Table 1 Planets

Orbit I Globe Equatorial Axis Planet Sidereal Perihelion Aphelion lnclinationl Diameter Oblateness Density Albedo Tilt Period* Satellites Period (AU) (AU) (deg) . (km) (Earth=l)(water=J) (deg) (d h m)

Mercury 87.97 d 0.31 0.47 7_.0 4878 0.0 0.06 5.4 0.06 0 58 15 30.2 0 Venus 224.70d 0.72 0.73 .3.4 12104 0.0 0.82 5.2 0.72 177 243 0 R 0 Earth 365.26d 0.98 1.02 0.0 12 756 0.0034 1.00 5.5 0.39 23.4 23 56.1 1 Mars 686.98d 1.38 1.67 1.8 6787 0.005 0.11 3.9 0.16 25.0 1 0 37.4 2 Jupiter 11.86 y 4.95 5.45 1.3 142800 0.065 317.83 1.3 0.70 3.1 9 50.5 16 & rings Saturn 29.46y 9.01 10.07 2.5 120000 0.108 95.17 0.7 0.75 26.7 10 14 +22& rings Uranus 84.01 y 18.28 20.09 0.8 50800 0.030 14.50 1.3 0.90 97.9 -16 R 5 & rings Neptune 164.79y 29.80 30.32 1.8 48600 0.026 17.20 1.8 0.82 29.6 -18 2 Pluto 247.7y 29.6 49.3 17.2 3000? 0 0.002 1.1? 0.9? 118? 6 9 17 1

*R indicates retrograde axial rotation. The rotation periods for Jupiter and Saturn refer to equatorial regions; the periods exceed 9h 5 5m and 1Oh 38m at higher latitudes, respectively.

,. ~ 427

Table2 P11111etary Satellites

PLANET li!ar Diameter & of (km) Radius Period (") Satellite Discovery (Ift km) (days) EARTH 3476 384.4 0.055 27.32 23.4

MARS 1877 27 X 22 X 19 9.38 0.015 0.32 1.0 1877 15 X 12 X 11 23.46 0.001 1.26 1.8

JUPITER Metis 1979 40 128 0.29 Adrastea 1979 24x20x16 129 0.30 Amalthea 1892 270 X 170 X 150 181 0.003 0.50 0.5 Thebe 1979 100 222 0.013 0.67 0.9 1610 3630 422 0.004 1.77 0.0 1610 3050 671 0.009 3.55 0.5 1610 5260 1070 0.002 7.15 0.2 1610 4800 1883 0.007 16.69 0.5 Leda 1974 20 11094 0.148 239 26 Himalia 1904 180 11480 0.158 250.6 28 Lysithea 1938 40 11720 0.107 259.2 29 Elara 1905 80 11740 0.207 259.7 25 Ananke 1951 30 21200 0.17 631 R 147 Car me 1938 40 22600 0.21 692R 164 Pasiphae 1908 50 23500 0.38 735 R 145 Sin ope 1914 40 23700 0.28 758R 153

SATURN 1980 S28 1980 40 X 20 138 0.61 0 1980 S27 1980 100 139 0.61 0 1980 S26 1980 100 142 0.63 0 1980 S3 1978 90 X 40 151 0.69 0 1980 S1 1978 100 151 0.69 0 Mimasc-o 1982 10 186 0.94 1.5 Mimas 1789 390 186 0.020 0.94 1.5 1789 500 238 0.004 1.37 0.0 1684 1050 295 0.000 1.89 1.1 1980S25 1980 35 295 1.9 1980 S13 1980 35 295 1.9 Tethys c-o 1982 15 295 1.9 0 1982 15 350 2.4 1684 1120 377 0.002 2.74 0.0 1980 S6 1980 160 378 2.7 Dione c-o 1982 15 378 0.3 1982 470 1672 1530 527 0.001 4.52 0.3 1655 5150 1222 0.029 15.95 0.3 1848 400 X 250 X 240 1481 0.104 21.28 0.4 1671 1440 3560 0.028 79.33 14.7 1898 160 12950 0.163 550.34R 150 428

Table 2 Planetary Satellites

PLANET ~ar Diameter Orbital Eccentricity Orbital Inclination & of (km) Radius Period (") Satellite Discovery (HI km) (days)

URANUS 1948 400 130 0.027 1.41 4 1851 1300 191 0.003 2.52 0.3 1851 1100 266 0.004 4.14 0.4 1787 1600 436 0.002 8.71 0.1 1787 1600 583 0.001 13.46 0.1

NEPTUNE 1846 3800 355 0.000 5.88R 160 1949 300 5510 0.75 360.2 28

PLUTO 1978 1000? 20 0? 6.39 0? Note: The diameters given for the smaller satellites of Jupiter, and for many of the satellites of Saturn, Uranus, Neptune, and Pluto, are uncertain. The orbits of the outer satellites of Jupiter vary considerably with time. The distances refer to the centre of the parent planet and the inclinations to the plane of the equator of the planet. R indicates retrograde motion. c-o in a satellite name indicates co-orbital. 429

Table 3 Minor planets

No. Name Discovery Period Perihelion Aphelion Inc Diameter Rotation Year (years) (AU) (AU) (0) (km) (hours)

I 1801 4.60 2.55 2.98 10.6 1003 9.1 1802 4.61 2.11 3.42 34.8 540 10.5 1804 4.36 1.98 3.35 13.0 247 7.2 1807 3.63 2.15 2.57 7.1 5\55 10.7 5 Astraea 1845 4.14 2.10 3.06 5.3 117 16.8 6 Hebe 1847 3.78 1.93 2.92 14.8 201 7.3 7 Iris 1847 3.69 1.84 2.94 5.5 209 7.1 1849 5.59 2.84 3.46 3.8 450 18.0 15 Eunomia 1851 4.30 2.14 3.14 11.7 272 6.1 31 Euphrosyne 1854 5.61 2.45 3.86 26.3 370 ? 433 Eros 1898 1.76 1.13 1.78 10.8 23 5.3 588 Achilles 1906 11.90 4.44 5.98 10.3 50 ? 944 Hidalgo 1920 14.04 2.00 9.64 42.5 15 ? 1221 Amor 1932 2.66 1.08 2.76 11.9 0.5 ? 1566 Icarus 1949 1.12 0.19 1.97 23.0 I 2.3 1862 Apollo 1932 1.78 0.65 2.29 6.3 I ? 2060 Chiron 1977 50.68 8.51 18.88 6.9 300? ?- 2062 A ten 1976 0.95 0.79 1.14 18.9 I ? - Adonis 1936 2.56 0.44 3.30 1.4 0.3 ? - Hermes 1937 2.10 0.62 2.66 6.2 0.5 ?

Table 4 Meteor Showers

Shower Normal Limits ZHRatMax.

Quadrantids Jan.l-6 110 Corona Australids Mar.l4-18 5 April Lyrids Apr.l9-24 12 ., -Aquarids Mayl-8 20 JuneLyrids June 10--21 8 Ophiuchids Junel7-26 6 Capricornids July 10--Aug. 15 6 8 -Aquarids July 15-Aug.l5 35 Pisces Australids July 15-Aug. 20 8 a -Capricornids July 15-Aug. 25 8 Perseids July 25-Aug. 18 68 Cygnids Aug.l9-22 4 Orionids Oct.l6-26 30 Taurids Oct. 20--Nov. 30 12 Cepheids Nov. 7-11 8 Leonids Nov.l5-19 10 Phoenicids Dec.4-5 5 Geminids Dec. 7-15 58 Ursids Dec.l7-24 5 430

Table S Constellations

Andromeda And Delphinus Del Perseus Per Antlia Ant Dorado Dor Phoenix Phe Apus Aps Draco Ora Pictor Pic Aquarius Aqr Equuleus Equ Pisces Psc Aquila Aql Eridanus Eri Piscis Austrinus PsA Ara Ara Fomax For Puppis Pup Aries Ari Gemini Gem Pyxis Pyx Auriga Aur Grus Gru Reticulum Ret Bootes Boo Hercules Her Sagitta Sge Caelum Cae Horologium Hor Sagittarius Sgr Camelopardalis Cam Hydra ,Hya Scorpius Sco Cancer Cnc Hydrus Hyi Sculptor Sci Canes Venatici CVn Indus Ind Scutum Set Canis Major CMa Lacerta Lac Serpens Ser Canis Minor CMi Leo Leo Sextans Sex Capricomus Cap Leo Minor LMi Taurus Tau Carina Car Lepus Lep Telescopium Tel Cassiopeia Cas Libra Lib Triangulum Tri Centaurus Cen Lupus Lup Triangulum Australe TrA Cepheus Cep Lynx Lyn Tucana Tuc Cetus Cet Lyra Lyr Ursa Major UMa Chameleon Cha Mensa Men Ursa Minor UMi Circinus Cir Microscopium Mic Vela Vel Columba Col Monoceros Mon Virgo Vir Coma Berenices Com Musca Mus Volans Vol Corona Australis CrA Norma Nor Vulpecula Vul Corona Borealis CrB Octans Oct Corvus Crv Ophiuchus Oph Crater Crt Orion Ori Crux Cru Pavo Pav Cygnus Cyg Pegasus Peg 431

Table 6 The Twenty-Five Brightest Stars

Star Position (197 5) Apparent Distance Spectral Absolute magnitude (parsecs) Type Magnitude a 8 (m.J (M) Sirius, a CMa (/1 44.

Capella, a.Aur 5 14.8 +45 52 0.1* 14 08III -0.6 Rigel, pOri 5 13.3 -8 14 0.1* 250 B8Ia -7.1 Procyon, a CMi 7 38.0 +5 17 0.4* 3.5 F5 IV-V +2.7 Achemar, a Eri 1 37.8 -57 22 0.5 35 B5V -2.2 pCentauri 14 02.1 -60 15 0.6* 120 B1 III -4.8

Altair, aAql 19 49.5 +8 48 0.8 5.1 A7IV-V +2.3 Betelgeuse, a Ori 5 53.8 +7 24 o.8t 200 M2Iab -5.7 Aldebaran, a Tau 4 34.0 +16 28 o.8* 21 K5 III -0.8 a Crucis 12 25.2 -63 00 0.9* 80 BliV -3.7 Spica, aVir 13 23.9 -11 01 LOt 65 B1V -3.1

Antares, aSco 16 27.8 -26 22 l.O*t 130 M1Ib -4.7 Pollux, p Gem 7 43.8 +28 05 1.2 11 KOIII +1.0 Fomalhaut, aPsA 22 56.2 -29 45 1.2 7 A3V +1.9 Deneb, aCyg 20 40.6 +45 11 1.3 430 A2Ia -7.2 pcrucis 12 46.2 -59 33 1.3 130 BO IIII -4.3

Regulus, aLeo 10 7.0 +12 5 t.J• 26 B7V -0.8 Adhara, £ CMa 6 57.7 -28 56 1.5 200 B211 -5.0 Castor, aGem 7 33.0 +31 56 1.6 14 A1V +0.8 Shaula, ASco 17 31.8 -37 5 1.6 96 B2IV -3.3 Bellatrix, Y Ori 5 23.8 +6 20 1.6 140 B2III -4.1

*Multiple star: Illy is integrated magnitude tVariable star 432

Table 7 Nearest Stan

Star Position (1975) Distance Prop.Mot.App.mag. Abs. mag. Spectral a 8 (parsecs) ("/yr) (m.,) (MJ Type Proxima Centauri (C) 1tfl 2fF -62°34' 1.31 3.68 10.7 15.1 M5eV 0.01 4.4 G2V AlphaCentauri(A) 14 38 -60 44 1.31 3.68 (B) 1.4 5.8 K5V Barnard's star 17 57 +4 37 1.83 10.34 9.53 13.2 M5V Wolf359 10 55 +7 10 2.32 4.71 13.66 16.8 M6eV Lalande21185(A) 7.47 11 2 +36 8 2.49 4.78 10.5 M2V (BD 36°2147)(B) unseen component Sirus(A) 6 44 -16 41 2.67 1.32 -1.46 1.4 A1V (B) 8.7 11.5 white dwarf Luyten 726-8 (A) 12.5 1 38 -18 2.74 3.35 15.4 M5.5eV (UVCeti) (B) s 12.9 15.8 M6eV Ross 154 18 48 -23 52 2.90 0.72 10.6 13.3 M4.5eV Ross248 23 41 +44 3 3.16 1.60 12.24 14.7 M5.5eV Epsilon Eridani 3 32 -9 33 3.28 0.97 3.73 6.1 K2V Luyten 789-6 22 37 -15 27 3.31 3.25 12.58 14.9 M5.5eV Ross 128 11 46 +0 57 3.32 1.40 11.13 13.5 M5V 61 Cygni(A) 21 6 +38 37 3.43 5.22 5.19 7.5 K5V (B) 6.02 8.3 K7V Epsilon Indi 22 -56 53 3.44 4.69 4.73 7.0 K5V Procyon(A) 0.34 F5IV-V 7 38 +5 17 3.48 1.25 2.7 (B) 10.7 13.0 white dwarf BD 59° 1915 (A) 18 42 +59 35 3.52 2.29 8.90 11.1 M4V (B) 9.69 11.9 M5V BD43°44(A) 0 17 +43 53 3.55 2.91 8.07 10.3 M2.5eV (B) 11.04 13.2 M4eV CD-36° 15693 23 4 -36 0 3.59 6.90 7.39 9.6 M2V TauCeti(A) 1 43 -16 4 3.67 1.92 3.5 5.7 G8Vp (B) unseen component BD+5° 1668 7 26 +5 18 3.76 3.73 9.82 11.9 M4V CD-39° 14192 21 16 -38 58 3.85 3.46 6.72 8.7 MOV Kapteyn's star 5 11 -45 0 3.91 8.72 8.81 10.8 MO Kruger 60 (A) 9.77 11.8 M3V 22 27 +57 34 3.94 0.87 (B) 11.43 13.4 M4.5eV

A, B, C refer to brightest, second brightest, third brightest components of binary or triple star BD: Bonner Durchmusterung; CD: Cordoba Durchmusterung 433

TableS Messier numbers plus equivalent NGC, IC numbers

Messier NGC Type* Const. Messier NGC Type• Const. no. IC no. IC

Ml 1952 n Tau M41 2287 o.c. CMa 2 7089 g. c. Aqr 42 1976 n Ori 3 5272 g.c. CVn 43 1982 n Ori 4 6121 g.c. Sco 44 2632 o.c. Cnc 5 5901 g.c. Ser 45 o.c. Tau

6 6405 o.c. Sco 46 2437 o.c. Pup 7 6475 o.c. Sco 4~ 2422 o.c. Pup 8 6523 n Sgr 48 2548 o.c. Hya 9 6333 g.c. Oph 49 4472 GE Vir 10 6254 g. c. Oph 50 2323 o.c. Mon

11 6705 o.c. Set 51 5194 GSc CVn 12 6218 g. c. Oph 52 7654 o.c. Cas 13 6205 g. c. Her 53 5024 g.c. Com 14 6402 g.c. Oph 54 6715 g.c. Sgr 15 7078 g. c. Peg 55 6809 g.c. Sgr

16 6611 o.c. Ser 56 6779 g.c. Lyr 17 6618 n Sgr 57 6720 p.n. Lyr 18 6613 o.c. Sgr 58 4579 GSBb Vir 19 6273 g.c. Oph 59 4621 GE Vir 20 6514 n Sgr 60 4649 GE Vir

21 6531 o.c. Sgr 61 4303 GSc Vir 22 6656 g. c. Sgr 62 6266 g.c. Oph 23 6191 o.c. Sgr 63 5055 GSb CVn 24 6603 o.c. Sgr 64 4826 GSb Com 25 14725 o.c. Sgr 65 3623 GSa Leo

26 6694 o.c. Set 66 3627 GSb Leo 27 6853 p.n. Vul 67 2682 o.c. Cnc 28 6626 g. c. Sgr 68 4590 g.c. Hya 29 6913 o.c. Cyg 69 6637 g.c. Sgr 30 7099 g. c. Cap 70 6681 g.c. Sgr

31 224 GSb And 71 6838 g.c. Sge 32 221 GE And 72 6981 g.c. Agr 33 598 GSc Tri 73 6994 o.c. Aqr 34 1039 o.c. Per 74 628 GSc Psc 35 2168 o.c. Gem 75 6864 g.c. Sgr

36 1960 o.c. Aur 76 650 p.n. Per 37 2099 o.c. Aur 77 1068 GSb Cet 38 1912 o.c. Aur 78 2068 n Ori 39 7092 o.c. Cyg 79 1904 g. c. Lep 40 d UMa 80 6093 g.c. Sco

•n: nebula; p.n.: planetary nebula; o.c.: open cluster; g.c.: globular cluster; G: galaxy & classification from C. W. Allen: Astrophysical Quantities 434

Table 8 (continued)

Messier NGC Type• Const. Messier NGC Type• Const. no. IC no. IC

M81 3031 GSb UMa M96 3368 GSa Leo 82 3034 Glrr UMa 97 3587 p.n. UMa 83 5236 GSc Hya 98 4192 GSb Com 84 4374 GE Vir 99 4254 GSc Com 85 4382 GSO Com 100 4321 GSc Com

86 4406 GE Vir 101 5457 GSc UMa 87 4486 GEp Vir 102 5866 GSa Dra 88 4501 GEp Com 103 581 o.c. Cas 89 4552 GE Vir 104 4594 GSa Vir 90 4569 GSb Vir 105 3379 GE Leo

91 4567 GS Com 106 4258 GSb CVn 92 6341 g.c. Her 107 6171 g.c. Oph 93 2447 o.c. Pup 108 3556 GSb UMa 94 4736 GSb CVn 109 3992 GSBc UMa 95 3351 GSBb Leo

•n: nebula; p.n.: planetary nebula; o.c.: open cluster; g.c.: globular cTuster; G: galaxy & classification from C. W. Allen: Astrophysical Quantities

Table 9 Astronomical and Physical Constants

, AU 149.597 870x 106 km speed of light in vacuum, c 2.997 924 58x 10' km s-1 light-time for I AU 499.oi2 s gravitational constant, G 6.672x 10-11 N m2 kg-2 standard acceleration of free fall, g 9.80665ms-2 mass of earth 5.9742x 1024 kg earth's equatorial radius 6l78.140km polar radius 6356.775km mean density of earth 5.517 gcm-3 mean distance to moon 384403km lunar mass 7.35 X 1022 kg lunar radius 1738km solar mass,~ 1.9891 X 1030 kg solar radius, R 8 696000km solar luminosity, L 8 4 x 1026 W solar parallax 8".794 148 constant of sine parallax for moon 3422".451 constant of aberration 20".496 obliquity of ecliptic ( 1900) 23°27'8" .26 (1980) 23°26'30" .78 general precession in longitude per 5025".64 tropical century ( 1900) constant of nutation (1900) 9".210 Gaussian gravitational constant, k 0.017 202098 95 NY2 m kg-1 Planck constant, h 6.626196x 10-34 J s Boltzmann constant, k 1.380 622x 10-23 J K - 1 Stefan's constant, a S.6696x 10-8 W m - 2 K - 4 435

Table 10 Famous People in the Field of Astronomy

Adams, John Couch 1819-92 English Airy, Sir George Biddell 1801-92 English Albategnius (or Al-Battani) 858-929 A.D. Arabian Aristarchus of Samos -31Q--..-230B.C. Greek Baade, Walter 1893-1960 German-American Bessel, Friedrich Wilhelm 1784-1846 German Bradley, James 1693-1762 English Brahe, Tycho 1546-1601 Danish Cassini, Giovanni Domenico 1625-1712 Italian-French Chandrasekhar, Subrahmanyan 1910- Indian-American Clark, Alvan Graham 1832-97 American Copernicus, Nicolas 1473-1543 Polish Eddington, Sir Arthur Stanley 1882-1944 English Einstein, Albert 1879-1955 German-American Eratosthenes - 276--196B.C. Greek Flamsteed, John 1646-1719 English Fraunhofer,Joseph von 1787-1826 German Galileo Galilei 1564-1642 Italian Goodricke, John 1764-86 Dutch-English Hale, Geor.ge Ellery 1868-1938 American Halley, Edmund 1656-1742 English Herschel, Sir William 1738-1822 German-English Herschel, Sir John 1792-1871 English Hipparchus ft. -l46-127B.C. Greek Hertzsprung, Ejnar 1873-1967 Danish Hubble, Edwin Powell 1889-1953 American Huggins, Sir William 1824-1910 English Huygens, Christiann 1629-95 Dutch Kepler, Johann 1571-1630 German Laplace, Pierre Simon, Marquis de 1749-1827 French Lowell, Percival 1855-1916 American Newton, Sir Isaac 1642-1727 English Pickering, Edward Charles 1846-1919 American Ptolemy (Claudius Ptolemaeus) -10Q--170A.D. Greek Russell, Henry Norris 1877-1957 American Schwarzschild, Karl 1873-1916 German Shapley, Harlow 1885-1972 American 436

Thble 11 Major Observatories

Optical & Infrared Observatories Location Principal Instruments Anglo-Australian Obs. Siding Spring, NSW 3.9 m reflector 1.2 m Schmidt Cerro Thlolo Interamerican Obs. La Serena, Chile 4 m reflector Crimean Astrophysical Obs. Simeiz, Ukraine 2.6 m reflector European Southern Obs. Cerro La Silla, Chile 3.6, 3.5 (u.c.), 2.2 m reflectors 1 mSchmidt Fred Lawrence Whipple Obs. Mt Hopkins, Arizona 4.5 m multiple mirror German-Spanish Astrophy. Obs. Calar Alto, Spain 3.5, 2.2 m reflectors Kitt Peak National Obs. Kitt Peak, Arizona 4, 2.3, 2.1 m reflectors 1.5 m solar Las Campanas Obs. La Serena, Chile 2.5 m reflector LickObs. Mt Hamilton, California 3 m reflector Mauna Kea Obs. Hawaii 3.8, 3.6, 3.0 m IR reflectors 10m reflector (u.d.) McDonald Obs. Mt Licke, Thxas 2. 7, 2.1 m reflectors Mount Wilson Obs. Mt Wilson, California 2.5 m reflector Palomar Obs. Palomar Mountain, California5 m reflector 1.2 m Schmidt Roque de los Muchachos Obs. La Palma, Canaries 4.2 m (u.c.), 2.5 m reflectors Zelenchukskaya Obs. Zelenchukskaya, Caucasus 6 m reflector u.c.: under construction; u.d.: under design

Radio Observatories Location Principal Instruments Arecibo Radio Obs. Arecibo, Puerto Rico 305 mdish Australian Nat. Radio Astronomy Obs. Parkes,NSW 64m dish CSIRO Solar Obs. Culgoora, NSW 3 km heliograph Australia Thlescope Max Planck Inst. for Radio Astronomy Bonn, West Germany 100m dish Molonglo Radio Obs. Hoskinstown, NSW 1.6 km array Mullard Radio Astronomy Obs. Cambridge, England 5 km, 1.6 km arrays National Radio Astronomy Obs. Green Bank, W Virginia 91 m, 43 m dishes Socorro,NM VLA Nobeyama Radio Obs. Nobeyama Highland, Japan 45 m dish (mm waves)

Nuffield Radio Astronomy Labs. Jodrell Bank, Cheshire 76 m, 38m dishes MERLIN Westerbork Radio Obs. Westerbork, Netherlands 2.7 km array Zelenchukskaya Obs. Zelenchukskaya, Caucasus 600 marray 437

Table 12 Recent Successful Planetary Probes

Probe Country Planet(s) Launch Date Arrival Date

Mariner9 us Mars 30.5.71 13.11.71 Pioneer 10 us Jupiter 3.3.72 4.12.73

Venera8 USSR Venus 26.3.72 22.7.72

Pioneer 11 us Jupiter, 6.4.73 3.12.74 Saturn 9.79

Mariner 10 us Venus, 3.11.73 5.2.74 Mercury 29.3.74

Venera9 USSR Venus 8.6.75 22.10.75 Venera 10 14.6.75 25.10.75

Viking 1 us Mars 20.8.75 20.7.76 Viking2 9.9.15 3.9.76

Voyager2 us Jupiter 20.8.77 7.79 Saturn 8.81 Uranus 1.86 Neptune 8.89 Voyager 1 us Jupiter 5.9.71 3.79 Saturn 11.80

Pioneer us Venus 20.5.78 4.12.78 Venus1,2 8.8.78 9.12.78

Venera 11 USSR Venus 9.9.78 21.12.78 Venera 12 14.9.78 25.12.78

Venera 13 USSR Venus 30.10.81 2.3.82 Venera 14 4.11.81 5.3.82

Venera 15 USSR Venus 2.6.83 11.10.83 Venera 16 7.6.83 16.10.83