DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY OF URBAN ROAD TUNNEL PROJECT IN DENSE URBAN SETTING SHANGEDA SHARMIN SHANTA MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (TRANSPORTATION) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET) October 2015 DEVELOPMENT OF A FRAMEWORK FOR FEASIBILITY STUDY OF URBAN ROAD TUNNEL PROJECT IN DENSE URBAN SETTING A thesis submitted by Shangeda Sharmin Shanta Student No. 0409042429P A Thesis Submitted to the Department of Civil Engineering in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of MASTER OF ENGINEERING IN CIVIL ENGINEERING (TRANSPORTATION) DEPARTMENT OF CIVIL ENGINEERING BANGLADESH UNIVERSITY OF ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (BUET) October 2015 DEDICATED TO My Parents, My Husband And My Respected Supervisor Prof. Dr. Moazzem Hossain Acknowledgement I express my deepest thanks and appreciation to my supervisor Dr. Moazzem Hossain, Professor Department of Civil Engineering, BUET for his constant supervision, valuable guidance and unlimited encouragement during the period of research work. It was a great opportunity for me to work with Prof. Dr. Moazzem Hossain, whose unfailing eagerness made the study a success. Sincere thanks also goes to the Members of the Examination Committee, Dr. Tanweer Hasan, Professor, Department of Civil Engineering, BUET, Dr. Mizanur Rahman, Professor of Civil Engineering Department, BUET for their special interest, valuable comments and suggestions regarding the study. I am indebted to all the officials of the Civil Engineering Department for their help and cooperation in collecting the required data and information. I would also like to express my gratitude to my parents and my husband for their sincere support, sacrifice, inspiration and help during the entire period of this study. Finally I am grateful to almighty Allah. Shangeda Sharmin Shanta October, 2015 ii Abstract The rapid growth of population in Dhaka City has led to a growing demand for transport. The city’s infrastructure, services, and management are insufficient to meet the demand and there is little scope to develop any new roads within the limited and congested area. In order to ease the traffic problem and improve the living standards of city dwellers there is a tremendous need for improving transport accessibility and mobility for the residents of city, reducing traffic congestion and addressing long term transport planning. Due to limited land availability in dense city area often urban traffic tunnels are suggested as new connectivity means. Interfacing the urban traffic tunnels with other transportation links and construction difficulty in dense urban setting make such project complex requiring detailed feasibility study for successful implementation. In line with this, there is a need to develop a framework for feasibility study of urban road tunnel project in dense urban setting, which often calls for multi agency/stakeholders’ initiatives for developing the project. In absence of a comprehensive study framework for such project, important and critical issues may be left aside which might prove to be costly mistakes during/after project implementation. In this study, analyzing various city examples of 17 Tunnel projects, a comprehensive study framework has been developed which has been critically validated for the case of Jahangir Gate to Rokeya Sarani Road Tunnel project in Dhaka. The validation exercise reveals that apart from all engineering, technical and safety issues, institutional involvement in different phases of project and their relationship/hierarchy with respect to implementing agency should also be mapped. A comprehensive framework has been suggested from this study which may help city authorities for undertaking such tunnel projects in dense urban setting such as Dhaka. The outcome of this study will Guide to undertake comprehensive, strategic network- wide investigation, feasibility study and traffic evaluation. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No. Declaration i Acknowledgement ii Abstract iii List of Figures viii List of Tables ix Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Objectives of the Study 3 1.3 Outline of Methodology/ Experimental Design 4 1.4 Organization of the Thesis 5 Chapter 2. LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 General 6 2.2 History of Tunnel 6 2.3 Types of Tunnels 14 2.3.1 Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 14 2.3.2 Cast-in-Situ Tunnel in a Waterway 19 2.3.3 Immersed Tube Tunnels 19 2.3.4 Bored Tunnels 19 2.3.5 Tunnels through Rock 20 2.4 Urban Tunnel 20 2.4.1 Introduction 20 2.4.2 Purpose 21 2.4.3 Relevant Issues 23 2.4.3.1 Justification for a Tunnel 23 2.4.3.2 Land Acquisition Costs 24 2.4.3.3 Construction Costs 24 iv 2.4.3.4 Operating Costs 24 2.4.3.5 Maintenance Costs 24 2.4.3.6 User Benefits 24 2.4.3.7 Changes to Land and Property Values and Rentals 25 2.4.3.8 Qualitative Factors 25 2.4.3.9 General Design Considerations 25 2.4.3.10 Operations 27 2.4.3.10.1 Bicycles and Pedestrians 27 2.4.3.10.2 Dangerous Goods 28 2.4.3.10.3 Control of Entry in an Emergency 31 2.4.3.11 Manuals 32 2.4.3.12 Training 32 2.4.3.13 Ventilation 33 2.4.3.13.1 Portal Discharge 34 2.4.3.13.2 Traffic Monitoring 34 2.4.3.13.3 Monoxide (CO), Nitrogen Dioxide (NO2) and 35 Visibility Levels 2.4.3.13.4 Occupational Health and Safety (OHS) 36 Requirements 2.4.3.13.5 Fire, Life and Safety 36 2.4.3.13.5.1 Evacuation Egress 37 2.4.3.13.5.2 Detection 37 2.4.3.13.5.3 Smoke Control 37 2.4.3.13.5.4 Fire Load for Ventilation purposes 38 2.4.3.13.5.5 Built in Redundancy 38 2.4.3.13.5.6 Deluge / Drencher System 38 2.4.3.13.5.7 Flame Proof Pits 39 2.4.3.13.5.8 Foam 39 2.4.3.13.5.9 Fire Hydrants 39 2.4.3.13.5.10 Dual Drainage System 40 2.4.3.13.5.11 Fire Fighting Access 40 2.4.3.13.5.12 Fire Engineering Design Brief 40 2.4.3.14 Lighting 40 v 2.4.3.14.1 Zone Lighting 41 2.4.3.14.2 Counter Beam 42 2.4.3.14.3 Wall Panels 42 2.4.3.14.4 Emergency Lighting 42 2.4.3.15 Communications 42 2.4.3.15.1 Control Centre Location 43 2.4.3.15.2 Closed Circuit Television (CCTV) 43 2.4.3.15.3 Radio Rebroadcast 43 2.4.3.15.4 P.A. System with Radio Interruption 44 2.4.3.15.5 Help Telephones 44 2.4.3.15.6 Mobile Telephones Rebroadcast 44 2.4.3.16 Monitoring 44 2.4.3.17 Structural Design 45 2.4.3.18 Structure Design Life 45 2.4.3.19 Pavement Design Life 45 2.4.3.20 Electrical 45 2.4.3.20.1 Dual Power Supply 46 2.4.3.20.2 UPS (Uninterruptible Power System) 46 2.4.3.20.3 Manual Override 46 2.4.3.20.4 Fire Resistance of Wiring 47 2.5 Tunneling in dense Urban Areas 47 2.6 Implementation Hurdles 48 2.6.1 Land Acquisition 48 2.6.2 Institutional Coordination 49 2.6.3 Existing Traffic Management 50 2.6.4 Utility Relocation 50 2.6.5 Construction Friction 50 2.6.6 Environment Nuisance 51 2.6.7 High Cost 51 2.6.8 Availability of Technology 52 2.7 Clarity and Transparency 53 2.8 Research Need 53 2.9 Review of Dhaka City Context 54 vi 2.9.1 Existing Dhaka Road Network 54 2.10 Current Traffic Mix 57 2.11 Main Traffic Generators 58 2.12 Qualitative Assessment of Traffic Congestion and Major Problems 61 2.13 Summary 61 Chapter 3. DIFFERENT TUNNEL STUDIES 3.1 General 62 3.2 Different Tunnel Studies 62 3.3 Summary 110 Chapter 4. SYNTHESIS OF ALL CASE STUDIES 4.1 General 111 4.2 Synthesis of All Case Studies 111 4.3 Development of Urban Tunnel Study Framework 136 4.3.1 Content of Urban Tunnel Feasibility Study 136 4.4 Summary 140 Chapter 5. VERIFICATION OF DHAKA URBAN TUNNEL STUDY 5.1 General 141 5.2 Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study 141 5.3 Suggested Framework in Dense Urban Setting 152 5.4 Summary 166 Chapter 6. RESULT & CONCLUSION 6.1 Summary 167 6.2 Result & Conclusions 168 6.3 Recommendation 168 REFERENCES 169 Appendix A Different Tunnel Studies 185 Appendix B Synthesis of All Case Studies 324 vii LIST OF FIGURES Page No. Figure 1.1: Project Site in Relation to Dhaka City 3 Fig: 2.3.1a Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 15 Fig: 2.3.1b Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 16 Fig: 2.3.1c Cut-and-Cover Tunnel 18 Figure 2.9.1: Existing Network (Major Road Names) 56 Figure 2.11: Major Trip Producers and Attractors Highlighted 60 viii LIST OF TABLES Page No. Table 4.1.1: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Geographical Extent) 112 Table 4.1.2: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Traffic Coverage) 116 Table 4.1.3: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Institutional Involvement) 119 Table 4.1.4: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Environmental Coverage) 121 Table 4.1.5: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Social Coverage) 123 Table 4.1.6: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Study Method) 125 Table 4.1.7: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Safety) 129 Table 4.1.8: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Economic & Financial 131 Issue) Table 4.1.9: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Risk Analysis) 133 Table 4.1.10: Synthesis of Various Tunnel Studies (Investment/Funding) 135 Table 5.2: Verification of Dhaka Urban Tunnel Study 142 Table 5.3: Suggested Framework in Dense Urban Setting 152 ix Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background The rapid growth of population in Dhaka City has led to a growing demand for transport that the city’s infrastructure, services, and management cannot meet and there is little scope to develop new roads within the limited and congested area.