Tunnelling Austrian Austrian Austrian Austrian Tunnelling Austrian NATM A case study method) Tunnelling Tunnellin Tunnellin Tunnellin method) Tunnellin (New tunnelling method method) g g g tunnelling g method) Austrian
406
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP tunnelling method) method) method) method tunnelling Tunnellin method tunnellin tunnellin tunnellin method g g method g method g method method) tunnellin g method was considere d in all phase. 8 A feasibility NATM (New NATM NATM NATM NATM Governm NATM (New NATM Applicati study for Austrian (New (New (New (New ent of Austrian (New on of urban Tunnelling Austrian Austrian Austrian Austrian India Tunnelling Austrian NATM tunnelling in method) Tunnelling Tunnellin Tunnellin Tunnellin method) Tunnellin (New soft tertiary method) g g g g method) Austrian sedimentary method) method) method) Tunnellin rocks of g Mizoram, method) India tunnellin g method
407
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP was considere d in all phase. 9 The Kowloon Viable Viable Viable Viable Viable Governm Viable Viable Applicati Southern Link construction construction construct construct construct ent of construction constructi on of feasibility methods methods ion ion ion Hongkon methods on Viable study methods methods methods g methods construct ion methods was considere d in all phase. 10 A Review Of Cut & Cover TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS Governm TBMS TBMS Cut & Delhi Metro Methods (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel ent of (Tunnel (Tunnel Cover Tunnel Boring Boring Boring Boring India Boring Boring Methods Construction Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) & with 14 EPB Applicati
408
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP Shield TBMS on of TBMS (Tunnel Boring Machine) were considere d. 11 Congestion Application of - Applicati Applicati Applicati BOT Application of Applicatio Applicati Relief Toll Electric Toll on of on of on of Electric Toll n of on of Tunnels Collection System Electric Electric Electric Collection Electric Electric (ETC) Toll Toll Toll System (ETC) Toll Toll Collectio Collectio Collectio Collection Collectio n System n System n System System n System (ETC) (ETC) (ETC) (ETC) (ETC) was considere d.
409
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 12 Route 710 TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS - TBMS TBMS Applicati Tunnel (Tunnel Boring (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel on of Technical Machine) Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring tunnel Feasibility Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) boring Assessment machine Report is considere d in all phase. 13 Tunnelling in TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS - TBMS TBMS Applicati Soft Soil: (Tunnel Boring (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel on of Tunnel Boring Machine) Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring tunnel Machine Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) boring Operation and machine Soil Response is considere d in all phase.
410
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 14 The Future Based on Based on Based on - - - - - This Use of Population Percentage Populatio study Underground Statistic in urban urbanization n Density was Space in area. by in based on Malaysia: A Developme Malaysia Populatio Literature nt Group. n Review Statistic, Percenta ge of Urbaniza tion & Populatio n Density. 15 Fixed Link Anthropocentric Anthropoce Based on - - - Immersed Immersed Engineeri between method (Cost ntric method Populatio tube tube ng and Labrador and Benefit analysis) (Cost n Statistic techniques techniques Technica Newfoundlan Benefit in urban (ITT) (ITT) l d Pre- analysis) area Feasibilit
411
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP feasibility y Study Options, Economi c and Business Case Analysis & Immerse d tube technique s (ITT) were considere d in different phase.
412
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 16 Benefits of Anthropocentric Anthropoce Anthropo Anthropo Anthropo - Anthropocentr Anthropoc Applicati rerouting method (Cost ntric method centric centric centric ic method entric on of railways to Benefit analysis) (Cost method method method (Cost Benefit method Cost tunnels in Benefit (Cost (Cost (Cost analysis) (Cost Benefit urban areas: a analysis) Benefit Benefit Benefit Benefit analysis case study of analysis) analysis) analysis) analysis) is the Yongsan considere line in Seoul d in all phase. 17 Urban EPB Two 6.3 m TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS - TBMS TBMS Applicati Tunneling in diameter Earth (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel on of Limited Pressure Balance Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring tunnel Space: A Case Machines (EPBs) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) boring Study of the are excavating machine San Francisco parallel. is Central considere Subway d in all Project phase.
413
Table 4.1.7: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Safety) Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP There are To protect the Motorist - - By using The tunnel The tunnel In this study ventilation/esc ventilation s are a public- operates to operates to different ape shafts at system during still able private ensure ensure types of 1km intervals flooding, the to access partnersh maximum maximum safety SMART throughout the systems the ip, the safety and safety and measures Tunnel, tunnel. consist of a motorwa governm cost- cost- were 1 Kualalampur, series of y safely. ent was effectiveness. effectivene considered. Malaysia shafts, each able to ss. containing an effectivel exhaust and y lower fresh air its costs. injector. Urban Deep Fire- Fire- For a - - - The priority The For safety Road Tunnel prevention resistance large shall be given priority purpose 2 Construction measures are ventilation & twin to ventilation shall be Fire- Project in taken. earthquake- tunnel and life-safety given to prevention Korea and resistance are and the technologies ventilation measures,
414
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Technical taken strict to ensure the and life- ventilation Requirements safety safety will safety & manage be technologie earthquake- ment are maintained. s to ensure resistance & Necessa the safety safety ry. will managemen be t plan etc. maintained. were considered. New tunnels Niches for - - - - - Safety Gradual For safety for the national emergency analysis of commissio purpose highway NH- calls and for operation and ning of firefighting 1A in India firefighting consequent new Equipment, equipment M&E tunnels will M&E 3 were equipment significantl Equipment considered in requirements y were design. were increase considered. accommodate capacity d to the and safety
415
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP local of the road conditions. NH 1A in whole Kashmir area and will assist to better accessibilit y of the main Kashmir valley. Review of This is one of The - - - LTA The risk Internation Internationa Road Tunnel design safety likelihood of would assessment of al l standards Standards - challenges major tunnel like to road tunnel standards are adopted 4 The safety faced by LTA incidents such ensure safety focused are adopted for the implications on as this is the as huge fire the safety on the use of for the design and urban road first time that a from vehicles of the Cause design and operation of tunnels in deluge may be low. motorists Consequence operation road tunnels
416
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Singapore system is being and at the Analysis of road in Singapore used in same (CCA). tunnels in to ensure a Singapore road time, to Singapore minimum tunnels. optimise to ensure a level of the minimum safety. number level of of escape safety. staircases needed. The Structures and In a There is - Electroni In order to For the For safety installations installations modern an c Toll ensure emergency purpose fire and equipment will as a road adequate Collcetio uninterrupted entities resistant, Dhaka Road will be minimum be tunnel ventilatio n System construction such as ventilation Tunnel sectioned resistant to a there is n system work, Fire system, 5 Feasibility through the design fire of a and the occupational Brigade, occupationa Study Project tunnel to 100 MW (fire require concrete health and Police and l health and prevent the in a heavy ment for structure safety Rescue safety total lorry). the must be measures Teams it is measures immobilization monitori able to must be necessary were
417
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP of the tunnel ng, withstand provided for to have considered. safety systems control the fire the fully due to a severe and load.- construction comprehen fire, severe manage workers. sive and accident ment of pre- involving the daily prepared many cars, or traffic emergency sabotage. situation plans, as well procedures as and during instruction operatio s for n and selected mainten scenarios. ance activitie s for safety.
418
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Optimize the A particular - - - - Death or - For safety design attention to Injury of purpose Geotechnical, solutions to control of dust workers, control of structural and better fit with and noise engineers and dust and geodetic local emissions and citizens were noise measurements conditions a special care considered. emissions, for in order to for safety Death or conventional guarantee issues are Injury of 6 tunnelling safety of necessary. workers, hazards in workers, engineers urban areas – budget and and citizens The case of time of were Niayesh road execution considered. tunnel project by managing the uncertainties. Tunneling in ------In order to - During 7 an urban establish tunnel critical area – adapted safety excavation
419
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP A case study measures and, safety issues during were excavation considered. works, data from monitoring survey was analyzed in order to decide whether or not were necessary further safety measures. A feasibility ------The depth of - During study for urban tunnel tunnel 8 tunnelling in excavation, excavation soft tertiary more than safety issues
420
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP sedimentary 30m, is of were rocks of paramount considered. Mizoram, India importance in taking a decision regarding the preferred mode of excavation technique and installation of supports – both primary as well as permanent – with factor of safety kept at a high level.
421
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP The Kowloon ------This study Southern Link coves no 9 feasibility safety study measures. ------Through the - During various tunnel tunnelling excavation A Review Of performance safety issues Delhi Metro during were Tunnel 10 excavation considered. Construction and for all with 14 EPB machinery Shield TBMS purpose safety issue were considered. The tunnels - - - - - The tunnels - Pedestrians Congestion would be safer would be safer And 11 Relief Toll (as measured (as measured Bicycles Tunnels by by safety were
422
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP the number of the number of considered. accident accident victims), in victims), in part due to the part due to the absence of absence of pedestrians and pedestrians bicycles in the and bicycles tunnels. in the tunnels. This ------For safety assessment purpose was performed traffic safety Route 710 in issues, Tunnel consideration seismic Technical 12 of the resistance & Feasibility suitability of ventilation Assessment the were Report geotechnical, considered. geologic, hydrological,
423
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP seismic conditions and the ability of the tunnel concept to satisfy traffic demand, highway standards, ventilation requirements, and other safety criteria. Tunnelling in ------This study Soft Soil: covers no Tunnel Boring safety 13 Machine measures. Operation and Soil Response
424
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP However, ------Health & being a new safety issue form of land were development considered. for the country, several The Future Use problems have of arisen Underground including the 14 Space in legal Malaysia: A implications to Literature the landowners Review above the developments and the technical problems pertaining to building
425
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP structure and the safety of the occupants. Health & safety issue were discussed. An occupational ------In this study health and occupationa Fixed Link safety concern l health and between relates to the safety issues Labrador and 15 potential effects of workers Newfoundland of the were Pre-feasibility construction on considered. Study the workers were discussed.
426
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Benefits of This study ------In this study rerouting presents all all railways to operational operational tunnels in traffic safety. traffic safety 16 urban areas: a issues were case study of considered. the Yongsan line in Seoul Numerous ------In this study Urban EPB regulatory all safety Tunneling in bodies issues were Limited Space: with considered A Case Study complicated, for safely 17 of the San contradictory operation of Francisco and traffic. Central extremely Subway follows safety Project measures.
427
Table 4.1.8: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Economic & Financial Issue) Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP The joint - The - - Both - By using a Cost was venture Stormwat Public & public- analyzed. portion of this er Private private public-private Manage Sector partnership, partnership is ment and the composed of Road government two private Tunnel is was able to SMART sector an effectively Tunnel, Malaysian innovativ lower its 1 Kualalam companies, e project costs on a pur, with each that much- Malaysia partner combines needed owning 50 two flood relief percent. needs of tunnel. Kuala Lumpur into one, less
428
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP expensiv e, more cost- effective project. Urban Total length ------Tunnel Deep is 149km and costing was Road the cost is estimated. Tunnel estimated at $ Constructi 1.12 billion. 2 on Project in Korea and Technical Requirem ents New ------This study 3 tunnels for covers no the Economic &
429
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP national Financial highway issues. NH-1A in India Review of ------This study Road covers no Tunnel Economic & Standards Financial - The issues. 4 safety implicatio ns on urban road tunnels in Singapore Dhaka The estimated Structural cost Three Field data Househol Toll Cost analysis The tunnel Cost Road cost of was analyzed types of was d survey Collcetio was done by is very analysis, 5 Tunnel preferred by adopting traffic collected was n System different types costly. The economic & Feasibility option different data was on air done, of option for amount of financial
430
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Study amounts to structures. collected quality, resettlem tunnel traffic that analysis were Project approximately & on this noise ent issue, construction. would use considered. USD 490 basis toll level, and Land the tunnel million. collection surface acquisitio is nowhere system and n cost near was groundw was enough to adopted. ater analyzed. justify its quality. constructio In this n. The basis economic socio- return on economic investment profile is negative. was made. Geotechni Based on ------Excavation cal, monitoring cost was 6 structural results and considered. and design
431
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP geodetic modifications, measurem the cost of the ents for Niayesh urban conventio tunnel project nal were tunnelling decreased hazards in more than 23 urban million US areas – dollars and The case excavation of rate were Niayesh increased road about 61%. tunnel project Tunneling ------This study in an covers no 7 urban Economic & critical Financial
432
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP area – A issues. case study A ------Economical There was a feasibility and recommendat study for practical ion to urban approach to consider tunnelling the economic & 8 in soft execution of financial tertiary the Aizawl issues. sedimenta Traffic ry rocks of Tunnel Mizoram, should India consider. The ------Two rows Different Kowloon of twin types of Southern columns Economic 9 Link flanking the analysis were feasibility escalator, considered. study stair, and lift
433
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP openings gave the most economic structure. This led to reasonable spans which at later stages could be framed by any number of structural schemes as deemed. A Review This is US$ 4 This is US$ 4 This is This is This is This is This is US$ 4 This is US$ Different 10 Of Delhi billion billion US$ 4 US$ 4 US$ 4 US$ 4 billion scheme. 4 billion types of cost Metro scheme. scheme. billion billion billion billion Different types scheme. was
434
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Tunnel Different Different scheme. scheme. scheme. scheme. of cost was Different analyzed. Constructi types of cost types of cost Different Different Different Different analyzed. types of cost on with 14 was analyzed. was analyzed. types of types of types of types of was EPB cost was cost was cost was cost was analyzed. Shield analyzed. analyzed. analyzed. analyzed. TBMS Traffic - - - - - Traffic - Annual cost congestion congestion has of traffic has become become one of congestion one of this this country's was country's most most serious estimated. Congestio serious urban urban problems. n Relief 11 problems. The The Texas Toll Texas Transportation Tunnels Transportatio Institute n Institute estimates that estimates that the annual cost the annual of traffic cost of traffic congestion in
435
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP congestion in the 39 largest the 39 largest urban urban areas was $43.2 areas was billion in 1990. $43.2 billion in 1990. The funding ------To cover sources and Economic & financial Financial scenarios Issue Route 710 considered in financial plan Tunnel this report was Technical 12 provide a prepared. Feasibility starting point Assessme for nt Report development of a financial plan for the project,
436
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP should the tunnel concept be advanced. ------This Economic represents growth was the growing considered. Tunnellin importance g in Soft and use of Soil: underground Tunnel space in 13 Boring worldwide Machine economic Operation developmen and Soil t and the Response increasing interest and investment in research
437
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP and developmen t effort in this area. The drive ------Economic towards a growth was The sustainable considered. Future future means Use of that planners Undergrou are looking nd Space 14 for new ways in to allow for Malaysia: economic A growth while Literature preserving the Review natural environment. Fixed Results of ------Economic 15 Link Economic analysis,
438
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP between Analyses capital Labrador refers to the investment, and recovery of cash flow Newfound the fixed link analysis were land Pre- or upgraded considered. feasibility ferry Study investment and recovery of the capital investment (i.e. costs) from the operating benefits – cash flow from operations. Benefits There are ------Different 16 of several cost types of cost
439
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP rerouting components analysis i.e. railways were Annual to discussed landscape tunnels in such as costs, urban urban Annual separation areas: a landscape costs, annual case study costs, Annual crossing of urban costs, annual the separation traffic Yongsan costs, Annual accident line in crossing costs, costs, annual Seoul The medical calculation of costs, annual unit value for Health costs, the operating annual costs annoyance associated costs etc. with were crossings, The considered.
440
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP calculation of unit value for the traffic accident costs associated with crossings, Annual medical costs, Health costs, Annual annoyance costs, etc. Urban ------Cost and project - Cost analysis EPB duration are in terms of Tunneling always concerns duration of 17 in Limited in project were Space: A any project, but considered. Case especially so in
441
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Study of urban the San environments. Francisco Since urban Central tunnels have a Subway higher visibility Project and they affect more people and infrastructure, the timeframe for construction must be kept in mind and usually minimized as well.
442
Table 4.1.9: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Risk Analysis) Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 1 SMART The risk of the city The risk of The risk The risk The risk The risk The risk of The risk Risk of Tunnel, being flooded has the city being of the of the of the of the the city being of the city flooding Kualalamp been estimated to flooded has city being city being city being city being flooded has being was ur, be once every 100 been flooded flooded flooded flooded been flooded considered. Malaysia years. estimated to has been has been has been has been estimated to has been be once every estimated estimated estimated estimated be once every estimated 100 years. to be to be to be to be 100 years. to be once once once once once every 100 every 100 every 100 every 100 every 100 years. years. years. years. years. 2 Urban This study was This study This This This This This study This study Risk Deep Road intended to identify was intended study study study study was intended was analysis Tunnel the core to identify was was was was to identify intended during Constructio technologies the core intended intended intended intended the core to identify constructio n Project in needed for technologies to to to to technologies the core n was Korea and constructing the needed for identify identify identify identify needed for technologi considered. Technical cost efficient and constructing the core the core the core the core constructing es needed Requireme safe underground the cost technolog technolog technolog technolog the cost for
443
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP nts structure to avoid efficient and ies ies ies ies efficient and constructi risk. safe needed needed needed needed safe ng the cost underground for for for for underground efficient structure to constructi constructi constructi constructi structure to and safe avoid risk. ng the ng the ng the ng the avoid risk. undergrou cost cost cost cost nd efficient efficient efficient efficient structure and safe and safe and safe and safe to avoid undergro undergro undergro undergro risk. und und und und structure structure structure structure to avoid to avoid to avoid to avoid risk. risk. risk. risk. 3 New ------This study tunnels for covers no the national Risk highway analysis NH-1A in related India issues.
444
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 4 Review of LTA and the QRA software - - - - The risk - In this Road National University toolis being assessment of study for Tunnel of Singapore (NUS) used to study road tunnel rick Standards - collaborated the risk level safety focused assessment The safety through a joint of motorist on the use of a software implication research in evacuation Cause was s on urban developing a emergency Consequence developed road Quantitative Risk exits located Analysis namely tunnels in Analysis (QRA) at different (CCA). CCA Risk Singapore software tool to intervals for risk model Analysis evaluate the risks of the combined integrated the (QRA) road KPE/MPE causes, software tunnels design. tunnel mitigations, tool. configuration. initiators and consequences. The major top events (e.g. fire in tunnel,
445
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP flood in tunnel, toxic gases generated by traffic congestion, etc.) are identified. 5 Dhaka Risk factors can be Valuation of The use In order However, The During The Different Road identified at an Structures – of short to ensure the risk tunnel is construction economic Risk Tunnel early stage then Strong driven uninterru of airport very TBM return on factors Feasibility overcoming of the persuasion is tunnels pted closure if costly. tunnelling, investme were Study situation becomes needed to by constructi a The can only be nt is considered Project easier and smooth. have the dangerou on work, catastrop amount used to negative. at different valuation s goods an hic fire or of traffic illustrate that phases. report done by vehicles emergenc explosion that tunnelling is the PWD and may be y were to would essentially a the other acceptabl managem occur use the risk department to e, ent plan may deter tunnel is management
446
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP avoid risk. particular must be any nowhere task. ly if the prepared relaxatio near alternate in case of n of enough to route any restrictio justify its involves sudden n for constructi greater environm pedestria on. risk than ental n safety. the tunnel risks like route. flooding or a seismic event. 6 Geotechnic Before constructing ------Risk al, new assessment structural underground s were and structures in urban analyzed. geodetic areas, an analysis of measureme the possible nts for induced effects and
447
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP convention risk assessment is al analyzed. tunnelling hazards in urban areas – The case of Niayesh road tunnel project 7 Tunneling ------Every - During in an urban building excavation critical area considered in of every – A case risk of building study damage considered during in risk of excavation damage was were previously considered. verified.
448
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 8 A Risk of subsidence ------Risk of feasibility and building subsidence study for damage were and urban considered. building tunnelling damage in soft were tertiary considered. sedimentar y rocks of Mizoram, India 9 The ------This study Kowloon covers no Southern Risk Link analysis feasibility related study issues. 10 A Review ------For avoiding - During Of Delhi risk according excavation
449
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Metro to the risk factors Tunnel suggestion were Constructio from TBM considered. n with 14 supplier, the EPB Shield Contractor TBMS proposed to change the cutter face from soft soil mining face to hard rock mining face which was available from Singapore project C855. 11 Congestion The risk of - Higher - - - - - The risk of Relief Toll worsened air emission worsened
450
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Tunnels quality due to the rates of air higher emission vehicles quality due rates of vehicles in in stop- to the stop-and-go traffic and-go higher was discussed. traffic emission was rates were discussed considered. . 12 Route 710 For TAC, cancer ------Health risk Tunnel risk thresholds, issues were Technical rather than considered. Feasibility emission burdens, Assessment are used to Report determine the significance of a project impact. The cancer risk threshold according to CARB is
451
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP measured by continuous exposure over a 70- year period. Therefore, in-tunnel exposures are not of concern within the tunnel, but the resulting concentrations outside the tunnel would require. 13 Tunnelling Risk assessments ------Risk in Soft were introduced for assessment Soil: Sustainable Use of s were Tunnel Underground Space introduced Boring for Machine Sustainable Operation Use of
452
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP and Soil Undergrou Response nd Space.
14 The Future The containment ------Environme Use of created by ntal risk Undergrou underground assessment nd Space in structures has the was Malaysia: advantages of considered. A protecting the Literature surface Review environment from the risks and/or disturbances inherent in certain types of activities. 15 Fixed Link Accuracy of cost ------Accuracy between estimates represents of cost Labrador significant risk estimates and factors which were represents Newfoundl discussed. a
453
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP and Pre- significant feasibility risk factors Study which were discussed. 16 Benefits of There are diverse ------Environme rerouting health risks due to ntal risk railways to noise exposure assessment, tunnels in which was health risk urban considered. assessment areas: a were case study considered. of the Yongsan line in Seoul
454
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 17 Urban EPB Risk of segment - - - - - Risk of - Risk of Tunneling damage, ring segment segment in Limited deformation, or damage, ring damage, Space: A settlement deformation, ring Case Study during boring were or settlement deformatio of the San considered. during boring n, or Francisco were settlement Central considered. during Subway boring Project were considered.
455
Table 4.1.10: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Investment/Funding) Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M The total cost The total cost The The total The The total The The total Government, of the of the Malaysi cost of Malaysia cost of the Malaysian cost of the public & SMART SMART an the n SMART government SMART private sector project was project was governm SMART governm project was expending project was was US$510 US$510 ent project ent US$510 US$340 US$510 involved. million. The million. The expendi was expendin million. million and million. The private sector private sector ng US$510 g The private the joint private SMART provided a provided a US$340 million. US$340 sector venture sector Tunnel, third of the third of the million The million provided a covering the provided a 1 Kualalam total funds, total funds and the private and the third of the remaining third of the pur, with the joint sector joint total funds US$170 total funds Malaysia Malaysian venture provided venture million. government covering a third of covering expending the the total the US$340 remainin funds remainin million and g g the joint US$170 US$170 venture million. million.
456
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M covering the remaining US$170 million. Urban This Study is This Study is This This This This Study This Study This Study Metropolitan Deep financed by financed by Study is Study is Study is is financed is financed is financed government Road Seoul Seoul financed financed financed by Seoul by Seoul by Seoul of Seoul was Tunnel Metropolitan Metropolitan by Seoul by Seoul by Seoul Metropolita Metropolita Metropolita involved. Constructi government. government. Metropo Metropol Metropol n n n 2 on Project litan itan itan governmen government. government. in Korea governm governm governm t. and ent. ent. ent. Technical Requirem ents New Govt. of India Govt. of India Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study is tunnels for India India India India India India funded by 3 the Govt. of national India.
457
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M highway NH-1A in India Review of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study is Road Malaysia Malaysia Malaysi Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia funded by Tunnel a Govt. of Standards Malaysia. - The 4 safety implicatio ns on urban road tunnels in Singapore Dhaka It is It is It is It is It is It is It is Public Funding Road understood understood understo understoo understoo understood understood sector from GOB. 5 Tunnel that funding that funding od that d that d that that that funding participation Feasibility will be from will be from funding funding funding funding will be from will be Study the the will be will be will be will be the added better
458
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Project Government Government from the from the from the from the Government solution. of of Govern Governm Governm Governmen of Bangladesh. Bangladesh. ment of ent of ent of t of Bangladesh. Banglad Banglade Banglade Bangladesh esh. sh. sh. . Geotechni Govt. of Iran Govt. of Iran Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study is cal, Iran Iran Iran Iran Iran Iran funded by structural Govt. of Iran. and geodetic measurem ents for 6 conventio nal tunnelling hazards in urban areas – The case
459
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M of Niayesh road tunnel project
Tunneling ------In this study in an no urban investment/f 7 critical unding issue area – A were case study considered. A Govt. of India Govt. of India Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study is feasibility India India India India India India funded by study for Govt. of 11 urban India. tunnelling in soft tertiary
460
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M sedimenta ry rocks of Mizoram, India The Government Government Govern Governm Governm Governmen Government Government Government Kowloon of Korea of Korea ment of ent of ent of t of Korea of Korea of Korea of Korea was Southern Korea Korea Korea involved. 13 Link feasibility study A Review Jointly funded Jointly funded the Jointly the Jointly the Jointly Government Of Delhi by the by the Govern funded Governm funded by Government funded by of India, Metro Japanese Japanese ment of by the ent of the of India and the Japanese Delhi Tunnel International International India Japanese India and Japanese Delhi Internationa government, 15 Constructi Cooperation Cooperation and Internatio Delhi Internation Government l & JICA on with 14 Agency Agency Delhi nal Governm al Cooperation involved. EPB (JICA), the (JICA) Govern Cooperati ent Cooperatio Agency Shield Government ment on n Agency (JICA) TBMS of India and Agency (JICA)
461
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Delhi (JICA) Government
Congestio Privately Privately Privatel Privately Privately Privately Privately Privately Privately n Relief funded toll funded toll y funded funded funded funded toll funded toll funded toll funded toll 11 Toll ways ways toll toll ways toll ways ways ways ways ways Tunnels ways Toll revenue Toll revenue Toll Toll Toll Toll Toll revenue Toll revenue Toll revenue could could revenue revenue revenue revenue could could could Route 710 potentially be potentially be could could could could potentially potentially potentially be Tunnel a component a component potential potentiall potentiall potentially be a be a a component Technical 12 of the of the ly be a y be a y be a be a component component of the Feasibility funding. funding. compon compone compone component of the of the funding. Assessme ent of nt of the nt of the of the funding. funding. nt Report the funding. funding. funding. funding. Tunnellin ------In this study g in Soft no 13 Soil: investment/f Tunnel unding issue
462
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Boring were Machine considered. Operation and Soil Response The ------In this study Future no Use of investment/f Undergrou unding issue nd Space were 14 in considered. Malaysia: A Literature Review Fixed Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study is Link Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada funded by 15 between Govt. of Labrador Canada.
463
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M and Newfound land Pre- feasibility Study Benefits This work This work This This This This work This work This work Funding of was supported was supported work work was work was was was was from PPP rerouting by the BK21 by the BK21 was supported supported supported supported supported and also railways Plus program Plus program supporte by the by the by the by the by the from to of the of the d by the BK21 BK21 BK21 Plus BK21 Plus BK21 Plus National tunnels in National National BK21 Plus Plus program of program of program of Research urban Research Research Plus program program the the National the National Foundation 16 areas: a Foundation of Foundation of program of the of the National Research Research of Korea. case study Korea Korea of the National National Research Foundation Foundation of National Research Research Foundation of Korea of Korea the Researc Foundati Foundati of Korea Yongsan h on of on of line in Foundati Korea Korea Seoul on of
464
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Korea
Urban ------In this study EPB no Tunneling investment/f in Limited unding issue Space: A were Case considered. 17 Study of the San Francisco Central Subway Project
465
Appendix A
DIFFERENT TUNNEL STUDIES
185
Case 1: SMART Tunnel, Kualalampur, Malaysia Table 1: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 1)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Design This The Malaysian 38 sets Land The Auto The joint The risk The Consideration tunnel is traffic Highway of Air Quality acquisitio original mated venture of the total located in coverage is Authority Monitoring n issue idea was Flood portion of city cost of Kuala almost 12.7 Departmen Equipment for a Control this public- being the Lumpur, km. t of (AQME) tunnel to Gates private flooded SMART Malaysia's Design Irrigation monitoring divert and Equip partnership has been project capital city. speed limit and carbon store the ped is composed estimated was It is the of 60 km/h Drainage monoxide storm with of two to be US$510 longest multi- No of Economic (CO), nitrogen water, but firefigh private once million. purpose tunnel lane 4 Planning monoxide the idea ting sector every 100 The in the world. double Unit’s (NO) and progresse equipm Malaysian years. private It deck (EPU) particulate d into the ent, companies, sector begins at Ventilat concept of telecom with each provide Kampung ion/ escape a mixed- municat partner d a third Berembang shafts at 1km use tunnel ion and owning 50 of the lake near intervals that surveill percent. total
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Klang River at would ance funds, Ampang and allow system with the ends at Taman traffic at 1km Malaysi Desa lake near flow interval an Kerayong when the s along govern River at Salak tunnel the ment South. was motorw expendi empty of ay ng water. tunnel US$340 million and the joint venture covering the remaini ng US$170 million.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Structural The 9.7 km Malaysian Holding - With the To The private The risk Malaysi Consideratio tunnel begins (6.03 Highway basin help of protect sector of the an Govt. n just before the miles) Authority complete the largest the provided a city & PPP confluence of stormwat Departmen with tunnel ventilati third of the being the Klang and er by-pass t of diversion and boring on total funds, flooded Ampang tunnel. Irrigation tunnel intake machine system with the has been Rivers. 4 km and structures the 9.7 during Malaysian estimated There (2.49 Drainage km-long floodin government. to be are two miles) Storage 13.3 m g, the once components of double- reservoir and a excavated systems every 100 this tunnel, the deck twin-box diameter consist years. stormwater motorway culvert to SMART of a tunnel and within release flood tunnel has series motorway stormwat discharge been of tunnel. er tunnel. designed. shafts, 1.6 km each (0.99 mi) at containi Kuala Lumpur- ng an Seremban exhaust
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Expressway and Links: City fresh Centre near air Kg. Pandan injector Roundabout . KL-Seremban Expressway near Sungai Besi Airport TIA Traffic jams 24- Malaysian - - Th To SMART The risk Malaysi along Jalan hour Highway e ensure Sdn Bhd of the an Sungai Besi SCADA Authority motorway safety charges a city Govt. & and Loke Monitoring tunnel is during toll fee for being PPP Yew flyover & designed floodin using the flooded at Pudu Surveillanc for light g flood motorway has been during rush e vehicles water is portion in estimated hour was The only diverted order to to be analyzed. entire M into the recoup the once Reduce traffic expressway otorcycles bypass capital every 100
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding jams along had its and heavy tunnel investment years. Jalan Sungai speed limit vehicles underne Besi and of 60 km/h are not ath the Loke Yew allowed. motorw flyover at ay Pudu during tunnel rush hour. so that The motorw motorway ay tunnel is remaini suitable for ng light vehicles open. only. Motorcycles and heavy vehicles are not allowed. EIA Air SMART - Air Quality - - - - Risk of - Quality system has Monitoring flooding
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding Monitoring prevented Equipment was that Equipment was seven set up in cause set up in potentially project area potentiall project area disastrous y Ventilat flash floods disastrou ion/ escape in the city s shafts at 1km centre intervals SIA Land ------acquisition within the project area Financial Malaysian SMART's Malaysian Flood Land Tunne Safety Loss for Risk of Malaysi Option/PPP Govt. & PPP unique Govt. & mitigation cost acquisitio l is issue Flooding flooding an Govt. financial PPP n excavated deals during that cause & PPP package is mitigatio by Tunnel with constructi potentiall another n Boring flood on y feature of Machine mitigati disastrou the project (TBM) on & s
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding that has Cost is traffic received RM200 acciden wide global million t attention each. and accolade. The JV came up with an option to finance part of the project by incorporati ng a motorway within the stormwater tunnel.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding This reduces the governmen t financing to only two-third of the project cost. Construction The During Malaysian - - Kuala To Financed by The risk Malaysi Period, tunnel begins constructio Highway Lumpur ensure Malaysian of the an Govt. O&M just before the n period the Authority sits on safety Govt. & city & PPP confluence of motorway and the with a from PPP. being the Klang and tunnel Department high floodin flooded Ampang covers 3 of Irrigation ground g has been Rivers. km and and water during estimated SMART Stormwater Drainage table for constru to be Tunnel", is a tunnel this it was ction once storm covers 9.7 decided there is every
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding drainage and km. that tunnel a 100 road structure boring storage years. in Kuala machines reservoi Lumpur, (TBMs) r and a Malaysia. would be twin- The 9.7 km the most box (6.0 mi) cost- culvert tunnel is the effective to longest and least release stormwater damaging flood tunnel in method to dischar South East construct ge. Asia and the tunnel. second longest in Asia. Operation The tunnel During Malaysian - - This State- By using a The risk Malaysi Period begins just operation Highway tunnel is of-the- public- of the an Govt. before the period Cars Authority working art private city & PPP
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding confluence of using the and the in three operati partnership, being the Klang and tunnel see Department modes: ons the flooded Ampang an average of Irrigation Th control government has been Rivers, so that commute and e first room was able to estimated flood water can time of just Drainage, mode, equippe effectively to be be diverted four Economic under d with lower its once away from the minutes, Planning normal the costs on a every Klang River, compared Unit’s conditions latest much- 100 eliminating to between (EPU) where systems needed years. flooding in the 10 and 15 there is no in flood relief center city. minutes to storm, no operati tunnel. surface flood ons road users. water will manage be ment, diverted surveill into the ance system. and W mainten hen the ance of
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding second the mode is SMAR activated, T flood system. water is diverted into the bypass tunnel underneat h the motorway tunnel. The motorway section is still open to traffic at this
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investm Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis ent/ Issue Funding stage. When the third mode is in operation, the motorway will be closed to all traffic.
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Case Study 2: Urban Deep Road Tunnel Construction Project in Korea and Technical Requirements, Seoul, Korea Table 2: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 2)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design The tunnel is T Seoul For Traffic Adoption Fire- The cost is - This tunnel Consideration located in he traffic Metropolita Environmental concentr of preven estimated is financed Seoul coverage n coverage: ation and environme tion at $ 1.12 by Seoul metropolitan of this government, Measur severe nt-friendly measu billion. Metropolita area, Korea. tunnel is Geotechnica es congesti shield res are n about l to prevent on TBM and a taken. government. 149km in Engineering ground water causes a twin tunnel length. & pollution huge to It Tunnelling Technology social accommod is two Research to loss. ate the lane Division, deal with high small Korea water pressure vehicles Institute of for Constructio efficient
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue n use. Technology Korea
Structural The tunnel is U- Geotechnica Non- - Application Fire- - - Seoul Consideratio located in Smartwa l open-cut Long of shield resista Metropolitan n urban area of y Engineering distance TBM for a nce government. Seoul, Korea. project & excavation large ventila comprisi Tunnelling Minimal tunnel tion & ng 6 Research vertical shaft section. earthq undergro Division uake- und Reliabl resista highway e ground nce s and 2 investigation are belt technology taken. ways. TIA This tunnel To ease Tunnelling In order to get - The core - - - Seoul comprises 9 the traffic Research uninterrupted technologie Metropolita
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue routes in congestio Division, traffic s needed n north-south n Korea flow for government and east-west undergro Institute of environment- constructio . in 3x3 grid und Constructio friendly shield n of shape. traffic n TBM was undergroun facilities Technology adopted. d traffic were Korea facilities. analyzed. EIA EIA was Consideri Geotechnica To reduce the - The need Safety - - Seoul done at ngurban l environmental for will Metropolita Urban area landscape Engineering impact and developing be n Seoul, issue. & damage to the more mainta government. Korea: Tunnelling existing ecofriendly ined at Grou Research structure deep and cost- the nd water Division underground efficient deep conservation level and the technologie under Pollu state-of-the-art s and open- groun tants (dust, technology cut d level
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue NOx) was adopted. excavation and removal technology the technology are state- expected to of-the- continuousl art y techno grow. logy to reduce the enviro nment al impact . SIA For SIA land Consideri Geotechnica ------acquisition ng l issues was land Engineering
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue discussed for acquisitio & Urban area n issue. Tunnelling of Seoul, Research Korea. Division
Financial Government Loss due Seoul Loss due to Loss due Los Loss - - Seoul Option/PPP of Seoul to Traffic Metropolita Environmental to social s due to due to Metropolita accident n pollution issues ground fire & n government settlement earthq government. Los uake s due to constructio n technology Construction Seoul and During Geotechnica Ground Civic Hig Techn - - Seoul Period, Incheon and constructi l water complain h-speed ologie Metropolita O&M the outskirt on Engineering conservation ts during excavatio s for a n area will be overcrow & Efficient constructi n & large government.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue linked in a ding in Tunnelling mucking and on. constructi sectio grid shape. downtow Research material on n, n is Division delivery technolog deep considere y excav d. Adoption ation, of vertic environm al ent- shaft friendly which shield are TBM neede d to link the tunnel with the struct
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue ure on the groun d and the open- cut excav ation in urban area. Operation In urban area In line Geotechnica - - To expand The - - Seoul Period of Seoul, with the l the priorit Metropolita Two increasin Engineering undergroun y shall n underground gly & d traffic be government. belt ways growing Tunnelling network as given will be concern Research well as to to
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue linked to on Division create the ventil inner belt comforta green space ation ways on the ble living on the and ground and space, ground in life- Kangnam minimize metropolita safety belt way, d n area, techno thereby disturban using the logies significantly ce of deep to reducing the traffic undergroun ensure traffic flow. d space is the passing unavoidabl safety through the e. will downtown. be maint ained.
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Case Study 3: New tunnels for the national highway NH-1A in India (Jammu to Srinagaru) Table 3: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 3)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Design This tunnel This National Site - The Niches - - Govt. of Consideration covers from research Highway investigation tunnels for India Jammu to is focused Authority of Geological are emerge Srinagaru, on seven India & conditions designe ncy India. shorter Govt. of d only calls tunnels India with and for (lengths lightin firefight
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue from g in the ing 195m to first equipme 888m) stage nt were which of a conside were constru red in designed ction. design. for the Longit second udinal section or (Udhapur natural – ventilat Banihal). ion Dual was carriagewa anticip y (2 x 2 ated lanes) from Design the Speed beginni
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue 50kph ng with regards to tunnel lengths (about 150 – 900m). Structural This tunnel is Seven National Steep slopes - All - - - Govt. of Consideratio located from shorter Highway Frequent tunnels India n Jammu to tunnels of Authority of landslides operate Srinagaru in various India & for complicated distances Govt. of traffic terrain of (shortest India only in Himalaya is 155 km one foothills. to 195 directio and the n. longest is
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue 888m). TIA Considering Dual National - - All - - - Govt. of higher carriagew Highway tunnels India demands for ay (2 x 2 Authority of operate traffic from lanes) India & for Jammu to with the Govt. of traffic Srinagaru, design India only in India. speed one 50kph. directio n. Ventilat ion calcula tions did not demon strate a need
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue for mecha nical ventilat ion, thus tunnels stays ventilat ed on by a piston effect and by a natural air flow.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue EIA Frequent - National ------Govt. of landslides is Highway India considered Authority of from Jammu to India & Srinagaru, Govt. of India India SIA ------Govt. of India Financial Govt. of India Loss due National Loss due to - Loss Loss of - - Govt. of Option/PPP & Govt. of to traffic Highway environmental due to life & India & Delhi congestio Authority of damage mechan propert Govt. of n & India & ical y due to Delhi accident Govt. of fault of fire India instrum ent
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Construction This tunnel is During National - - Europe Safety - - Govt. of Period, constructed in constructi Highway an analysis India O&M hilly area of on dual Authority of tunnelli of Jammu to carriagewa India & ng operati Srinagaru, y (2 x 2 Govt. of experie on and India. lanes) with India nce and conseq the design solution uent speed s in a M&E 50kph modifie equipm (according d ent the Indian version require Standards will ments for the probabl were mountain y accom communic become modate ations) is standar d to the considered d for local . the conditi
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Nationa ons. l Highwa y Authori ty of India.
Operation This tunnel This National - - The Gradual - Govt. of Period covers from project Highway tunnels commis India Jammu to brings Authority of will be sioning Srinagaru, higher India & prepare of new India. demands Govt. of d for tunnels for traffic India installat will infrastruct ion of signific
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue ure of the further antly country. M&E increas services e based capacit on real y and require safety ments of the of road traffic NH 1A or in require whole ments Kashmi of r area operato and will r. assist to better accessi bility of
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue the main Kashmi r valley.
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Case 4: Review of Road Tunnel Standards - The safety implications on urban road tunnels in Singapore Table 4: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 4)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Design The Kallang- Traffic Syst Damage to Provi QRA Internat The LTA and Govt. of Consideration Paya Lebar coverag ems tunnel sion of Software ional costing is the Malaysia Expressway e of this Assurance structures and protectio standar S$1.7 National (KPE) road tunnel & equipment, n in case ds are billion. Universit tunnel is the is about Integration environmental of adopte y of longest tunnel 12 km. Division, degradation, accidents d for Singapor in Singapore. No. of Singapore, repair works P the e (NUS) lane is Land and the impact revention design collabora two Transport on of and ted Traffic Authority of the transport critical operati through volume Singapore economy is events on of a joint 600 National considered. that may road research million University endanger tunnels in vehicles of human in developi per year Singapore life Singap ng a
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue (NUS). ore to Quantitat ensure ive Risk a Analysis minim (QRA) um software level of tool to safety. evaluate the risks of road tunnels design. Structural In structural In Systems In structural - QRA The - QRA Govt. of Consideratio point of view it structura Assurance point of view Software likelih software Malaysia n is the longest l point & this tunnel ood of toolis tunnel in of view Integration covers: major being South-East this Division, tunnel used to Asia and tunnel Singapore Environme inciden study the located in covers: Land ntal ts such risk level
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue urban area of 9 km Transport degradatio as huge of Singapore. of cut- Authority n fire motorist and- of Damage to from evacuati cover Singapore tunnel vehicle on undergro National structures s may emergen und University be low. cy exits tunnels of located 6 Singapore at traffic (NUS). different lanes intervals 8 for the interchan combine ges and 6 d ventilatio KPE/MP n E tunnel buildings configur . etion. Traffic
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue volume is 1800 vehicles per hour per lane respectiv ely at peak period Traffic volume is 1200 vehicles per hour per lane at off peak period.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue
TIA Traffic volume KPE Land Air pollution A speed QRA LTA - LTA and Govt. of was estimated reduces Transport Noise limit of Software would NUS Malaysia in Kallang- journey Authority 70 like to have Paya Lebar time in of km/hour ensure collabora Expressway the Singapore to lower the ted to (KPE) region. north- National the risk safety develop eastern University of of the a QRA part of of accidents motori software the island Singapore in the sts and tool in by up to (NUS). tunnels. at the evaluatin 25% and same g the risk improves time, of connectiv to road ity optimi tunnels among 3 se the design, main numbe especiall expressw r of y for
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue ays i.e. escape urban ECP, PIE stairca road and TPE. ses tunnels needed which . have multiple entrances and exits. EIA Environmental Ventilati Syst Tunnel - QRA This is - - Govt. of issues were on issues ems Ventilation Software one of Malaysia considered in were Assurance System design motorway, considere & Fire and air safety Kallang-Paya d in 6 Integration monitoring challen Lebar ventilatio Division, Air ges Expressway n Singapore, temperature faced (KPE) region. buildings Land Carbon by . Transport monoxide LTA as
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Authority levels this is of Fire Fighting the Singapore System first National time University that a of deluge Singapore system (NUS). is being used in Singap ore road tunnel s.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue SIA Prevention of KPE Systems Societal Provisi QRA The - - Govt. of critical events Operation Assurance Risk on of Software speed Malaysia that may s Control & Critical protectio is endanger Centre m Integration events that n in case limited human life onitors Division, may of to 70 were the traffic Singapore endanger accidents km/ho considered in 24 hours Land human life Pr ur to motorway, a day Transport evention lower Kallang-Paya unusual Authority of critical the Lebar situations of events risk of Expressway .i.e social Singapore that may accide (KPE) region. risk, National endanger nts in accident University human the etc. of life tunnels Singapore . (NUS). Financial KPE, Loss of Govt. of Environmental Loss due Cost Cost Deals with - Govt. of Option/PPP Singapore is human Malaysia. pollution to social involve for traffic Malaysia
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue funded by life due Impact on the issues in safety accident, Govt. of to traffic transport developin purpos environme Malaysia. accident economy. g e ntal loss, software social loss, cost for developing software, safety purpose Construction The KPE is the Estimated Syst Fire and air Social QRA The - The risk Govt. of Period, world's sixth traffic ems monitoring safety Software risk assessme Malaysia O&M longest volume Assurance Air of assess nt of underground was 400 & temperature labors ment road road project at million Integration during of road tunnel its time under vehicle Division, construc tunnel safety construction in kilometer Singapore, tion safety focused Southeast Asia. s per Land focuse on the year. Transport d on use of
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Authority of the use Cause Singapore of Consequ National Cause ence University Conse Analysis of Singapore quence (CCA). (NUS). Analys is (CCA) . Operation The KPE starts The Land State-of-the- Provide QRA Provid - Risk Govt. of Period from East traffic Transport art fibre-optic road Software e road based Malaysia Coast Parkway volume Authority of heat safety of safety approach (ECP) in the is Singapore, detectors is drivers. of together south, crossing expected Govt. of installed to drivers with the under the to be at Malaysia. detect fire and . QRA Geylang River, least 600 air monitoring software Nicoll million sensors to would be Highway, vehicle monitor tunnel useful to
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Mountbatten kilometer air temperature resolve Road, Geylang s per year and carbon some of Road, Sims when in monoxide the Avenue and the operation levels, and technical Pan Island . activate fire issues. Expressway alarms and (PIE). tunnel ventilation system.
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Case 5: Dhaka Road Tunnel Feasibility Study Project, Dhaka, Bangladesh Table 5: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 5)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Design These roads Traffic BBA, An As a part Three The The Environ It is Consideration primarily coverage is Bangladesh environmental of the types of installati estimated mental understoo connect the 1 km in Bridges Quality Survey ‘Feasibili traffic ons and cost of risks like d that Shahjalal length. Authority was conducted ty Study’ data were equipme preferred flooding funding International It is multi- Ministry to examine the a Social surveyed nt will option or a will be Airport from lane tunnel of baseline air, Study has for three- be amounts to seismic from the the northeast Communica noise, and been hour sectione approximat event. Governm and the sub- tion (MOC) surface and carried periods d ely USD ent of district of Govt. of groundwater out in in both through 490 million. Banglade Mirpur from Bangladesh quality. order to the AM- the sh. the northwest Departm find and PM- tunnel to to the sub- ent of whether peak prevent districts of Environmen the periods the total Dhanmondi t (DoE), proposed within immobil and Project project is the study ization Motijheel in Director socially area. of the 227
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding the south in (PD), feasible. tunnel Bangladesh. Strategic safety Transport systems Plan (STP) due to a Banglade severe sh Road fire, Transport severe Authority accident (BRTA) involvin g many cars, or sabotage . Structural This tunnel is The tunnels BBA, For From a Cut and Structure Structural - Govt. of Consideratio located in will be two ‘Bangladesh environmental social cover s and cost was Banglade n urban area separate Bridges Quality Survey perspecti solutions installati analyzed by sh Dhaka, the structures Authority, samples were ve the are ons will adopting Capital city separated by Banglad collected in Study expected as a different of a 13.0 m esh Road two locations found to be the minimu structures.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Bangladesh. median and Transport in the project that it most m be connected by Authority area and tested reduce competiti resistant cross (BRTA) by the traffic ve to a passages Department of congestio technicall design within the Environment n. y viable fire of traffic area. (DoE). solution 100 MW for these (fire in a structures heavy . lorry). TIA Traffic data The vertical Bangladesh An Surveye Utility In a Three types - Govt. of were clearance Bureau of employment d relocatio modern of traffic Banglad collected proposed is Statistics rate of the househ ns and road data was esh from 5.7 m outside (BBS), surveyed 861 olds use traffic tunnel collected & Shahjalal the tunnel to Banglades population and are diversion there is a on this basis International allow traffic h Road within the 15- mostly s will requirem toll Airport, flow in the Transport 65 year age depend normally ent for collection Mohakhali peak Authority bracket is 97.3 ent on be the system was Flyover, direction. (BRTA), percent. road required monitori adopted. Mirpur, Road and transpor if Cut & ng,
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Dhanmondi Highway ts Cover control & Motijheel Department surveye method and at peak (RHD), d will manage period and Strategic populati carry ment of also at off Transport on in out. the daily peak period. Plan (STP) the traffic Study situation Area as well Analyzi as ng during educati operatio on n and levels maintena nce activities for safety. EIA Baseline From Departme Demolition of Baseli A full There is Field data In order Govt. of environment baseline nt of buildings may ne Environm an was to ensure Banglade
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding al survey household Environmen be environ ental adequate collected on uninterru sh comprises survey it was t (DoE) necessitated. mental Managem ventilati air quality, pted Shahinbag found that Nearby survey ent Plan on noise level, construct RA under average residential and Li will be system and surface ion Tejgoan household office teracy prepared and the and work, an Thana at east size to be buildings may rate after the concrete groundwate emergen side and 4.45, higher experience Pi proposed structure r quality. In cy Taltola than the 2001 nuisances in ped road must be this basis manage Colony under census. the form of water tunnel able to socio- ment Kafrul Thana reduced supply project withstan economic plan at west side, access, noise connecti gets d the profile was must be Dhaka. etc. ons environm fire made. prepared U ental load. in case se clearance of any electricit from the sudden y Departme environ In nt of mental come Environm risks like ent. flooding
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding or a seismic event. SIA Commercial From social Resettleme Water supply Land When the Household - Govt. of settlements survey it was nt pipelines and Acquisi final Firefight survey was Banglade close to the fond that Implementat sewerage lines tion Engineeri ing done, sh Jahangir houses and ion Unit which run Type ng system resettlement Gate and at buildings (RIU) under the road and Design is will be issue, Land the starting occupy about sides may be extent prepared intastlle acquisition point of the 63 percent of affected due to of loss the Land d to cost was M Morshed lands, 8 project of Acquisiti eunsure analyzed. Sarani percent are activities at the assets on human starting from paved feeder starting point likely Survey life Rokeya roads within and ending to be will be safety. Sarani, the points of the impacte carried government settlements DRTP. d, out. staff and 16 includin quarters, percent of g land some rented lands are and
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding households used for structur and some health, social, es squatters on educational Principl the and religious es and government infrastructure legal fallow lands. s. framew ork applica ble for mitigati on of these losses
Financial This Tunnel Charging a Govt. of Loss due to Loss Loss of Loss due The Loss due Govt. of Option/PPP is financed toll makes it Bangladesh environmental due to Land to fire economic to Banglade by Govt. og more damage social Acquisi return on construct sh Bangladesh negative damage, tion investment ion risk, wil the help because tolls resettlem Survey is negative. risk of
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding of Asian suppress ent etc. Utility female Development demand. Insuran relocati workers, Bank (ADB). ce for ons and fire, workers traffic flooding diversio etc. ns Construction Shahjalal This project Roa At the Increased The In order The tunnel Cost Govt. of Period, International details the d and construction traffic Banglade to is very analysis Banglade O&M Airport from traffic survey Highway period of the congestio sh Air ensure costly. The was done sh the northeast data that was Department project, air, n during Force uninterr amount of by and the sub- collected for (RHD), noise, and construct requirem upted traffic that different district of traffic micro- BBA surface and ion ents for construc would use types of Mirpur from simulation , groundwater period the tion the tunnel is option the northwest model ‘Bangladesh will be would proposed work, nowhere for to the sub- estimation. Bridges affected due to only be a tunnel occupati near enough tunnel districts of Authority, earth temporar mandate onal to justify its construct Dhanmondi Govt. of excavation, y an health construction ion. and Bangladesh pile driving, negative excavated and . The Motijheel in rock crushing, impact. tunnel safety economic
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding the south in electricity with measure return on Bangladesh. generation and negligible s must investment transportation. impact on be is negative. airport provided operation for the s both construc during tion and after workers. constructi on. Near the tunnel portals it is expected that cut and cover constructi on could be
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding adopted. Operation Shahjalal This would Roa At the The At the For the The tunnel The Govt. of Period International extend the d and operation stage impleme operation emergen is very tunnel is Banglade Airport from existing Highway of the project, ntation stage of cy costly. The very sh. the northeast traffic model Department there are phase is the entities amount of costly. and the sub- for the tunnel (RHD), chances of continge project, such as traffic that The district of project and BBA drainage nt upon there are Fire would use amount Mirpur from the elevated , congestion, acceptab chances Brigade, the tunnel of traffic the northwest highway ‘Bangladesh road accidents, ility of of Police is nowhere that to the sub- project to Bridges or groundwater the drainage and near would districts of include all Authority, level changes. feasibilit congesti Rescue enough to use the Dhanmondi the current Govt. of Noise and air y study on, road Teams it justify its tunnel is and and future Bangladesh. pollution will report by accidents is constructio nowhere Motijheel in works. be created in the , or necessar n. The near the south in and Govern groundw y to economic enough Bangladesh. surrounding ment. ater level have return on to justify the project area changes. fully investment its due to the Noise compreh is negative. construct movement of and air ensive ion. The
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding vehicles along pollution and pre- economi the tunnel. will be prepared c return created emergen on in and cy plans, investme surround procedur nt is ing the es and negative. project instructi area due ons for to the selected moveme scenario nt of s. vehicles along the tunnel.
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Case 6: Geotechnical, structural and geodetic measurements for conventionaltunnelling hazards in urban areas – The case of Niayesh road tunnel project, Tehran, Iran
Table 6: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 6)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Design This The P.O.R. The Health NATM Safety At design Before Govt. of Consideration tunnel is Niayesh Consulting environmental hazards (New of were constructi Iran located in tunnel Co., Tehran, impacts such as Accide Austrian worker decreased ng new Tehran, Iran. project is Iran, release of ntal risk Tunnelli s, more than 23 undergro It is (10,108 Department of toxic/inflamma ng engine million US und the biggest m) Mining and ble/ method) ers, dollars. structures tunnelling Average Metallurgical harmful pedestr in urban project in Daily Engineering, materials were ian etc. areas, an urban area in Traffic Amirkabir considered. analysis Middle East (AADT) University of of the for its length. 42,000 Technology, possible Design Tehran, Iran induced speed 80 ,Department effects km/h of Civil and risk 238
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Engineering, assessme University of nt is Tarbiat analyzed. Modares, Tehran, Iran, Govt. of Iran Structural This tunnel is The Department of Impact of Temp NATM Safety - Damage Govt. of Consideration located in length of Mining and household orary (New of to Iran urban area Main Metallurgical living in diversion Austrian worker building between north Engineering building of the Tunnelli s, structure Niayesh and tunnel is adjacent to traffic ng engine Sadr 3256m & tunnel. A method) ers, highways in Main n pedestr Tehran, Iran. north accurate ian etc. tunnel of planning Main of South worksite tunnel is areas for 3045m. workers 239
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding TIA Traffic along The Department of Site Istrument NATM Safety - Increase Govt. of the highways design Civil investigations al (New of of Traffic Iran and speed is Engineering, in residential installatio Austrian worker at Peak connecting considered University of area. n at peak Tunnellin s, Period roads above as Tarbiat period g engine the tunnel. 80km/hr Modares, method) ers, between for both Tehran, Iran pedestr Niayesh and main ian etc. Sadr north & highways in south Tehran, Iran. tunnel.
EIA Sewers and Ground Department of Household Control NATM A - Control Govt. of pipes above condition Civil survey of dust (New particu of dust Iran the tunnel Impact Engineering, Site Noise Austrian lar Noise route and old of University of investigations emissio Tunnellin attenti emissio sewers household Tarbiat n g on to n between living in Modares, Ground method) control Ground Niayesh and building Tehran, Iran settlem of dust settlem 240
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding Sadr adjacent ent and ent highways in to tunnel noise Tehran, Iran. emissi ons and a special care for safety issues are necess ary. SIA Health To avoid Department of Health Health NATM Social - Health Govt. of hazards, social Civil hazards hazards (New safety hazards Iran accidental risk hazard the Engineering, Accidental Acciden Austrian to Acciden between position of University of risk tal risk Tunnellin worker tal risk Niayesh and buildings Tarbiat Political g s. Political Sadr relative to Modares, risk method) risk 241
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding highways in tunnels Tehran, Iran Tehran, Iran. were considered . Financial Govt. of Iran Loss due Govt. of Iran Loss due to Loss due Loss due Cost - Cost for Govt. of Option/PPP to traffic household to health to ground for accidenta Iran accident survey, hazards, settlemen safety l risk, & traffic harmful toxic political t, issues political congestion gases, noise, risk demobili risk dust etc. zation of building Construction This tunnel is Ground Department of Geodetic Noise NATM Death The Death or Period, constructed deformati Mining and measureme emissions (New or excavation Injury of O&M between on Metallurgical nts and a Austrian Injury rate were workers, Niayesh and (inclinome Engineering Ground special Tunnellin of increased engineers Sadr ter and type care for g worker about 61% and highways in extensome Ground safety method) s, in citizens. Tehran, Iran. ter). behaviour issues are engine construction Surface necessary ers stage. 242
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding settlement Importance for and (levelling of workers citizen point) tunnelling at s were Tunnel influence constructi consid deformati zone on stage. ered. on monitorin g Operation Results shows Based on Department of Devise Urban NATM The - Govt. of Period that illustrated the Civil remedial tunnellin (New politic Iran system was buildings Engineering, measures to g has to Austrian al & successfully categorizat University of fix problems. be Tunnellin physic monitored the ion, Tarbiat Reduce considere g al Niayesh various Modares, litigation. d not as method) enviro project so far types of Tehran, Iran, three- nment and its results geodetic Department of dimensio of properly used and Mining and nal, not lrger for warning, structural Metallurgical even as cities construction instrument Engineering, four- makes 243
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis nt/ Issue Funding optimization, s were Govt. of Iran dimensio decisio obtaining real designed nal ns on time ground to monitor including heavy behaviour and buildings time, but constr possible probable as five- uction taking deformatio dimensio project mitigation ns. nal s not measures. including always politics. as clear an issue as in rural areas.
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Case 7: Tunneling in an urban critical area – A case study, Porto, Portugal Table 7: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 7) Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design This tunnel is This is J.M. The worst Densely NATM Consider - Risk of - Consideration located in 700m Carvalho disturbance and construct (New ed nearby Porto, road & A.T. possible danger ed Austrian admissib damage of Portugal. tunnel. Cavalheio in using and under Tunnelli le PPV buildings. Departame explosives in renovatio ng threshol nto de an urban n area for method) ds, Engenhari environment is settlemen accordin a de Minas due to induced t were g to – FEUP & propagating considere Portugue CIGAR, seismic d. se, Porto, vibrations were Spanish Portugal, considered. and P. Teixeira Swedish Golder safety Associate standard Portugal s.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Structural This tunnel is 400m Departame Propagating Ground NATM Particle - Damage - Consideratio located in were nto de seismic settlemen (New velocity of n critical area excavate Engenharia vibrations. t. Austrian threshol buildings of the city of d below de Minas – Tunnelli ds – Risk of Porto, groundw FEUP & ng distance human life Portugal. ater. CIGAR, method) – Porto, . maximu Portugal. m admissib le charge, simulati ons were performe d for the safety data analysis.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue TIA This road Intensity Departa Vibration Ground NATM - - Risk of - tunnel of traffic mento de impact on settlemen (New accident at crossing very volume Engenharia traffic. t in Austria peak heterogeneou was de Minas – densely n period s granite calculate FEUP & populated Tunnell formations d within CIGAR, area. ing within a city the traffic Porto, method of Porto, area. Portugal. ). Portugal. EIA Vibration Vibration Departame Seismic Explosive NATM PPV - Environm - surveys were surveys nto de vibrations PPV (New threshol ental risk done within a were Engenharia PPV threshold. Austrian d value comprises city of Porto, carried de Minas – thresholds Tunnelli was Noise, Portugal. out FEUP & ng analyze seismic within CIGAR, method). d. vibration. the traffic Porto, area. Portugal. SIA Social issues Social Departam Loss of Ground NATM - - Social risk -
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue were issues ento de human life settlem (New involves considered in were Engenharia ent Austria loss of heterogeneou considere de Minas – Loss of n human s urban area d within FEUP & human Tunnell life, within in city the traffic CIGAR, life ing ground of Porto, area. Porto, method settlement Portugal. Portugal. ). . Financial Govt. of Cost for Dep Loss of Loss due Cost Loss of - Risk - Option/PPP Potugal traffic artamento vibration to involve human involve congestio de impact & resettlem mechani life loss due to n & Engenharia threshold ent issues cal fault environme traffic de Minas – values on of ntal & accident FEUP & traffic instrume social & fatality CIGAR, nts impact rates Porto, Loss Portugal. due to tunnel excavati
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue on
Construction This road 400m Departam Loss of human Ground NATM PPV - - - Period, tunnel were ento de life settlem (New threshol O&M excavated excavated Engenharia ent Austrian d value below below de Minas – Loss of Tunnelli was groundwater groundwa FEUP & human ng analyzed within a city ter. CIGAR, life method). . of Porto, Porto, Portugal Portugal. Operation This road The Departame The vibration For NATM - - - - Period tunnel synthesis nto de tests allowed a human (New excavated of many Engenharia good picture of life safety Austrian below simulatio de Minas – time window 20 mm/s Tunnelli groundwater n results FEUP & lengths having PPV ng within a city led to the CIGAR, higher peaks as threshold method) of Porto, convictio Porto, well as allowable Portugal. n that Portugal. determining by the using relevant signal Portugues
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue explosive frequency e NP- s in two bandwidths. 2074 thirds of safety the total Standard. tunnel length was an adequate solution.
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Case 8: A feasibility study for urban tunnelling in soft tertiary sedimentary rocks of Mizoram, India Table 8: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 8)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue Design Aizawl Thi Geological Water supply Dissemina NATM B - Risk of Govt. of Consideration Traffic s tunnel Survey of Sewage tion of (New oth subsidence India Tunnel in the covers India, Drainage sound Austrian design & and Mizoram, traffic is Lucknow, technical Tunnelli constructi building northeast of about is 2.3 Geological informati ng on phase damage India. km in Survey of on to a method) with were length. India, Pune highly factor of considered Two literate safety . parallel, populatio should be circular n is kept at a tunnels considere high level (each 1.3 d to be of km long, prime Safety 6.2 m dia) importanc against e for high
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue avoiding Himalaya controver n sial social seismicity issues.
Structural Aizawl Two Geological Drainage - NATM Safety - - Govt. of Consideratio Traffic parallel, Survey of Damage to (New against India n Tunnel is circular India, nearby Austrian high located in the tunnels Lucknow, structures Tunnelli Himalaya densely (each 1.3 Geological ng n populated km long, Survey of method) seismicity urban area, 6.2 m dia), India, Pune Mizoram, were India. driven. TIA Traffic jam Increasing Geological Population - NATM - - - Govt. of was the length Survey of survey (New India calculated in of tunnel India, Literacy rate Austrian densely 1.5 km Lucknow, survey Tunnelli
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue populated may be Geological ng urban area, considered Survey of method) Mizoram, by the town India, Pune India. planners on the basis of traffic density and flow. EIA Urban Subsurface Geological Excavation by - NATM - - - Govt. of environment drainage Survey of roadheaders (New India was was India, may be Austrian considered considered Lucknow, preferred to Tunnelli within the within the Geological drilling and ng study area, traffic area. Survey of blasting issues method) Mizoram, India, Pune environmental India. factors were considered. SIA Critical Risk of Geological Risk of - NATM - - - Govt. of
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue social issues subsidence Survey of subsidence & (New India were & building India, building Austrian considered damage Lucknow, damage within Tunnelli within the within the Geological the traffic area. ng study area, traffic area. Survey of method) Mizoram, India, Pune India. Financial Govt. of Loss for Govt. of Loss due to Social Cost Costing - Cost Govt. of Option/PPP India building India environmental benefits involve for safety involve India damage damage i.e. by mechani measures risk for within water supply, population cal fault against damage of traffic area sewage, literary of Himalaya adjacent as well as drainage rate instrume n building traffic survey nts vibration damage accident Loss due to tunnel excavati on
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue Construction Aizawl Traffic Geological Excavation by Highly NATM The - - Govt. of Period, Traffic accident Survey of road headers literate (New depth of India O&M Tunnel within the India, may be population Austrian tunnel would be traffic area Lucknow, preferred to is Tunnelli excavatio excavated during Geological drilling and considered ng n, more through constructio Survey of blasting to be of method) than 30m interblended n. India, Pune considering prime with Tertiary urban importanc factor sandstone/silt environment. e for of safety stone of the avoiding kept at a Middle controvers high Bhuban ial social level. Formation in issues. Mizoram, India. Operation First major Aizawl Geological - - NATM The need Economic - Govt. of Period venture of Traffic Survey of (New for a high al and India this kind in a Tunnel the India, Austrian level of practical
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investme Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis nt/ Financial Funding Issue densely Indian Lucknow, Tunnelli safety approach populated experience Geological ng would to the urban area in urban Survey of method) permit no execution Mizoram, tunnelling India, Pune comprom of the India. includes ise on Aizawl two newly design Traffic commissio and Tunnel ned major impleme should undergroun ntation of consider. d metro support systems in systems. Kolkata and New Delhi.
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Case 9: The Kowloon Southern Link feasibility study, Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong Table 9: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 9)
Issues Geographic Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ al Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Extent Issue Design This tunnel This Hong Kong Hong - There - - - Governmen Consideration is located in Tunnel Government Kong Space were t of Hong Kowloon is 3.75 Museum three Kong Peninsula, km long. Hong options Hong Kong It is dual Kong Cultural for the two-lane Centre construc underpas complex tion s and method: four sets cut-and- of large, cover, twin- bored, cell, box and culverts. drill- and- blast. To give
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Issues Geographic Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ al Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Extent Issue the KCRC confide nce that all methods were viable, two were develop ed Structural East Rail The KSL Hong Event theatre - Viable - - - Governmen Consideratio line via the is a Kong sensitive to construc t of Hong n Kowloon 3.75km, Government noise and tion Kong Peninsula, wholly vibration. method. Hong Kong undergrou nd twin-track
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Issues Geographic Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ al Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Extent Issue railway. TIA Heavily This Hong Shopping mall, - Viable - - - Governme trafficked tunnel will Kong hotels, and construc nt of Hong road run from Government hostel, all with tion Kong network the basements, method. with a dense overrun including mix of tunnels Hong Kongí s building west of premier hotel, types the current The Peninsula within East Rail fronting Kowloon terminus Salisbury Peninsula, at East Road. Hong Kong Tsim Sha Tsui to the overrun tunnels south of the current West Rail
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Issues Geographic Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ al Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Extent Issue terminus at Nam Cheong in the Sham Shui Po district. EIA Urban The Hong Kong Arts, concert, - Viable - - - Governmen environment railway Government and theatre construc t of Hong was runs venues tion Kong considered through sensitive to method. in Kowloon urban noise and Peninsula, environme vibration. Hong Kong. nt. SIA ------. - - - - Financial Hong Kong Loss due Hong Kong Loss due to - C - - - Governmen Option/PPP Government to traffic Governmen environmental onstructi t of Hong accident t pollution i.e. on loss Kong noise, air, D vibration etc. rilling &
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Issues Geographic Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ al Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Extent Issue blasting cost Construction East Tsim West of Hong Kong Construction Construct Viable - - - Governmen Period, Sha Tsui East Tsim Government options were ion of an construc t of Hong O&M station to Sha Tsui considered off-line tion Kong Jordan Road station, upon urban concours method. Running the environment. e box beneath the tunnels required urban fabric are land. For of the aligned this Kowloon beneath purpose a Peninsula, Salisbury land Hong Kong. Road survey directly was across the conducte twin-tube d. running tunnels. Operation Kowloon The Hong Kong The railway - Viable - - - Governmen
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Issues Geographic Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ al Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Extent Issue Period Peninsula in railway Government runs through construc t of Hong the tourist runs urban tion Kong and through environment. method. shopping two district of distinct Tsim Sha areas: Tsui, Hong So Kong. uth Sections No rth Sections
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Case 10: A Review of Delhi Metro Tunnel Construction with 14 EPB Shield TBMS, Delhi India Table 10: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 10)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design This tunnel is Tr Oriental Ground water - Cut & - This is - Jointly Consideration located in affic Consultants level Cover US$ 4 funded by Delhi, India. coverage Co., Ltd., Metho billion the Japanese is about New Delhi, ds scheme. International 30 km in India, Delhi Cooperation length. Metro Agency Railway (JICA), the Twin Corporation Government Tunnel Co., Ltd., of India and New Delhi, Delhi India Government. Gov of India & Delhi Structural This tunnel is This is 3 Metro Ground water - TBMS - - - (JICA), the
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Consideration located in metro Railway level aries (Tunne Government urban area of corridors Corporation from GL-10m l of India and Delhi, India of twin Co., Ltd (typical tunnel Boring Delhi tunnel crown level) to Machi Government. with a GL-35m. ne) total drive length of 30km. TIA Traffic - Metro - TBMS - - - (JICA), the impact was Railway (Tunne Government analyzed Corporation l of India and within Delhi, Co., Ltd Boring Delhi India. Machin Government. e) EIA Environment Environ Oriental Ground water - TBMS - - - (JICA), the al issues mental Consultants level (Tunne Government were issues Co., Ltd., l of India and
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue considered were New Delhi, Boring Delhi within Delhi, considere India, Delhi Machin Government. India d within e) traffic area. SIA ------Financial Government Loss due Governme Loss due to - Constr - Cost for - (JICA), the Option/PPP of India and to traffic nt of India environmental uction traffic Government Delhi accident and Delhi damage loss accident, of India and Government & fatality Governmen during environme Delhi cost t launchi ntal Government. ng the damage, shafts constructio n loss Construction This tunnel is Consists Oriental As ground - TBMS Throug - For (JICA), the Period, constructed of the Consultant water level (Tunne h the avoiding Government O&M in busy urban constructi s Co., Ltd., varies tunnel l various risk of India and area of Delhi, on of New excavation can Boring tunnelli according Delhi
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue India. 128km of Delhi, be carried out Machin ng to the Government. track, 81 India, in open mode. e) perform suggestio stations Delhi, ance n from and 5 Metro during TBM depots. Railway excavat supplier, Corporatio ion and the n Co., Ltd for all Contracto machin r eray proposed purpose to change safety the cutter issue face were from soft conside soil red. mining face to hard rock mining
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue face which was available from Singapore project C855. Operation This tunnel is The Oriental - - TBMS - - - (JICA), the Period excavated in 7.2km of Consultants (Tunnel Government busy urban the Qutab Co., Ltd., Boring of India and area of Delhi, Minar New Delhi, Machin Delhi India. Line will India, Delhi, e) Government. make use Metro of six Railway TBMs, Corporation four Co., Ltd TBMs
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue have been allocated for a 4.2km stretch of the Badarpur Line and additional four will excavate 3.5km of the Airport Line.
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Case Study 11: Congestion Relief Toll Tunnels, Texas, USA Table 11: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 11)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design The tunnel is This Texas Worsened air Higher Applica The The Texas The risk Privately Consideration located in study was Transportati quality due to insurance tion of tunnels Transporta of funded toll Texas, USA. based on on Institute the higher rates to Electri would tion worsened ways. several emission rates serve the c Toll be safer Institute air overseas of vehicles. social Collect (as estimates quality experienc Higher issue. ion measure that the due to the es of amount of System d by annual cost higher urban vehicle causes (ETC) the of traffic emission tunnel higher number congestion rates of case emission rates. of in the 39 vehicles studies. Noise accident largest in stop- There is Odor victims), urban and-go no pollution. in part areas was traffic specific due to $43.2 was length of the billion in discussed.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue tunnel. absence 1990 of excluded pedestria environme ns and ntal cost. bicycles in the tunnels. Structural The tunnel is - Texas Worsened air - Applica - While - Privately Consideratio located in Transportati quality due to tion of overseas funded toll n Urban area of on Institute the higher Electric tunnels ways. Texas, USA. emission rates Toll average of vehicles. Collecti $35 per on lane-mile, System the (ETC) domestic tunnels' average cost is $38
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue per lane- mile. TIA Annual cost of Constant Texas Higher amount Higher Applica - Annual - Privately traffic -speed Transportati of vehicle amount tion of cost of funded toll congestion in mode on Institute causes higher of traffic Electric traffic ways. the 39 largest emission rates. cause Toll congestion urban areas of accident Collecti was $43.2 Texas, USA. & huge on billion in social System the 39 loss. (ETC) largest urban areas of Texas, USA. EIA Annaul cost of - Texas Worsen air Higher Applica - - - Privately worsened air Transportati quality emission tion of funded toll quality due to on Institute Noise rates Electric ways. the higher Odor causes Toll
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue emission rates pollution huge Collecti of vehicles in social on urban area of loss. System Texas, USA. (ETC) SIA Higher - Texas Higher emission Higher Applica - A higher - Privately insurance rates Transportati rates causes emission tion of insurance funded toll due to on Institute huge social loss. rates Electric rate was ways. accidental loss causes Toll estimated in urban area huge Collecti with TIA. of Texas, USA. social on loss. System (ETC) Financial BOT & PPP Self- Texas Environmental Higher The Cost for Covers the Loss for Privately Option/PPP financing Transportati loss due to insuranc range safety following risk of funded toll via user on Institute worsen air e rate of issues cost: higher ways. charges & PPP quality, noise, investm of Environ emission odor pollution ent pedestri mental cost rates of etc. costs ans and Annual vehicles.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue per bicycles cost of lane- traffic mile is congestion from Higher $22 insurance million rate to $76 million. Construction This tunnel is - Texas Worsen air Higher Applica Constru Domestic - Privately Period, constructed in Transportati quality insurance tion of ction tunnels funded toll O&M central on Institute Noise rates to Electric safety of average ways. business Operate in a serve the Toll workers, cost is $38 districts low-emission social Collecti pedestri per lane- (CBDs) of issue. on ans and mile. Texas, USA. System bicycles (ETC) in the tunnels.
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Operation This tunnel - Texas The project has Higher Same Safety Congestio - Privately Period provide Transportati been subject to emission as must be n costs for funded toll congestion free on Institute fierce opposition rates & above. ensured the 10 ways. road in urban from higher for all most- area of Texas, environmental amount types of congested USA. organizations, of traffic road urban on grounds that causes users. areas were by adding lane- huge $7.7 miles and social billion. modernizing the loss. Central Artery, it will attract additional traffic and therefore worsen air quality.
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Case 12: Route 710 Tunnel Technical Feasibility Assessment Report, Los Angeles, USA Table 12: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 12)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design This tunnel is This is Los Noise, The TBMS This The For TAC, Toll Consideration located in Los 4.5 mile Angeles Air quality, project (Tunnel assess constructio cancer revenue Angeles, undergro County Historic study Boring ment n cost is $3 risk could USA. und Metropolita properties, area Machin was billion thresholds potentially tunnel. n Aesthetics, traverses e) perfor dollar. , rather be a Vertical Transportati Archaeology, land uses med in than component grades on Hazardous consistin consid emission of the from 1.95 Authority waste, g of eration burdens, funding. % to 3%. Soil disposal, single of the are used Level of and and suitabil to multi- ity of determine Service Storm water (69 family the the miles residenti geotec significan
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue per al, public hnical, ce of a hour) facilities, geolog project Traffic open ic, impact. capacity space, hydrol is (1950 industria ogical, vehicles/ l seismi lane/hou manufact c r) uring, conditi and ons general and the commerc ability ial uses, of the land uses tunnel issues. concep t to satisfy traffic deman
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue d, highwa y standar ds, ventila tion require ments, and other safety criteria . Structural This tunnel is Geotechni Los Historic Industrial TBMS - - - Toll Consideration located as a cal, Angeles properties, manufact (Tunnel revenue major north- geologic, County Aesthetics, uring, Boring could south link in hydrologic Metropolita Archaeology, and Machine potentially
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue the Los al, seismic n Soil disposal, general ) be a Angeles conditions Transportati and commerci component County in Los were on Storm water al uses. of the Angeles, considered Authority funding. USA. within traffic area. TIA Local traffic Traffic Los Noise, - TBMS - - - Toll congestion modeling, Angeles Air quality (Tunnel revenue rate was traffic County Boring could analyzed in impact Metropolit Machine potentially urban area of analysis an ) be a Los Angeles, were done Transporta component USA. within tion of the traffic Authority funding. area. EIA Regional air EIA was Los Noise, Land TBMS - - - Toll quality was done Angeles Air quality, uses (Tunnel revenue
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue analyzed in within the County Environment issues. Boring could urban area of study area. Metropoli al assessment Machine potentially Los Angeles, tan ) be a USA Transport component ation of the Authority funding. SIA Land uses SIA was Los Land uses Public TBMS - - - Toll issues was done Angeles issues. facilities, (Tunnel revenue analyzed in within the County land uses Boring could urban area of study area. Metropolita issues. Machine potentially Los Angeles, n ) be a USA Transportat component ion of the Authority funding. Financial Toll Loss due Los Loss due to Loss due Loss due Loss Covers Cost for Toll Option/PPP Collection to traffic Angeles environmental to land to high due to cost for risk of revenue System modelling, County issue uses charge traffic traffic health could traffic data Metropolita issues to safety, safety, damage potentially
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Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue analysis n technolo seismi technology be a Transportati gy & c & component on machine safety machine, of the Authority etc. land uses funding. issues, environme ntal issue etc. Construction This tunnel is Lane Los Soil disposal, - TBMS Constr Constructi - Toll Period, constructed in controls Angeles and (Tunnel iction on cost revenue O&M Central could be County Storm water Boring safety ranging could Business Area considered Metropolita Machine for from potentially of Los to prohibit n ) worker approxima be a Angeles, lane Transportati s, tely $2.3 component USA. changes on engine billion to of the within the Authority ers, $3.6 funding. study area. pedestr billion ain, (2006
280
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue cyclist, dollars). motori st.
Operation This tunnel As a result Los Historic - TBMS - - - Toll Period would require of the Angeles properties (Tunnel revenue four lanes of traffic County Archaeology Boring could traffic in each modeling Metropolita Machine potentially direction to and n ) be a provide an analysis, it Transportat component acceptable was ion of the level of determine Authority funding.
281
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue service in Los d that the Angeles, 2030 USA. forecast demand along this proposed section of the Route 710 freeway would require four lanes of traffic in each direction to provide an
282
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue acceptable level of service.
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Case 13: Tunneling in Soft Soil: Tunnel Boring Machine Operation and Soil Response, Seoul, Korea Table 13: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 13)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safet Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method y & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design This tunnel is The Delft This paper has - TBMS Health - Risk - Consideration located in Seoul, Hubertus University analysed (Tunnel and assessme Korea. tunnel of environmental Boring safety nts were tubes, Technology, assessment Machine) in introduce northern Faculty of sush as tunnel d for and Civil conventional ling Sustaina southern, Engineering tunnelling, were ble Use are and monitoring and consi of 1666.70 Geosciences settlement dered. Undergr m and , control, ound 1653.48 Department geotechnical Space m long. of site Geoscience investigation. and
284
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safet Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method y & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Engineering, Section of Geo- Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands. Structural This tunnel is Soil- Delft - - TBMS - - - - Consideration located in sub settlement University of (Tunnel urban area of prediction Technology Boring Seoul, Korea. s were Faculty of Machine) done Civil within Engineering study area. and Geosciences Department of Geoscience and
285
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safet Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method y & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Engineering, Section of Geo- Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands TIA ------EIA - - Delft - - TBMS - - - - University of (Tunnel Technology Boring Faculty of Machine) Civil Engineering and Geosciences, Department of Geoscience
286
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safet Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method y & Analysis Funding Financial Issue and Engineering, Section of Geo- Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands SIA ------Financial Govt. of Korea - Department Loss due to - L - - Cost for - Option/PPP of ground oss Use of Geoscience settlement during Undergr and soil ound Engineerin displace Space g, Section ments of Geo- L Engineerin oss g, Delft, during The tunnel
287
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safet Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method y & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Netherland lining s Construction This tunnel is The tubes Delft - - TBMS - - - - Period, located in Seoul, were University (Tunnel O&M Korea. excavated of Boring by a 10 Technology Machine) 680 mm Faculty of long Civil slurry- Engineering shield and TBM, Geosciences with a , front Department diameter of of 10 510 Geoscience mm, and a and rear one Engineering, of 10 490 Section of
288
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safet Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method y & Analysis Funding Financial Issue mm. Geo- Engineering, Delft, The Netherlands Operation This tunnel is Tunnel Delft - - TBMS - This - - Period located in Seoul, constructi University of (Tunnel represents Korea. on in soft Technology, Boring the soil Faculty of Machine) growing usually Civil importance induces Engineering and use of settlement and undergrou within the Geoscience nd space in traffic Departme worldwide area. nt of economic Geoscience developme and nt and the Engineering, increasing Section of interest
289
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safet Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method y & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Geo- and Engineering, investmen Delft, The t in Netherlands research and developm ent effort in this area.
290
Case Study 14: The Future Use of Underground Space in Malaysia: A Literature Review, Malaysia Table 14: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 14) Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design This tunnel is This Departme Local Use of Based Occupan - The - Consideration located in study was nt of Land culture undergro on ts. containm Malaysia. based on Administrati Geographic und space Populati Health & ent the on, al situation, & on safety created utilization Faculty of Air Land Statistic issue by of Geoinforma Pollution acquisitio in urban were undergro undergrou tion and Noise n issues area. discusse und nd space Real Estate, Odor d. structure of Universiti pollution s has the Malaysia. Teknologi . advantag 2x2 Malaysia es of traffic protectin lanes for g the cars surface Design environ speed of ment
291
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue 70km per from the hour risks and/or disturban ces inherent in certain types of activities . Structural This tunnel is Due to Departme Local Use of Based Safety - - - Consideratio located in urban flooding nt of Land culture undergro on during n area of Malaysia. effect the Administrat Geographic und space Percent use of developm ion, al situation age undergro ent of Faculty of Urbaniz und undergrou Geoinform ation by space. nd ation and Develop commerci Real Estate, ment
292
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue al centres, Universiti Group, open Teknologi spaces can Malaysia, be utilised as well as having the potential to reduce the cost for land acquisitio n. TIA Population lives - Air Pollution Present Based Based on - - - in urban areas of Department Noise Use of on Populati Malaysia was of Land Odor Urban Populati on estimated. Administrat pollution Undergr on Statistic ion, ound Density in urban Faculty of in area.-
293
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Geoinform Malaysi ation and a Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia EIA Effect of air - Departme Effect of air ------pollution, noise nt of Land pollution, was estimated in Administrat noise was urban area of ion, estimated in Malaysia. Faculty of urban area of Geoinform Malaysia. ation and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia SIA Land acquisition - Dep Land Land - - - - -
294
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue issues were artment of acquisition acquisitio estimated in Land issues were n issues. urban area of Administrati estimated in Malaysia. on, urban area of Facu Malaysia. lty of Geoinforma tion and Real Estate, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia Financial - - - - Undergr - - - - - Option/PPP ound space reduce land acquisiti
295
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue on cost. Construction This tunnel is - Departme -. - Based Based - - - Period, located in urban nt of Land on on O&M area of Malaysia. Administrati percenta percenta on, ge use ge use of Faculty of of urban urban Geoinforma undergr undergro tion and ound und Real Estate, space. space. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Operation This tunnel is Malaysia Dep However, - - Based - - - Period located in urban seems to artment of underground on area of Malaysia. utilize all Land utilization percenta surface and Administrati pattern varies ge use of undergroun on, in different urban d spaces Facu urban undergro
296
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue for lty of contexts, und achieving Geoinforma depending on space. sustainable tion and local culture, developme Real Estate, geographical nt. Universiti situation, Teknologi social, Malaysia environment and economic need.
297
Case 15: Fixed Link between Labrador and Newfoundland Pre-feasibility Study, Labrador and Newfoundland, Canada Table 15: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 15)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Design This tunnel is The Hatch Mott - - Engineeri Costs Accurac Govt. of Consideration located in tunnel is MacDonal ng and Occup varied y of cost Canada Labrador and actually d (HMM), Technica ational from $10 estimates Newfoundland, three 50 “Public l health million represent Canada. kilometre- Policy Feasibilit and per s a long Research y safety kilometre significa parallel Centre”, Options of for the nt risk tunnels Canada, Analysis worker Laerdal factors It is four Governme s were Tunnel in which lane nt of discus Norway to were Newfoundl sed. $700 discusse and and million d. Labrador per and the kilometer. Governme
298
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue nt of Canada
Structural This tunnel is Two Hatch Mott - - Engineeri - - - Govt. of Consideration located in fixed running MacDonald ng and Canada transportation tunnels (HMM), Technica link between the carrying “Public l Island of rail tracks Policy Feasibilit Newfoundland and one Research y and Labrador service Centre”, Options across the Strait tunnel for Canada, Analysis of Belle Isle. maintenan Government ce vehicles of and for Newfoundla emergency nd and egress Labrador within the and the traffic Government
299
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue area. of Canada
TIA Determining Traffic Hatch Mott The causeway - Economi - - Risk of Govt. of traffic projections MacDonald option is c and having Canada projections in were (HMM), exposed to Business operation Labrador and determined “Public the same Case al Newfoundland, within the Policy environmenta Analysis interrupti Canada. traffic area. Research l risks for the ons in Centre”, bridge but the Canada, may be winter Government marginally months of less is Newfoundla sensitive to consider nd and wind and ed to be Labrador icing. In total, high. and the the risk of Government having of Canada operational
300
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue interruptions in the winter months is considered to be high. EIA Environmental Environme Hatch Mott - - - - - Environm Govt. of assessments ntal MacDonald ental Canada were done in assessment (HMM), risks for Labrador and s were “Public the bridge Newfoundland, done Policy but may Canada within the Research be traffic area. Centre”, marginall Canada, y less Government sensitive of to wind Newfoundla and icing nd and Labrador
301
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue and the Government of Canada
SIA Social factors Social Hatch Mott ------Govt. of were considered factors MacDonald Canada in Labrador and were (HMM), Newfoundland, considered “Public Canada. within the Policy traffic area. Research Centre”, Canada, Government of Newfoundla nd and Labrador and the
302
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Government of Canada
Financial PPP Loss due to Government Cost for - Engineeri Cost Costs Accurac Govt. of Option/PPP traffic of Canada environmental ng and for varied for y of cost Canada congestion risk Technica health different estimates l and sections. represent Feasibilit safety s a y Options of significa Analysis, worke nt risk Economi rs factors c and Business Case Analysis Construction This tunnel is Variations Hatch Mott - - Immerse - - - Govt. of Period, constructed in in traffic MacDonald d tube Canada O&M Labrador and growth (HMM), technique
303
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue Newfoundland, rates for “Public s (ITT) Canada. different Policy segments Research were Centre”, evaluated Canada, within the Government traffic area. of Newfoundla nd and Labrador and the Government of Canada
Operation Based on traffic - Hatch Mott - Social Engineeri Occup - - Govt. of Period projections over MacDonald benefits ng and ational Canada a 30 year period (HMM), in terms Technica health it is the most “Public of l &
304
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis / Financial Funding Issue economic tunnel Policy increased Feasibilit safety between Research economic y Options issues Labrador and Centre”, activity Analysis must Newfoundland, Canada, that may be Canada. Government be caused ensure of by this d to Newfoundla project. pedest nd and rian & Labrador road and the users. Government of Canada
305
Case Study 16: Benefits of rerouting railways to tunnels in urban areas: a case study of the Yongsan line in Seoul Table 16: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 16)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue Design This tunnel is The Department Annual Evaluatio Anthrop This There are There This work Consideration located in Seoul, Yongsan of annoyance n of ocentri study several cost are was Korea. line Environmen costs social c present components diverse supported connects tal Planning, Number of values method s all were health by the Yongsan Seoul households like (Cost operati discussed risks BK21 Plus with National, exposed social Benefit onal such as due to program of Gajwa. University, discount analysi traffic Annual noise the Seoul, rate, s). safety. landscape exposur National Korea, social costs, e which Research Korea costs, Annual was Foundation Transport socio- urban consider of Korea. Institute, economic separation ed. Goyang, activities costs, Geonggi, were Annual Korea, discussed crossing . costs, The
306
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue calculation of unit value for the operating costs associated with crossings, The calculation of unit value for the traffic accident costs associated with crossings, Annual
307
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue medical costs, Health costs, Annual annoyance costs, Annoyance costs etc. Structural This tunnel is The Depar - - Anthrop -. Unit value - This work Consideration located in urban Yongsan tment of ocentric for the was area of Seoul, line Environment method operating supported Korea. connects al Planning, (Cost costs by the Yongsan Seoul Benefit BK21 Plus with National, analysis program of Gajwa. University, ). the Seoul, Korea, National Korea Research Transport Foundation
308
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue Institute, of Korea. Goyang, Geonggi, Korea, TIA Traffic accident This study Depar - - Anthrop - Annual - This work was estimated in was tment of ocentric urban was Seoul, Korea. addressed Environment method separation supported by al Planning, (Cost costs, traffic by the estimating Seoul Benefit accident BK21 Plus the National, analysis costs. program of operating University, ). the and Seoul, Korea, National accident Korea Research expenses Transport Foundation associated Institute, of Korea. with grade Goyang, crossings Geonggi, Korea, EIA Noise reduction - Department - - Anthrop - Annual - This work 309
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue benefits were of ocentric annoyance was considered in Environmen method costs supported Seoul, Korea. tal Planning, (Cost by the Seoul Benefit BK21 Plus National, analysis program of University, ). the Seoul, National Korea, Research Korea Foundation Transport of Korea. Institute, Goyang, Geonggi, Korea, SIA Social cost - Departme - - Anthrop - Social cost - This work issues were nt of ocentric was considered in Environmen method supported urban area of tal Planning, (Cost by the Seoul, Korea Seoul Benefit BK21 Plus 310
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue National, analysis program of University, ). the Seoul, National Korea, Research Korea Foundation Transport of Korea. Institute, Goyang, Geonggi, Korea, Financial Annual Traffic Govt. of Annual Social Anthrop Health Health & - This work Option/PPP urban separation accident Korea & PPP annoyance costs discount ocentric & safety costs was costs is costs is rate is method safety quantify supported 7,655,035,293 associate 2,755,360,115 5.5% (Cost costs physical by the wons d with wons Benefit quantif damage by BK21 Plus Urban crossing analysis y noise - program of area requires s ). physic the huge budget Annual al National medical damag Research
311
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue costs e by Foundation 62,410,24 noise. of Korea. 0 wons Construction The Yongsan There is Department - - Anthrop - Traffic - This work Period, line connects growing of ocentric accident was O&M Yongsan with interest in Environment method costs supported Gajwa in Seoul, urban al Planning, (Cost associated by the Korea. regenerati Seoul Benefit with BK21 Plus on around National, analysis crossings, program of the world. University, ). Annual the Transport Seoul, Korea, medical National facilities Korea costs, Research can be Transport Health Foundation redirected Institute, costs. of Korea. undergrou Goyang, nd or Geonggi, covered to Korea, open up grade-
312
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue level space for other purposes. Consideri ng traffic volumes. Operation This tunnel is - Department This study - Anthrop - Annual This work Period located in urban of stresses the ocentric landscape was area of Seoul, Environment value of the method costs, supported Korea. al Planning, natural (Cost Annual by the Seoul environment Benefit urban BK21 Plus National, but analysis separation program of University, does not focus ). costs, the Seoul, Korea, as much on that Annual National Korea of the built crossing Research Transport environment. costs, The Foundation Institute, calculation of Korea. Goyang, of unit value
313
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue Geonggi, for the Korea, operating costs associated with crossings, The calculation of unit value for the traffic accident costs associated with crossings, Annual medical costs,
314
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic & Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method Financial Analysis Funding Issue Health costs, Annual annoyance costs, Annoyance costs etc. must be covered.
315
Case 17: EPB Tunneling in Limited Space: A Case Study of the San Francisco Central Subway Project, San Francisco, USA Table 17: Summary Chart (Urban Tunnel Project 17)
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue Design This tunnel is The The During Having Two 6.3 N - Risk of - Consideration located in traffic Robinson design consider detailed m umerous segment San area Company urban assembl diameter regulator damage, Francisco, coverage environment. y, Earth y bodies ring USA is about Cal/OS startup, Pressure with deforma 2.5 km. HA and operatio Balance complicat tion, or Multiple numerous nal and Machine ed, settleme lane regulatory settleme s contradict nt bodies nt were (EPBs) ory and during with consider are extremel boring complicated, ed excavati y follows were contradictory ng safety consider and parallel. measures. ed. extremely strict C safety and al/OSHA
316
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue environmental and codes numerous regulator y bodies with complicat ed, contradict ory and extremely strict safety and environm ental codes Structural This 2.5 km The - - TBMS - - - - Consideration tunnel is long Robinson (Tunnel
317
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue located in tunnels Company Boring urban area of under low Machine San cover and ) Francisco, in mixed USA. ground Densely conditions populated . urban Steep setting in a grades— historic Sections city. of ± 7% do not allow the use of conventi onal locomoti
318
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue ves. Curvy alignme nt - there is a 137 m radius curve followed by a 260 m curve
TIA Traffic Fatalities The - - TBMS - - - - impact was rates were Robinson (Tunnel analyzed in discussed Company Boring urban area of within the Machine San traffic ) Francisco, area. USA.
319
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue EIA Urban Urban The - - TBMS - - - - environment environme Robinson (Tunnel was nt was Company Boring considered in considere Machine San d within ) Francisco, the traffic USA. area. SIA ------Financial Annual urban Traffic - Annual Social - - Health & - - Option/PPP separation accident annoyance discount safety costs is costs costs is rate is costs 7,655,035,29 associate 2,755,360,115 5.5% quantify 3 wons d with wons physical crossing damage by s noise An nual medical
320
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue costs 62,410,24 0 wons Construction This tunnel is Traffic The Environmental - TBMS - - - Period, constructed data was Robinson issues were (Tunnel O&M in San analyzed Company focused during Boring Francisco, to tunnel Machine USA. overcome construction in ) during all urban area. stages of design and constructi on within the traffic area. Operation This tunnel is This The - - TBMS - The - - Period located in tunnel is Robinson (Tunnel project
321
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue urban area of fully Company Boring owner or San operated Machine contractor Francisco, within the ) must study USA. traffic the tunnel area. plan and determine the optimum solution for the situation. One of the biggest factors is weighing the additional cost and
322
Issues Geographical Traffic Institutional Environmental Social Study Safety Economic Risk Investment/ Extent Coverage Involvement Coverage Coverage Method & Analysis Funding Financial Issue complexity to operate multiple machines against the increased duration of the project with fewer TBMs.
323
Appendix B
SYNTHESIS OF ALL CASE STUDIES
324
Table 4.1.1: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Geographical Extent) Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P This The Traffic Air Land Malaysian The The tunnel This is tunnel is tunnel begins jams Quality acquisitio Governme tunnel begins begins just Mixed-use located in just before along Monitorin n issues nt & PPP just before the before the tunnel Kuala the Jalan g was confluence of confluence situated in Lumpur, confluence of Sungai Equipmen discussed. the Klang and of the Klang the capitals Malaysia's the Klang and Besi and t was set Ampang and of Malaysia. capital city. Ampang Loke up in Rivers. Ampang SMART It is Rivers. Yew project SMART Rivers, so Tunnel, the longest There flyover area Tunnel", is a that flood 1 Kualalamp multi- are two at Pudu Ve storm water can be ur, purpose components during ntilation/ drainage and diverted Malaysia tunnel in of this tunnel, rush escape road structure away from the world. the hour was shafts at in Kuala the Klang It stormwater analyzed 1km Lumpur, River, begins at tunnel and . intervals Malaysia. eliminating Kampung motorway Reduce flooding in Berembang tunnel. traffic the center lake near 1.6 km (0.99 jams city.
325
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P Klang mi) at Kuala along River at Lumpur- Jalan Ampang Seremban Sungai and ends at Expressway Besi and Taman Links: City Loke Desha lake Centre near Yew near Kg. Pandan flyover Kerayong Roundabout at Pudu River at KL-Seremban during Salak Expressway rush South. near Sungai hour. Besi Airport The motorwa y tunnel is suitable for light vehicles only.
326
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P Motorcy cles and heavy vehicles are not allowed. The tunnel Urban area of This EIA was For SIA Governme Seoul and In urban To ease the is located in Korea tunnel done at land nt of Incheon and area of traffic Urban Seoul comprises Urban acquisitio Seoul. the outskirt Seoul, Two congestion Deep Road metropolita 9 routes in area n issues area will be undergroun Korea also Tunnel n area, north- Seoul, was linked in a grid d belt ways has been Constructio Korea. south and Korea: discussed shape. will be experiencin 2 n Project in east-west Gr for Urban linked to g to develop Korea and in 3x3 ound area of inner belt the new Technical grid water Seoul, ways on the sustainable Requireme shape. conservati Korea. ground and space and nts on Kangnam promote the Polluta belt way, green nts (dust, thereby growth.
327
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P NOx) significantly removal reducing the technolog traffic y passing through the downtown. This tunnel is Consideri Frequent -. Governme This tunnel is This tunnel located from ng higher landslides nt of India constructed in covers from This tunnel New This tunnel Jammu to demands is hilly area of Jammu to is tunnels for covers from Srinagaru in for traffic considered Jammu to Srinagaru, constructed the national 3 Jammu to complicated demand from Srinagaru, India. in hilly area highway Srinagaru, terrain of from Jammu to India. of Jammu to NH-1A in India. Himalaya Jammu to Srinagaru, Srinagaru, India foothills. Srinagaru, India India. India. Review of The In structural Traffic Environm Prevention KPE, The KPE is the The KPE The Road Kallang- point of view volume ental of critical Singapore world's sixth starts from Kallang- 4 Tunnel Paya Lebar it is the was issues events that is funded longest East Coast Paya Lebar Standards - Expressway longest tunnel estimated were may by Govt. underground Parkway Expressway
328
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P The safety (KPE) road in South-East in considered endanger of road project at (ECP) in the (KPE) road implication tunnel is the Asia and Kallang- in human life Malaysia. its time under south, tunnel is the s on urban longest located in Paya motorway, were construction in crossing longest road tunnel in urban area of Lebar Kallang- considered Southeast Asia. under the tunnel in tunnels in Singapore. Singapore. Expresswa Paya in Geylang Singapore. Singapore y (KPE) Lebar motorway, River, region. Expresswa Kallang- Nicoll y (KPE) Paya Highway, region. Lebar Mountbatte Expresswa n Road, y (KPE) Geylang region. Road, Sims Avenue and the Pan Island Expressway (PIE). Dhaka These roads This tunnel is Traffic Baseline Commerci This Shahjalal Shahjalal These roads 5 Road primarily located in data were environme al Tunnel is International Internationa primarily
329
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P Tunnel connect the urban area collected ntal settlement financed Airport from l Airport connect the Feasibility Shahjalal Dhaka, the from survey s close to by Govt. the northeast from the Shahjalal Study Internationa Capital city of Shahjalal comprises the og and the sub- northeast Internationa Project l Airport Bangladesh. Internatio Shahinbag Jahangir Banglades district of and the sub- l Airport from the nal RA under Gate and h wil the Mirpur from district of from the northeast Airport, Tejgoan at the help of the northwest Mirpur from northeast and the sub- Mohakhali Thana at starting Asian to the sub- the and the sub- district of Flyover, east side point of Developm districts of northwest to district of Mirpur from Mirpur, and the M ent Bank Dhanmondi the sub- Mirpur from the Dhanmon Taltola Morshed (ADB). and Motijheel districts of the northwest to di & Colony Sarani in the south in Dhanmondi northwest to the sub- Motijheel under starting Bangladesh and the sub- districts of at peak Kafrul from Motijheel in districts of Dhanmondi period and Thana at Rokeya the south in Dhanmondi and also at off west side, Sarani, Bangladesh. and Motijheel in peak Dhaka. governme Motijheel in the south in period. nt staff the south in Bangladesh. quarters, Bangladesh. some
330
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P rented household s and some squatters on the governme nt fallow lands. Geotechnic This tunnel is Traffic Sewers Health Govt. of This tunnel is Results This tunnel al, located in along the and pipes hazards, Iran constructed shows that is located in structural urban area highways above the accidental between illustrated urban area and This tunnel between and tunnel risk Niayesh and system was between geodetic is located in Niayesh and connectin route and between Sadr highways successfully Niayesh and 6 measureme Tehran, Sadr g roads old sewers Niayesh in Tehran, Iran. monitored Sadr nts for Iran. highways in above the between and Sadr the Niayesh highways in convention Tehran, Iran. tunnel. Niayesh highways project so Tehran, al between and Sadr in Tehran, far and its Iran. tunnelling Niayesh highways Iran. results
331
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P hazards in and Sadr in Tehran, properly urban areas highways Iran. used for – The case in Tehran, warning, of Niayesh Iran. construction road tunnel optimization project , obtaining real time ground behaviour and possible taking mitigation measures. This tunnel This tunnel is This road Vibration Social - This road This road This road Tunneling is located in located in tunnel surveys issues tunnel tunnel tunnel in an urban Porto, critical area of crossing were done were excavated excavated excavated 7 critical area Portugal. the city of very within a considered below below below – A case Porto, heterogen city of in groundwater groundwater groundwater study Portugal. eous Porto, heterogen within a city of within a city within a city
332
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P granite Portugal. eous Porto, Portugal of Porto, of Porto, formations urban area Portugal Portugal. within a within in city of city of Porto, Porto, Portugal. Portugal. Aizawl Aizawl Traffic Urban Critical Govt. of Aizawl Traffic First major Aizawl A Traffic Traffic jam was environme social India Tunnel would venture of Traffic feasibility Tunnel in Tunnel is calculated nt was issues be excavated this kind in Tunnel in study for the located in the in densely considered were through a densely the urban Mizoram, densely populated within the considered interbedded populated Mizoram, tunnelling northeast of populated urban study area, within the Tertiary urban area northeast of 8 in soft India. urban area, area, Mizoram, study area, sandstone/siltst Mizoram, India. tertiary Mizoram, Mizoram, India. Mizoram, one of the India. sedimentar India. India. India. Middle y rocks of Bhuban Mizoram, Formation in India Mizoram, India.
333
Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P This tunnel East Rail line Heavily Urban - Hong East Tsim Sha Kowloon This tunnel is located in via the trafficked environme Kong Tsui station to Peninsula in is located in Kowloon Kowloon road nt was Governme Jordan Road the tourist Kowloon Peninsula, Peninsula, network considered nt Running and Peninsula, The Hong Kong Hong Kong with a in beneath the shopping Hong Kong Kowloon dense mix Kowloon urban fabric of district of Southern of Peninsula, the Kowloon Tsim Sha 9 Link building Hong Peninsula, Tsui, Hong feasibility types Kong. Hong Kong. Kong.. study within Kowloon Peninsula, Hong Kong A Review This tunnel This tunnel is Traffic Environm - Governme This tunnel is This tunnel Delhi Metro Of Delhi is located in located in impact ental nt of India constructed in is excavated is the first 10 Metro Delhi, India. urban area of was issues and Delhi busy urban in busy Client in Tunnel Delhi, India analyzed were Governme area of Delhi, urban area India to Constructio within considered nt India. of Delhi, apply EPB
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Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P n with 14 Delhi, within. India. technology EPB Shield India. in an urban TBMS area. The tunnel The tunnel is Annual Annaul Higher BOT & This tunnel is This tunnel The tunnel is located in located in cost of cost of insurance PPP constructed in provide is located in Texas, Urban area of traffic worsened rates due central congestion Urban area USA. Texas, USA. congestion air quality to business free road in of Texas, in the 39 due to the accidental districts urban area USA. Congestion largest higher loss in (CBDs) of of Texas, 11 Relief Toll urban emission urban area Texas, USA. USA. Tunnels areas of rates of of Texas, Texas, vehicles in USA. USA. urban area of Texas, USA. Route 710 This tunnel This tunnel is Local Regional Land uses Toll This tunnel is This tunnel This tunnel Tunnel is located in located as a traffic air quality issues was Collection constructed in would is 12 Technical Los major north- congestion was analyzed System Central require four constructed Feasibility Angeles, south link in rate was analyzed in urban Business Area lanes of in Central
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Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P Assessment USA. the Los analyzed in urban area of of Los traffic in Business Report Angeles in urban area of Los Angeles, USA. each Area of Los County in Los area of Los Angeles, direction to Angeles, Angeles, Los Angeles, USA provide an USA. USA. Angeles, USA acceptable USA. level of service in Los Angeles, USA. Tunneling This tunnel This tunnel is - - - Govt. of This tunnel is This tunnel This tunnel in Soft is located in located in sub Korea located in is located in is located in Soil: Seoul, urban area of Seoul, Korea. Seoul, sub urban Tunnel Korea. Seoul, Korea. Korea. area of 13 Boring Seoul, Machine Korea. Operation and Soil Response,
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Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P Seoul, Korea The Future This tunnel This tunnel is Population Effect of Land - This tunnel is This tunnel This tunnel Use of is located in located in lives in air acquisitio located in is located in is located in Undergrou Malaysia urban area of urban pollution, n issues urban area of urban area urban area nd Space in Malaysia. areas of noise was were Malaysia. of Malaysia. of Malaysia. 14 Malaysia: Malaysia estimated estimated A was in urban in urban Literature estimated. area of area of Review Malaysia Malaysia. This tunnel This tunnel is Determini Environm Social PPP This tunnel is Based on This tunnel Fixed Link is located in located in ng traffic ental factors constructed in traffic is located in between Labrador fixed projection assessmen were Labrador and projections Labrador Labrador and transportation s in ts were considered Newfoundland, over a 30 and and 15 Newfoundla link between Labrador done in in Canada. year period Newfoundla Newfoundl nd, Canada. the Island of and Labrador Labrador it is the nd, Canada. and Pre- Newfoundlan Newfound and and most feasibility d and land, Newfound Newfound economic Study Labrador Canada. land, land, tunnel
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Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P across the Canada Canada. between Strait of Belle Labrador Isle. and Newfoundla nd, Canada. Benefits of This tunnel This tunnel is Traffic Noise Social PPP The Yongsan This tunnel This tunnel rerouting is located in located in accident reduction cost issues line connects is located in is located in railways to Seoul, urban area of was benefits were Yongsan with urban area urban area tunnels in Korea. Seoul, Korea. estimated were considered Gajwa in of Seoul, of Seoul, urban in Seoul, considered in urban Seoul, Korea Korea. Korea. areas: a Korea. in Seoul, area of 16 case study Korea. Seoul, of Korea the Yongsan line in Seoul Urban EPB This tunnel This tunnel is Traffic Urban - - This tunnel is This tunnel This tunnel 17 Tunneling is located in located in impact environme constructed in is located in is located in
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Design Financial SI Name of Structural Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on P in Limited San urban area of was nt was San Francisco, urban area urban area Space: A Francisco, San analyzed considered USA. of San of San Case Study USA Francisco, in urban in San Francisco, Francisco, of the San USA. area of Francisco, USA. USA. Francisco San USA. Central Francisco, Subway USA. Project
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Table 4.1.2: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Traffic Coverage)
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period The traffic 9.7 km (6.03 24- SMART Consideri Malaysian During During The coverage is miles) storm hour system ng Government construction operation motorway almost 12.7 water by- SCADA has land & PPP period the period Cars has helped km. pass tunnel. Monitorin prevented acquisitio motorway using the to reduce Design 4 km (2.49 g & seven n issue tunnel covers tunnel see an congestion speed limit of miles) Surveillan potentiall within 3 km and average and cut 60 km/h double-deck ce y traffic Storm water commute down on SMART No of lane motorway The disastrou area. tunnel covers time of just travel time Tunnel, 4 double deck within storm entire s flash 9.7 km. four minutes, into the 1 Kualalam water tunnel expresswa floods in compared to city center. pur, y had its the city between 10 Cars using Malaysia speed center. and 15 the tunnel limit of 60 minutes to see an km/h surface road average users. commute time of just four minutes,
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SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period compared to between 10 and 15 minutes to surface road users.
The U-Smartway To ease Consideri Consideri Government During In line with The traffic Urban traffic project the traffic ngurban ng of Seoul. construction the coverage of Deep coverage of comprising 6 congestion landscape land overcrowding increasingly this tunnel Road this tunnel is underground undergrou issue acquisitio in downtown growing is about Tunnel about 149km highways and nd traffic within n issue is considered concern on 149km in Constructi in length. 2 belt ways. facilities traffic within within traffic comfortable length 2 on Project It is were area. traffic area. living space, comprising in Korea two lane analyzed.- area. minimized 6 and disturbance of undergroun Technical traffic flow d highways Requirem within traffic and 2 belt ents area.. ways.
3 New This Seven shorter Dual - - Govt. of During This project This
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SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period tunnels for research is tunnels of carriagew India & construction brings higher research is the focused on various ay (2 x 2 Govt. of dual demands for focused on national seven shorter distances lanes) Delhi carriageway (2 traffic seven highway tunnels (shortest is with the x 2 lanes) with infrastructure shorter NH-1A in (lengths from 155 km to 195 design the design of the tunnels India 195m to and the speed speed country. (lengths 888m) which longest is 50kph. 50kph from 195m were 888m). (according the to 888m) designed for Indian which were the second Standards for designed section the for the (Udhapur – mountain second Banihal). communicatio section Dual ns) is (Udhapur – carriageway (2 considered. Banihal). x 2 lanes) Design Speed 50kph
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SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period In structural KPE Ventilati KPE 12 Estimated The traffic point of view reduces on issues Operatio kilometers traffic volume volume is this tunnel journey were ns (km) KPE is was 400 expected to be KPE will covers: time in the considere Control funded by million at least 600 be further Traffic 9 km of north- d in 6 Centre m Govt. of vehicle million extended Review of coverage of cut-and-cover eastern ventilatio onitors Malaysia. kilometers per vehicle with the Road this tunnel is underground part of the n the traffic year kilometers per ongoing Tunnel about 12 km. tunnels island by buildings. 24 hours year when in developme Standards No. of lane up to 25% a day operation. nt of a - The 6 traffic is two and unusual 3.6km 4 safety lanes Traffic improves situations MCE, implicatio volume 600 connectivi .i.e. comprising ns on 8 million ty among social of a 420 urban road interchanges vehicles per 3 main risk, meters (m) tunnels in and 6 year expresswa accident section Singapore ventilation buildings. ys i.e. etc. constructed ECP, PIE below the Traffic and TPE. seabed. volume is 1800 vehicles
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SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period per hour per lane respectively at peak period
Traffic volume is 1200 vehicles per hour per lane at off peak period.
Traffic The tunnels . The From From Toll This project This tunnel is The eastern Dhaka coverage is will be two vertical baseline social Collcetion details the 1 km in interchange Road 1 km in separate clearance househol survey it System traffic survey length. is a partial Tunnel 5 length. structures proposed d survey was fond data that was interchange Feasibility It is multi- separated by a is 5.7 m it was that collected for with the Study lane tunnel 13.0 m outside found houses traffic micro- tunnel Project median and the tunnel that and simulation connecting
344
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period connected by to allow average buildings model only to the cross passages traffic househol occupy estimation. Mohakali within the flow in the d size to about 63 Flyover. At traffic area. peak be 4.45, percent the western direction. higher of lands, there is a than the 8 percent full 2001 are paved interchange census. feeder , i.e. all roads movements within are allowed the for, with settlemen Sayed ts and 16 Manbub percent Morshed of lands Ave are used providing for the east- health, west route, social, and Begum
345
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period education Rockeya al and Avenue religious provided a infrastruc north-south tures. connection. The tunnel alignment runs diagonally under the airport runway to conform to the geometry of the eastern and western approach
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SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period roads. Geotechni The length of The Ground To avoid Govt. of Ground Based on the The cal, Main north design condition social Iran deformation buildings Niayesh structural tunnel is speed is Impact of hazard (inclinometer categorization tunnel and The 3256m & considered househol the and , various types project geodetic Niayesh Main north as d living position extensometer) of geodetic (10,108 m) measurem tunnel project tunnel of 80km/hr in of . Surface and structural is the ents for is (10,108 m) Main South for both building buildings settlement instruments biggest conventio Average tunnel is main adjacent relative (levelling were designed tunnelling nal Daily 3045m. north & to tunnel to tunnels point) to monitor project in 6 tunnelling Traffic south were Tunnel buildings urban area hazards in (AADT) tunnel. considere deformation probable in Middle urban 42,000 d. monitoring deformations. East for its areas – Design length. The case speed 80 of km/h Niayesh road tunnel
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SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period project This is 700m 400m were Intensity Vibration Social - 400m were The synthesis The road tunnel. excavated of traffic sueys issues excavated of many average below volume were were below simulation excavated groundwater. was carried considere groundwater. results led to area is Tunneling calculated. out d within the conviction 100sqm in an within the traffic that using with a urban 7 the traffic area. explosives in cover critical area. two thirds of varyinh area – A the total between case study tunnel length 2,7m and was an 21m. adequate solution.
A This Two parallel, 1.5 km Subsurfa Risk of Govt. of Traffic Aizawl Aizawl feasibility tunnel covers circular may be ce subsidenc India accident Traffic Traffic 8 study for traffic is about tunnels (each considered drainage e & within the Tunnel the Tunnel in urban is 2.3 km in 1.3 km long, by the was building traffic area Indian the tunnelling length. 6.2 m dia), town considere damage during experience in northeast
348
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period in soft Two were driven. planners d within within construction. urban of India tertiary parallel, on the the traffic the traffic tunnelling can be sedimenta circular basis of area. area. includes two considered ry rocks of tunnels (each traffic newly to be the Mizoram, 1.3 km long, density commissioned first major India 6.2 m dia) and flow. major venture of underground this kind in metro systems a densely in Kolkata populated and New urban area Delhi. in the country covers 2.3 km in length.
The This Tunnel The KSL is a This The - Hong Kong West of East The railway This tunnel Kowloon is 3.75 km 3.75km, tunnel will railway Government Tsim Sha Tsui runs through is wholly 9 Southern long. wholly run from runs station, the two distinct undergroun Link It is dual underground the through tunnels are areas: d,
349
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period feasibility two-lane twin-track overrun urban aligned South twin-track study underpass and railway. tunnels environm beneath Sections railway. four sets of west of ent. Salisbury North large, twin- the current Road directly Sections cell, box East Rail across the culverts. terminus twin-tube at East running Tsim Sha tunnels. Tsui to the overrun tunnels south of the current West Rail terminus at Nam Cheong in the Sham Shui Po
350
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period district.
A Review Traffic This is 3 - Environ - Government Consists of Consists of This is 3 Of Delhi coverage is metro mental of India and the the metro Metro about 30 km corridors of issues Delhi construction construction corridors of Tunnel in length. twin tunnel were Government of 128km of of 128km of twin tunnel 10 Constructi Twin with a total considere track, 81 track, 81 with a total on with 14 Tunnel drive length d within stations and 5 stations and 5 drive EPB of 30km. traffic depots. depots. length of Shield area. 30km. TBMS This study - - - - BOT & PPP - - In this was based on study, in several the Congestio overseas overseas n Relief 11 experiences tunnel Toll of urban experience, Tunnels tunnel case nearly all studies. There of these is no specific projects are
351
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period length of being tunnel. developed largely or entirely with private capital, under long- term franchise agreements of the build- operate- transfer (BOT) type. Route 710 This is 4.5 Geotechnical, Traffic EIA was SIA was Toll Lane controls As a result of Geotechnic 12 Tunnel mile geologic, modeling, done done Collection could be the traffic al,
352
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period Technical underground hydrological, traffic within within System considered to modeling and geologic, Feasibility tunnel. seismic impact the study the study prohibit lane analysis, it hydrologic Assessme Vertical conditions analysis area. area. changes was al, seismic nt Report grades from were were done within the determined conditions, 1.95 % to considered within study area. that the 2030 traffic 3%. within traffic traffic forecast modelling, Level of area. area. demand along EIA, SIA Service (69 this proposed were miles per section of the considered hour) Route 710 within Traffic freeway traffic area. capacity is would require (1950 four lanes of vehicles/lan traffic in each e/hour) direction to provide an acceptable level of service.
353
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period The Hubertus Soil- - - - - The tubes Tunnel Tunnel Tunnellin tunnel tubes, settlement were construction constructio g in Soft northern and predictions excavated by in soft soil n in soft Soil: southern, are were done a 10 680 mm usually soil usually Tunnel 1666.70 m within study long slurry- induces induces 13 Boring and 1653.48 area. shield TBM, settlement settlement Machine m long. with a front within the within the Operation diameter of 10 traffic area. traffic area. and Soil 510 mm, and Response a rear one of 10 490 mm. The This study ------Malaysia This study Future was based on seems to was based Use of the utilization utilize all on the Undergrou of surface and utilization 14 nd Space underground underground of in space of spaces for undergroun Malaysia: Malaysia. achieving d space of A 2x2 traffic sustainable Malaysia.
354
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period Literature lanes for cars development. Review Design speed of 70km per hour The tunnel is Two running Traffic Environ Social PPP Variations in Variations in Two actually three tunnels projection mental factors traffic growth traffic growth running 50 kilometre- carrying rail s were assessme were rates for rates for tunnels Fixed long parallel tracks and one determine nts were considere different different carrying Link tunnels service tunnel d within done d within segments segments rail tracks between It is four for the traffic within the traffic were were and one Labrador lane maintenance area. the traffic area. evaluated evaluated service 15 and vehicles and area. within the within the tunnel for Newfound for emergency traffic area. traffic area. maintenanc land Pre- egress within e vehicles feasibility the traffic and for Study area. emergency egress within the
355
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period traffic area. The Yongsan This study - - - PPP There is - The line connects was addressed growing Yongsan Benefits Yongsan with by estimating interest in line of Gajwa. the operating urban connects rerouting and accident regeneration Yongsan railways expenses around the with to associated world. Gajwa. tunnels in with grade Transport There is no urban crossings facilities can specific 16 areas: a be redirected length. case study underground of or covered to the open up Yongsan grade-level line in space for Seoul other purposes. Considering
356
SI Name of Design Structural Financial Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period, O& M Period traffic volumes. Urban The traffic 2.5 km long Fatalities Urban - - Traffic data This tunnel is Traffic data EPB area coverage tunnels under rates were environm was analyzed fully operated was Tunneling is about 2.5 low cover and discussed ent was to overcome within the analyzed to in Limited km. in mixed within the considere during all traffic area. overcome Space: A Multiple ground traffic d within stages of during all Case lane conditions. area. the traffic design and stages of 17 Study of area. construction design and the San within the constructio Francisco traffic area. n within Central the traffic Subway area. Project
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Table 4.1.3: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Institutional Involvement)
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P SMART Malaysian Malaysian Malaysian Department Department Malaysian Malaysian Malaysia Malaysia Tunnel, Highway Highway Highway of Irrigation of Irrigation Governme Highway n n 1 Kualalam Authority and Authority Authority and Drainage and Drainage nt & PPP Authority and Highway Highway pur, the and the the Authority Authority Malaysia Department Department Department of and the ,
358
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P of Irrigation of Irrigation Irrigation and Departme Irrigation and Drainage, and Drainage Drainage, nt of , Economic Economic Irrigation Drainage Planning Planning and Unit 7 Unit’s (EPU) Unit’s (EPU) Drainage, Govt. of Economi Malaysia c is Planning involved Unit’s here. (EPU)
Urban Seoul Geotechnical Tunnelling Geotechnical Geotechnical Seoul Geotechnical Geotechn Seoul Deep Metropolitan Engineering Research Engineering Engineering Metropolit Engineering ical Metropol Road government, & Tunnelling Division, & Tunneling & Tunneling an & Tunnelling Engineeri itan Tunnel Geotechnical Research Korea Research Research governme Research ng & governm 2 Construct Engineering Division Institute of Division Division nt Division Tunnellin ent, ion & Tunnelling Constructio g Geotechn Project in Research n Research ical Korea Division, Technolog Division Engineeri
359
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P and Korea y Korea ng & Technical Institute of Tunnellin Requirem Construction g ents Technology Research Korea Division, Korea is involved here. National National National National Govt. of National National National New Highway Highway Highway Highway India Highway Highway Highway tunnels National Authority of Authority Authority of Authority of Authority of Authority Authority for the Highway India & of India & India & India & India & Govt. of India of India 3 national Authority of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of of India & Govt. & Govt. highway India & Govt. India India India India of India of India NH-1A of India involved in India here. Review Systems Systems Land Land Systems Govt. of Systems Land Land 4 of Road Assurance & Assurance & Transport Transport Assurance & Malaysia. Assurance & Transport Transport Tunnel Integration Integration Authority Authority of Integration Integration Authority Authority
360
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P Standards Division, Division, of Singapore Division, Division, of of - The Singapore, Singapore, Singapore Singapore, Singapore, Singapor Singapor safety Land Land &National Land Land e, Govt. e & implicati Transport Transport University Transport Transport of National ons on Authority of Authority of of Authority of Authority of Malaysia. Universit urban Singapore & Singapore& Singapore Singapore& Singapore & y of road National National (NUS). National National Singapor tunnels in University of University of University of University of e (NUS). Singapor Singapore Singapore Singapore Singapore Involved e (NUS). (NUS). (NUS). (NUS). here.
BBA, BBA, Bangladesh Department Resettlement Govt. of Road and Road and BBA, Dhaka Bangladesh ‘Bangladesh Bureau of of Implementati Banglades Highway Highway ‘Bridges Road Bridges Bridges Statistics Environment on Unit h. Department Departme Division’ Tunnel Authority, Authority, (BBS), (DoE) (RIU) (RHD), BBA, nt of the 5 Feasibilit Ministry of Bangladesh Bangladesh ‘Bangladesh (RHD), Ministry y Study Communicati Road Road Bridges BBA, of Project on (MOC) & Transport Transport Authority, ‘Banglad Commun Govt. of Authority Authority Govt. of esh ication
361
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P Bangladesh, (BRTA) (BRTA), Bangladesh Bridges (MOC) & Department of Road and Authority Govt. of Environment Highway , Govt. of Banglade (DoE), Project Department Banglade sh Director (PD), (RHD), sh involved Strategic Strategic here. Transport Transport Plan (STP. Plan (STP)
Geotechn P.O.R. Department Department Department Department Govt. of Department of Departme Departme ical, Consulting of Mining of Civil of Civil of Civil Iran Mining and nt of nt of structural Co., Tehran, and Engineerin Engineering, Engineering, Metallurgical Civil Mining and Iran, Metallurgical g, University of University of Engineering Engineeri and geodetic Department of Engineering University Tarbiat Tarbiat ng, Metallurg 6 measure Mining and of Tarbiat Modares, Modares, Universit ical ments for Metallurgical Modares, Tehran, Iran Tehran, Iran, y of Engineeri conventio Engineering, Tehran, Amirkabir Tarbiat ng, nal Amirkabir Iran University of Modares, Amirkabi tunnellin University of Technology, Tehran, r
362
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P g hazards Technology, Tehran, Iran Iran, Universit in urban Tehran, Iran ,Department Departme y of areas – ,Department of Civil nt of Technolo The case of Civil Engineering, Mining gy, of Engineering, University of and Tehran, Niayesh University of Tarbiat Metallurg Iran road Tarbiat Modares, ical involved tunnel Modares, Tehran, Iran Engineeri here. project Tehran, Iran ng, Govt. of Iran
J.M. Carvalho Departament Departame Departament Departament - Departamento Departam J.M. Tunnelin & A.T. o de nto de o de o de de Engenharia ento de Carvalho g in an Cavalheiro, Engenharia Engenharia Engenharia Engenharia de Minas – Engenhar & A.T. urban Departamento de Minas – de Minas – de Minas – de Minas – FEUP & ia de Cavalheir 7 critical de Engenharia FEUP & FEUP & FEUP & FEUP & CIGAR, Minas – o, area – A de Minas – CIGAR, CIGAR, CIGAR, CIGAR, Porto, FEUP & Departam case FEUP & Porto, Porto, Porto, Porto, Portugal. CIGAR, ento de study CIGAR, Portugal. Portugal Portugal Portugal. Porto, Engenhar
363
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P Porto, Portugal. ia de Portugal, P. Portugal Minas – Teixeira FEUP & Golder CIGAR, Associate Porto, Portugal Portugal, P. Teixeira Golder Associate Portugal involved here. A Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological Governme Geological Geologic Geologic feasibilit Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of nt of India Survey of al Survey al Survey y study India, India, India, India, India, India, of India, of India, 8 for urban Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow, Lucknow Lucknow tunnellin Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological Geological , , g in soft Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Survey of Geologic Geologic
364
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P tertiary India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune India, Pune al Survey al Survey sediment of India, of India, ary rocks Pune Pune of involved Mizoram, here. India The Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Kong Hong Hong Kong Hong Hong Kowloon Government Government Governmen Government Government Kong Government Kong Kong Southern t Governme Governm Governm 9 Link nt ent ent feasibilit involved y study here. A Oriental Metro Oriental Oriental - Governme Oriental Oriental Metro Review Consultants Railway Consultants Consultants nt of Consultants Consulta Railway Of Delhi Co., Ltd., Corporation Co., Ltd., Co., Ltd., India, Co., Ltd., nts Co., Corporati 10 Metro New Delhi, Co., Ltd New Delhi, New Delhi, Governme New Delhi, Ltd., on Co., Tunnel India, Delhi India, India, Delhi nt of Delhi India, New Ltd., Construct Metro Delhi Delhi,Metro Delhi, New ion with Railway Railway India, Delhi,
365
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P 14 EPB Corporation Corporation Delhi,Me India Shield Co., Ltd., Co., Ltd tro and Gov TBMS New Delhi, Railway of India India Corporati & Delhi and Gov of on Co., 7 India & Delhi Ltd consultin g firm involved here. Texas Texas Texas Texas Texas BOT & Texas Texas Texas Congesti Transportatio Transportatio Transportat Transportatio Transportatio ETC Transportatio Transport Transport on Relief n Institute n Institute ion n Institute n Institute System n Institute ation ation 11 Toll Institute Institute Institute Tunnels involved here. Route Los Angeles Los Angeles Los Los Angeles Los Angeles - Los Angeles Los Los 710 County County Angeles County County County Angeles Angeles 12 Tunnel Metropolitan Metropolitan County Metropolitan Metropolitan Metropolitan County County Technical Transportatio Transportatio Metropolita Transportatio Transportatio Transportatio Metropol Metropol
366
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P Feasibilit n Authority n Authority n n Authority n Authority n Authority itan itan y Transportat Transport Transport Assessme ion ation ation nt Report Authority Authority Authority involved here. Delft Department Delft Delft Delft - Delft Delft Delft University of of University University of University of University of Universit Universit Tunnellin Technology, Geoscience of Technology, Technology, Technology, y of y of g in Soft Faculty of and Technolog Faculty of Faculty of Faculty of Technolo Technolo Soil: Civil Engineering, y, Faculty Civil Civil Civil gy, gy, Tunnel Engineering Section of of Civil Engineering Engineering Engineering Faculty Faculty Boring 13 and Geo- Engineerin and and and of Civil of Civil Machine Geosciences, Engineering g and Geosciences Geosciences Geosciences, Engineeri Engineeri Operatio Department of Geoscience Department of ng and ng and n and Geoscience s Geoscience Geoscien Geoscien Soil and and ces, ces, Response Engineering, Engineering, Departme Departme Section of Section of nt of nt of
367
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P Geo- Geo- Geoscien Geoscien Engineering, Engineering, ce and ce and Delft, The Delft, The Engineeri Engineeri Netherlands Netherlands ng, ng Section involved of Geo- here. Engineeri ng, Delft, The Netherlan ds
The Department of Department Department Department Department Govt. of Department of Departme Departme Future Land of Land of Land of Land of Land Malaysia Land nt of nt of Use of Administratio Administrati Administra Administrati Administrati Administratio Land Land 14 Undergro n, Faculty of on, Faculty tion, on, Faculty on, Faculty n, Faculty of Administ Administ und Geoinformati of Faculty of of of Geoinformati ration, ration & Space in on and Real Geoinformati Geoinform Geoinformati Geoinformati on and Real Faculty Universit Malaysia: Estate, on and Real ation and on and Real on and Real Estate, of y of
368
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P A Universiti Estate, Real Estate, Estate, Universiti Geoinfor Malaysia Literature Teknologi Universiti Estate, Universiti Universiti Teknologi mation involved Review Malaysia Teknologi Universiti Teknologi Teknologi Malaysia and Real here. Malaysia Teknologi Malaysia Malaysia Estate, Malaysia Universit i Teknolog i Malaysia
Fixed Hatch Mott Hatch Mott Hatch Mott Hatch Mott Hatch Mott - Hatch Mott Hatch Governm Link MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald MacDonald Mott ent of between (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), (HMM), MacDona Newfoun Labrador “Public Policy “Public “Public “Public “Public “Public Policy ld dland and 15 and Research Policy Policy Policy Policy Research (HMM), Labrador Newfoun Centre”, Research Research Research Research Centre”, “Public and the dland Canada, Centre”, Centre”, Centre”, Centre”, Canada, Policy Governm Pre- Government Canada, Canada, Canada, Canada, Government Research ent of feasibilit of Government Governmen Government Government of Centre”, Canada
369
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P y Study Newfoundlan of t of of of Newfoundlan Canada, and a d and Newfoundlan Newfoundl Newfoundlan Newfoundlan d and Governm public Labrador and d and and and d and d and Labrador and ent of research the Labrador and Labrador Labrador and Labrador and the Newfoun centre is Government the and the the the Government dland and involved of Canada Government Governmen Government Government of Canada Labrador here. of Canada t of Canada of Canada of Canada and the Governm ent of Canada
Benefits Department of Korea Korea Department Seoul - - - Departme of Environmenta Transport Transport of National, nt of rerouting l Planning, Institute Institute Environment University Environ 16 railways Seoul al Planning, ment & to National, Korea Departme tunnels in University, nt of urban Seoul, Korea, Korea is
370
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P areas: a Korea involved case Transport here. study of Institute, the Goyang, Yongsan Geonggi, line in Korea, Seoul Urban The Robinson The The The The - The Robinson The It is a EPB Company Robinson Robinson Robinson Robinson Company Robinson case Tunnelin Company Company Company Company Company study & g in conducte Limited d by a Space: A company. 17 Case Study of the San Francisco Central Subway
371
Structural Financial SI Name of Design Construction Operatio Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/PP Remarks No. the Study Consideration Period, O& M n Period n P Project
372
Table 4.1.4: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Environmental Coverage) Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M 38 sets Holding - Air Quality - Govt. of - - This of Air Quality basin Monitoring Malaysia study Monitoring complete with Equipment covers air Equipment diversion and was set up quality & (AQME) tunnel intake in project ventilatio monitoring structures area n issue. SMART carbon Tunnel, monoxide Storage 1 Kualalam (CO), nitrogen reservoir and pur, monoxide a twin-box Malaysia (NO) and culvert to particulate release flood Ventilat discharge ion/ escape shafts at 1km intervals Urban For Non- In order to To reduce - Government Ground - Technolo 2 Deep Environmental open-cut get the of Seoul water gy used
373
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Road coverage: Long distance uninterrupt environme conservatio to Tunnel Measur excavation ed traffic ntal impact n prevent Constructi es Minimal flow and Efficient environm on Project to prevent vertical shaft environme damage to mucking ental in Korea ground water nt-friendly the existing and material impact. and pollution Reliable shield structure delivery Technical Technology ground TBM was deep Requirem to investigation adopted undergroun ents deal with high technology d level and water pressure the state- of-the-art technology was adopted. New Site Steep slopes ------This tunnels for investigation Frequent study 3 the Geological landslides covers national conditions different highway environm
374
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M NH-1A in ental India impacts i.e. Site investigat ions, geologica l condition s, steep slopes, frequent landslide s. Review of Damage to In structural Repair •Tunnel Societal Govt. of Damage State-of- Environ Road tunnel point of view Works Ventilation Risk Malaysia to the- mental Tunnel structures and this tunnel Impact System Critical Tunnel art fibre- degradati 4 Standards equipment, covers: on the • Fire events that structure optic heat on issue - The environmental transport and air may s and detectors is are safety degradation, Environm economy monitoring endanger Equipme installed to discussed
375
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M implicatio repair works ental • Air human life nt detect fire here. ns on and the impact degradatio temperatur and air urban road on n e monitoring tunnels in the transport Damage • sensors to Singapore economy is to tunnel Carbon monitor considered. structures monoxide tunnel air levels temperatur • Fire e and Fighting carbon System monoxide levels, and activate fire alarms and tunnel ventilation system. Dhaka An For An Demolition Water Toll At the At the This 5 Road environmental environmental employmen of supply Collcetion construction operation study Tunnel Quality Survey Quality t rate of the buildings pipelines System period of stage of the covers
376
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Feasibility was conducted Survey surveyed may be and the project, project, almost all Study to examine the samples were 861 necessitate sewerage air, noise, there are time of Project baseline air, collected in population d. Nearby lines which and surface chances of environm noise, and two locations within the residential run under and drainage ental surface and in the project 15-65 year and office the road groundwater congestion, impact groundwater area and age bracket buildings sides may will be road during quality. tested by the is 97.3 may be affected affected due accidents, tunnel Department of percent. experience due to to earth or design as Environment nuisances project excavation, groundwate well as (DoE). in the form activities at pile driving, r level constructi of reduced the starting rock changes. on 7 access, point and crushing, Noise and operation noise etc. ending electricity air period. points of generation pollution the DRTP. and will be transportatio created in n. and surroundin g the
377
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M project area due to the movement of vehicles along the tunnel. Geotechni Impact of Site Househol Health Govt. of Geodetic Devise The cal, household investigatio d survey hazards Iran measure remedial environm structural The living in ns in Site Accident ments measures ental and environmental building residential investigatio al risk Ground to fix impacts geodetic impacts such as adjacent to area. ns type problems such as measurem release of tunnel. Ground . release of 6 ents for toxic/inflamma behaviou Reduce toxic/infla conventio ble/ r litigation. mmable/ nal harmful Importan harmful tunnelling materials were ce of materials hazards in considered. tunnellin were urban g considere areas – influence d. 378
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M The case zone of Niayesh road tunnel project The worst Propagating Vibration Seismic Loss of - Loss of The Only disturbance seismic impact on vibrations human life human life vibration seismic and possible vibrations. traffic. PPV tests vibration danger in using thresholds allowed a s were Tunneling explosives in good considere in an an urban picture of d. urban 7 environment is time critical due to induced window area – A propagating lengths case study seismic having vibrations were higher considered. peaks as well as
379
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M determinin g relevant signal frequency bandwidths . Water supply Drainage Excavation Risk of Highly Govt. of Excavation - Drilling A Sewage Damage to by subsidence literate India by and feasibility Drainage nearby roadheader & building population road headers blasting study for structures s may be damage is may be issues urban preferred to within the considered preferred to environm tunnelling drilling and traffic area. to be of drilling and ental 8 in soft blasting prime blasting factors tertiary issues importance considering were sedimenta environme for urban considere ry rocks of ntal factors avoiding environment d. Mizoram, were controversi . India considered. al social issues.
380
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Hong Event theatre Shopping Arts, - Hong Kong Constructio The Environ Kong Space sensitive to mall, concert, Government n options railway mental Museum noise and hotels, and and theatre were runs impact Hong vibration. hostel, all venues considered through was Kong Cultural with sensitive to upon urban urban considere The Centre basements, noise and environment environme d only Kowloon complex including vibration. . nt. constructi Southern 9 Hong on phase. Link Kongí s feasibility premier study hotel, The Peninsula fronting Salisbury Road. A Review Ground water Ground water As ground - - Government As ground As ground River Of Delhi level level aries water level of India and water level water level deposits 10 Metro from GL-10m varies Delhi varies varies contains Tunnel (typical tunnel tunnel Government tunnel tunnel alluvial
381
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Constructi crown level) excavation excavation excavation soils on with 14 to GL-35m. can be can be can be derived EPB carried out carried out carried out from the Shield in open in open in open adjacent TBMS mode. mode. mode. quartzite ridge was discussed . Worsened air Worsened air Higher Worsen Higher BOT & PPP Worsen The project Different quality due to quality due to amount of air emission air quality has been environm the higher the higher vehicle quality rates Noise subject to ental emission emission rates causes Noise causes fierce factors Congestio rates of of vehicles. higher Odor huge social opposition were n Relief 11 vehicles. emission pollution loss. from considere Toll Higher rates. environmen d in all Tunnels amount of tal phase. vehicle organizatio causes higher ns, on emission grounds
382
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M rates. that Noise by adding Odor lane-miles pollution. and modernizin g the Central Artery, it will attract additional traffic and therefore worsen air quality. Route 710 Noise, Historic Noise, Noise, Land uses Toll Soil Historic Different Tunnel Air quality, properties, Air Air issues. Collection disposal, propertie environm 12 Technical Historic Aesthetics, quality quality System and s ental Feasibility properties, Archaeolog Environ Storm Archaeol factors Assessme Aesthetics, y, mental water ogy were 383
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M nt Report Archaeology Soil assessme considere , disposal, nt d in all Hazardous and phase. waste, Storm Soil water disposal, and Storm water This paper has ------This Tunnellin analysed paper has g in Soft environmental analysed Soil: assessment environm Tunnel sush as ental 13 Boring conventional assessme Machine tunnelling, nt sush as Operation monitoring and conventio and Soil settlement nal Response control, tunnellin geotechnical g, 384
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M site monitorin investigation. g and settlemen t control. Local culture Local - Effect of Land - Effect of air However, Different Geographica culture air acquisition pollution, undergroun environm l situation, Geographic pollution, issues were noise was d ental The Air Pollution al situation noise was estimated estimated in utilization factors Future Noise estimated in urban urban area pattern were Use of in urban area of of Malaysia. varies in considere Undergrou area of Malaysia. different d in all nd Space 14 Malaysia. urban phase. in contexts, Malaysia: depending A on local Literature culture, Review geographic al situation, social,
385
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M environme nt and economic need.- - - The - - PPP - - Traffic causeway impact on option is environm Fixed exposed to ent Link the same impact between environme was only Labrador ntal risks considere 15 and for the d. Newfound bridge but land Pre- may be feasibility marginally Study less sensitive to wind and icing.
386
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M In total, the risk of having operational interruptio ns in the winter months is considered to be high. Benefits Annual - - - PPP - - This study Environ of annoyance stresses the mental rerouting costs value of the impact railways Number of natural only 16 to households environme considere tunnels in exposed nt but d in urban does not operation areas: a focus as period. case study much on
387
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M of that of the the built Yongsan environme line in nt. Seoul Urban During design - - - - - Environmen - Environ EPB consider urban tal issues mental Tunneling environment. were impact in Limited focused only Space: A during considere Case tunnel d in 17 Study of construction constructi the San in urban on Francisco area. period. Central Subway Project
388
Table 4.1.5: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Social Coverage) Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Land acquisition ------This study SMART issue covers only Tunnel, 1 land Kualalampur, acquisition Malaysia issue. Traffic - - - - Governm Civic - Social Urban Deep concentration ent of complaints impact was Road Tunnel and severe Seoul. during considered Construction congestion construction. on design 4 Project in causes a huge and traffic Korea and social loss. impact Technical assessment Requirements phase. ------This study New tunnels does not for the national 5 cover any highway NH- Social 1A in India impact.
389
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Provisio - A speed - Provi Govt. of Social safety Provide This study n of protection limit of sion of Malaysia of labors road safety does not in case of 70 protectio during of drivers. cover any Review of accidents km/hour n in case construction Social Road Tunnel Preventi to lower of impact. Standards - on of critical the risk accident The safety events that may of Preven 4 implications on endanger human accidents tion of urban road life in the critical tunnels in tunnels. events Singapore that may endanger human life As a part of the From a social Surveye B Land Toll Increased The Social Dhaka Road ‘Feasibility perspective d aseline Acquisi Collcetio traffic implement Impact & Tunnel 5 Study’ a Social the Study househo environ tion n System congestion ation social risk Feasibility Study has been found that it lds use mental Type during phase is were Study Project carried out in reduce traffic and are survey and construction contingent considered 390
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP order to find congestion. mostly Li extent period would upon in all whether the depende teracy of loss only be a acceptabili phase. proposed project nt on rate of temporary ty of the is socially road Pi assets negative feasibility feasible. transpor ped likely to impact. study ts water be report by surveye supply impacte the d connecti d, Governme populati ons includin nt. on in U g land the se and Study electricit structur Area y es Analyzin Incomein Principl g come, es and education water and legal levels sanitation framew , and ork transport applica
391
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP expenditu ble for re among mitigati others. on of these losses
Health hazards Temporar Istrument Control Health Govt. of Noise Urban This study Geotechnical, Accidental risk y diversion al of dust hazards Iran emissions and tunnelling does not structural and of the traffic installatio Noise Accide a special care has to be cover any geodetic An n at peak emissio ntal risk for safety considered Social measurements accurate period n Politica issues are not as impact. for planning of Ground l risk necessary for three- conventional 6 worksite settlem workers at dimensiona tunnelling areas for ent construction l, not even hazards in workers stage. as four- urban areas – dimensiona The case of l including Niayesh road time, but as tunnel project five-
392
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP dimensiona l including politics. Densely Ground Ground Explosiv Ground - Ground For human Resettleme constructed settlement. settlemen e PPV settlem settlement life safety nt issue and under t in threshold. ent Loss of 20 mm/s was renovation area densely Loss of human life PPV considered. Tunneling in for settlement populated human threshold an urban 7 were considered. area. life allowable critical area – by the A case study Portuguese NP-2074 safety Standard. A feasibility Dissemination of Disseminatio - - - Govt. of - Highly Controversi study for urban sound technical n of sound India literate al social 8 tunnelling in information to a technical population issues was soft tertiary highly literate information is considered sedimentary population is to a highly considered in all
393
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP rocks of considered to be literate to be of phase. Mizoram, India of prime population is prime importance for considered Importance avoiding to be of for controversial prime avoiding social issues. importance controversi for avoiding al social controversial issues. social issues. - - - - - Governm Construction - Land ent of of an off-line requiremen The Kowloon Hong concourse box t issue was Southern Link Kong required land. considered 9 feasibility For this in study purpose a constructio survey was n phase. conducted.- A Review Of ------Change the - Social 10 Delhi Metro construction issue
394
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Tunnel method to Cut regarding Construction & Cover tree cutting with 14 EPB tunnel: there was Shield TBMS are 20-30 considered number of old in trees to be cut constructio and it is n phase. difficult to get permission from authority. Higher insurance - - - - BOT & - - All social rates to serve the ETC issues were Congestion social issue, land System considered 11 Relief Toll requirement, in all Tunnels social impact phase. assessment were considered. 12 Route 710 The project Industrial - Land Public Toll - - Land
395
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP Tunnel study area manufacturin uses facilities, Collectio requiremen Technical traverses land g, and issues. land uses n System t issue was Feasibility uses consisting general issues. considered. Assessment of single and commercial Report multi-family uses. residential, public facilities, open space, industrial manufacturing, and general commercial uses, land uses issues. Tunnelling in Social issue was ------Only social Soft Soil: discussed like risk was Tunnel Boring sustainable use considered 13 Machine of underground in design Operation and space. phase. Soil Response
396
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP The Future Use Use of Use of Present - Land - - - All social of underground underground Use of acquisitio issues were Underground space & space Urban n issues. considered. 14 Space in Land acquisition Undergro Malaysia: A issues und Literature Review - - - - - PPP - Social Socio- benefits in economic Fixed Link terms of issue was between increased considered Labrador and 15 economic in Newfoundland activity operation Pre-feasibility that may be phase. Study caused by this project. Benefits of Evaluation of ------All social 16 rerouting social values like issues were railways to social discount considered
397
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Consideratio TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period n PP tunnels in rate, social costs, in design urban areas: a socio-economic phase only. case study of activities were the Yongsan discussed. line in Seoul Urban EPB Having detailed ------Resettleme Tunneling in assembly, nt issue Limited Space: startup, was A Case Study operational and considered 17 of the San settlement were in all Francisco considered. phase. Central Subway Project
398
Table 4.1.6: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Study Method) Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 1 SMART The original With the The Air - Malaysia Kuala This The Tunnel, idea was for a help of motorwa Quality n Govt. Lumpur sits tunnel is methodolog Kualalampu tunnel to divert the largest y tunnel Monitori & PPP on with a high working y of this r, Malaysia and store the tunnel is ng ground water in three case study storm water, boring designed Equipme table for this modes: were based but the idea machine for light nt was set it was decided Th on the progressed into the 9.7 vehicles up in that tunnel e first concept of a the concept of a km-long only project boring mode, mixed-use mixed-use 13.3 m Motorcyc area machines under tunnel, tunnel that excavated les and (TBMs) normal flood water would allow diameter heavy would be the conditions discharge traffic flow SMART vehicles most cost- where rate, toll when the tunnel tunnel has are not effective and there is no collection, was empty of been allowed. least storm, no application water. designed. damaging flood of Tunnel method to water will Boring construct the be Machine tunnel. diverted (TBM) etc.
399
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP into the system. W hen the second mode is activated, flood water is diverted into the bypass tunnel underneat h the motorway tunnel. The motorway
400
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP section is still open to traffic at this stage. When the third mode is in operation, the motorway will be closed to all traffic. 2 Urban Deep Adoption of Application The core The need - Governm High- To expand Application Road environment- of shield technolog for ent of speed the of TBMS Tunnel friendly shield TBM for a ies developin Seoul excavation & undergrou (Tunnel Constructio TBM and a large needed g more construction nd traffic Boring n Project in twin tunnel to tunnel for ecofriend technology network Machine)
401
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP Korea and accommodate section.. constructi ly Adopti as well as was Technical the small on of and cost- on of to create considered. Requiremen vehicles undergro efficient environment- the green ts for efficient und technolog friendly space on use.. traffic ies and shield TBM the ground facilities. open-cut in excavatio metropolit n an area, technolog using the y are deep expected undergrou to nd space continuo is usly unavoidab grow. le. 3 New tunnels The tunnels are All All All - - European The The for the designed only tunnels tunnels tunnels tunnelling tunnels methodolog national with lighting in operate for operate operate experience will be y of this highway the traffic only for for traffic and solutions prepared case study
402
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP NH-1A in first stage of a in one traffic only in in a for were based India construction. direction. only in one modified installatio on lighting, Longitudinal or one direction version will n of ventilation, natural direction. with probably further traffic ventilation was Ventilati lighting become M&E operation anticipated on facility. standard for services etc. from the calculati the National based on beginning with ons did Highway real regards to not Authority of requireme tunnel lengths demonstr India. nts of (about 150 – ate a traffic or 900m). need requireme for nts of mechani operator. cal ventilatio n, thus tunnels stays
403
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP ventilated on by a piston effect and by a natural air flow. 4 Review of QRA Software QRA QRA QRA QRA Govt. of QRA QRA QRA Road Software Software Software Software Malaysia Software Software Software Tunnel tool is used Standards - here. The safety implications on urban road tunnels in Singapore 5 Dhaka Road Three types of Cut and Utility A full When the Toll The At the The Tunnel traffic data were cover relocatio Environ final Collcetio Bangladesh operation methodolog
404
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP Feasibility surveyed for solutions are ns and mental Engineeri n System Air Force stage of y of this Study three-hour expected to traffic Manage ng requirements the case study Project periods in both be the most diversion ment Design is for the project, were based the AM- and competitive s will Plan will prepared proposed there are on traffic PM-peak technically normally be the Land tunnel chances data survey, periods within viable be prepared Acquisiti mandate an of Traffic the study area. solution for required after the on excavated drainage micro these if Cut & proposed Survey tunnel with congestio simulator structures. Cover road will be negligible n, road method, Cut method tunnel carried impact on accidents, and cover will carry project out. airport or solutions, out. gets operations groundwa Environmen Traffic environm both during ter level tal micro ental and after changes. Managemen simulator clearance construction. Noise and t Plan, method is from the Near the air Socio- used Departme tunnel portals pollution economic here. nt of it is expected will be survey, Environ that cut and created in Electronic
405
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP ment and cover and Toll will be construction surroundi Collcetion necessary could be ng the system etc. to adopted. project manage area due off- to the setting movemen the t of negative vehicles impacts along the arising tunnel. from the project and enhancin g positive impacts.
406
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP 6 Geotechnica NATM (New NATM NATM NATM NATM - NATM (New NATM Application l, structural Austrian (New (New (New (New Austrian (New of NATM and geodetic Tunnelling Austrian Austrian Austrian Austrian Tunnelling Austrian (New measuremen method) Tunnelling Tunnellin Tunnellin Tunnellin method) Tunnellin Austrian ts for method) g g g g method) Tunnelling conventiona method) method) method) method) l tunnelling tunnelling method was hazards in considered urban areas in all phase. – The case of Niayesh road tunnel project 7 Tunneling NATM (New NATM NATM NATM NATM - NATM (New NATM Application in an urban Austrian (New (New (New (New Austrian (New of NATM critical area Tunnelling Austrian Austrian Austrian Austrian Tunnelling Austrian (New – A case method) Tunnelling Tunnellin Tunnellin Tunnellin method) Tunnellin Austrian study tunnelling method) g g g tunnelling g method) Tunnelling
407
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP method tunnelling method) method) method) method tunnelling method) method tunnellin tunnellin tunnellin method tunnelling g method g method g method method was considered in all phase. 8 A feasibility NATM (New NATM NATM NATM NATM Governm NATM (New NATM Application study for Austrian (New (New (New (New ent of Austrian (New of NATM urban Tunnelling Austrian Austrian Austrian Austrian India Tunnelling Austrian (New tunnelling in method) Tunnelling Tunnellin Tunnellin Tunnellin method) Tunnellin Austrian soft tertiary method) g g g g method) Tunnelling sedimentary method) method) method) method) rocks of tunnelling Mizoram, method was India considered in all phase. 9 The Viable Viable Viable Viable Viable Governm Viable Viable Application Kowloon construction construction construct construct construct ent of construction constructi of Viable Southern methods methods ion ion ion Hongkon methods on construction Link methods methods methods g methods methods
408
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP feasibility was study considered in all phase. 10 A Review Cut & Cover TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS Governm TBMS TBMS Cut & Of Delhi Methods (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel ent of (Tunnel (Tunnel Cover Metro Boring Boring Boring Boring India Boring Boring Methods & Tunnel Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Application Constructio of TBMS n with 14 (Tunnel EPB Shield Boring TBMS Machine) were considered. 11 Congestion Application of - Applicati Applicati Applicati BOT Application of Applicatio Application Relief Toll Electric Toll on of on of on of Electric Toll n of of Electric Tunnels Collection Electric Electric Electric Collection Electric Toll System (ETC) Toll Toll Toll System (ETC) Toll Collection Collectio Collectio Collectio Collection System n System n System n System System (ETC) was
409
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP (ETC) (ETC) (ETC) (ETC) considered.
12 Route 710 TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS - TBMS TBMS Application Tunnel (Tunnel Boring (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel of tunnel Technical Machine) Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring boring Feasibility Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) machine is Assessment considered Report in all phase. 13 Tunnelling TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS - TBMS TBMS Application in Soft Soil: (Tunnel Boring (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel of tunnel Tunnel Machine) Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring boring Boring Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) machine is Machine considered Operation in all phase. and Soil Response 14 The Future Based on Based on Based on - - - - - This study Use of Population Percentage Populatio was based Undergroun Statistic in urbanization n Density on d Space in urban area. by in Population 410
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP Malaysia: A Developme Malaysia Statistic, Literature nt Group. Percentage Review of Urbanizatio n & Population Density. 15 Fixed Link Anthropocentric Anthropoce Based on - - - Immersed Immersed Engineering between method (Cost ntric method Populatio tube tube and Labrador Benefit (Cost n Statistic techniques techniques Technical and analysis) Benefit in urban (ITT) (ITT) Feasibility Newfoundla analysis) area Options, nd Pre- Economic feasibility and Study Business Case Analysis & Immersed tube
411
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP techniques (ITT) were considered in different phase. 16 Benefits of Anthropocentric Anthropoce Anthropo Anthropo Anthropo - Anthropocentr Anthropoc Application rerouting method (Cost ntric method centric centric centric ic method entric of Cost railways to Benefit (Cost method method method (Cost Benefit method Benefit tunnels in analysis) Benefit (Cost (Cost (Cost analysis) (Cost analysis is urban areas: analysis) Benefit Benefit Benefit Benefit considered a case study analysis) analysis) analysis) analysis) in all phase. of the Yongsan line in Seoul 17 Urban EPB Two 6.3 m TBMS TBMS TBMS TBMS - TBMS TBMS Application Tunneling diameter Earth (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel (Tunnel of tunnel in Limited Pressure Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring Boring boring Space: A Balance Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) Machine) machine is Case Study Machines considered
412
Structural Financial SI Name of the Design Construction Operation Considerati TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Period, O& M Period on PP of the San (EPBs) are in all phase. Francisco excavating Central parallel. Subway Project
413
Table 4.1.7: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Safety) Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP There are To protect the Motorist - - By using The tunnel The tunnel In this study ventilation/esc ventilation s are a public- operates to operates to different ape shafts at system during still able private ensure ensure types of 1km intervals flooding, the to access partnersh maximum maximum safety SMART throughout the systems the ip, the safety and safety and measures Tunnel, tunnel. consist of a motorwa governm cost- cost- were 1 Kualalampur, series of y safely. ent was effectiveness. effectivene considered. Malaysia shafts, each able to ss. containing an effectivel exhaust and y lower fresh air its costs. injector. Urban Deep Fire- Fire- For a - - - The priority The For safety Road Tunnel prevention resistance large shall be given priority purpose Construction measures are ventilation & twin to ventilation shall be Fire- 2 Project in taken. earthquake- tunnel and life-safety given to prevention Korea and resistance are and the technologies ventilation measures, Technical taken strict to ensure the and life- ventilation
414
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Requirements safety safety will safety & manage be technologie earthquake- ment are maintained. s to ensure resistance & Necessa the safety safety ry. will managemen be t plan etc. maintained. were considered. New tunnels Niches for - - - - - Safety Gradual For safety for the national emergency analysis of commissio purpose highway NH- calls and for operation and ning of firefighting 1A in India firefighting consequent new Equipment, equipment M&E tunnels will M&E 3 were equipment significantl Equipment considered in requirements y were design. were increase considered. accommodate capacity d to the and safety local of the road
415
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP conditions. NH 1A in whole Kashmir area and will assist to better accessibilit y of the main Kashmir valley. Review of This is one of The - - - LTA The risk Internation Internationa Road Tunnel design safety likelihood of would assessment of al l standards Standards - challenges major tunnel like to road tunnel standards are adopted The safety faced by LTA incidents such ensure safety focused are adopted for the 4 implications on as this is the as huge fire the safety on the use of for the design and urban road first time that a from vehicles of the Cause design and operation of tunnels in deluge may be low. motorists Consequence operation road tunnels Singapore system is being and at the Analysis of road in Singapore
416
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP used in same (CCA). tunnels in to ensure a Singapore road time, to Singapore minimum tunnels. optimise to ensure a level of the minimum safety. number level of of escape safety. staircases needed. The Structures and In a There is - Electroni In order to For the For safety installations installations modern an c Toll ensure emergency purpose fire and equipment will as a road adequate Collcetio uninterrupted entities resistant, will be minimum be tunnel ventilatio n System construction such as ventilation Dhaka Road sectioned resistant to a there is n system work, Fire system, Tunnel 5 through the design fire of a and the occupational Brigade, occupationa Feasibility tunnel to 100 MW (fire require concrete health and Police and l health and Study Project prevent the in a heavy ment for structure safety Rescue safety total lorry). the must be measures Teams it is measures immobilization monitori able to must be necessary were of the tunnel ng, withstand provided for to have considered.
417
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP safety systems control the fire the fully due to a severe and load.- construction comprehen fire, severe manage workers. sive and accident ment of pre- involving the daily prepared many cars, or traffic emergency sabotage. situation plans, as well procedures as and during instruction operatio s for n and selected mainten scenarios. ance activitie s for safety.
418
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Optimize the A particular - - - - Death or - For safety design attention to Injury of purpose Geotechnical, solutions to control of dust workers, control of structural and better fit with and noise engineers and dust and geodetic local emissions and citizens were noise measurements conditions a special care considered. emissions, for in order to for safety Death or conventional guarantee issues are Injury of 6 tunnelling safety of necessary. workers, hazards in workers, engineers urban areas – budget and and citizens The case of time of were Niayesh road execution considered. tunnel project by managing the uncertainties. Tunneling in ------In order to - During 7 an urban establish tunnel critical area – adapted safety excavation
419
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP A case study measures and, safety issues during were excavation considered. works, data from monitoring survey was analyzed in order to decide whether or not were necessary further safety measures. A feasibility ------The depth of - During study for urban tunnel tunnel 8 tunnelling in excavation, excavation soft tertiary more than safety issues
420
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP sedimentary 30m, is of were rocks of paramount considered. Mizoram, India importance in taking a decision regarding the preferred mode of excavation technique and installation of supports – both primary as well as permanent – with factor of safety kept at a high level.
421
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP The Kowloon ------This study Southern Link coves no 9 feasibility safety study measures. ------Through the - During various tunnel tunnelling excavation A Review Of performance safety issues Delhi Metro during were Tunnel 10 excavation considered. Construction and for all with 14 EPB machinery Shield TBMS purpose safety issue were considered. The tunnels - - - - - The tunnels - Pedestrians Congestion would be safer would be safer And 11 Relief Toll (as measured (as measured Bicycles Tunnels by by safety were
422
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP the number of the number of considered. accident accident victims), in victims), in part due to the part due to the absence of absence of pedestrians and pedestrians bicycles in the and bicycles tunnels. in the tunnels. This ------For safety assessment purpose was performed traffic safety Route 710 in issues, Tunnel consideration seismic Technical 12 of the resistance & Feasibility suitability of ventilation Assessment the were Report geotechnical, considered. geologic, hydrological,
423
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP seismic conditions and the ability of the tunnel concept to satisfy traffic demand, highway standards, ventilation requirements, and other safety criteria. Tunnelling in ------This study Soft Soil: covers no Tunnel Boring safety 13 Machine measures. Operation and Soil Response
424
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP However, ------Health & being a new safety issue form of land were development considered. for the country, several The Future Use problems have of arisen Underground including the 14 Space in legal Malaysia: A implications to Literature the landowners Review above the developments and the technical problems pertaining to building
425
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP structure and the safety of the occupants. Health & safety issue were discussed. An occupational ------In this study health and occupationa Fixed Link safety concern l health and between relates to the safety issues Labrador and 15 potential effects of workers Newfoundland of the were Pre-feasibility construction on considered. Study the workers were discussed.
426
Financial SI Name of the Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Benefits of This study ------In this study rerouting presents all all railways to operational operational tunnels in traffic safety. traffic safety 16 urban areas: a issues were case study of considered. the Yongsan line in Seoul Numerous ------In this study Urban EPB regulatory all safety Tunneling in bodies issues were Limited Space: with considered A Case Study complicated, for safely 17 of the San contradictory operation of Francisco and traffic. Central extremely Subway follows safety Project measures.
427
Table 4.1.8: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Economic & Financial Issue) Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP The joint - The - - Both - By using a Cost was venture Stormwat Public & public- analyzed. portion of this er Private private public-private Manage Sector partnership, partnership is ment and the composed of Road government two private Tunnel is was able to SMART sector an effectively Tunnel, Malaysian innovativ lower its 1 Kualalam companies, e project costs on a pur, with each that much- Malaysia partner combines needed owning 50 two flood relief percent. needs of tunnel. Kuala Lumpur into one, less
428
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP expensiv e, more cost- effective project. Urban Total length ------Tunnel Deep is 149km and costing was Road the cost is estimated. Tunnel estimated at $ Constructi 1.12 billion. 2 on Project in Korea and Technical Requirem ents New ------This study 3 tunnels for covers no the Economic &
429
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP national Financial highway issues. NH-1A in India Review of ------This study Road covers no Tunnel Economic & Standards Financial - The issues. 4 safety implicatio ns on urban road tunnels in Singapore Dhaka The estimated Structural cost Three Field data Househol Toll Cost analysis The tunnel Cost Road cost of was analyzed types of was d survey Collcetio was done by is very analysis, 5 Tunnel preferred by adopting traffic collected was n System different types costly. The economic & Feasibility option different data was on air done, of option for amount of financial
430
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Study amounts to structures. collected quality, resettlem tunnel traffic that analysis were Project approximately & on this noise ent issue, construction. would use considered. USD 490 basis toll level, and Land the tunnel million. collection surface acquisitio is nowhere system and n cost near was groundw was enough to adopted. ater analyzed. justify its quality. constructio In this n. The basis economic socio- return on economic investment profile is negative. was made. Geotechni Based on ------Excavation cal, monitoring cost was 6 structural results and considered. and design
431
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP geodetic modifications, measurem the cost of the ents for Niayesh urban conventio tunnel project nal were tunnelling decreased hazards in more than 23 urban million US areas – dollars and The case excavation of rate were Niayesh increased road about 61%. tunnel project Tunneling ------This study in an covers no 7 urban Economic & critical Financial
432
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP area – A issues. case study A ------Economical There was a feasibility and recommendat study for practical ion to urban approach to consider tunnelling the economic & 8 in soft execution of financial tertiary the Aizawl issues. sedimenta Traffic ry rocks of Tunnel Mizoram, should India consider. The ------Two rows Different Kowloon of twin types of Southern columns Economic 9 Link flanking the analysis were feasibility escalator, considered. study stair, and lift
433
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP openings gave the most economic structure. This led to reasonable spans which at later stages could be framed by any number of structural schemes as deemed. A Review This is US$ 4 This is US$ 4 This is This is This is This is This is US$ 4 This is US$ Different 10 Of Delhi billion billion US$ 4 US$ 4 US$ 4 US$ 4 billion scheme. 4 billion types of cost Metro scheme. scheme. billion billion billion billion Different types scheme. was
434
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Tunnel Different Different scheme. scheme. scheme. scheme. of cost was Different analyzed. Constructi types of cost types of cost Different Different Different Different analyzed. types of cost on with 14 was analyzed. was analyzed. types of types of types of types of was EPB cost was cost was cost was cost was analyzed. Shield analyzed. analyzed. analyzed. analyzed. TBMS Traffic - - - - - Traffic - Annual cost congestion congestion has of traffic has become become one of congestion one of this this country's was country's most most serious estimated. Congestio serious urban urban problems. n Relief 11 problems. The The Texas Toll Texas Transportation Tunnels Transportatio Institute n Institute estimates that estimates that the annual cost the annual of traffic cost of traffic congestion in
435
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP congestion in the 39 largest the 39 largest urban urban areas was $43.2 areas was billion in 1990. $43.2 billion in 1990. The funding ------To cover sources and Economic & financial Financial scenarios Issue Route 710 considered in financial plan Tunnel this report was Technical 12 provide a prepared. Feasibility starting point Assessme for nt Report development of a financial plan for the project,
436
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP should the tunnel concept be advanced. ------This Economic represents growth was the growing considered. Tunnellin importance g in Soft and use of Soil: underground Tunnel space in 13 Boring worldwide Machine economic Operation developmen and Soil t and the Response increasing interest and investment in research
437
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP and developmen t effort in this area. The drive ------Economic towards a growth was The sustainable considered. Future future means Use of that planners Undergrou are looking nd Space 14 for new ways in to allow for Malaysia: economic A growth while Literature preserving the Review natural environment. Fixed Results of ------Economic 15 Link Economic analysis,
438
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP between Analyses capital Labrador refers to the investment, and recovery of cash flow Newfound the fixed link analysis were land Pre- or upgraded considered. feasibility ferry Study investment and recovery of the capital investment (i.e. costs) from the operating benefits – cash flow from operations. Benefits There are ------Different 16 of several cost types of cost
439
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP rerouting components analysis i.e. railways were Annual to discussed landscape tunnels in such as costs, urban urban Annual separation areas: a landscape costs, annual case study costs, Annual crossing of urban costs, annual the separation traffic Yongsan costs, Annual accident line in crossing costs, costs, annual Seoul The medical calculation of costs, annual unit value for Health costs, the operating annual costs annoyance associated costs etc. with were crossings, The considered.
440
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP calculation of unit value for the traffic accident costs associated with crossings, Annual medical costs, Health costs, Annual annoyance costs, etc. Urban ------Cost and project - Cost analysis EPB duration are in terms of Tunneling always concerns duration of 17 in Limited in project were Space: A any project, but considered. Case especially so in
441
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Study of urban the San environments. Francisco Since urban Central tunnels have a Subway higher visibility Project and they affect more people and infrastructure, the timeframe for construction must be kept in mind and usually minimized as well.
442
Table 4.1.9: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Risk Analysis) Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 1 SMART The risk of the city The risk of The risk The risk The risk The risk The risk of The risk Risk of Tunnel, being flooded has the city being of the of the of the of the the city being of the city flooding Kualalamp been estimated to flooded has city being city being city being city being flooded has being was ur, be once every 100 been flooded flooded flooded flooded been flooded considered. Malaysia years. estimated to has been has been has been has been estimated to has been be once every estimated estimated estimated estimated be once every estimated 100 years. to be to be to be to be 100 years. to be once once once once once every 100 every 100 every 100 every 100 every 100 years. years. years. years. years. 2 Urban This study was This study This This This This This study This study Risk Deep Road intended to identify was intended study study study study was intended was analysis Tunnel the core to identify was was was was to identify intended during Constructio technologies the core intended intended intended intended the core to identify constructio n Project in needed for technologies to to to to technologies the core n was Korea and constructing the needed for identify identify identify identify needed for technologi considered. Technical cost efficient and constructing the core the core the core the core constructing es needed Requireme safe underground the cost technolog technolog technolog technolog the cost for
443
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP nts structure to avoid efficient and ies ies ies ies efficient and constructi risk. safe needed needed needed needed safe ng the cost underground for for for for underground efficient structure to constructi constructi constructi constructi structure to and safe avoid risk. ng the ng the ng the ng the avoid risk. undergrou cost cost cost cost nd efficient efficient efficient efficient structure and safe and safe and safe and safe to avoid undergro undergro undergro undergro risk. und und und und structure structure structure structure to avoid to avoid to avoid to avoid risk. risk. risk. risk. 3 New ------This study tunnels for covers no the national Risk highway analysis NH-1A in related India issues.
444
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 4 Review of LTA and the QRA software - - - - The risk - In this Road National University toolis being assessment of study for Tunnel of Singapore (NUS) used to study road tunnel rick Standards - collaborated the risk level safety focused assessment The safety through a joint of motorist on the use of a software implication research in evacuation Cause was s on urban developing a emergency Consequence developed road Quantitative Risk exits located Analysis namely tunnels in Analysis (QRA) at different (CCA). CCA Risk Singapore software tool to intervals for risk model Analysis evaluate the risks of the combined integrated the (QRA) road KPE/MPE causes, software tunnels design. tunnel mitigations, tool. configuration. initiators and consequences. The major top events (e.g. fire in tunnel,
445
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP flood in tunnel, toxic gases generated by traffic congestion, etc.) are identified. 5 Dhaka Risk factors can be Valuation of The use In order However, The During The Different Road identified at an Structures – of short to ensure the risk tunnel is construction economic Risk Tunnel early stage then Strong driven uninterru of airport very TBM return on factors Feasibility overcoming of the persuasion is tunnels pted closure if costly. tunnelling, investme were Study situation becomes needed to by constructi a The can only be nt is considered Project easier and smooth. have the dangerou on work, catastrop amount used to negative. at different valuation s goods an hic fire or of traffic illustrate that phases. report done by vehicles emergenc explosion that tunnelling is the PWD and may be y were to would essentially a the other acceptabl managem occur use the risk department to e, ent plan may deter tunnel is management
446
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP avoid risk. particular must be any nowhere task. ly if the prepared relaxatio near alternate in case of n of enough to route any restrictio justify its involves sudden n for constructi greater environm pedestria on. risk than ental n safety. the tunnel risks like route. flooding or a seismic event. 6 Geotechnic Before constructing ------Risk al, new assessment structural underground s were and structures in urban analyzed. geodetic areas, an analysis of measureme the possible nts for induced effects and
447
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP convention risk assessment is al analyzed. tunnelling hazards in urban areas – The case of Niayesh road tunnel project 7 Tunneling ------Every - During in an urban building excavation critical area considered in of every – A case risk of building study damage considered during in risk of excavation damage was were previously considered. verified.
448
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 8 A Risk of subsidence ------Risk of feasibility and building subsidence study for damage were and urban considered. building tunnelling damage in soft were tertiary considered. sedimentar y rocks of Mizoram, India 9 The ------This study Kowloon covers no Southern Risk Link analysis feasibility related study issues.
449
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 10 A Review ------For avoiding - During Of Delhi risk according excavation Metro to the risk factors Tunnel suggestion were Constructio from TBM considered. n with 14 supplier, the EPB Shield Contractor TBMS proposed to change the cutter face from soft soil mining face to hard rock mining face which was available from Singapore project C855.
450
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 11 Congestion The risk of - Higher - - - - - The risk of Relief Toll worsened air emission worsened Tunnels quality due to the rates of air higher emission vehicles quality due rates of vehicles in in stop- to the stop-and-go traffic and-go higher was discussed. traffic emission was rates were discussed considered. . 12 Route 710 For TAC, cancer ------Health risk Tunnel risk thresholds, issues were Technical rather than considered. Feasibility emission burdens, Assessment are used to Report determine the significance of a project impact. The cancer risk
451
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP threshold according to CARB is measured by continuous exposure over a 70- year period. Therefore, in-tunnel exposures are not of concern within the tunnel, but the resulting concentrations outside the tunnel would require. 13 Tunnelling Risk assessments ------Risk in Soft were introduced for assessment Soil: Sustainable Use of s were Tunnel Underground Space introduced Boring for
452
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP Machine Sustainable Operation Use of and Soil Undergrou Response nd Space. 14 The Future The containment ------Environme Use of created by ntal risk Undergrou underground assessment nd Space in structures has the was Malaysia: advantages of considered. A protecting the Literature surface Review environment from the risks and/or disturbances inherent in certain types of activities. 15 Fixed Link Accuracy of cost ------Accuracy between estimates represents of cost Labrador significant risk estimates
453
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP and factors which were represents Newfoundl discussed. a and Pre- significant feasibility risk factors Study which were discussed. 16 Benefits of There are diverse ------Environme rerouting health risks due to ntal risk railways to noise exposure assessment, tunnels in which was health risk urban considered. assessment areas: a were case study considered. of the Yongsan line in Seoul
454
Financial SI Name of Design Structural Construction Operation TIA EIA SIA Option/P Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Period, O& M Period PP 17 Urban EPB Risk of segment - - - - - Risk of - Risk of Tunneling damage, ring segment segment in Limited deformation, or damage, ring damage, Space: A settlement deformation, ring Case Study during boring were or settlement deformatio of the San considered. during boring n, or Francisco were settlement Central considered. during Subway boring Project were considered.
455
Table 4.1.10: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Investment/Funding) Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M The total cost The total cost The The total The The total The The total Governme of the of the Malaysi cost of Malaysia cost of the Malaysian cost of the nt, public SMART SMART an the n SMART government SMART & private project was project was governm SMART governm project was expending project sector was US$510 US$510 ent project ent US$510 US$340 was involved. million. The million. The expendi was expendin million. million and US$510 SMART private sector private sector ng US$510 g The private the joint million. Tunnel, provided a provided a US$340 million. US$340 sector venture The 1 Kualalam third of the third of the million The million provided a covering the private pur, total funds, total funds and the private and the third of the remaining sector Malaysia with the joint sector joint total funds US$170 provided a Malaysian venture provided venture million. third of government covering a third of covering the total expending the the total the funds US$340 remainin funds remainin million and g g the joint US$170 US$170
456
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M venture million. million. covering the remaining US$170 million. Urban This Study is This Study is This This This This Study This Study This Metropolit Deep financed by financed by Study is Study is Study is is financed is financed Study is an Road Seoul Seoul financed financed financed by Seoul by Seoul financed governme Tunnel Metropolitan Metropolitan by Seoul by Seoul by Seoul Metropolita Metropolita by Seoul nt of Constructi government. government. Metropo Metropol Metropol n n Metropolit Seoul was 2 on Project litan itan itan governmen government. an involved. in Korea governm governm governm t. governme and ent. ent. ent. nt. Technical Requirem ents New Govt. of India Govt. of India Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study 3 tunnels for India India India India India India is funded the by Govt.
457
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M national of India. highway NH-1A in India Review of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study Road Malaysia Malaysia Malaysi Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia Malaysia is funded Tunnel a by Govt. Standards of - The Malaysia. 4 safety implicatio ns on urban road tunnels in Singapore Dhaka It is It is It is It is It is It is It is Public Funding Road understood understood understo understoo understoo understood understood sector from 5 Tunnel that funding that funding od that d that d that that that funding participati GOB. Feasibility will be from will be from funding funding funding funding will be from on will be
458
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Study the the will be will be will be will be the added Project Government Government from the from the from the from the Government better of of Govern Governm Governm Governmen of solution. Bangladesh. Bangladesh. ment of ent of ent of t of Bangladesh. Banglad Banglade Banglade Bangladesh esh. sh. sh. . Geotechni Govt. of Iran Govt. of Iran Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study cal, Iran Iran Iran Iran Iran Iran is funded structural by Govt. and of Iran. geodetic measurem 6 ents for conventio nal tunnelling hazards in urban areas –
459
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M The case of Niayesh road tunnel project ------In this Tunneling study no in an investmen urban 7 t/funding critical issue were area – A considered case study . A Govt. of India Govt. of India Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study feasibility India India India India India India is funded study for by Govt. 11 urban of India. tunnelling in soft
460
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M tertiary sedimenta ry rocks of Mizoram, India The Government Government Govern Governm Governm Governmen Government Governme Governme Kowloon of Korea of Korea ment of ent of ent of t of Korea of Korea nt of nt of Southern Korea Korea Korea Korea Korea was 13 Link involved. feasibility study A Review Jointly funded Jointly funded the Jointly the Jointly the Jointly Governme Of Delhi by the by the Govern funded Governm funded by Government funded by nt of Metro Japanese Japanese ment of by the ent of the of India and the India, Tunnel International International India Japanese India and Japanese Delhi Japanese Delhi 15 Constructi Cooperation Cooperation and Internatio Delhi Internation Government Internatio governme on with 14 Agency Agency Delhi nal Governm al nal nt, & EPB (JICA), the (JICA) Govern Cooperati ent Cooperatio Cooperati JICA Shield Government ment on n Agency on involved.
461
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M TBMS of India and Agency (JICA) Agency Delhi (JICA) (JICA) Government Congestio Privately Privately Privatel Privately Privately Privately Privately Privately Privately n Relief funded toll funded toll y funded funded funded funded toll funded toll funded funded 11 Toll ways ways toll toll ways toll ways ways ways toll ways toll ways Tunnels ways Toll revenue Toll revenue Toll Toll Toll Toll Toll revenue Toll Toll could could revenue revenue revenue revenue could revenue revenue Route 710 potentially be potentially be could could could could potentially could could Tunnel a component a component potential potentiall potentiall potentially be a potentially potentially Technical 12 of the of the ly be a y be a y be a be a component be a be a Feasibility funding. funding. compon compone compone component of the componen componen Assessme ent of nt of the nt of the of the funding. t of the t of the nt Report the funding. funding. funding. funding. funding. funding. Tunnellin ------In this 13 g in Soft study no Soil: investmen
462
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Tunnel t/funding Boring issue were Machine considered Operation . and Soil Response The ------In this Future study no Use of investmen Undergrou t/funding nd Space issue were 14 in considered Malaysia: . A Literature Review Fixed Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of Govt. of This study 15 Link Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada Canada is funded between by Govt.
463
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Labrador of Canada. and Newfound land Pre- feasibility Study Benefits This work This work This This This This work This work This work Funding of was supported was supported work work was work was was was was from PPP rerouting by the BK21 by the BK21 was supported supported supported supported supported and also railways Plus program Plus program supporte by the by the by the by the by the from to of the of the d by the BK21 BK21 BK21 Plus BK21 Plus BK21 National tunnels in National National BK21 Plus Plus program of program of Plus Research 16 urban Research Research Plus program program the the National program Foundatio areas: a Foundation of Foundation of program of the of the National Research of the n of case study Korea Korea of the National National Research Foundation National Korea. of National Research Research Foundation of Korea Research the Researc Foundati Foundati of Korea Foundatio Yongsan h on of on of n of Korea line in Foundati Korea Korea
464
Constructio SI Name of Design Structural Financial Operation TIA EIA SIA n Period, Remarks No. the Study Consideration Consideration Option/PPP Period O& M Seoul on of Korea
Urban ------In this EPB study no Tunneling investmen in Limited t/funding Space: A issue were Case considered 17 Study of . the San Francisco Central Subway Project
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