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Welcome to the Alberta Government’s International Education Guides

The International Qualifications Assessment Service (IQAS) developed the International Education Guides for educational institutions, employers and professional licensing bodies to help facilitate and streamline their decisions regarding the recognition of international credentials.

These guides compare educational systems from around the world to educational standards in Canada. The assessment recommendations contained in the guides are based on extensive research and well-documented standards and criteria. This research project, a first in Canada, is based on a broad range of international resources and considerable expertise within the IQAS program.

Organizations can use these guides to make accurate and efficient decisions regarding the recognition of international credentials. The International Education Guides serve as a resource comparing Alberta standards with those of other countries and will assist all those who need to make informed decisions, including:

 employers who need to know whether an applicant with international credentials meets the educational requirements for a job, and how to obtain information comparing the applicant’s credentials to educational standards in Alberta and Canada  educational institutions that need to make a decision about whether a prospective student meets the education requirements for admission, and that need to find accurate and reliable information about the educational system of another country  professional licensing bodies that need to know whether an applicant meets the educational standards for licensing bodies

The guides include:

 a country overview  a historical education overview  descriptions of school education; higher education; professional, technical and vocational education; and teacher education  grading scales  documentation for educational credentials  a bibliography

The guides also include placement recommendations for comparison and application in Alberta, Canada. Prepared by International Qualifications Assessment Service Government of Alberta

https://www.alberta.ca/iqas-overview.aspx

©2007, 2020 the Crown in right of the Province of Alberta, Government of Alberta International Qualifications Assessment Service (IQAS) Revised July 2020 ISBN: 978-1-4601-4631-6

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CONTENTS

Country Overview ...... 6 LAND ...... 6 PEOPLE AND LANGUAGE ...... 7 HISTORY ...... 7 ADMINISTRATION ...... 8 Historical Education Overview ...... 10 PRE - 1949 ...... 10 1949 - 1965 ...... 11 1966 - 1976 ...... 11 1977 - PRESENT ...... 12 School Education ...... 14 OVERVIEW ...... 14 ADMINISTRATION ...... 15 GRADING SCALE ...... 16 PRESCHOOL EDUCATION ...... 16 NINE-YEAR COMPULSORY EDUCATION ...... 17 GENERAL SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION ...... 25 ADMISSIONS ...... 25 CURRICULUM CHANGES BEFORE 2004 ...... 25 CURRENT CURRICULUM ...... 36 PROVINCIAL EXIT EXAMINATIONS ...... 52 Higher Education ...... 59 OVERVIEW ...... 59 ADMINISTRATION ...... 59 ACADEMIC YEAR ...... 60 PROGRAM STRUCTURE ...... 63 INSTITUTIONS ...... 64 REGULAR AND ADULT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS ...... 66 RESEARCH INSTITUTES ...... 67 MILITARY ACADEMIES ...... 68 MINBAN INSTITUTIONS ...... 68 INDEPENDENT COLLEGES ...... 69 NAMES OF INSTITUTIONS ...... 70 RANKING OF INSTITUTIONS ...... 71 ADMISSIONS ...... 73 PROGRAMS AND CREDENTIALS ...... 76 QUALIFICATIONS AND DEGREES ...... 76 ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL DEGREES ...... 78 ZHUANKE PROGRAMS ...... 80 BENKE PROGRAMS ...... 81 BACHELOR’S DEGREES ...... 82 SECOND BENKE MAJOR AND DOUBLE BACHELOR’S DEGREES ...... 84 SECOND BACHELOR’S DEGREES ...... 85 ZHUANKE TO BENKE UPGRADING PROGRAMS ...... 86 SECOND SPECIALTY ZHUANKE PROGRAMS ...... 86 SELF-STUDY EXAMINATIONS ...... 86 MASTER’S PROGRAMS ...... 88

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PROFESSIONAL MASTER’S DEGREES ...... 92 MASTER’S LEVEL CLASSES ...... 96 COMPARABLE EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCE ...... 96 DOCTORAL PROGRAMS ...... 98 CHINESE-FOREIGN JOINT PROGRAMS ...... 98 INTERCOLLEGIATE EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS ...... 102 Technical-Vocational Education ...... 103 OVERVIEW ...... 103 VOCATIONAL SECONDARY EDUCATION ...... 104 SPECIALIZED SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS ...... 104 VOCATIONAL SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS ...... 106 SKILLED WORKERS SCHOOLS ...... 107 NATIONAL VOCATIONAL SECONDARY CURRICULUM ...... 107 HIGHER VOCATIONAL EDUCATION ...... 112 Teacher Education ...... 114 OVERVIEW ...... 114 TEACHER CERTIFICATION ...... 115 TEACHER QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATE ...... 115 NATIONAL TEACHER CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION ...... 116 TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS ...... 116 SENIOR SECONDARY PROGRAMS ...... 116 ZHUANKE PROGRAMS ...... 117 BENKE / BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN EDUCATION ...... 117 GRADUATE PROGRAMS ...... 118 Documentation...... 122 SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION ...... 123 CERTIFICATES OF GRADUATION ...... 123 TRANSCRIPTS ...... 123 PROVINCIAL EXAMINATION RECORDS ...... 124 HIGHER EDUCATION ...... 124 QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATES ...... 124 DEGREE CERTIFICATES ...... 128 TRANSCRIPTS ...... 129 DOCUMENT TRANSLATION ...... 130 DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION AND DETECTION OF FRAUD ...... 131 References ...... 134 CHINESE WEBSITES ...... 134 INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS ...... 134 Appendix A – Placement Recommendations ...... 135 Appendix B – Glossary ...... 138 Appendix C – List of Institutions ...... 141 APPENDIX C1. RESEARCH INSTITUTES ...... 141 APPENDIX C2. MILITARY AND ARMED POLICE INSTITUTIONS ...... 145 APPENDIX C3. INDEPENDENT COLLEGES ...... 147 APPENDIX C4. PROJECT 985 INSTITUTIONS ...... 162 APPENDIX C5. PROJECT 211 INSTITUTIONS ...... 163 APPENDIX C6. TOP 10 INSTITUTIONS IN SOME DISCIPLINARY AREAS, 2004 AND 2012 ...... 166 Appendix D – Sample Program Structures ...... 168 APPENDIX D1. SECOND BENKE MAJOR AND “SECOND BACHELOR’S DEGREE” ...... 168

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APPENDIX D2. BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN MEDICINE (NURSING MAJOR), GUANGDONG MEDICAL COLLEGE ...... 171 APPENDIX D3. MASTER OF ENGINEERING (ME) IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING173 APPENDIX D4. THREE-YEAR PROGRAM FOR PRESCHOOL TEACHERS SCHOOLS ... 173 APPENDIX D5. ZHUANKE IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION ...... 174 APPENDIX D6. MASTER OF EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL DEGREE ...... 175 Appendix E – Sample Documents ...... 176 APPENDIX E1. SECONDARY EDUCATION ...... 176 Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, 1986 (Part 1) ...... 176 Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School and Transcript, 1992 .... 178 Certificate of Graduation from Specialized Senior Secondary School and Transcript, 1995 (Part 1) ...... 181 Certificate of Graduation from Specialized Senior Secondary School, 1995 ...... 183 General Senior Secondary Unified Graduation Examination, 1996 ...... 185 General Senior Secondary Transcript, 2000 ...... 186 Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, Huikao Results, and Transcript, 2002 (Part 1) ...... 187 General Senior Secondary Huikao Certificate, 2004 (Part 1) ...... 190 Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, 2011 ...... 192 APPENDIX E2. HIGHER EDUCATION ...... 193 Combined Benke Certificate of Graduation and Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine, 1984 ...... 193 Combined Benke Certificate of Graduation and Bachelor’s Degree in Arts, 1991 194 Benke Certificate of Graduation, Regular Higher Education, 1992 ...... 195 Certificate of Graduation from a Master’s Program and Master’s Degree, 1993 .. 196 Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation, Adult Higher Education, 1995 (Part 1) ...... 198 Benke Certificate of Education, Regular Higher Education, 1996 ...... 200 Benke Certificate of Incompletion, 1996 (Part 1) ...... 201 Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation, Regular Higher Education, 1998 ...... 203 Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 1998 (Part 1) ...... 204 Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 1999 ...... 206 Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation through Self-Study, 2000 ...... 207 Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program and Doctor’s Degree, 2000 (Part 1) ...... 208 Benke Certificate of Graduation and Bachelor’s Degree in Arts, 2001 (Part 1) .... 210 Certificate of Completion of Graduate Coursework Training Class, 2002 (Part 1) 212 Benke Certificate of Graduation through Self-Study, 2003 ...... 214 Benke Certificate of Graduation, Bachelor’s Degree in Clinical Medicine, and Transcript, 2003 (Part 1) ...... 215 Certificate of Proof of Graduation, Zhuanke, 2005 ...... 218 Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program, Doctor’s Degree and Transcript, 2010 (Part 1) ...... 219 Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 2011 and Bachelor’s Degree, 2012 ...... 225 Appendix F – List of Figures and Tables ...... 227

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COUNTRY OVERVIEW

LAND

The People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国, or 中国 for short) is situated in the eastern part of Asia on the west coast of the Pacific Ocean. It has an area of 9.6 million square kilometres and 1.4 billion people (2019) accounting for around 20 per cent of the world’s population.

China is a mountainous country with five major mountain systems. The highest peak in the world, Mount Everest or Mount Qomolangma stands on the China- Nepal border. Two major rivers, the Yellow River and the Yangtze River (or Changjiang, the “long river”), provide the framework of agricultural development.

The country is bordered by North Korea to the east; Mongolia to the north; Russia to the northeast; Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the northwest; Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Nepal, and Bhutan to the west and southwest; and Myanmar (Burma), Laos and Vietnam to the south.

Figure 1. Map of the People’s Republic of China1

1 Source: Global Affairs Canada . 6

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PEOPLE AND LANGUAGE

There are 56 ethnic groups in China, with Han (汉) Chinese making up 91 per cent of the population. The most commonly used language in China is Han Chinese ( 汉语), often referred to simply as Chinese. It is a monosyllabic, tonal language with little inflection, belonging to the Sino-Tibetan family of languages. There are 56,000 Chinese characters, but only about three to five thousand are frequently used. A similar writing system has existed for over two thousand years, thanks in part to the unification of China by the First Emperor of Qin in the second century BCE.

China carried out two rounds of character simplification in the 1950s and 1960s in an attempt to improve the literacy rate by reducing the number of strokes for some characters and the number of characters in common use. The resulting writing system is called Simplified Chinese (简体字). The non-simplified version, now known as Traditional Chinese (繁体字), continues to be used in Hong Kong, Taiwan and many overseas Chinese communities. It is generally not difficult for someone trained in one version of Chinese to understand characters in the other version. In the Chinese mainland, Traditional Chinese characters have not been completely phased out. For example, many universities and colleges, especially those founded before 1949, still use Traditional Chinese characters in their names for their logos. Unless otherwise indicated, all Chinese characters in this guide belong to the simplified version.

Table 1. Simplified and Traditional Chinese

Institution Simplified Traditional Peking University 北京大学 北京大學 Tsinghua University 清华大学 清華大學 Central China Normal 华中师范大学 華中師範大學 University

Spoken Chinese has many regional variants, generally known as dialects. There are eight major dialect groups, with Mandarin most widely used one. Mandarin Chinese, known as putonghua (common speech 普通话) in the mainland and guoyu (national language 国语) in Taiwan, is the official spoken language of both Chinese mainland and Taiwan. Another major dialect is Cantonese (广东话), spoken in south China, Hong Kong, Macao, and in Chinatowns around the world.

HISTORY As one of the world’s ancient civilizations, China has over four thousand years of recorded history, with the first dynasty of Xia dating back to the 21st century BCE. In 221 BCE, the First Emperor of Qin established the first centralized state in Chinese history, standardizing the written script, currencies, weights and measures all across the country. For the next two thousand years, China was ruled by a succession of imperial dynasties, until the 1911 Revolution toppled the last dynasty, Qing.

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In 1949, the Communist Party of China proclaimed the founding of the People’s Republic of China. ADMINISTRATION The national capital is Beijing. China has 34 major administrative divisions:  23 provinces  five autonomous regions  four centrally administered municipalities: Beijing 北京, Chongqing 重庆, Shanghai 上海, Tianjin 天津  two Special Administrative Regions (SARs): Hong Kong 香港 and Macao 澳门

Table 2. Administrative Divisions of China

Province 1. Anhui 安徽 2. Fujian 福建 3. Gansu 甘肃 4. Guangdong 广东 5. Guizhou 贵州 6. Hainan 海南 7. Hebei 河北 8. Heilongjiang 黑龙江 9. Henan 河南 10. Hubei 湖北 11. Hunan 湖南 12. Jiangsu 江苏 13. Jiangxi 江西 14. Jilin 吉林 15. Liaoning 辽宁 16. Qinghai 青海 17. Shaanxi 陕西 18. Shandong 山东 19. Shanxi 山西 20. Sichuan 四川 21. Yunnan 云南 22. Zhejiang 浙江 23. Taiwan 台湾 (Republic of China) Autonomous Region 1. Guangxi 广西 2. Neimenggu 内蒙古 (Inner Mongolia) 3. Ningxia 宁夏 4. Xinjiang 新疆 5. Xizang 西藏 (Tibet) Centrally Administered 1. Beijing 北京 Municipality 2. Chongqing 重庆 3. Shanghai 上海 4. Tianjin 天津 Special Administrative Region 1. Hong Kong 香港 2. Macao 澳门

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China’s national emblem appeared on the certificates of bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral degrees from 1981 to 2015.

Figure 2. Chinese National Emblem and Flag

National Emblem of PRC National Flag of PRC

Since the introduction of the reform and opening-up policy in the late 1970s, China has transformed from a centrally planned economy to a more market-oriented system

Canada and China established diplomatic ties in 1970. China is currently one of Canada’s largest single country trading partners and a source of immigrants, the majority of whom are skilled workers.

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HISTORICAL EDUCATION OVERVIEW

PRE - 1949 The Chinese society has always attached great importance to education and regarded it as one of the cornerstones of the nation state. According to Confucian philosophy, social harmony could be achieved if people were free from deprivation and received proper education, which must be made available to people of all classes instead of being the privilege of an elite few. Education was therefore a means through which individuals from even the humblest backgrounds could improve their social status. For two thousand years, the curriculum was largely based on Confucian classics. The goal of education was to realize the potential of the individual and curb the tendency to stray from ethical behaviour.

An enduring feature of the traditional Chinese educational system was the highly competitive civil service examinations, formally introduced in the Tang dynasty in the sixth century and abolished only in 1905, a few years before the collapse of the Qing dynasty. Local, provincial, and national governments administered the examinations. At the lower level, candidates were tested on their calligraphy and knowledge of the classics. At the national level, they had to demonstrate their ability to analyze contemporary political issues.

Successful candidates at the national examinations won high-level administrative positions in the imperial government, with their entire families rising in wealth and prestige. Quotas were assigned to provinces and prefectures roughly according to population, to enable the government to recruit talent from all across the country. The system was seen to encourage upward mobility, as a large percentage of those who passed the national level examinations were from ordinary families with no official connections. The concept of meritocracy in the form of national public examinations with their associated national educational goals and values has persisted to the present, as seen in the highly competitive National University Entrance Examination, or Gaokao.

Western-style education began to develop in China following its defeat in the Opium War of 1840. Christian missionaries established many of the Western institutions. Chinese students went to study in the United States, Japan, Britain and continental Europe. Reformers tried to modernize Chinese schools by introducing Western science and technology into the curriculum.

The first modern comprehensive university in China, Metropolitan University (京师 大学堂), later renamed Peking University (北京大学), was established in 1898. In the first half of the 20th century, a modern education system gradually took shape amid foreign invasions and civil wars.

When the People’s Republic of China was founded in 1949, there were:  about 300,000 primary schools and 4,000 secondary schools  205 higher education institutions (124 public, 61 private and 20 missionary)

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1949 - 1965 From 1949 to 1958, the government adopted an educational system based on the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) model. It nationalized schools and brought them under centralized planning, financing, and administration. At the same time, it set a target to eradicate illiteracy and achieve universal primary education. School education generally followed a 5+6 pattern, with curriculum and textbooks standardized across the country.

Higher education institutions were reorganized, with specialized universities and colleges established under various ministries to serve the human resource needs of a centrally planned economy. Universities and colleges offered short-cycle zhuanke (two to three year), long-cycle benke (four to five year) and graduate-level programs, but did not award academic degrees. The government sent students to USSR bloc countries for university and graduate studies, and USSR administrators and scholars came to work and teach at Chinese universities and colleges.

Chinese education underwent a period of adjustment and consolidation from 1958 to 1965. After the severing of relations between USSR and China, the government rejected USSR model, and English replaced Russian as the second language at school. They undertook experimentation with a dual educational system of regular schools for full-time study and work-study schools offering half-work, half-study programs. Some areas adopted a shortened school curriculum of ten (5+5) or nine (5+4) years. In 1963, the Ministry of Education formulated the national curriculum for 12-year (6+6) primary and secondary education, with standardized textbooks published two years later. A system of key schools optimized the use of limited resources.

Aiming to provide wider access to higher education resulted in a rapid expansion in the Great Leap Forward period (1958-1960), with the number of higher institutions growing from 229 in 1957 to 1,289 in 1960. Several years of consolidation resulted in an equally dramatic decrease in the number of institutions – down to 407 in 1963.

1966 - 1976 The Cultural Revolution (1966-76), impacted the educational system in many ways. Initially, most schools were closed. Across the country, the length of school education was reduced from twelve to nine or ten years. Many secondary technical-vocational schools were closed or turned into general schools. After completing junior or senior secondary school, most students were sent to work in the countryside.

Most universities and colleges were closed and the National College Entrance Examination, or Gaokao, was abolished. In 1970, some higher education institutions started enroling “worker-peasant-soldier students” (工农兵学员), with acceptance based mainly on political criteria. Other entrance requirements included graduation from junior secondary school (which could be waived) and

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three years of work experience. The study period was usually two to three years and there was no formal academic assessment. Students admitted between 1970 and 1976 into such two- or three-year programs may have been awarded a certificate indicating successful completion of a “college general course” (大学普 通班), recognized to some extent for employment purposes.

1977 - PRESENT In 1976, the reform and opening-up policy were introduced. Since then, the educational system has developed into its current structure, aiming to prepare skilled workers for the growing economy. A major challenge faced by the educational sector has been to satisfy growing demand and maintain quality at the same time.

Since 1981, educational laws and regulations have contributed to the expansion, restructuring and consolidation of the Chinese educational system.  1981 – Regulations on Academic Degrees introduced the academic degrees (bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral) for the first time in the People’s Republic of China.  1986 – The Compulsory Education Law (1986) institutionalized the policy of universal education by making nine-year compulsory education a national target.  2003 – The Law for Promoting People-Run Education and the Regulations on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools gave private schools the same legal status as public institutions and opened up the educational sector to foreign investment.

Sino-foreign joint ventures are now allowed to offer programs at various levels, with the exception of nine-year compulsory education and certain disciplinary areas such as military, political and religious studies.

School education has gradually been restored to twelve years and the system of key schools re-established. The 1980s saw a restructuring of the senior secondary school system to strengthen vocational and technical education, with the eventual aim to achieve an equal mix of general education and technical-vocational education.

By 1997, technical-vocational education accounted for 56 per cent of total enrolment in senior secondary schools, as compared to only 18 per cent in 1980. Rapid expansion, however, resulted in problems such as poor quality and inadequate funding. Some technical-vocational schools were closed while others changed their curriculum to offer general education in the first two years and vocational training in the third year. Many students still prefer general education, which offers a better chance of entry to higher education. In 2016 there were:2

2 Source: National Bureau of Statistics, 2016. 12

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 190,525 primary schools  52,405 junior secondary schools  13,743 general senior secondary schools  11,202 vocational secondary schools

Higher education has also undergone a series of reforms to meet the increasing demand of a fast-growing economy. Gaokao was restored in 1977 and graduate education re-introduced in 1978. Higher education institutions and research institutes started to confer academic degrees in 1981. Total enrolment in regular and adult higher education institutions grew from 1 million in the early 1980s to 20 million in 2004 and 37 million in 2015.

Structural reforms have moved higher education from central planning to institutional autonomy. Under the old system, the State Council instituted the national socioeconomic development plan. Based on that, the Ministry of Education formulated a higher education plan that specified the number and types of institutions and students, student quotas for each industry and each region, the distribution of student enrolments by field of study, and institutional enrolment quotas by discipline and field of study.

Institutions designed their programs to fulfill the perceived human resource needs of the nation, and students were trained in narrow specializations. For example, instead of a general program in mechanical engineering, universities offered specialities in light industry machinery, heavy industry machinery, chemical industry machinery, public works machinery, petroleum industry machinery, agricultural machinery, and so on. The government also made job assignment plans for all the graduates. Students therefore did not have much control over what they learned in school and what they did after graduation.

To adapt to an increasingly market-oriented economy, the higher education system has implemented reforms to broaden the specializations, expand the knowledge base of students and encourage interdisciplinary studies. The total number of specialties was reduced from over 1,400 in the mid-1980s to around 200 in 2003. Institutions design their programs to meet the needs of the labour market. They have also started to charge tuition fees, with student loan and scholarship programs set up to address the equity issue. Annual tuition was ¥ 4,000-8,000 Chinese yuan in 2016 (approximately CDN $800-1,600).

Overseas study and exchange has resumed. Over four million Chinese students studied at overseas higher education institutions between 1978 and 2015; half of them have returned to China.

In the early years, the government sponsored most students studying overseas. This trend has since reversed: over 90 per cent of the 117,300 students who went abroad in 2003 and the 523,700 who went abroad in 2015 were self-sponsored. China is the number one source country of international students in Canada, accounting for 34 per cent of its total international student enrolment in 2015.

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SCHOOL EDUCATION

OVERVIEW

Table 3. 12-Year Primary and Secondary Education3

14 Higher 13 Vocational 12 General Senior Vocational Secondary School Education 11 Secondary School 中等职业学校 (zhuanke) 10 普通高级中学 高等职业教育 (专科) 9 Junior Secondary School Junior Secondary School Nine-Year School 8 初级中学 初级中学 九年一贯制学校 7 6 Primary School 5 Primary School 小学 4 小学 3 2 1

China divides its formal education into basic education (基础教育) and higher education (高等教育). Basic education includes three years of preschool and 12 years of primary and secondary school study. Nine years of combined primary and junior secondary education (6+3, 5+4 or 9) – starting at age six (or sometimes at seven) – is compulsory by law and tuition-free, though fees may be charged for books and supplies. General senior secondary school takes an additional three years.

Primary school graduates usually attend junior secondary schools based on proximity. Junior secondary school graduates must pass provincially administered examinations in order to gain admission to senior secondary schools.

During and immediately after the Cultural Revolution, China adopted the 10-year basic education system (five years primary + five years secondary) along with the nine-year system (five years primary +two years junior secondary + two years senior secondary).

Students attended schools five and a half to six days a week under the nine- or 10-year system. Since the early to mid-1980s, most parts of the country have established the current 12-year system.

3 Zhuanke is a type of short-cycle college-university program comprising two or three years of study beyond the senior secondary level. It is described in detail in the Higher Education section. Most zhuanke programs admit senior secondary graduates through Gaokao. The higher vocational education sector has some five-year programs that admit junior secondary graduates and award zhuanke-level exit credentials. 14

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ADMINISTRATION

Table 4. Educational Administration

Level Administrative Body National State Council 国务院 – the Chinese Central Government Ministry of Education 教育部 or State Education Commission 国家教育委员会 Provincial4 Provincial/Municipal Education Department 省/市教育厅 or Provincial/Municipal Education Committee 省/市教育委员会 Local Municipal/County Education Bureau 市/县教育局

At the national level, the Ministry of Education (known from 1985 to 1998 as the State Education Commission) under the State Council formulates regulations, policies, and guidelines related to basic education and carries out the overall planning of the school system.

The ministry  establishes the national curriculum  compiles standard syllabuses for compulsory subjects  oversees the evaluation and approval of textbooks and teaching materials for use across the country  supervises the work of provincial educational authorities  administers special funding for underdeveloped areas and teacher education programs

The educational authorities of the provinces and major cities  prepare the basic education development plan for their jurisdiction  develop provincial curricula and course schedules based on the national curriculum  evaluate and approve textbooks and teaching materials for use within the province  administer school programs  provide educational subsidies for lower level governments

The educational authorities at the municipal, county and township levels  administer educational funding  implement the nine-year compulsory education for their respective jurisdictions

4 This refers to all provincial-level administrative divisions, including autonomous regions and the four major municipalities. 15

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GRADING SCALE Most Chinese schools use percentage marks (0-100), which also correspond to a four-level scale. The four-level scale is expressed either in Chinese characters or as letter grades (A, B, C, and D). The minimum passing grade is 60 per cent. For more information, refer to Grading Scales.

Descriptor Letter Grade Marks Chinese Descriptor Excellent A 85 优秀 or 优 Good B 70-84 良好 or 良 Pass/Satisfactory C 60-69 及格 or 中 Fail D 59 不及格 or 差

PRESCHOOL EDUCATION Kindergartens (幼儿园) in China offer preschool education for up to three years, usually for children aged three to six. In 2015, about 70 per cent of children in the three to six age group were enroled in preschool education. Educational institutions, government agencies, businesses, neighbourhood committees, villages and private citizens can operate kindergartens, which must register with local educational authorities.

Most preschool teachers have received education at specialized or vocational senior secondary schools. The Teachers Law (1994) requires all kindergarten teachers to be graduates of preschool education teachers schools (幼儿教育师范 学校), which offer programs at both senior secondary and zhuanke levels. A small but growing number of preschool teachers are graduates of bachelor’s degree programs at teachers colleges (师范学院) or normal universities (师范大学).

The kindergarten curriculum generally includes Chinese language and arithmetic in addition to play and socializing activities. The Guiding Outline of Kindergarten Education (Provisional) (Ministry of Education, 2001) prescribes five major components of kindergarten education.

Table 5. Five Components of Kindergarten Education, 2001

Component Description Health 健康 To strengthen the body and cultivate healthy attitudes and habits Society 社会 To build self-esteem and confidence, cultivate caring and friendly attitudes and behaviour, and promote healthy personality development Science 科学 To stimulate curiosity and the desire to explore and develop cognitive abilities Language 语言 To encourage language communication and develop language abilities Art 艺术 To enrich emotional experiences and cultivate aesthetic aptitude and taste

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NINE-YEAR COMPULSORY EDUCATION The current 12-year school system is the result of many reforms and adjustments after the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976). The 10-year system (5+5) was in place from the early 1960s to the early 1980s, although some areas adopted a shortened nine-year curriculum (5+4) during the Cultural Revolution.

In 1978, the Ministry of Education formulated the national curriculum and syllabuses for 10 years of primary and secondary education, with standard textbooks published in the next two years. Students attended school for five and a half to six days a week under the 10-year system.

The transition to the 12-year system (6+6) took place in the early to mid-1980s, marked by the publication of the national curriculum for key secondary schools (six years) in 1981 and the national curriculum for primary schools (six years) in 1984. Many students who graduated in the transitional period of the 1980s went through an 11-year system (5+6).

The Compulsory Education Law, passed in 1986, stipulates that each child should have nine years of combined primary and junior secondary education. In the same year, the Ministry of Education developed a new national primary and junior secondary curriculum and course syllabuses for the 12-year system, with standard textbooks published soon after.

Since 1985, the Ministry of Education has been changing its role with regard to the compilation and writing of textbooks and teaching materials. It still prepares the national curriculum and syllabuses of compulsory courses, but no longer produces standard textbooks. Instead, it encourages the compilation of different textbooks based on the national curriculum and syllabuses. A national textbook review committee has been established to evaluate and approve primary and secondary school textbooks for use all across the country. Provincial committees evaluate and approve textbooks for use within a province.

Table 6. Curriculum, Syllabus, and Textbook

National Curriculum National Syllabuses for Compulsory Subjects National Textbooks Provincial Textbooks

The current national compulsory education curriculum was drafted in 1988, published in 1992, revised in 1994 and 2011. By 2015, nine-year compulsory education reached 100 per cent of the population. The majority of schools follow the 6+3 pattern – six years at the primary level and three years at the junior secondary level – although the 5+4 pattern still exists. A growing number of nine- year schools (九年一贯制学校) have been established in an attempt to provide a more streamlined compulsory education program. Children start school at six (seven in some areas). The language of instruction is Mandarin Chinese. Schools that mainly recruit ethnic minority students may use

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their vernacular as the language of instruction. The school year has two semesters and runs from early September to mid-July. Students attend class five days a week, a reduction from five and a half to six days after the adoption of the five-day week in all primary and secondary schools in fall 1995. One class hour is 40 minutes for primary students and 45 minutes for junior secondary students.

Table 7. Primary and Junior Secondary School Year, 19925

Weeks Comments Content Primary Junior Classroom teaching is reduced by two Secondary weeks and graduation review and Classroom Teaching 34 34 examination increased by two weeks in School Activities 1 1 the second semester of the last year of Social Activities 1 1 junior secondary school. Final Review and 2 3 Examination Reserve 1 1 13 12 Including winter and summer vacations, Vacation public holidays, and agricultural holidays.

Total 52 52

Close to 100 per cent of full-time primary school teachers have graduated from at least a secondary teachers school (中等师范学校), the minimum requirement set by the Teachers Law.

In the 1992 curriculum, primary school education included nine compulsory courses, with foreign language offered as an elective course.

5 Source: State Education Commission: Nine-Year Compulsory Education Full-time Primary and Junior Secondary School Curriculum (Provisional) 18

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Table 8. Compulsory Courses for Primary Schools, 19926

Subject 学科 Description Students learn about social morality and general politics, with a Ideology 思想品德 focus on “five loves”: love for the motherland, people, labour, and Morality science and socialism. Students learn 2,500 common Chinese characters, Mandarin Chinese 语文 Chinese and the pinyin (Chinese Romanization) system, and the use of general dictionaries. Students learn the arithmetic of whole numbers, fractions, and decimals, basic geometric forms, simple algebraic formulas, the Mathematics 数学 abacus, logical and spatial thinking, and the application of mathematics to simple practical problems. Students acquire a basic understanding and knowledge of social Social phenomena and the history, geography, and society of China and 社会 Studies the world, learn to observe and adapt to social life, and are educated in patriotism and the law. Students study common natural objects and phenomena and understand how humans use, transform, protect and explore Nature 自然 Nature. They learn to make scientific observations, apply science to practical use, and reject superstitions. Students acquire basic knowledge of physical education, hygiene, Physical and healthcare, develop skills in physical education, cultivate habits 体育 Education of exercise and hygiene, and are trained in discipline, unity, and endurance. Students learn Chinese musical masterpieces, gain some exposure Music 音乐 to music of other countries, and acquire basic knowledge of musical theory and performance. Students are exposed to excellent examples of fine art from China Fine Art 美术 and other countries and acquire basic knowledge and skills of fine art. Students acquire basic knowledge and skills of labour through self- Labour 劳动 serving labour, housework, community service and simple productive labour.

Because of universal compulsory education, graduation from primary school does not lead to a legitimate exit credential, and many primary schools no longer issue graduation certificates. After completing primary school, students have several options in gaining entry to junior secondary school:  The majority get into public schools based on a combination of proximity and computer lottery.  Some students sit entrance examinations to compete for limited spots at reputable private schools.  Some high performing students are nominated by their primary schools for entry to high-ranking public schools.  A small number of students gifted in art, sports, and so on may gain direct entry into specialized schools.

Junior secondary education lasts three or four years following primary school. The

6 Source: State Education Commission: Nine-Year Compulsory Education Full-time Primary and Junior Secondary School Curriculum (Provisional). 19

Classification: Public

national curriculum of 1992 prescribed 13 compulsory courses while allowing a small number of additional courses to be designed by provinces or major cities to meet local needs. To receive a certificate of graduation, students must pass the graduation examination and meet minimum physical education standards. The graduation examination, designed and administered by local educational authorities according to provincial guidelines, may cover some or all of the nine core subjects:  Chinese  mathematics  foreign language  physics  chemistry  politics (or ideology and moral education)  history  biology  geography

Most provinces have combined junior secondary graduation examination and senior secondary entrance examination into one.

The majority (98 per cent in 2008) of full-time junior secondary school teachers have met the minimum requirement set by the Teachers Law, holding zhuanke qualifications, often from teachers’ junior colleges (高等师范专科学校).

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Table 9. Compulsory Courses for Junior Secondary Schools, 1992 Subject 学科 Description Students study the principles of socialist morality, the rights and responsibilities Ideology 思想政 of citizenship, conditions of the country, and the construction of socialism with and Politics 治 Chinese characteristics. They are to develop a belief in socialism and in the leadership of the Chinese Communist Party. Students learn the basics of modern Chinese and a little bit of ancient Chinese, enlarge their vocabulary, become proficient in the use of dictionaries and Chinese 语文 references, improve language skills through listening, speaking, reading and writing, and develop observation and thinking abilities. Students acquire basic knowledge and skills of algebra and plane geometry, Mathematics 数学 study rudimentary statistics and spatial forms and improve their computing, logical and spatial thinking and problem solving abilities. A school may offer a foreign language (for example, English, Russian or Japanese) at Level I or Level II. Level I includes two years in which students Foreign 外语 learn basic skills in listening, speaking, reading and writing. Level II comprises Language Level I plus one year (or two years in the 5+4 pattern) that prepares students for further study. Students study the history of China (including their local region) and the world, History 历史 with a focus on the major events and key figures in modern and contemporary China. Students study the basic geography of the world and China (including their local region), learn to use maps and geographical charts and understand the Geography 地理 relationship between human activity and geographical environment as well as China’s national policy on demographics, natural resources and the environment. Through observation and experiments, students acquire basic knowledge of mechanics, thermal dynamics, electricity and optics and understand their Physics 物理 essential applications. Emphasis is put on fostering scientific attitudes and developing the ability to observe, experiment and solve simple practical problems. Through observation and experiments, students learn the basic concepts and theories of chemistry and become familiar with a few important common Chemistry 化学 chemical elements and their compounds. Emphasis is put on fostering scientific attitudes and developing the ability to observe, experiment and solve simple practical problems. Through observation and experiments, students learn the structure, physiology and classification of plants, bacteria, fungi, viruses, and animals, and acquire basic knowledge of genetics, evolution, and ecology and basic understanding of Biology 生物 the human body with relation to its form, structure, physiological functions, as well as hygiene and healthcare issues. Emphasis is put on fostering scientific attitudes and developing the ability to observe, experiment and solve simple practical problems. Students improve their knowledge and skills of basic physical education, Physical 体育 hygiene and healthcare, cultivate habits of regular exercise and are trained in Education discipline, cooperation, competition and endurance. Students continue to study Chinese musical masterpieces and some music from Music 音乐 other countries, learn basic musical theory and skills, and develop the ability to understand, perform and appreciate music. Students continue to study excellent works of arts of China and other countries, Fine Arts 美术 acquire basic knowledge and skills of fine art and improve their ability to observe, appreciate and produce fine art. Labour 劳动技 Students acquire knowledge and skills in service-oriented labour, industrial and Skills 术 agricultural production and certain professions.

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Table 9 shows courses and instructional hours based on the 1992 curriculum for compulsory education (6+3 pattern). The 5+4 pattern would have 10,366 instead of 10,162 total hours, since a junior secondary school year had a slightly higher course load than a primary school year. The curriculum was published in 1992 and implemented (along with syllabuses and approved national textbooks) across the country for first-year primary school students in 1993. The time for implementing the curriculum for first-year junior secondary students varied by province.

Table 10. Primary and Junior Secondary Subjects and Hours (6+3), 19927

Weekly Hours Period Total Hours Junior Primary Subject Secondary Junior 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 Primary Total Secondary Ideology & Morality 1 1 1 1 1 1 204 404 Ideology & Politics 2 2 2 200 Chinese 10 10 9 8 7 7 6 6 5 1734 568 2302 Mathematics 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 986 500 1486 Foreign I 4 4 272 272 Language II (4) (4) (4) (400) (400) Social Studies 2 2 2 204 History 2 3 2 234 608 Geography 3 2 170 Nature 1 1 1 1 2 2 272 Physics 2 3 164 702 Chemistry 3 96 Biology 3 2 170 Physical Education 2 2 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 544 300 844 Music 3 3 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 476 100 576 Fine Art 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 408 100 508 Labour 1 1 1 1 136 336 Labour Skills 2 2 2 200 Weekly Class 23 24 24 25 25 25 32 33 27 4964 3074 8038 Hours* Morning Meeting 10 minutes per day Team Activities 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 204 100 304 Physical Exercise 4 4 4 4 4 4 3 3 3 816 300 1116 Scientific & Cultural Activities Weekly Activity 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 1020 400 1420 Hours Local Courses 2 2 3 3 3 3 5 544 166 704 Total Weekly Hours 30 31 32 33 33 33 36 37 36 6528 3634 10162

7 Weekly class hours are calculated for schools that only offer level I foreign language. If Level II foreign language is offered, local courses will be reduced from five to one hour per week in year three of junior secondary school. 22

Classification: Public

In 1994, the Ministry of Education revised the compulsory education curriculum in anticipation of the implementation in 1995 of the five-day, 40-hour workweek across the country. School time was reduced by one half-day each week, with primary and junior secondary schools having maximum class hours of 26 and 29 and maximum total hours of 30 and 33 respectively.

Table 11. Primary and Junior Secondary School Subjects and Hours (6+3), 1994

Weekly Hours Junior Total Hours Primary Period Secondary Junior 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 Primary Total Subject Secondary Ideology & Morality 1 1 1 1 1 1 204 404 Ideology & Politics 2 2 2 200 Chinese 9 9 9 8 7 7 6 5 5 1666 534 2200 Mathematics 4 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 4 986 468 1454 Foreign I 3 3 204 204 Language II (4) (4) (4) (400) (400) Social Studies 2 2 2 204 557 History 2 2 2 200 Geography 2.5 2 153 Nature 1 1 1 1 2 2 272 685 Physics 2 3 164 Chemistry 3 96 Biology 2.5 2 153 Physical Education 2 2 3 3 3 3 2 2 2 544 200 744 Music 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 408 100 508 Fine Art 2 2 2 2 2 2 1 1 1 408 100 508 Manual Work 1 1 1 1 136 136 Work Skills 2 2 2 200 200 Weekly Class 21 22 24 25 25 25 29 29 25 4828 2772 7600 Hours Morning Meeting 10 minutes per day Team Activities 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 204 100 304 Physical Exercise 4 4 3 2 2 2 2 2 2 578 200 778 Scientific & Cultural Activities Weekly Activity 5 5 4 3 3 3 3 3 3 782 300 1082 Hours Local Courses 1 1 2 2 2 2 1 1 5 544 166 704 Total Weekly 27 28 30 30 30 30 33 33 33 5950 3300 9250 Hours

Provincial educational authorities may adjust the national curriculum to better suit local needs, especially by designing and offering local courses, briefing the Ministry of Education about the adjustments. The authorities then implement the adjusted curriculum across the province. Due to limited resources, some primary schools in rural areas have difficulty adhering to the national curriculum. They may reduce the number of courses offered to four (Chinese, mathematics, ideology and morality, and nature) or even two (Chinese and mathematics). In 2001, the Ministry of Education updated national guidelines for compulsory

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education subjects and hours. At the junior secondary level, students may take either an integrated science course or individual science courses (physics, chemistry and biology). Foreign language (typically English) begins at Grade three at primary schools with the requisite resources.

Table 12. Compulsory Education Subjects and Hours, 20018

Grade Percentage Subjects 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 of Class Hours Morality and Life Morality and Society Ideology and Morality 7-9% History and Society 3-4% (or choose History and Geography) Science Science (or choose Physics, 7-9% Chemistry and Biology) Chinese 20-22% Mathematics 13-15% Foreign Language 6-8% Physical Education Physical Education and 10-11% Health Art (or choose Music and Fine Art) 9-11% Comprehensive Practice 16-20% Local and School Subjects Weekly 26 30 34 274 Hours Annual 910 1050 1190 1122 9522 Hours

8 Source: Ministry of Education, 2001. 24

Classification: Public

GENERAL SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION

ADMISSIONS Junior secondary graduates must pass entrance examinations to continue their study at the senior secondary level. The format of the entrance examinations varies by province and time. In general, admission to general or academic senior secondary schools is more competitive than to specialized or vocational schools.

For many years, junior secondary graduates were admitted to general senior secondary schools based on entrance examinations designed and administered by provincial educational authorities. These examinations typically included the same subjects as the junior secondary graduation examination.

In 2004, the Ministry of Education initiated a reform in about 30 cities, counties and districts to have a combined evaluation process for both junior secondary graduation and senior secondary admission. Most provinces have now combined junior secondary graduation examination and senior secondary entrance examination into one. A guideline published by the Ministry of Education in September 2016 called on the provinces to restructure their junior secondary graduation examinations into the Junior Secondary Academic Proficiency Test (初 中学业水平考试) by 2020. Admission to senior secondary school will then be based on the provincial junior secondary APT and a comprehensive assessment.

Currently more than 40 per cent of junior secondary graduates go on to attend general senior secondary schools. In 2015, close to 100 per cent of senior secondary teachers (compared with 75 per cent in 2003) held qualifications at or above the benke level, the minimum requirement set by the Teachers Law.

CURRICULUM CHANGES BEFORE 2004

Senior secondary education has undergone many changes and adjustments since the late 1970s. In the national curriculum of 1978, senior secondary education lasted two years in the ten-year school system (5+3+2). In the early to mid-1980s, with the transition to the 12-year school system, senior secondary education lasted either two or three years, following the two versions of the 1981 national curriculum. The six-year curriculum for key secondary schools (3+3) published by the Ministry of Education in 1981 provided the option to divide senior secondary students into the two tracks or streams of arts and humanities (文) and science (理), starting in year two. Most senior secondary schools implemented this six-year curriculum in varying degrees. In 1981, the Ministry of Education also published a revised curriculum for five-year (3+2) secondary schools.

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Table 13. Senior Secondary Curriculum Changes

Curriculum 教学(课程)计划 Published Effective Ten-Year Primary and Secondary 1978 1978- 全日制十年制中小学教学计划试行草案 School Curriculum (Draft) 1990 Six-Year Key Secondary School 1981 1981- 全日制六年制重点中学教学计划 Curriculum 1990 Five-Year Secondary School 1981 1981- 全日制五年制中学教学计划试行草案 Curriculum (Draft) 9 1990 Reform of the Current General 1990 1990- Senior Secondary School 现行普通高中教学计划的调整意见 2000~2002 Curriculum General Senior Secondary School 1996 1997- 全日制普通高级中学课程计划(试验) Curriculum (Trial Version) 10 1999 General Senior Secondary School 2000 2000~2002 全日制普通高级中学课程计划(试验修订 Curriculum (Revised Trial 稿 - Version) 2 ) General Senior Secondary School 2003 2004- 普通高中课程方案(实验) Curriculum (Experimental) 11

Table 14. Six-Year Key Secondary School Curriculum, Two Tracks, 1981

Period Junior Secondary Senior Secondary Total Class Year Year Year Year Year 212 Year 3 Hours Subjects 1 2 3 1 I II I II I II Politics 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 384 384 Chinese 6 6 6 5 7 4 8 4 1208 1000 Mathematics 5 6 6 5 3 6 3 6 906 1086 Foreign Language 5 5 5 5 5 5 3 4 904 932 Physics 2 3 4 4 5 292 560 Chemistry 3 3 3 4 4 288 432 History 3 2 3 3 350 266 Geography 3 2 2 2 3 318 234 Biology 2 2 2 2 200 192 Human Physiology and 2 64 64 Hygiene Physical Education 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 384 384 Music 1 1 1 100 100 Fine Art 1 1 1 100 100 Weekly Class Hours 30 31 31 29 26 29 24 29 5498 5734 Labour Skills 2 weeks per year 4 weeks per year

9 This is a revised version of the secondary section of the 1978 curriculum. 10 In 1997, a few provinces piloted the 1996 curriculum. Ten provinces adopted the revised 2000 curriculum in 2000, 25 provinces in 2001 and the whole country in 2002. 11 Initially, four provinces implemented it in September 2004: Guangdong, Shandong, Ningxia and Hainan. 12 Starting in year two of senior secondary school, students choose one of two tracks: (I) preparation for further education in arts and humanities and (II) preparation for further education in science. 26

Classification: Public

Table 15. Six-Year Key Secondary School Curriculum, 1981

Weekly Class Hours Total Period Junior Secondary Senior Secondary Class

Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Hours Subject Politics 2 2 2 2 2 2 384 Chinese 6 6 6 5 4 4 1000 Mathematics 5 6 6 5 5 5 1026 Foreign Language 5 5 5 5 5 4 932 Physics 2 3 4 3 4 500 Chemistry 3 3 3 3 372 History 3 2 3 266 Geography 3 2 2 234 Biology 2 2 2 192 Human Physiology 2 64 and Hygiene Physical Education 2 2 2 2 2 2 384 Music 1 1 1 100 Fine Art 1 1 1 100 Weekly Class 30 31 31 29 26 26 5554 Hours Electives 4 4 240 Labour Skills 2 weeks per year 4 weeks per year 576

Table 16. Five-Year Secondary School Curriculum (Revised Version), 1981

Period Weekly Class hours Total Junior Secondary Senior Secondary Class Subject Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 1 Year 2 Hours Politics 2 2 2 2 2 320 Chinese 6 6 6 5 4 872 Mathematics 5 6 6 6 6 926 Foreign Language 5 5 5 4 5 800 Physics 2 3 5 5 432 Chemistry 3 3 4 304 History 3 2 2 234 Geography 3 2 2 234 Biology 2 2 2 192 Human Physiology 2 64 and Hygiene Physical Education 2 2 2 2 2 320 Music 1 1 1 100 Fine Art 1 1 1 100 Weekly Class 30 31 31 31 30 4898 Hours Labour Skills 2 weeks per year 4 weeks per year

In 1990, the State Education Commission, recognizing that most schools had not been able to fully implement the 1981 six-year key secondary curriculum, published a revision that was more flexible and better suited to ordinary schools. The revised curriculum accommodated the provincial graduation examination, which was introduced in the same year.

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In the 1990 curriculum, of the 11 compulsory courses:  five (politics, Chinese, mathematics, physical education, and labour skills) must be taken in all three years;  four (foreign language, physics, chemistry, and history) in the first two years; and  two (biology and geography) in year one or year two

The curriculum also introduced two types of electives:  single-subject electives (offered in the first two years)  electives based on the different tracks chosen by the students (offered in year three)

Year three electives typically included:  physics, chemistry, and foreign language for the science track  history, geography, and foreign language for the arts and humanities track  additional courses in labour skills for the employment track

Table 17. General Senior Secondary School Year, 199013

Weeks Comments Content Years 1 and Year 3 2 Classroom Teaching 34 24 Each week has 5.5 school days Labour Skills 4 4 and a total of 36 to 38 school Final Review and Examination 2 12 hours. Each school hour is 45 Reserve 1-2 1-2 minutes. 10-11 10-11 Including winter and summer Vacation vacations, public holidays and agricultural holidays. Total 52 52

13 Source: State Education Commission, 1990 28

Classification: Public

Table 18. General Senior Secondary School Curriculum, 199014

Weekly Class Hours Total Period Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Class Subject Hours Politics 政治 2 2 2 184 Chinese 语文 4 4 5 392 Mathematics 数学 5 4 5 426 Foreign Language 外语 5 4 306 Physics 物理 3 3 204 Chemistry 化学 3 3 204 Biology 生物 3 102 History 历史 2 2 136 Geography 地理 3 102 Physical Education 体育 2 2 2 184 Total Weekly Hours 29 27 14 2240 for Compulsory Courses Labour Skills 劳动技术 4 weeks per year 432 Social Practice 2 weeks per year (included in labour skills, after class activities or 社会时间活动 regular course hours) Electives 3 4 16 After Class Activities 6 (3 physical 6 (3 physical 6 (3 physical exercise & 3 exercise & 3 exercise & 3 others) others) others) Total Weekly Hours 38 37 36

In March 1996, the State Education Commission published a three-year senior secondary curriculum that was fully integrated with the nine-year compulsory education curriculum of 1994. The 1996 curriculum and accompanying syllabuses and textbooks began to be adopted in September 1997.

The total number of school hours (class hours plus activities) per week was reduced to 33, since students attended school for five instead of five and a half days starting in fall 1995. The 12 compulsory subjects are:  ideology and politics  Chinese  mathematics  foreign language (for example, English, Russian, Japanese)  physics  chemistry  biology  history  geography  physical education  arts  labour skills

14 Source: State Education Commission, 1990 29

Classification: Public

Students can take arts either as a single course or as two separate courses (music and fine art). Nine of the 12 compulsory subjects (excluding ideology and politics, physical education, and arts) have restrictive elective components (限定选修). With their teachers’ guidance, students choose elective components based on their plans for further education or employment. Schools may also offer a number of optional courses (任意选修), such as:  vocational training  population education  environmental education  national defence education

Table 19. Senior Secondary School Year, 199615

Content Weeks Comments Years 1 and Year 3 Each week has 5 school days and a total 2 of 33 school hours. Each school hour is Classroom 35 26 45 minutes. Teaching Labour Skills 1 Social Practice 2 2 Final Review and 2 12 Examination Reserve 1-2 1-2 Vacation 10-11 10-11 Including winter and summer vacations, public holidays and agricultural holidays. Total 52 52

15 Source: State Education Commission, 1996. 30

Classification: Public

Table 20. Senior Secondary School Curriculum, 1996

Hours Accumulated Total Class Hours17 Total Subject Weekly Class Compulsory/Elective Class Hours16 Hours Ideology and Politics 思想政治 6 192 192 Chinese Compulsory 8 280 332- 语文 Elective 2-4 52-104 384 Mathematics Compulsory 8 280 332- 数学 Elective 2-4 52-104 384 Foreign Language Compulsory 7 245 297- 外语 Elective 2-4 52-104 349 Physics Compulsory 4.5 158 158- 物理 Elective 5 148 306 Chemistry Compulsory 4 140 140- 化学 Elective 4 113 253 Biology Compulsory 3 105 105- 生物 Elective 3 78 183 History Compulsory 3 105 105- 历史 Elective 5 148 253 Geography Compulsory 3 105 105- 地理 Elective 3 87 192 Physical Education 体育 6 192 192 Arts Music 音乐 2 70 70 艺术 Fine Art 美术 Labour Skills18 Compulsory 4 122 122- 劳动技术 Elective 9 234 356 Optional 任意选修 9.5-16.5 288-497 288- 497 School Activities 9 Scientific and Cultural Activities 315 Morning Breaks 0.5 hour per day Social Practice 2 weeks per year, totalling 6 weeks for the 3-year period 社会实践活动

16 “Accumulated Weekly Class Hours” refers to the total number of weekly class hours over three years. For example, “Ideology and Politics” has two weekly class hours every year, amounting to six accumulated weekly class hours in total. The total number of class hours = (35+35+26) x 2 = 192 17 “Total Class Hours” is calculated according to the sample course schedule. A different course schedule based on the national curriculum may yield slightly different total hours. 18 The compulsory component of labour skills may also be taught for two whole weeks (one week in year one and another in year two). 31

Classification: Public

The State Education Commission provided a sample course schedule for the 1996 curriculum, allowing the provinces and major cities to make minor adjustments. For example, the course schedule adopted in Tianjin, a centrally administered municipality, prescribed three instead of two and a half weekly class hours for the compulsory component of physics in year two. The State Education Commission also urged schools to promote computer education and offer computer courses either as part of labour skills or as a separate subject.

Table 21. Sample Course Schedule for Three Tracks Based on Senior Secondary School Curriculum, Ministry of Education, 1996

Period Weekly Hours Total Total Subject Yea Year 219 Year 3 Weekly Hours r 1 I II III I II III Hours Ideology and Politics 思想政 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 192 治 Compulsory 4 4 4 4 8 280 Chinese Elective 2 4 2 2-4 52- 语文 104 Compulsory 4 4 4 4 8 280 Mathematics Elective 2 2 4 2-4 52- 数学 104 Foreign Compulsory 4 3 3 3 7 245 Language Elective 2 4 4 2-4 52- 外语 104 Physics Compulsory 2 3/2 3/2 3/2 4.5 158 物理 Elective 2 3 5 148 Chemistry Compulsory 2 2 2 2 4 140 化学 Elective 1 3 4 113 Biology Compulsory 3 3 3 3 105 生物 Elective 3 3 78 History Compulsory 3 3 105 历史 Elective 2 3 5 148 Geography Compulsory 3 3 105 地理 Elective 1 2 3 87 Physical Education 体育 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 6 192 Music 音乐 Art 艺术 1 1 1 1 2 70 Fine Art 美术 Labour Skills Compulsory 1 Class Hour per Week 2 4 122 劳动技术 Elective 9 9 234 Optional Courses and 5 8.5 5.5 5.5 12 12 8 Activities Total Weekly Hours 33 33 33

19 Starting in year two, students may choose one of three tracks: (I) preparation for employment, (II) preparation for further education in arts and humanities (II), and (III) preparation for further education in science. 32

Classification: Public

In January 2000, the Ministry of Education published a revised curriculum, adopted by many provinces for their first-year senior secondary students in 2001 or 2002. Major changes from the 1996 curriculum included the addition of “information technology” as a compulsory subject and the replacement of “labour skills” with the multi-component “comprehensive practice”.

The Ministry of Education did not provide any sample course schedule for the 2000 curriculum. The provinces usually design provincial course schedules as guidelines for schools under their jurisdiction. The schools may also design their own course schedules, which must be approved by local educational authorities before being implemented. The 2000 curriculum underwent some minor adjustments in 2002 in anticipation of the 2003 rescheduling of Gaokao from July to June.

Table 22. Senior Secondary School Year, 2000

Content Weeks Comments Years 1 and Year 3 Each week has 5 school days and a 2 total of 33 school hours. Each school Classroom Teaching 35 26 hour is 45 minutes. Labour Skills 1 1 Social Practice 1 1 Final Review and 3 12 Examination Reserve 1-2 1-2 Vacation 10-11 10-11 Including winter and summer vacations, public holidays and agricultural holidays. Total 52 52

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Table 23. Senior Secondary School Curriculum, Ministry of Education, 200020

Hours Accumulated Total Class Total Class Subject Weekly Class Hours Hours Hours Compulsory / Elective Ideology and Politics 思想政治 6 192 192 Chinese 语文 Compulsory 12 384 384 Foreign Language 外语 Compulsory 12 384 384 Mathematics Compulsory 8 280 332-384 数学 Elective 2-4 52-104 Information Technology Compulsory 2 70 70-140 信息技术 Elective 2 70 Physics Compulsory 4.5 158 158-306 物理 Elective 5 148 Chemistry Compulsory 4 140 140-271 化学 Elective 4.5 131 Biology Compulsory 3 105 105-183 生物 Elective 3 78 History Compulsory 3 105 105-236 历史 Elective 4.5 131 Geography Compulsory 3 105 105-209 地理 Elective 4 104 Physical Education 体 Compulsory 6 192 192 育 Arts (Music and Fine Compulsory Art) 3 96 96 艺术 (音乐、美术) Research- Oriented 9 288 288 Study 研究性学习 Labour Skills 1 week per year 劳动技术教育 Compulsory Community Service Usually scheduled outside of school time 社区服务 Social 1 week per year Practice 社会

Comprehensive Practice 综合实践活动 实践 Regional or School Optional Courses 11-19 340-566 地方和学校选修课

20 Source: Ministry of Education, January 2000. 34

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Table 24. Sample Course Schedule for Two Tracks Based on Senior Secondary School Curriculum, Zhejiang Province, 200121

Weekly Class Hours Total Total Total Period Weekly Class Class Year 22 Year 3 Course Year 2 Class Hours Hours 1 I II I II Hours Ideology and Compulsory 2 2 2 2 2 6 192 192 Politics Chinese Compulsory 4 4 4 4 4 12 384 384 Foreign Compulsory 4 4 4 4 4 12 384 384 Language Compulsory 4 4 4 8 280 332- Mathematics Elective 2 4 2-4 52- 384 104 Information Compulsory 2 2 70 70-131 Technology Elective 1 1 1 1 2 61 Compulsory 2 3/2 3/2 4.5 158 158- Physics Elective 2 3 5 148 306 Compulsory 2 2 2 4 140 140- Chemistry Elective 2/1 3 4.5 131 271 Compulsory 3 3 3 105 105- Biology Elective 3 3 78 183 Compulsory 3 3 105 105- History Elective 2 3/2 4.5 135 240 Compulsory 3 3 105 105- Geography Elective 1 3 4 113 218 Physical Compulsory 2 2 2 2 2 6 192 192 Education Arts (Music Compulsory 1 1 1 1 1 3 96 96 and Fine Art) Research- 3 3 3 3 3 9 288 288 Oriented Study Work Skills 1 week per year Compulsory Community Usually scheduled outside of school time Service Social 1 week per year Practice Optional Courses for the 2 3/2 2 10/9 4 8-14 Region or School Total Weekly Hours 34 34 34 34 34

21 Source: Education Department of Zhejiang Province, 2001. 22 Starting in year two, students may choose one of two tracks: (I) preparation for further education in arts and humanities and (II) preparation for further education in science. 35

Classification: Public

CURRENT CURRICULUM In March 2003, the Ministry of Education published the General Senior Secondary School Curriculum (Experimental) and course standards for 15 core subjects:  Chinese 语文  English 英语  Japanese 日语  Russian 俄语  mathematics 数学  physics 物理  chemistry 化学  biology 生物  history 历史  geography 地理  technology 技术  arts 艺术  music 音乐  fine art 美术  physical education and health 体育与健康

In fall 2004, four provinces started using the new curriculum for their first-year senior secondary students (Grade 10). The original plan to have the curriculum adopted in all provinces, autonomous regions and centrally administered municipalities by 2007 was delayed. In fall 2012, Guangxi became the last provincial-level jurisdiction in the country to adopt the curriculum. All general senior secondary graduates from 2015 onward have been taught under the new curriculum.

Table 25. Implementation of 2004 Curriculum by Provincial Level Jurisdictions

Year Province, Autonomous Region or Centrally Administered Municipality 2004 Guangdong, Shandong, Ningxia, Hainan 2005 Jiangsu 2006 Tianjin, Liaoning, Zhejiang, Anhui, Fujian 2007 Beijing, Jilin, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi, Hunan 2008 Shanxi, Jiangxi, Henan, Xinjiang, Shanghai 2009 Hebei, Hubei, Inner Mongolia, Yunnan 2010 Sichuan, Chongqing, Gansu, Qinghai, Xizang 2012 Guangxi

Under the new national curriculum, senior secondary school remains three years. Each school year has 40 weeks of class, one week of social practice, and 11 weeks of vacation. Each semester comprises two 10-week sections: nine weeks of class and one week of review and examination.

The curriculum uses a credit system and organizes course content at three levels: study areas, subjects, and modules. A module is an instructional unit that usually has 36 class hours and can be completed in one 10-week section with four class

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hours per week. A module may also have only 18 class hours and can be completed in one 10-week section with two class hours per week. Students receive two credits after completing a regular 36-hour module or one credit after completing an 18-hour module.

Table 26. Senior Secondary School Curriculum (Experimental), Ministry of Education, 200323

Compulsory Elective Study Area Subject Credits Elective Credits 25 学习领域 科目 (116 in 24 Credits II Total) I Language and Chinese 语文 10 6 Literature Foreign Language 外语 10 语言与文学 Mathematics 数学 Mathematics 数学 10 Humanities and Ideology and Politics 思想政治 8 Society History 历史 6 人文与社会 6 Geography 地理 Physics 物理 6 Science 科学 Chemistry 化学 6 Biology 生物 6 Information Technology 信息技 4 Technology 技术 术 General Technology 通用技术 4 Arts 艺术 or 6 Arts 艺术 Music and Fine Art 音乐、美术 Physical Physical Education and Health 11 Education and 体育与健康 Health 体育与健康 Research-Oriented Study 15 Comprehensive 研究性学习活动 Practice Community Service 社区活动 2 综合时间活动 Social Practice 社会实践 6

Students take mostly compulsory courses in the first year and a combination of compulsory and elective courses in the next two years. To qualify for graduation, students must obtain a minimum of 144 credits, including 116 credits for compulsory courses and at least six credits for school-designed courses (elective credits II). This translates into a minimum of 2,592 (144×18) class hours for graduation from senior secondary school.

In Alberta, to qualify for a High School Diploma, a student must complete at least 100 credits over three years, with each credit representing 25 class hours. A minimum of 2,500 class hours are required for high school graduation.

23 Source: Ministry of Education, 2003. 24 Elective credits I: course modules designed for the compulsory subjects. 25 Elective credits II: course modules designed by individual schools based on local needs and student interest. 37

Classification: Public

Adoption of the 2004 curriculum has brought changes in related areas. Provincial senior secondary exit examinations have been restructured. Gaokao guidelines published each year by the Ministry of Education and provincial educational authorities reflect the implementation and provincial adaptations of the national curriculum. Such guidelines inform senior secondary students what elective modules to take in order to pursue their intended fields of study in college.

MATHEMATICS MODULES There are five compulsory course modules and four series of elective course modules and special topics.

Senior Secondary Mathematics Course Modules

E3-6 E4-10

E2-3 ......

E1-2 E2-2 E3-2 E4-2

E1-1 E2-1 E3-1 E4-1

C1 C2 C3 C4 C5

All students must take the five compulsory modules (C1 to C5) for a total of 10 credits in order to graduate. They may take elective modules and special topics based on their intended fields of study in college or personal interest.

Elective series one (E1-1, E1-2) is designed for students who want to study arts, humanities, and social sciences in college. Elective series two (E2-1 to E2-3) is designed for students who want to study science, engineering or economics in college. Elective series three (E3-1 to E-3-6) and four (E4-1 to E4-10) are designed for students who want to enhance their mathematical thinking and learning through special topics. Schools must offer elective series one and two and may choose to offer certain topics in elective series three and four based on their resources. Gaokao does not include topics in elective series three and four.

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Table 27. Recommended Module Selection of Senior Secondary Mathematics, Ministry of Education

Student Group Compulsory Elective Elective 2 Elective Elective 4 Total 1 3 credits Meeting minimum C1-C5 10 graduation requirements Arts and E1-1, 2 topics 16 humanities track E1-2 Arts and E1-1, 2 topics 4 topics 20 humanities track E1-2 with interest in mathematics Science track E2-1, 2 topics 2 topics 20 E2-2, E2-3 Science track with E2-1, 2 topics 6 topics 24 interest in E2-2, E2-3 mathematics

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Table 28. Senior Secondary Mathematics Course Content

Module/Topic Credits Content Class Hours C-1 2 Set 4 Concept of function and basic elementary functions I 32 (exponential function, logarithmic function, power function) C-2 2 Introduction to solid geometry 18 Introduction to plane analytic geometry 18 C-3 2 Introduction to algorithms 12 Statistics 16 Probability 8 C-4 2 Basic elementary functions II (trigonometric functions) 16 Planar vector 12 Trigonometric identical transformation 8 C-5 2 Solving triangles 8 Number series 12 Inequation 16 E1-1 2 Commonly used logic terminology 8 Conic sections and equations 12 Derivative and its applications 16 E1-2 2 Statistics case studies 14 Inference and proof 10 Extension of number system and introduction of 4 complex numbers Block diagrams 6 E2-1 2 Commonly used logic terminology 8 Conic sections and equations 16 Vector space and solid geometry 12 E2-2 2 Derivative and its application 24 Inference and proof 8 Extension of number system and introduction of 4 complex numbers E2-3 2 Enumeration principle 14 Statistics case studies, probability 22 E3-1 1 Selected topics in the history of mathematics 18 E3-2 1 Information security and encryption 18 E3-3 1 Spherical geometry 18 E3-4 1 Symmetry and groups 18 E3-5 1 Euler’s formula and the classification of closed 18 surfaces E3-6 1 Angle trisection and the extension of number fields 18 E4-1 1 Selected topics in geometric proof 18 E4-2 1 Matrix and transformation 18 E4-3 1 Sequence and difference 18 E4-4 1 Coordinate system and parametric equations 18 E4-5 1 Selected topics in inequation 18 E4-6 1 Introduction to elementary number theory 18 E4-7 1 Optimum seeking methods and introduction to 18 experimental design E4-8 1 Overall planning and introduction to graph theory 18 E4-9 1 Risk and decision making 18 E4-10 1 Switch circuits and Boolean algebra 18

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PHYSICS MODULES There are two compulsory modules and three series of elective modules. Senior Secondary Physics Course Modules

E3-5

E3-4

E2-3 E3-3

E1-2 E2-2 E3-2

E1-1 E2-1 E3-1

C1 C2

All students must take the two compulsory modules (C1 and C2) and one elective module (E1-1, E2-1 or E3-1) for a total of six credits in order to graduate. They may take additional elective modules based on their intended fields of study in college or personal interest.

Elective series one (E1-1, E1-2) focuses on the interaction between physics and society. Elective series two (E2-1 to E2-3) focuses on the technology and application of physics. Elective series three (E3-1 to E3-5) takes a comprehensive and in-depth approach to content knowledge, ideology and methodology of physics, its technological application and its influence on society and economy.

The national physics curriculum does not provide recommended module selection patterns for different student groups. Some provinces require students to take certain elective modules based on their intended fields of study in college, for example:

Table 29. Typical Module Selection of Senior Secondary Physics

Student Group Compulsory Elective Elective Elective 3 Total Hours 1 2 credits Meeting minimum C1, C2 E1-1 or E2-1 or E3-1 6 108 graduation requirements Arts and humanities E1-1, 8 144 track E1-2 Science track E3-1, E3-2, 14 252 E3-3, E3-4, E3-5 Science track with E2-1, 10 180 interest in E2-2, engineering and E2-3 technology

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Table 30. Senior Secondary Physics Course Content

Module Hours Credits Content C1 36 2 Description of motion, interaction and principles of motion C2 36 2 Mechanical energy and energy sources, projectile motion and circular motion, achievements and limitations of classical mechanics E1-1 36 2 Phenomena and principles of electromagnetism, electromagnetic technology and social development, household appliances in everyday life E1-2 36 2 Phenomena and principles of heat, heat and life, energy sources and social development E2-1 36 2 Electric circuits and electrotechnics, electromagnetic waves and information technology E2-2 36 2 Force and machinery, heat and heat engine E2-3 36 2 Light and optical equipment, atomic structure and nuclear technology E3-1 36 2 Electric field, electric circuit, magnetic field E3-2 36 2 Electromagnetic induction, alternate current, sensor E3-3 36 2 Kinetic-molecular theory and statistical treatment, solid, liquid, and gas, thermodynamic laws and conservation of energy, energy sources and sustainable development E3-4 36 2 Mechanical vibration and mechanical wave, electromagnetic vibration and electromagnetic wave, light, theory of relativity E3-5 36 2 Collision and conservation of momentum, atomic structure, atomic nucleus, wave-particle duality

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CHEMISTRY MODULES

There are two compulsory modules and six elective modules. Senior Secondary Chemistry Course Modules

E1 E2 E3 E4 E5 E6

C1 C2

All students must take the two compulsory modules (C1 and C2) and one of the elective modules for a total of six credits in order to graduate.

Students who want to study science and engineering in college take an additional elective module for a total of eight credits. Those who want to study chemistry and related disciplines in college may take more elective modules for up to 12 credits in total.

Table 31. Senior Secondary Chemistry Course Content

Module Hours Credits Content C1 36 2 Understanding chemistry, basic chemical experiments, common inorganic compounds and their applications C2 36 2 Basic structure of matter, chemical reactions and energy, chemistry and sustainable development E1 36 2 Chemistry and life  chemistry and health  materials in everyday life  chemistry and environmental protection E2 36 2 Chemistry and technology  chemistry and resource development  chemistry and manufacture and use of materials  chemistry and industrial and agricultural production E3 36 2 Structure and properties of matter  atomic structure and properties of elements  chemical bond and properties of matter  intermolecular force and properties of matter  value of research into the structure of matter E4 36 2 Principles of chemical reactions  chemical reactions and energy  chemical reaction rate and chemical equilibrium  ionic equilibrium in solutions E5 36 2 Basic organic chemistry  composition and structure of organic compounds  properties and applications of hydrocarbons and their derivatives  carbohydrates, amino acids and proteins  synthetic high polymers E6 36 2 Experimental chemistry  basic chemical experiments  exploring chemical experiments

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BIOLOGY MODULES There are three compulsory modules and three elective modules. Senior Secondary Biology Course Modules

E1 E2 E3

C1 C2 C3

All students must take the three compulsory modules for a total of six credits in order to graduate. Students may take elective modules based on their intended fields of study in college or personal interest.

Table 32. Senior Secondary Biology Course Content Module Hours Credits Content C1 36 2 Molecules and cells  molecular composition of cells  structure of cells  metabolism of cells  multiplication of cells  differentiation, aging and death of cells C2 36 2 Heredity and evolution  cellular basis of heredity  molecular basis of heredity  basic principles of heredity  mutation of organisms  human hereditary diseases  evolution of organisms C3 36 2 Steady state and environment  hormone adjustment of plants  hormone adjustment of animals  internal environment and steady state of the human body  population and community  protection of ecological environment E1 36 2 Practice of biotechnology  use of microorganisms  application of enzymes  biotechnology in food processing  other applications of biotechnology E2 36 2 Biological science and society  biological science and agriculture  biological science and industry  biological science and health  biological science and environmental protection E3 36 2 Topics in modern biological science and technology  genetic engineering  cloning technology  embryonic engineering  safety and ethics of biotechnology  ecological engineering

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Provincial educational authorities publish guidelines that meet or exceed the minimum requirements prescribed in the national curriculum. Provincial guidelines usually include different credit requirements for students based on their intended fields of study in college, elective course modules offered in the province, and recommended course schedules over the three years of senior secondary education.

The following tables feature the guidelines published by the Education Department of Zhejiang Province in 2006.

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Table 33. Senior Secondary Credit Requirements for Arts and Humanities (A) and Science (S) Tracks, Zhejiang Province, 2006

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Table 34. Senior Secondary Course Modules, Zhejiang Province, 2006

Study Subject C-Compulsory E-Elective I Area 科目 必修 选修 I 学习领域 A B C

Language Chinese C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 Selected Chinese: and 语文 Reading of Selected Analects of Reading of Other Literature Confucius Tang Poetry, electives 语言与文学 Foreign Song Verses, Fiction and Yuan Applied Songs Language and Contemporary Writing Chinese English C1 C2 C3 C4 E6 E7 Prose ： 英语 C5 English E8 E9 Mathematics Mathematics A C1 C2 C3 C4 C5 E1-1 E1-2 E3-1 E4-4 数学 数学 S E2-1 E2-2 E4-5 E2-3 Humanities Ideology A C1 C2 C3 C4 General Ideology and and Society and Knowledge in Politics: 人文与社会 Politics Economics General 思想政治 General Knowledge in Knowledge in Law Countries and General International Knowledge in Organizations Morals, Ethics S and History A C1 C2 C3 E4 Citizenship 历史 Commentaries History: on Chinese World Cultural and Foreign Relics Historical Important Figures Reforms in E3 War and History Peace in the Geography: 20th century Tourism S Geography Natural Geography A C1 C2 C3 E4 Urban and Disasters and 地理 Rural Their Planning Prevention E6 and Environmental Management Protection S

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Science Physics A C1 C2 E1-1 Physics: E1-2 科学 物理 S C1 C2 E3-1 E3-2 E3-4 E3-3 E3-5 Chemistry: E1 Chemistry A C1 C2 E2 化学 Choose one of the Biology: E1 following: E2 E1 Chemistry and Life E2 Chemistry and Technology S C1 C2 E4 Principles E5 Basics of of Chemical Organic Chemistry Reactions E6 Experimental Chemistry Biology A C1 C2 C3 生物 S E3 Technology Information Basics of Information 技术 Technology Information Technology: 信息技术 Technology (2 Applied credits) Network Choose one of the Technology following: Data Algorithm and Management Programming (1 Technology credit) Algorithm and Applied Multimedia Programming Technology (1 Applied credit) Multimedia General Technology and Technology Technology Design 1 General 通用技术 Technology and Technology: Design 2 Electronic Control Technology Household Technology

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Arts Music Understanding and 艺术 音乐 Enjoying Music (2 credits) Choose one of the following (1 credit each): Singing Playing Musical Instruments Composing Music and Dance Music and Drama Fine Art Understanding and 美术 Enjoying Fine Art (1 credit) Choose one of the following (2 credits each): Painting Sculpture Design Industrial Art Calligraphy Engraving Photography Computer Animation/Computer Design

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Physical Physical Choose one module Balls Education Education and each from the Gymnastics and Health Health following series: Track and 体育与健康 体育与健康 Health Education Field Track and Field Aquatics Choose one module Ethnic and from the following Folk Sports series: New Sports Gymnastics Ethnic and Folk Sports Choose eight modules from the following series: New Sports Aquatic Sports Track and Field Gymnastics Balls Ethnic and Folk Sports

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Table 35. Recommended Senior Secondary Weekly Hours, Zhejiang Province, 200626

1st Year 2nd Year 3rd Year

Semester

Subjects 1st semester 2nd semester 1st semester 2nd semester 1st semester 2nd semester Chinese 4 4 4 4 English 4 4 3 3 Mathematics A 4 4 3 3 S 4 4 4 4 Politics A 2 2 2 4 2 S 2 2 2 2 History A 3 3 2 2 S 3 3 Geography A 3 3 2 2 S 3 3 Physics A 2 2 2 S 2 2 4 4 Chemistry A 2 2 2 S 2 2 3 3 Biology A 3 3 S 3 3 2 Information Technology 2 2 General Technology 2 2 Fine Art 1 1 1 1 1 1 Music Physical Education and 2 2 2 2 2 1 Health Comprehens Research- ive Practice Oriented 3 3 3 3 3 Study Community 1 week per school year Service Social 10 or more days over three years Practice Subtotal 32 32 31 A29/S31 10 2

26 The recommended weekly hours only include compulsory and elective IA courses. Schools may design their schedule for other electives and preparation for the provincial senior secondary graduation examination and Gaokao but must ensure that students earn some credits in each of the study areas every school year. 51

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In 2007, the Beijing Education Committee published guidelines for the implementation of the national senior secondary curriculum. The following table lists the recommended elective module selections for some core academic courses.

Table 36. Elective Module Selection for General Senior Secondary Academic Subjects, Beijing, 2007

Intended Field of Arts, Humanities and Social Science and Engineering Study Sciences Subject Chinese 4 elective modules Mathematics E1-1, E1-2 E2-1, E2-2, E2-3, E4-1, E4- 4 Physics E1-1 E3-1, E3-2, E3-4, E3-5 Chemistry E1 E1, E4, E5 Biology E1, E3

PROVINCIAL EXIT EXAMINATIONS There have been two types of provincial senior secondary graduation examinations:  Huikao – formally introduced in 1990 and phased out in the mid- to late 2000s  Xuekao – first conducted in 2005 and implemented across the country since 2014

GENERAL SENIOR SECONDARY UNIFIED GRADUATION EXAMINATION (HUIKAO) In the 1980s, a few provincial level jurisdictions such as Zhejiang, Shanghai, Hainan, Yunnan and Hunan administered the General Senior Secondary Unified Graduation Examination (普通高中毕业会考) under the auspices of the Ministry of Education or State Education Commission. In 1990, the State Education Commission formally introduced Huikao. All provinces had implemented Huikao by 1993, and a national Huikao coordinating committee was established in 1995.

When Huikao was introduced, less than 10 per cent of senior secondary graduates could get into higher education. The idea was to have two separate examinations, one for graduation (Huikao) and one for further education (Gaokao). By passing Huikao, students demonstrated they fulfilled the requirements of all compulsory courses according to the national syllabuses. They must meet additional political- ideological and social practice requirements and physical education standards in order to receive the certificate of graduation from senior secondary school. Passing Huikao was a prerequisite to sitting Gaokao.

Designed and administered by the provincial educational authorities (and therefore known as the “provincial exam”), Huikao included ten major subjects:  Chinese  mathematics  foreign language  ideology and politics

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 physics  chemistry  biology  history  geography  information technology (added in 2003)

Students sat the examination at the conclusion of each subject. Chinese, mathematics and foreign language were taken in the third year, and history and geography in the first or second year. For major subjects, examination papers were marked in percentage grades (0-100) and reported in either the original grades or the four-level scale (A, B, C, D). Other subjects (physics experiment, chemistry experiment, biology experiment, physical education and so on) were usually reported in pass or fail. Examination guidelines varied by province. The following table outlines the examination guidelines applied in Beijing since 2001.

Table 37. Guidelines on General Senior Secondary Unified Graduation Examination, Beijing, 200127

Chinese, Mathematics, Foreign Language, Politics, Physics, Chemistry, Biology, Subjects History, Geography. Criteria Based on the national syllabuses for general senior secondary schools Grading Marked in percentage grades and reported in the four-level scale Time Twice a year: at the end of fall semester (January) and at the end of June 120 minutes for Chinese, Mathematics and Foreign Language Length 90 minutes for the other subjects Students enroled in general or vocational/specialized senior secondary schools Examinees and non-students General senior secondary students receive 北京市高中会考合格证书 (Beijing Senior Secondary Unified Examination Certificate) by passing all subjects. They receive 北京市普通高中毕业证书 (Beijing Certificate of Graduation from General Senior Secondary School) if they meet additional political-ideological and social practice requirements. Vocational/specialized senior secondary students receive 北京市高中会考合格证 书 –职业学校类 (Beijing Senior Secondary Unified Examination Certificate – Types of Vocational School Category) by passing Chinese, Mathematics, Foreign Certificates Language and at least four of the six other subjects. They also receive 北京市普 通高中同等学力证书 (Beijing Certificate of Comparable Educational Competence of General Senior Secondary School). Non-students receive 北京市高中会考合格证书 – 社 会 类 (Beijing Senior Secondary Unified Examination Certificate – Social Category) by passing all subjects. They also receive 北京市普通高中同等学力证书 (Beijing Certificate of Comparable Educational Competence of General Senior Secondary School).

Originally designed for students of general senior secondary schools, Huikao became available to students from specialized and vocational senior secondary

27 Source: Beijing Municipal Education Committee. “On Reforming Beijing’s Unified Senior Secondary Graduation Examination” (关于改革北京市普通高中毕业会考的意见), 2001.

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schools and non-students in many provinces, beginning in 2000. For those individuals, a Huikao pass certificate was considered a proof of general senior secondary equivalency.

In March 2000, the Ministry of Education announced that provinces may decide whether to abolish, continue or restructure Huikao. With the implementation of the 2004 curriculum, provinces have phased out Huikao and replaced it with a new provincial examination, Xuekao.

GENERAL SENIOR SECONDARY ACADEMIC PROFICIENCY TEST (XUEKAO)

The General Senior Secondary Academic Proficiency Test (普通高中学业水平考 试 or 普通高中学业水平测试) is a provincial examination based on the 2004 national senior secondary curriculum and course standards.

First introduced in 2005, Xuekao has been implemented in all 31 provinces and centrally administered municipalities since the end of 2015. The following table provides a timeline of Xuekao implementation in some of the provincial-level jurisdictions. In 2008, the national Huikao coordinating committee was renamed the national Xuekao coordinating committee.

Table 38. Introduction of Xuekao by Provincial Level Jurisdictions

Year Province, Autonomous Region or Centrally Administered Municipality 2007 Jiangsu, Tianjin 2008 Anhui, Beijing 2009 Hunan, Xinjiang, Guangdong, Heilongjiang, Shaanxi 2010 Shanghai, Yunnan, Henan 2011 Gansu, Jiangxi 2012 Liaoning, Chongqing, Shanxi, Sichuan, Qinghai, Hebei, Inner Mongolia 2013 Zhejiang, Guizhou 2014 Shandong 2015 Guangxi

From 2005 to 2014, as Xuekao gradually replaced Huikao across the country as the new provincial senior secondary exit examination, its format, content and grading scale varied by province. In most cases, Xuekao not only served as the minimum requirement for general senior secondary graduation but also affected higher education admission. The provinces decided the weightage assigned to Xuekao in higher education admission and whether to incorporate Xuekao results into total Gaokao marks or list them separately. In some provinces, Xuekao was considered complementary to Gaokao and therefore did not include all the compulsory subjects of senior secondary education.

The following examples, from Jiangsu, Jiangxi and Guangdong, illustrated provincial variations in Xuekao guidelines during this period.

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XUEKAO AND GAOKAO REGULATIONS, JIANGSU PROVINCE

Jiangsu implemented the new general senior secondary curriculum in 2005 and introduced Xuekao in 2007. The three main criteria in university admission included:  three Gaokao subjects – Chinese, mathematics and foreign language  seven Xuekao subjects – politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry, biology and technology (general technology and information technology)  comprehensive evaluation

Among the seven Xuekao subjects, most students must choose two as electives – one from history and physics and one from politics, geography, chemistry, and biology – with the remaining five being compulsory subjects. Since grades of elective subjects carry more weight than those of compulsory subjects for the purpose of university admission, students choose between physics and history based on their intended fields of study (physics for science track and history for arts and humanities track). In addition, they choose another subject in which they expect to achieve relatively high grades (for example, chemistry for science track and geography for arts and humanities track).

Table 39. Gaokao Subjects: Chinese, Mathematics, and Foreign Language, Zhejiang Province, 2007

Subject Maximum Marks Additional Marks Chinese 160 40 - for those who choose history as one of the two elective subjects in Xuekao Mathematics 160 40 - for those who choose physics as one of the two elective subjects in Xuekao Foreign Language 120 N/A (English, Russian, Japanese, French, German, or Spanish) Total 440+40 Note: Students seeking admission to art (e.g. music, fine art, dance, drama) or sports programs do not have to choose any elective subject in Xuekao; their maximum Gaokao marks are 440.

Compulsory subject examinations last 75 minutes and are conducted in the second semester of year two (Grade 11) and year three (Grade 12). They cover the compulsory components of the subjects, namely three modules worth six credits (108 class hours) for physics, chemistry and biology. Elective subject exams last 100 minutes and are conducted in the second semester of year three. They cover both the compulsory and elective components of the subjects, namely six modules worth 12 credits (216 class hours) for physics and five modules worth ten credits (180 class hours) for chemistry, biology, geography and history.

Technology is always a compulsory subject and is graded as pass or fail. The other six subjects are awarded letter grades, with different grading scales for compulsory and elective subjects.

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Table 40. Xuekao Grading Scale, Jiangsu Province, 200728

Compulsory Subject Elective Subjects Letter Grade Marks Letter Grade Marks A 90-100% A+ Top 5% of candidates B 75-89% A Next 15% of candidates C 60-74% B+ Next 10% of candidates D 0-59% B Next 20% of candidates C Next 40% of candidates D Bottom 10% of candidates

To be eligible for university admission, students must score C or higher in all the compulsory subjects and “pass” in technology. They must score B or higher in the two elective subjects to be admitted to benke programs. This requirement may be lowered in consideration of the overall performance of all candidates. In 2008, for example, students who scored 1B 1C in the elective subjects could apply to the second and third batches of benke institutions.

Students who score six A’s and one “pass” (in technology) at first attempt will have 10 bonus marks added to their overall Gaokao scores.

Xuekao results for compulsory subjects are valid for three years. Those for elective subjects are valid in the year the tests are taken.

School-conducted comprehensive evaluation covers the following six aspects: moral integrity, citizenship, learning ability, communication and cooperation, sports and health, aesthetics and representation. Students must receive “pass” in both moral integrity and citizenship to be eligible for university admission.

XUEKAO REGULATIONS, JIANGXI PROVINCE

Jiangxi implemented the new national curriculum in 2008 and introduced Xuekao for senior secondary students taught under the new curriculum in 2010.

Xuekao in Jiangxi includes ten subjects: Chinese, mathematics, foreign language, politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry, biology, and information technology.

The test content of Chinese, mathematics and foreign language includes compulsory and elective IA modules. In mathematics, this means E1-1 and E1-2 for arts and humanties track students and E2-1, E2-2 and E2-3 for science track students.

The test content of politics, history, geography, biology, and information technology includes compulsory modules only. The test content of physics and chemistry includes compulsory modules and one elective module each. This means physics E1-1 and chemistry E-1 (chemistry and life) for arts and humanities track students and physics E3-1 and chemistry E-4 for sicence track students.

28 Source: Jiangsu Provincial Education Examination Authority, 2007 56

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Xuekao is conducted twice a year, in January (end of fall semester) and June (end of spring semester). Students typically sit the examinations for physics, chemistry, history and geography in January of year two; politics, biology and information technology in June of year two; and Chinese, mathematics and English in January of year three.

A norm-referenced grading scale applies to each of the 11 municipal districts, giving a failing grade (D) to the bottom 2 per cent of all candidates in the district who also score below 60 out of 100. Table 41. Xuekao Grading Scale, Jiangxi Province, 201029

Letter Grade Descriptor Mark A Excellent Top 20% of candidates B Good Next 40% of candidates C Pass Next 38% of candidates D Fail Bottom 2% of candidates who score below 60

Students receive a Xuekao certificate upon their graduation. Xuekao results are the main criterion for granting senior secondary graduation and may also be used for the purpose of university admission.

XUEKAO REGULATIONS, GUANGDONG PROVINCE Guangdong adopted the new curriculum in 2004 and introduced Xuekao in 2009.

Xuekao in Guangdong includes six subjects: politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry and biology. Each subject test lasts 90 minutes. Students in the arts and humanities track and those applying to art programs (music, fine art, dance, drama and so on) must take physics, chemistry and biology in Xuekao. Students in the science track and those applying to sports programs must take politics, history and geography.

Test papers are graded in percentage marks and results are reported in letter grades.

Table 42. Xuekao Grading Scale, Guangdong Province

Letter Grade Marks A 85-100% B 70-84% C 50-69% D 25-49% No grade ≤24%

Higher education admission took Xuekao into consideration for the first time in 2010. Xuekao grades determine what tier of higher education institutions students may apply to.

29 Source: Education Committee of Jiangxi Province, 2010 57

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Table 43. Xuekao Grades Required by Higher Education Institutions, Guangdong Province

Institution Type Required Xuekao Grades First Batch of Benke Institutions C or above in three subjects Second Batch of Benke Institutions C or above in at least two subjects Third Batch of Benke Institutions C or above in at least one subject Art and Sports Programs and D or above in at least two subjects Institutions

2014 NATIONAL XUEKAO GUIDELINES

In September 2012, the Ministry of Education published draft Xuekao guidelines. It finalized national Xuekao guidelines in December 2014 after consultation with provincial educational departments and stakeholders.  Xuekao results are important criteria for senior secondary graduation and higher education admission.  Xuekao includes all subjects listed in the 2004 national curriculum. Provincial educational authorities prescribe the content (modules) to be covered in the examinations.  Provincial educational authorities administer examinations in Chinese, mathematics, foreign language, ideology and politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry and biology.  Provincial educational authorities set the standards for examinations in art, physical education and health, general technology and information technology. The administration of examinations in those subjects may be delegated to lower level educational agencies or schools.  In provinces where Xuekao results are incorporated into total Gaokao scores, students choose three subjects from ideology and politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry and biology based on their intended field of study and personal interest. Xuekao results of the three chosen subjects are included in the calculation of total Gaokao scores.  Examinations are administered over the course of three years to students who have completed the requisite modules. It is recommended that two, six, and six subjects are offered in year one, two and three respectively. Students have the opportunity to repeat a subject and to change their choice of three subjects that count towards Gaokao scores.  Most subjects adopt the two-level (pass/fail) grading scale. The three subjects that count towards Gaokao scores use a five-level norm-referenced grading scale.

Grade Score A Top 15% of candidates B Next 30% of candidates C Next 30% of candidates D Bottom 25% of candidates E30

30 E is a failing grade. The provinces set the proportion/score of the E grade based on expected learning outcomes and difficulty of the examinations. 58

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HIGHER EDUCATION

OVERVIEW

Students usually enter higher education ( 高等教育) after completing senior secondary school and passing Gaokao, though some five-year higher vocational programs admit junior secondary graduates. While entry into universities and colleges has traditionally been very competitive, higher education has developed rapidly in recent years. China currently has the world’s largest higher education system, with over 36 million people enroled in various post-secondary programs in 2015.

Table 44. Chinese Higher Education Statistics, 2003 and 201531

Year 2003 2015 Higher education institutions 2,110 2,852 Organisations offering graduate programs (including HEIs and 720 792 research institutes) Total enrolment 19 million 36 million Full-time faculty 810,000 1.6 million

ADMINISTRATION

The Education Law of 1995 and Higher Education Law of 1998 govern higher education in China. The State Council and its educational branch, the Ministry of Education – renamed the State Education Commission from 1985 to 1998 – formulate policies and guidelines and plan for development and reform at the national level. The Ministry of Education and a few other central ministries (such as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ministry of Industry and Information Technology) administer and supervise a number of higher education institutions that recruit and train students for the whole country.

Educational authorities in the provinces and major cities are in charge of institutions that mainly train personnel for specific regions. The Ministry of Education approves the establishment (as well as mergers and name changes) of both public and private higher education institutions, although provincial governments may be authorized to approve institutions offering only zhuanke programs.

There are also private institutions that operate legitimately in China but are not authorized to award recognized higher education qualifications. Such institutions have to be approved by local governments (at or above the county level) and registered with the Ministry of Education or the provincial educational authorities.

Various departments of the Chinese armed forces, known as the People’s Liberation Army, administer a number of military institutions. The Communist Party of China operates a network of institutions that train Party cardres.

31 Source: Ministry of Education, Statistical Report of National Education Development, 2003 and 2015 59

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ACADEMIC YEAR

A typical academic year runs from early September to mid-July, divided into two 20-week semesters. Each semester has 16 to 18 weeks of class and one to two weeks of review and examination. Each week has five instructional days. The country adopted the five-day, 40-hour workweek in 1995, a reduction from five and a half to six working days per week previously.

Table 45. Academic Year, Higher Education

Content Weeks Comment Classroom Teaching 32-36 Each semester has 16-18 weeks of classroom teaching. Review and Each class hour is 45-50 minutes. 2-4 Examination Reserve 0-2 Including winter and summer vacations and public holidays. Winter vacation falls in January and February and lasts Vacation 12 about four weeks. Summer vacation falls in July and August and lasts six to seven weeks. Total 52

Traditionally, higher education programs in China have clearly defined lengths of study in terms of school years (学年制). The Higher Education Law specifies the number of years required to complete each level of qualification through full-time study.

Since 1978, many institutions have adopted the credit system (学分制), which allows a level of flexibility in course selection and the length of time to complete a program. One credit represents 16 to 18 class hours of coursework or one week of practice or project.

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Table 46. Sample University Calendar, Beijing Language and Culture University, 2004-2005 First Semester32

Month Week Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun 30 31 Aug Class 1 begins 1 2 3 4 5 2 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Sep 3 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 4 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 2 3 5 National National National Day Day Day Oct 6 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 7 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 8 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 9 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 10 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 11 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Nov 12 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 14 1 2 3 4 5 15 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Dec 16 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 17 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 18 New Year 19 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 20 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Jan 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 Vacation begins 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Spring Spring Spring Festival Festival Festival Feb 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 Vacation ends

32 The first semester has 20 weeks including review and examination. Public holidays include National Day (three days) and New Year’s Day (one day). The winter vacation lasts five weeks (January 17 to February 22). 61

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Second Semester33

Month Week Mon Tue Wed Thurs Fri Sat Sun 23 24 25 26 27 1 Class Feb begins 28 2 1 2 3 4 5 6 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Mar 4 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 5 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 6 1 2 3 7 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Apr 8 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 1 10 Labour Day 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 11 Labour Labour May Day Day 12 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 13 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 14 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 15 1 2 3 4 5 16 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 June 17 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 19 1 2 3 20 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 July Vacation begins 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Aug 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Vacation ends

33 The second semester has 20 weeks including review and examination. University sports meet is scheduled for April 22 (afternoon) and April 23 (whole day). Public holiday includes Labour Day (three days). The summer vacation lasts about 7 weeks (July 11 to August 31). 62

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PROGRAM STRUCTURE

China is similar to Canada in terms of the general pattern of higher education. After completion of senior secondary school, students may choose short-cycle post- secondary programs called zhuanke (专科) or pursue bachelor’s (学士), master’s (硕士), and doctoral (博士) degrees. China, however, has two types of higher education credentials:  certificates of graduation (毕业证书 or 毕业文凭) that confer educational qualifications (学历)  degree certificates (学位证书) that confer academic degrees (学位)

The separation between educational qualifications and academic degrees is a unique feature of Chinese higher education.

Table 47. Higher Education Credentials: Qualifications vs. Degrees

Educational Qualifications Academic 学历 Degrees 学位

Certificate of Doctoral Graduation from Degree Doctoral Program 博士学位 (3-4 years)

博士研究生毕业证书

Certificate of Graduation from Master’s Master’s Program Degree (2-3 years) 硕士学位 硕士研究生毕业证书

Bachelor’s Degree 学士学 Benke 位 Certificate of Zhuanke Graduation Certificate of (4-5 years) Graduation 本科毕业证书 Non-degree (2-3 years) 非学位

专科毕业证书

Completion of Senior Secondary School and Passing the National University Entrance Examination

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INSTITUTIONS

The Chinese website of the Ministry of Education (http://www.moe.gov.cn) provides lists of recognized institutions in various categories. Those lists tend to be more complete and up-to-date than the information available on the Ministry of Education’s English website (http://en.moe.gov.cn).

The following table summarizes the types of institutions and programs that issue nationally recognized certificates of graduation and degrees.

Table 48. Recognized Higher Education Institutions and Programs

Entrance Institution Program Examination  National University Regular Higher Education Institutions 普通高等 Zhuanke Entrance 学校 Benke/Bachelor’s Examination  Benke Institutions 本科院校 Degree 全 国 普 (Gaokao)  Higher Vocational (Zhuanke) Institutions Master’s Degree Doctoral Degree 通高等学校入学考 高职(专科)院校 试  Independent Colleges 独立学院  National Graduate  Branch Campuses 分校办学点 Entrance Military and Armed Police Institutions 军队、武警 Examination 全国 部队院校 研究生入学考试 National Graduate Research Institutes 研究机构 Master’s Degree Entrance Examination Doctoral Degree 全国研究生入学考试 National Adult Adult Higher Education Institutions 成人高等学校 Zhuanke University Entrance  Radio and Television Universities 广播电 Benke/Bachelor’s Examination (adult 视大学 Degree 全国成人高等 Gaokao)  Employee Universities 职工大学 学校入学考试  Administrative Cadres Colleges 管理干

部学院  Spare-time Universities 业余大学  Colleges of Education 教育学院 Adult Higher Education Schools and Programs within Regular Higher Education Institutions 普通 高校下属成人学院 N/A Provincial Higher Education Self-Study Examinations Committees 省高等教育自学考试 委员会 and Examination-Administering Institutions 主考院校

The following table shows the total numbers of higher education institutions and research institutes (excluding military and armed police institutions) classified by governing authority such as central government ministries and agencies, provincial-level authorities, enterprises, and non-government agencies.

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Table 49. Numbers of Higher Education Institutions in China, 201534

Institution Type Total Under Central Under Provincial Minban Ministries and Authorities Agencies

Education - Subtotal Ministry of Education Others Subtotal Education Departments Non Departments Enterprises Institutions Regular 575 110 76 34 460 438 22 5 Providing Institutions Graduate Research 217 177 177 40 1 38 1 Programs Institutes Subtotal 792 287 76 211 500 439 60 1 5 Regular Benke 1219 113 76 37 683 616 67 423 Institutions Institutions Including 35 275 Independent Including Colleges 275 Independent Colleges Zhuanke 1341 5 5 1026 462 519 45 310 Institutions Subtotal 2560 118 76 42 1709 1078 586 45 733 Adult Institutions 292 14 1 12 278 94 145 39 1 Other Minban 813 813 Institutions36

34 Source: Ministry of Education. 35 Benke institutions (1219) include regular institutions offering both benke/bachelor’s degree and graduate degree programs (575). 36 These are minban institutions approved by provincial educational authorities but not authorized to issue recognized credentials. 65

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REGULAR AND ADULT HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS

An important way to categorize higher education programs at zhuanke and benke or bachelor’s degree levels is whether they belong to regular higher education (普 通高等教育) or adult higher education (成人高等教育). Credentials earned in the adult higher education sector are technically on par with those from the regular sector. In reality, regular education is considered better quality and therefore more highly regarded in China. For example, many government departments require job applicants to have benke qualifications earned from the regular sector. Regular and adult higher education sectors differ in many ways, including the institutions, curriculum, admission and graduation requirements and overall quality control standards.

Regular education is provided by regular higher education institutions. Totalling 2,560 in 2015, they include the best-funded and most prestigious universities and colleges in China.

Adult education divisions and individual departments within regular institutions as well as adult higher education institutions offer adult education, which can be full- time, part-time (evening or day programs) or in the distance mode.

The central government administers a handful of adult higher education institutions such as the Open University of China (formerly known as Central Radio and TV University) under the Ministry of Education, and Civil Aviation Management Institute of China under the Ministry of Transport.

The rest of the adult education institutions fall under the jurisdiction of provinces and major cities. These include, for example:  Radio and Television Universities  Employee Universities  Administrative Cadres Colleges  Spare-time Universities  Colleges of Education

Radio and TV universities are a form of distance education that mainly operates in the adult higher education sector. Established in February 1979, they graduated the first group of zhuanke students in 1982. For the first few years, they offered only zhuanke programs and admitted students by RTVU national entrance examinations. Since 1986, most applicants have had to take the adult Gaokao. A certificate of graduation from a RTVU gives an individual the same entitlement to employment and further education as a certificate of graduation from a regular higher education institution.

RTVUs currently recruit students both in the regular sector (through the regular Gaokao) and adult education sector (through the adult Gaokao) and offer both qualifications education (zhuanke, zhuanke to benke upgrading, and specialized senior secondary) and non-qualification education. Zhuanke to benke upgrading

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programs are often jointly operated by a RTVU and a regular institution; students may apply for bachelor’s degrees from the regular institution.

As of 2005, the RTVU system included:  China Central Radio and TV University and 44 provincial-level RTVUs  930 prefecture/municipal-level RTVU branches and work stations  2,021 county-level work stations  22,237 study centres

The China Central RTVU – renamed Open University of China in 2012 – is one of the institutions directly administered by the Ministry of Education. The central and provincial-level RTVUs can issue zhuanke and benke certificates of graduation.

By 2002, over 3.3 million people had received zhuanke or benke qualifications from RTVUs.

Adult higher education institutions compare unfavourably with regular institutions in terms of funding, facilities, qualifications of academic staff, and quality of teaching. Many regular institutions have set up adult education schools (成人教育 学院) or continuing education schools (继续教育学院) to deliver adult education programs. Students in those schools may not have access to the same teaching staff and facilities as the regular students.

Once admitted into an adult education program, students are seldom denied graduation due to poor performance, as teachers tend to have lower expectations of adult students and may adjust teaching plans and assessment criteria. Adult higher education is therefore known to follow the pattern of “difficult entry, easy exit” (严进宽出) – one has to pass the national entrance examination to be admitted, but seldom fails to graduate. Certificates of graduation always indicate whether the program completed belongs to the regular or adult education sector. Study completed at either an adult higher education institution or an adult education school within a regular institution is classified as adult higher education.

RESEARCH INSTITUTES

Research institutes admit graduate students through the National Graduate Entrance Examination. They are not regular higher education institutions and therefore not included in the lists of recognized institutions published by the Ministry of Education.

Degree-Issuing Bodies in China 2006 Edition (中国学位授予单位名册 2006 年版), prepared by the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council and published by Higher Education Press, lists all the higher education institutions and research institutes authorized to award degrees of various levels as of December 2006. The publication is available only in Chinese.

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The China Academic Degrees and Graduate Education Development Centre website (www.cdgdc.edu.cn) provides a non-exhaustive list of higher education institutions and research institutes authorized by the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council to award graduate degrees. Refer to Appendix C1 for research institutes on the CDGDC list.

MILITARY ACADEMIES

Military and armed police academies, affiliated with various departments, forces and theatre commands of the Chinese military – People’s Liberation Army – generally do not appear on Ministry of Education’s lists of recognized institutions.

In 1995, the State Education Commission signed an agreement with the General Staff Department (renamed Joint Staff Department in 2016) and General Political Department (renamed Political Work Department in 2016) of the PLA to formally recognize credentials issued by military academies.

Military academies may be affiliated with:  Central Military Commission (中央军委) – Joint Staff Department (联合参谋部) – Political Work Department (政治工作部) – Logistic Support Department (后勤保障部) – Equipment Development Department (装备发展部) – Air Force, Navy, Rocket Force and Strategic Support Force (空军、海军、 火箭军和战略支援部队) – Military Theatre Commands (战区)

Refer to Appendix C2 for a list of military and armed police institutions that recruited general senior secondary graduates through Gaokao in 2010.

MINBAN INSTITUTIONS

The part of regular higher education that does not enjoy a reputation for quality is minban (民办) institutions, variously translated as privately run, non-public, non- state or non-government institutions. Non-government organizations and/or private citizens fund them. Minban institutions listed on the Ministry of Education website have been approved to provide qualification education; virtually all of them operate in the regular higher education sector. Totalling 447 in 2015, they offer programs at the zhuanke and benke or bachelor’s degree levels. Their credentials receive full recognition even though as a group they are not as well regarded as public institutions.

China officially endorsed the development of non-public education with the proclamation of Regulations on Running Schools by Different Sectors of Society in 1997. The regulations were reenacted as the Law for Promoting People-Run Education in 2003.

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There are also minban institutions approved by provincial educational authorities to offer non-qualification education. Known as “non-qualification higher education organisations”, they are legitimate but unrecognized institutions. Provincial educational authorities may publish lists of approved minban institutions on their websites.

Table 50. Recognized and Unrecognized Minban Institutions

Institution Recognized minban higher education Minban non-qualification higher Type institutions education organisations 民办高等院校 民办非学历高等教育机构 Institution Recognized and listed by the Ministry Approved and listed by provincial Recognition of Education educational authorities Admission National University Entrance Standards set by institutions Examination (Gaokao) Programs Zhuanke and benke or bachelor’s Short-term training programs and/or degree zhuanke and benke Credentials Zhuanke certificate of graduation, Zhuanke certificate of graduation, benke certificate of graduation, benke certificate of graduation, bachelor’s degree certificate of completion Credential Nationally recognized for employment Accepted by some employers; not Recognition and further education recognized for further education

Among unrecognized minban institutions, some only operate training programs that lead to certificates of completion and vocational certificates, while others offer full-time zhuanke and benke programs and issue certificates of graduation that may look similar to those issued by recognized institutions.

Students enroled in zhuanke and benke programs at unrecognized minban institutions may earn recognized credentials by sitting the Higher Education Self- Study Examinations at appropriate levels. Those credentials are stamped by the Provincial Higher Education Self-Study Examinations Committee and the institution that administers the examinations.

Some unrecognized minban institutions participated in the Higher Education Certificate Examination program 高 等 教 育 文 凭 考 试 (1993-2005), whereby students at an unrecognized minban institution, after two or three years of full-time study, sat Higher Education Self-Study Examinations at the zhuanke level. Those who passed the examinations received zhuanke certificates of graduation stamped by the Provincial Higher Education Self-Study Examinations Committee and the minban institution.

NDEPENDENT OLLEGES I C Independent colleges (独立学院) are minban benke-level institutions affiliated to public universities. They first emerged in the late 1990s and grew rapidly after 1999. In the early years, students at most independent colleges received their credentials (benke certificate of graduation and bachelor’s degree) from the affiliating university. In 2003, the Ministry of Education announced that independent colleges must issue their own credentials. Afterward graduates of an independent college receive their benke certificate from the independent college and apply for a bachelor’s degree from the affiliating university.

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In 2008, the Ministry of Education revised regulations on the establishment and management of independent colleges to allow approved colleges to start issuing bachelor’s degrees for students admitted in 2008. Many independent colleges started issuing bachelor’s degrees in 2012. In addition, a number of independent colleges have received approval to terminate their affiliation with public universities and become separate benke institutions; a few are authorized to award bachelor’s degrees.

Depending on the period, independent colleges may appear on a separate list or on a general consolidated institution list on the Ministry of Education website. Refer to Appendix C3 for a 2013 list of independent colleges.

NAMES OF INSTITUTIONS

Terms such as university, institute, and college that appear in the official English names of Chinese higher education institutions should not be taken at face value. It can be difficult to tell from an institution’s name what level of programs it offers.

Table 51. Typical Names of Chinese Higher Education Institutions Chinese English Examples Program Level Term Term Peking University 北京大学 Tsinghua University 清华大学 Graduate degree Capital Normal University 首都师范大学 Beijing Union University 北京联合大学 Bachelor’s degree Luoyang University 洛阳大学 Zhuanke University Huainan Union University 淮南联合大学 qualification 大学 Yanjing Overseas Chinese University 燕京华侨大 学 Non-qualification University of Modern Administration 现代管理大 学 Institute Harbin Institute of Technology 哈尔滨工业大学 Graduate degree College Tianjin Vocational College 天津职业大学 Zhuanke qualification University of International Relations 国际关系学院 Graduate degree University Wuhan Polytechnic University 武汉工业学院 Bachelor’s degree China Women’s University 中华女子学院 Institute Beijing Institute of Machinery 北京机械工业学院 Graduate degree Mudanjiang Teachers College 牡丹江师范学院 Bachelor’s degree 学院 Yanjing Overseas Chinese Vocational College College 燕京华侨职业学院 Zhuanke Beijing Information Technology College qualification 北京信息职业技术学院 Central Conservatory of Music 中央音乐学院 Graduate degree Others Central Academy of Fine Arts 中央美术学院 Graduate degree Xinyu Junior College 新余高等专科学校 专科学 Cangzhou Teachers Training College 沧州师范专 Zhuanke College 校 科学校 qualification Linyi Medical College 临沂医学专科学校

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Most institutions use standard pinyin (the Chinese romanization system) for proper names such as Beijing and Shanghai, though old spelling based on the Wade- Giles or other early systems persists in certain names for historical reasons. For instance, 北京大学 adopts Peking University as its official name, although it is often referred to as Beijing University. In addition, quite a few institutions use Traditional rather than Simplified Chinese characters for their logos and even official seals.

The Chinese name of an independent college always consists of the full name of the affiliating university followed by the name of the college.

Affiliating University Independent College Affiliating University Independent College 同济大学 同科学院 南开大学 滨海学院 Tongji University Tongke College Nankai University Binhai College

同济大学同科学院 南开大学滨海学院 Tongke College, Tongji University Binhai College, Nankai University Full Name of the Independent College Full Name of the Independent College

In a few cases, an independent college adopts an English name that does not follow the Chinese naming rule. For example:

Affiliating University Independent College Affiliating University Independent College 同济大学 浙江学院 中国传媒大学 南广学院 Communication University Tongji University Zhejiang College of China Nanguang College

同济大学浙江学院 中国传媒大学南广学院 Tongji Zhejiang College Communication University of China, Nanjing Full Name of the Independent College Full Name of the Independent College

RANKING OF INSTITUTIONS

The status and quality of institutions depend largely on the level of government responsible for their funding and administration. The institutions under the supervision of the Ministry of Education or other central government ministries or agencies have the most resources and qualified academic staff. The Ministry of Educaiton website provides a list of 75 institutions under its supervision. Public institutions in the regular higher education sector generally enjoy a higher status than adult education institutions and minban (private) institutions.

Initiated on the centennial of Peking University on May 4, 1998, Project 985 aims to support the best Chinese institutions to become world-class universities – tier one institutions. Universities under Project 985 have typically received hundreds

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of millions of yuan each in several rounds of project funding from the central government and some provincial governments. Refer to Appendix C4 for a list of 39 Project 985 institutions.

The first nine of the 39 universities under Project 985 have received the most funding: 1. Tsinghua University 清华大学 2. Peking University 北京大学 3. University of Science and Technology of China 中国科技大学 4. Nanjing University 南京大学 5. Fudan University 复旦大学 6. Shanghai Jiaotong University 上海交通大学 7. Xi’an Jiaotong University 西安交通大学 8. Zhejiang University 浙江大学 9. Harbin Institute of Technology 哈尔滨工业大学

In 2009, the nine universities signed a cooperation and exchange agreement to establish the C9 League, billed as China’s Ivy League.

The central government launched Project 211 in 1995 to strengthen about 100 higher education institutions in the 21st century. The 112 institutions can be considered key institutions at the national level. The central and local governments – as well as the supervising ministries or agencies – provide supplementary funding for Project 211 institutions to:  improve the overall conditions at the institutions  build key disciplinary areas  develop a national higher education public service system that includes the China Education and Research Network

Refer to Appendix C5 for a list of Project 211 institutions.

A common way to rank Chinese higher education institutions, therefore, is to divide them into three groups based on the government’s funding priority.  Tier one has 39 institutions in Project 985;  Tier two has about 70 institutions in Project 211 (excluding those also included in Project 985);  The rest of the institutions belong to tier three.

Since 2014, the Chinese government has restructured the funding model for promoting world-class higher education to focus on disciplinary areas rather than entire institutions. Project 985 and Project 211 have been phased out as funding mechanisms, but institutions listed under the projects will largely remain the country’s best funded and most highly regarded institutions.

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Some argue it makes more sense to rank Chinese higher education by program rather than by institution. Since 2000, a research unit under the Academic Degrees and Graduate Education Development Centre of the Ministry of Education has been conducting comparative evaluations of major disciplinary areas of Chinese higher education institutions and research institutes. So far, it has published three China Discipline Ranking exercises (2004, 2009 and 2012). The lists are not exhaustive since not all institutions and research institutes have participated in the evaluation. While the first ranking graded research institutes together with higher education institutions, the subsequent two rankings kept them separate. Refer to Appendix C6 for the top 10 institutions in some disciplinary areas in 2004 and 2012.

ADMISSIONS

To be admitted into a regular higher education program, applicants must complete senior secondary school and pass the National University Entrance Examination, or Gaokao (全国普通高等学校招生考试, or 高考 for short).

For over twenty years after the restoration of Gaokao in 1977, applicants had to be unmarried and under the age of 25 to sit the examinations; otherwise they could only enter the adult higher education sector. In 2001, the Ministry of Education removed the restrictions on age and marital status.

The examination was held annually on July 7, 8 and 9 all across the country until 2003, when it was rescheduled to the same days in June, partly to avoid summer heat. Examination results become available within two to three weeks. The vast majority of senior secondary graduates sit the summer Gaokao to gain access to higher education.

Since 2000, many institutions have been recruiting students through the Spring Gaokao, held in late January in some cities and provinces. In recent years the Ministry of Education has approved some prestigious institutions to recruit a small number of students based on institutional standards alone, in a process known as “independent recruitment” (自主招生).

Each year, the provinces and major cities establish the minimum Gaokao marks required for admission into various categories of programs and institutions. Overall student performance and total available enrolment available forms the basis of the standard.

For the purpose of admission, programs are divided into several “batches” based on the level of study (benke and zhuanke) and the category of institutions. Several types of programs or institutions (such as military science, public security, physical education, and arts) usually admit students in advance. After that, students with the highest marks are admitted in the first round into popular benke programs offered at prestigious public institutions. Students with lower marks are eligible to enter benke programs offered at ordinary public institutions or private institutions. Those with still lower marks may be admitted into zhuanke programs.

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Each institution also sets its own cut-off scores, which can be higher than the provincially established minimum marks. For example, the 2016 cut-off marks of Peking University were 673 for arts and humanities candidates and 678 for science candidates, compared with 583 and 548 respectively set by the city of Beijing. Zhuanke programs offered by prestigious institutions may require higher marks than some benke programs at lesser-known institutions.

The Ministry of Education and provincial educational authorities have adopted various policies giving preferential treatment, including bonus Gaokao marks or exemption from Gaokao, to certain student groups. For example, bonus marks of 10 to 50 may be awarded to ethnic minority students, outstanding athletes and winners of prizes or competitions, such as the Scientific Invention Award, at or above the municipal level.

Outstanding students meeting criteria prescribed by the Ministry of Education may be nominated by their high school for direct admission into an institution, which may accept or reject the nomination. In 2004, candidates for such nominations include designated exemplary students at the provincial level, winners of third prize or above at National Secondary School Olympics (mathematics, physics, chemistry, biology or information science), and high-performing students in experimental science classes at a few key secondary schools.

Gaokao subjects and maximum scores may depend on the chosen academic track (science or arts and humanities), the province or major city where the student is a registered resident, and the time.

Until 1995, the science track generally had seven subjects:  politics  Chinese  mathematics  physics  chemistry  biology  foreign language

The arts and humanities track had six subjects:  politics  Chinese  mathematics  history  geography  foreign language

Most subjects had a maximum mark of 100, though for a number of years it was 120 for both Chinese and mathematics, and 50 or 70 for biology. The same subject might have different examination papers for different tracks. For example, the mathematics paper for arts and humanities students was less challenging than that for science students.

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After 1995, most provinces adopted the so-called “3+2” pattern. The “3” referred to the three core subjects for all students: Chinese, mathematics, and foreign language (usually English). The “2” meant physics and chemistry for the science track, or history and politics for the arts and humanities track. The “3+2” pattern had a total maximum mark of 750, with each subject worth 150 points.

First introduced in Guangdong Province in 1999, the current “3+x” pattern has been implemented across the country since 2002. The “3” still refers to the three compulsory subjects for all students: Chinese, mathematics, and foreign language. The “x” is a flexible component that may include one or more of the following subjects:  physics  chemistry  biology  politics  history  geography  comprehensive science (理科综合)  comprehensive humanities (文科综合)  comprehensive science and humanities (文理综合)

Before the examination, each province or major city decides the pattern of “x” available for its students. An institution may also indicate the “x” required for its programs, so that students know what subjects to take in order to get into the programs and institutions. For Beijing students taking Gaokao in 2004, “x” simply meant comprehensive science for the science track and comprehensive humanities for the arts and humanities track. The maximum mark was 150 for each single subject, 300 for a comprehensive subject, and 750 for the “3+x”.

The Ministry of Education designs and distributes Gaokao papers for use across the country, while the provincial educational authorities administer the examination and organize the grading of the papers. A small number of provinces design their own Gaokao papers.

Applicants to an adult higher education qualification program must either have completed senior secondary school or be over the age of 19. Most programs require applicants to take the National Adult University Entrance Examination or the adult Gaokao (全国成人高等教育入学考试, or 成人高考 for short), administered annually by the Ministry of Education. The adult Gaokao is considered challenging, though less competitive than the regular Gaokao.

The Gaokao format is still evolving. A 2014 State Council directive on higher education admissions reform introduced the “3+3” pattern. The first “3” refers to Gaokao scores on Chinese, mathematics, and foreign language; each subject has the same examination paper for all students. The second “3” refers to Xuekao scores on three subjects choosen from ideology and politics, history, geography, physics, chemistry and biology.

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PROGRAMS AND CREDENTIALS

QUALIFICATIONS AND DEGREES

The term “educational qualification” (学历) has a very specific meaning in China. It does not refer to academic degrees. It indicates that an individual has gone through formal education with qualified results and is entitled by law to further education or a prescribed level of salary and benefits if employed in the public sector. Educational qualifications are always documented by certificates of graduation (毕业证书) that indicate:  education sector (regular higher education, adult higher education, military institution, or self-study examinations)  program type (for example, full-time day program, evening program, distance learning)  program length  level of study

The four major levels of higher education qualifications are:  short-cycle study (zhuanke)  long-cycle study (benke)  graduate study at a master’s level  graduate study at a doctoral level

The Higher Education Law divides higher education into two major types:  qualification education (学历教育)  non-qualification education (非学历教育)

In order to receive recognized educational qualifications, a student must go through the qualification education sector. Evaluated, approved and monitored by the Ministry of Education and provincial educational authorities, qualification education programs have relatively strict, unified standards for admission, examination, and graduation. The Ministry of Education website provides updated lists of higher education institutions authorized to offer qualification programs. In China, a “recognized” institution is one that offers qualification education programs.

Non-qualification programs include not only short-term vocational training but also formal academic study at undergraduate and graduate levels. Non-qualification education differs from qualification education in two major ways:  They do not have strict, unified standards for admission, examination and graduation.  Their exit credentials do not entitle an individual to further education in qualification education or to a given level of salary and benefits if employed in the public sector.

The most common credentials awarded for non-qualification education are certificates of completion (结业证书) and certificates of study (学业证书), although

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some programs issue certificates of graduation. Refer to Documentation for more information on how to determine the recognition of a certificate of graduation.

Credentials from non-qualification programs provide access to employment and, to some extent, further education. Employers – especially those in the private sector – may accept non-qualification credentials at their own discretion. An individual may use non-qualification education as a foundation to earn credentials from qualification programs, not by credit transfer but by challenging standardized examinations such as the Higher Education Self-Study Examinations.

Without unified standards, the quality and even the level of study of non- qualification credentials is difficult to determine. Since they cannot be articulated into qualification programs or lead to the awarding of academic degrees, they are not considered recognized credentials in China. Typical examples include most certificates of graduation (zhuanke or benke) from Communist Party of China schools and certificates of completion of graduate coursework.

For a credential to belong to qualification education, the issuing body must be on the lists of institutions authorized by the Ministry of Education or provincial educational authorities to offer such programs. Some of these institutions also offer non-qualification education, including newly established programs pending approval and certain high-revenue programs such as self-study examination preparation courses and graduate coursework training classes. Such programs, though, issue certificates of completion rather than certificates of graduation. A certificate that does not specify the level of study is most likely from a non- qualification program.

Academic degrees (学位) are relatively recent in China, formally introduced on January 1, 1981 following the proclamation of the Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (February 1980). The State Council, working through its Academic Degrees Committee (国务院学位委员会), decides which higher education institutions can award bachelor’s degrees and which institutions and research units can award master’s and doctoral degrees. It approves the disciplines and specialties in which a degree can be awarded by a given issuing body. The Academic Degrees Committee may delegate the evaluation and approval to provincial academic degree committees (省学位委员会 ) or offices (省学位办公室). China awarded its first bachelor’s and master’s degrees in 1981 and doctoral degrees in 1983.

Academic degrees are separate from educational qualifications. A degree indicates the level of academic achievement, whereas a qualification indicates the level of educational experience. Upon successful completion of a degree program, students receive both a certificate of graduation and a degree certificate, although for a number of years (1985-1992) the benke certificate of graduation and bachelor’s degree certificate were combined into a single certificate. The combined certificate always indicates that the student has been approved for graduation (准 予毕业) and awarded an academic degree (授予学位). 77

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Academic degrees are generally considered slightly higher credentials than educational qualifications at the corresponding level. Some institutions offer benke qualification programs, but are not authorized to award bachelor’s degrees. A small number of students enroled in degree programs may receive a certificate of graduation but no degree due to deficiencies such as failing to achieve good grades (for example, 75 per cent) in certain core subjects.

A bachelor’s degree is not needed for admission into a master’s level program, but a master’s degree is a prerequisite for entering doctoral studies.

Employee recruitment and remuneration has traditionally been based on educational qualifications rather than academic degrees. For example, professional entry-level positions in the central and provincial governments typically require a benke qualification rather than a bachelor’s degree. Since qualifications and degrees are separate, it is possible for an individual to hold the two types of credentials at different levels, such as a benke qualification and a master’s degree.

ACADEMIC AND PROFESSIONAL DEGREES

When China first introduced degrees in 1981, the focus was on theoretical and academic study and research. Academic degrees are awarded at bachelor’s, master’s and doctoral levels in 13 categories. Of these, ten were introduced in 1981, while military science, management, and fine arts were added in 1983, 1997 and 2012 respectively. Figure 3. Academic Degrees 学术性学位

学士 硕士 博士 Bachelor s Degree Master s Degree Doctor s Degree Engineering and and Engineering Military Science Military Management Technology Philosophy Economics Agriculture Education Medicine Arts Fine Science History Law 经 教 Arts 历 军 管 艺 哲 济 法 育 文 史 理 工 农 医 事 理 术 学 学 学 学 学 学 学 学 学 学 学 学 学

Since the early 1990s, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council has introduced over 40 professional degrees, most of them at the master’s level. National steering committees are established to formulate program guidelines for professional degrees in various fields.

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Figure 4. Professional Degrees 专业学位

学士 硕士 博士 Bachelor s Degree Master s Degree Doctor s Degree

Juris Master (JM) 法律硕士 Master of Public Health (MPH) Master of Forestry (MF) 林业硕士 公共卫生硕士 Master of Agricultural Extension (MAE) 出版硕士 农业推广硕士 Master of Insurance (MI) 保险硕士 Master of Publishing (MP) MedicineDoctor of Stomatological Master of Applied Psychology (MAP) Master of International Business (MIB) Master of Science in Physical Education Doctor Doctor of Veterinary Medicine 应用心理硕士 国际商务硕士 (MSPE) 体育硕士 Doctor Doctor of Medicine Bachelor of Architecture Bachelor of Doctor Doctor of Education Master of Applied Statistics (M.A.S.) Master of Journalism and Communication Master of Social Work (MSW) Doctor of Engineering 应用统计硕士 (MJC) 新闻与传播硕士 社会工作硕士 Master of Architecture (M.Arch) 建筑学硕士 Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) Master of Stomatological Medicine (SMM) 风景园林硕士 口腔医学硕士 Master of Auditing (MAud) 审计硕士 Master of Taxation (MT) 税务硕士 Master of Business Administration (MBA) Master of Library and Information Studies (MLIS) 图书情报硕士 工商管理硕士 Master of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of ( MD ( Master of Medicine (MM) 临床医学硕士 Other Languages(MTCSOL) Ed ( Master of Chinese Materia Medica (MCMM) ) DE .

汉语国际教育硕士 D

中药学硕士 ( ( ) 临 DMM 军事硕士 ) Master of Military Science (MMS) VMD 建 Master of Tourism Administration (MTA) 床 Master of Cultural Heritage and Museology 工 教 筑 Master of Nursing Specialist (MNS)护理硕士 旅游管理硕士 医

) 程 ) 学 (M.C.H.M.) 文物与博物馆硕士 育 博 学 博 学 Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) 药学硕士 Master of Translation and Interpretation 博 兽 口 Master of Education (Ed.M) 教育硕士 士 士 士 翻译硕士 士 医 腔 Master of Policing (MP) 警务硕士 (MTI) 博 医 Master of Engineering (ME) 工程硕士 士 学 Master of Professional Accounting (MPAcc) Master of Urban Planning (MUP) 城市规划硕士 博 Master of Engineering Management (MEM) 会计硕士 工程管理硕士 士 Master of Public Administration (MPA) Master of Valuation (MV) 资产评估硕士 Master of Finance (MF) 金融硕士 公共管理硕士 Master of Veterinary Medicine (VMM) 艺术硕士 Master of Fine Arts (MFA) 兽医硕士

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ZHUANKE PROGRAMS

Many higher education institutions offer short-cycle programs called zhuanke (专 科, specialized course) that typically require three years of full-time study, though two-year programs are available for certain specialties. Students usually need 120 to 130 credits for graduation from a three-year program, or 90 to 100 credits from a two-year program. Sometimes referred to as junior college specialized programs, zhuanke education is in fact offered at universities as well as junior colleges. In recent years, some prestigious institutions have discontinued their zhuanke programs in order to focus on benke and graduate education.

Students may receive zhuanke education in either the regular or the adult sector. They can choose from many of the same fields as the long-cycle benke programs. At institutions offering both zhuanke and benke programs, zhuanke students are usually taught by the same staff and have access to the same facilities as benke students.

A zhuanke program generally has an applied focus. There is usually no requirement for a major graduation thesis or project, though some programs include a graduation assignment. After successful completion of the program, students receive a zhuanke certificate of graduation ( 专科毕业证书), often translated as a diploma.

Graduates from a zhuanke qualification program have easy access to further academic study. They can take an upgrading program to obtain a benke qualification and bachelor’s degree. Until recently, higher education in vocational specializations operated exclusively at the zhuanke level.

Many students enter a zhuanke program because they do not have high enough Gaokao scores to get into a similar program at the benke level. Zhuanke and benke programs offered by the same institution may not differ much in annual fees and tuitions. Some people consider zhuanke education a fast track to employment, but as more employers start requiring benke qualifications for administrative as well as professional and management positions, it has become very popular for holders of zhuanke qualifications to upgrade to the benke level, often through the adult higher education sector. Some institutions give their high-performing zhuanke students (for example, the top 15 to 30 per cent) the option to transfer into benke programs in the same fields after at least one and a half years’ study. Such students may be identified on their benke certificates of graduation as “benke drop- in students” (本科插班生). A few provinces administer unified examinations that enable outstanding zhuanke students to transfer to regular benke programs at a different institution within the province.

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BENKE PROGRAMS

Long-cycle university programs known as benke (本科, essential course) generally require four years of full-time study, or five years for some fields such as medicine and certain types of engineering. A four-year program consists of seven semesters of coursework, with the last semester mostly used for the graduation thesis or project. About 160-190 credits are required for graduation. After successful completion of a benke program, students receive a benke certificate of graduation (本科毕业证书). Students may be issued a certificate of completion (本科结业证书 ) due to deficiencies such as disciplinary problems, failing more than one subject in graduation examinations or the graduation thesis or project, or failing to complete the minimum number of credits for graduation. Students who receive certificates of completion usually have a period of time to make up the deficiencies in order to obtain certificates of graduation.

The list published by the Ministry of Education in 2012 includes 506 benke specialties in 12 major categories (not including military science).

A benke program usually consists of four types of courses: general compulsory ( 普通必修课), general elective (普通选修课), specialty compulsory (专业必修课) and speciality elective (专业选修课).  General compulsory courses, taken by students from all disciplines, may include English, mathematics, physical education, computer basics, and Marxist theory.  General electives provide students with an all-round education. Science students are usually required to take at least two general electives in arts and humanities, and vice versa.  Specialty compulsory courses provide the knowledge base for a particular field of study, while students choose specialty electives based on their individual interest. For example, a benke program in law may have “Chinese legal history” as a specialty compulsory course and “Western legal history” as a specialty elective.

Both regular and adult higher education sectors offer benke programs. Almost all benke programs at public institutions in the regular sector are integrated with bachelor’s degree programs. After successful completion of such a program, most students will receive a bachelor’s degree in addition to the benke certificate of graduation. By comparison, only a small percentage of students enroled in benke programs in the adult higher education sector receive bachelor’s degrees upon graduation.

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BACHELOR’S DEGREES

Most students enroled in benke programs offered through the regular higher education sector receive – in addition to the benke certificates of graduation – a bachelor’s degree certificate (学士学位证书). The degree certificate indicates both the category of the degree and the specialty of the program, for example, a Bachelor’s Degree in Science in Mathematics Major ( 数学专业理学士学位). Students with benke qualification from non-degree-granting institutions can apply for a bachelor’s degree from a degree-granting institution if they meet the requirements prescribed by that institution, which may include examinations in some core courses and oral defence of the graduation thesis. An individual may therefore receive a benke certificate of graduation from one institution and a degree certificate from another.

According to the Regulations on Academic Degrees (1980) and “Methods of Implementing the Regulations on Academic Degrees” (1981), to be awarded a bachelor’s degree, students must: 1. be approved for graduation from a benke program by fulfilling all requirements of the curriculum 2. demonstrate by their performance in coursework and graduation thesis (or graduation project) that they have learned the basic theory, specialized knowledge and basic skills of the discipline and are capable of scientific research or specialized technical work

Those who only receive benke certificates of completion are ineligible to apply for a bachelor’s degree.

Based on the above guidelines, the provinces and degree-granting institutions formulate detailed additional requirements for awarding bachelor’s degrees to benke graduates. For instance, the academic degrees office of Hubei Province has published the guidelines for awarding bachelor’s degrees, see table 52.

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Table 52. Bachelor’s Degree Requirements for Benke Graduates, Hubei Province, 1999

Education Requirements Sector  Support the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the All Constitution of the People’s Republic of China.  Achieve excellent or good academic grades.  Achieve excellent or good academic grades (the standards to be determined by institutions). Regular  Receive benke certificate of graduation in the same year coursework is Education completed.  Have not suffered any disciplinary action.  Achieve an average grade of 75 per cent or above in required courses.  Pass the foreign language examination designed and administered by the provincial academic degrees office. Students who have passed Adult Education College English Test (CET) band 4 or band 6 are exempt.  Pass three degree-course examinations (including one basic specialty course and two specialty courses) at first attempt with grades of 80 per cent or above. The institutions designate the degree courses and administer the examinations.  Achieve an average grade of 70 per cent or above in compulsory courses.  Pass degree course examinations (including a foreign language and three specialty-related courses) at first attempt with grades of 75 per cent or above. Self-Study  Pass the foreign language examination designed and administered by Examination the provincial academic degrees office. Students who have passed CET band 4 or band 6 are exempt.  The three specialty-related degree courses, jointly determined by the provincial higher education self-study committee and the examination- administering institution, are specified in the self-study examination guidelines.

A major university in Hubei Province, Hubei University of Technology, published the following rules (2012) for awarding bachelor’s degrees.  A student will receive a bachelor’s degree by meeting all of the requirements: – Love the motherland, support the leadership of the Communist Party of China and the socialist system, and obey the law. – Meet all requirements prescribed for the benke program and allowed to graduate. – Achieve a minimum CGPA of 2.0 for all courses (including practicums), or achieve a minimum CGPA of 1.5 and win third prize or higher in subject- specific competition at or above the provincial or ministerial level.  A student will be denied a bachelor’s degree if any of the conditions applies: – Words or deeds against the Four Cardinal Political Principles. – Fail to receive the certificate of graduation in the same year coursework is completed. – Be disciplined for cheating in examinations. – Serious acts of academic forgery or plagiarism.

Refer to Appendix B2 for a sample program structure of Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine (Nursing Major). 83

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SECOND BENKE MAJOR AND DOUBLE BACHELOR’S DEGREES

Many institutions allow their benke students to enrol in a second benke major (本 科第二专业), usually during their freshman year, based on their academic performance, personal interest, and career plans. Requirements for the completion of a second major vary greatly by institution and may involve coursework or a combination of coursework and a graduation thesis or project. The additional course load is usually at least the equivalence of one year of full-time study. Students studying for a second major typically adopt an intensive schedule in order to complete the two majors within four years, though some may extend their length of study or study on a part-time basis after graduating in the first benke major.

The credentials awarded to students for the completion of a second benke major vary by institution and time. Examples include:  One benke certificate of graduation indicating the two majors completed  Two benke certificates of graduation, one for the first major and another for the second major  One benke certificate of graduation for the first major and a separate Second Major Certificate (第二专业证书)

In many cases, the graduation certificate issued separately for the second benke major cannot be authenticated through the China Higher Education Student Information and Career Center (www.chsi.com.cn), the service designated by the Ministry of Education to authenticate higher education qualifications. This means the second benke major program is considered non-qualification education, and employers may accept the credential at their own discretion.

No national regulations govern dual or double bachelor’s degrees (双学士学位). Like the second benke major, the double bachelor’s degree program is available in a wide range of disciplines. Program requirements vary by institution and usually involve the completion of both coursework and a graduation thesis or project. The additional course load is at least the equivalence of one year of full-time study.

At some institutions, second benke major and double bachelor’s degrees are set up as separate options; students enroled in a second benke major program cannot apply for a bachelor’s degree in that major. At other institutions, second benke major and double bachelor’s degrees have the same requirements. Students whose first and second majors belong to two different degree categories, for example Arts and Management, will receive double bachelor’s degrees – in this case a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts and a Bachelor’s Degree in Management – by meeting all program requirements. Students whose second major belongs to the same degree category as the first major will only receive one bachelor’s degree. Students awarded double bachelor’s degrees may have received one single certificate indicating two degree categories or two separate certificates. New regulations published by the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council in July 2019 stipulates that only one certificate shall be issued for double bachelor’s degrees.

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Double bachelor’s degrees are fully recognized and can be authenticated through CDGDC, regardless of whether or not the second benke major can be authenticated through CHESICC.

SECOND BACHELOR’S DEGREES

The second bachelor’s degree (第二学士学位) is a post-baccalaureate credential, or post-benke education (本科后教育) in Chinese terminology. It is higher than a bachelor’s degree but lower than a master’s degree. It entitles an individual, if employed in the public sector, to the salary and benefits comparable to holders of the Certificate of Graduation of Graduate Class (研究生班毕业证书).

The program was first offered in 1984, with regulations published by the Ministry of Education in 1987. For many years, it provided opportunities for post- baccaleaurate education to make up for the country’s limited capacity of graduate education. Universities must have approval from the Ministry of Education in order to offer second bachelor’s degree programs in select majors. Typically, an institution would offer dozens of double bachelor’s degree programs but only a few approved second bachelor’s degrees. The Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council terminated such programs in July 2019.

The second bachelor’s degree involved two years of full-time study following the completion of a first bachelor’s degree. Entry was based on a first bachelor’s degree and institution-administered examinations; some programs required applicants to have post-baccalaureate work experience. Students usually enroled in a second bachelor’s degree in a different category from their first bachelor’s degree, for example a Bachelor’s Degree in Economics following a Bachelor’s Degree in Arts. After successful completion of the two-year program, students received a benke certificate of graduation and a bachelor’s degree.

Some higher education institutions and even provincial educational authorities have mistakenly used the term “second bachelor’s degree” when referring to double bachelor’s degrees. The following criteria may help identify a post- baccalaureate second bachelor’s degree:  The program issued both a separate benke certificate of graduation, which can be authenticated through CHESICC, and a bachelor’s degree certificate.  Student transcript indicates two years of full-time study following the completion of a first bachelor’s degree.  The benke certificate of graduation issued since 2001 for a second bachelor’s degree program should have the qualification level code 04 at the 11-12 digits of the certificate number. The qualification level code 05 is used for benke certificates of graduation of all other programs (first bachelor’s degree, double bachelor’s degrees, and zhuanke-to-benke upgrading programs).

Refer to Appendix B1 for sample program structures of second benke major, double bachelor’s degrees, and second bachelor’s degree.

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ZHUANKE TO BENKE UPGRADING PROGRAMS

People with zhuanke qualifications may pursue further education by taking zhuanke to benke upgrading programs (专升本), sometimes translated as benke upper division programs. The certificate of graduation usually indicates it is an upgrading program without specifying the field of study of the original zhuanke credential. A benke qualification obtained through an upgrading program is fully recognized and may lead to a bachelor’s degree. A non-degree-granting institution that offers upgrading programs may have an agreement with a degree-granting institution to which its graduates can apply for a bachelor’s degree.

Zhuanke to benke upgrading programs generally involve two years of full-time or three years of part-time study, with about 80 to 90 credits needed for graduation. Most programs are offered through the adult higher education sector. Applicants must have a recognized zhuanke qualification and pass the adult Gaokao. An upgrading program offered through the regular sector generally requires applicants to have a zhuanke certificate from a regular full-time program and pass the entrance examination administered by the institution. Students in such a program may have access to the same teaching staff and facilities as those enroled in four- year benke programs.

Applicants are usually asked to choose a specialty similar to their zhuanke study, but this requirement may be waived at the discretion of the institution. It is therefore possible for a student to have two completely different fields of study, such as a zhuanke major in science and a benke major in arts and humanities or business. Even when the two fields of study are the same or closely related, the combination of two programs, often offered by different institutions, may have less coherence as a conventional four-year benke program.

SECOND SPECIALTY ZHUANKE PROGRAMS

People with zhuanke or benke qualifications can pursue further study in a new field at the zhuanke level through second specialty zhuanke programs (二学历). Before 2004, applicants were admitted based on their educational qualification, without having to take the adult Gaokao. Second specialty zhuanke programs are offered through the adult higher education sector in fields perceived to be in high demand, such as foreign language, law, and computer science. Students usually study for two to three years on a part-time basis and may be granted transfer of credit for their previous study. Upon completion of the program, they receive a second specialty zhuanke certificate of graduation (二学历专科毕业证书).

SELF-STUDY EXAMINATIONS

Introduced in 1981, Higher Education Self-Study Examinations (高等教育自学考试 ) allow people from all educational backgrounds to obtain recognized zhuanke and benke qualifications and bachelor’s degrees by challenging national examinations. The current system of self-study examinations (also translated as self-taught examinations) was formalized after the Provisional Regulations on Higher Education Self-Study Examinations were passed into law in March 1988.

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Several organizations in the Ministry of Education oversee the program at the national level.  The Higher Education Self-Study Examination Guidance Committee is the leading body.  The Higher Education Self-Study Examination Office oversees routine work.  The Higher Education Self-Study Examination Specialty Committee creates examination plans and syllabuses, organizes the compilation of higher education textbooks suitable for self-study and exercises overall quality control and assessment.  The National Educational Examination and Self-Study Examination Research Committee conducts research on self-study examination policies and guidelines.

The national bodies guide and supervise self-study examination committees and self-study examination offices at the provincial, prefecture and municipal levels. A number of regular universities and colleges are selected in each province to participate in designing and administering the examinations.

Examinations are administered twice every year, in June and December. The list published by the Ministry of Education in 1998 contains 224 specialties in 11 degree categories (excluding management). Of the 224 specialties:  141 are offered as zhuanke programs  22 are offered as full-length benke programs  61 are offered as zhuanke to benke upgrading programs

In 2002, the Ministry of Education and the Ministry of Health jointly decided to stop offering programs in medicine through self-study examinations and distance education (correspondence, radio and TV and online programs).

Students receive a certificate of course completion through self-study (单科结业证 书) by passing the exam in a single subject. Upon successful completion of the required number of subjects and any additional requirement, such as a thesis, they are awarded a certificate of graduation through self-study (高等教育自学考试毕业 证书) stamped by both the provincial self-study examination committee (省高等教 育自学考试委员会) and the examination-administering institution (主考院校). The certificate of graduation is usually either zhuanke or benke, though it may also be issued at the specialized senior secondary level in some provinces. Those who obtain benke qualifications through self-study may apply to the examination- administering institution for a bachelor’s degree.

Many adult education institutions and regular daytime universities and colleges offer training programs to help students take the self-study examinations. Students enroled at minban (private) institutions offering only non-qualification education or those enroled at non-qualification programs of regular institutions may take the self-study examinations to obtain qualifications recognized by the Ministry of Education.

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According to the Provisional Regulations on Higher Education Self-Study Examinations (1988), certificates of graduation through self-study should be accepted on par with qualifications obtained from regular institutions. Holders, therefore, are entitled to the same salary and benefits as well as access to further education. In reality, educational qualifications obtained through self-study examinations, like those from the adult education sector, are generally considered to be of lower status than those from regular programs. Compared with adult higher education, which features “difficult entry, easy exit”, self-study examinations follow “easy entry, difficult exit” – there is no entrance requirement and students do not have to enrol in any course, but the examinations are challenging as standards are set at the national level. Anecdotal evidence suggests that some employers favour self-study examination qualifications over those from the adult higher education sector.

MASTER’S PROGRAMS

The People’s Republic of China introduced graduate education (研究生教育) in 1950. It was, however, stopped during the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976) and restored in 1978. The first master’s degrees were awarded in 1981.

Master’s degree (硕士学位) programs are offered by degree-granting universities and colleges and by research institutes authorized by the Ministry of Education and the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council. Applicants must have a benke certificate of graduation (a bachelor’s degree is not required), usually be under the age of 40, and pass the graduate entrance examination and an interview. The Ministry of Education is responsible for setting and grading papers of foreign languages (for example, English, Russian, or Japanese) for non-foreign language majors, political theory, and a few basic specialty subjects in the first round of examination. The institutions set and grade the specialty subject papers in the second round of examination and conduct interviews. Students with first class standing in their undergraduate study may be offered direct admission into a master’s program.

The list published by the Ministry of Education in 2011 has 388 graduate study specialties in 13 major categories. A number of specialties may belong to different degree categories, depending on the program. For example, graduate degrees in science have the following specialties:  mathematics  physics  chemistry  astronomy  geography  atmospheric sciences  oceanic sciences  geophysics  geology

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 biology  systems science  history of science and technology (may also lead to degrees in engineering, agriculture or medicine)  ecology  statistics (may also lead to degrees in economics)

Most programs comprise two and a half years of full-time study, including about 32 to 36 credits of coursework and the preparation and defence of a thesis. Coursework is usually completed in the first three semesters and typically includes:  10 credits of required general courses such as Marxist theory and foreign language  15 credits of required specialty courses  some elective courses

Each student will be assigned a thesis supervisor, who must be an associate professor or full professor authorized by the institution to supervise master’s students. After successful completion of the program, students receive a certificate of graduation from a master’s program (硕士研究生毕业证书). They have to meet additional requirements set by the institution (for example, grades of 70 per cent or higher in all specialty courses) in order to be awarded a master’s degree certificate (硕士学位证书).

Chinese regulations on academic degrees do not specify the duration of study for obtaining degrees. According to the Higher Education Law, master’s degree programs that award master’s level qualification in the form of a certificate of graduation involve two to three years of full-time study. Therefore, any master’s degree program that awards a certificate of graduation involves at least two years of full-time study, whereas alternative pathways to master’s degrees, such as applying for a master’s degree by claiming comparable educational competence and some part-time professional master’s degree programs, do not specify the duration of study.

For some years after China introduced academic degrees in 1981, very few doctoral programs existed. Master’s degrees were regarded as advanced research degrees, with the vast majority of graduates finding jobs at universities and research institutes. Master’s degrees typically involved two-and-a-half to three years of full-time study, including one-and-a-half years of coursework and one to one-and-a-half years of research leading to the completion of a graduation thesis or project.

In the late 1990s and early 2000s, China’s higher education system expanded rapidly. With higher education institutions and research institutes awarding tens of thousands of PhDs each year, master’s degrees have become less of an entry qualification for university teaching and research positions and more of an intermediate credential in preparation for doctoral study or a graduate degree for

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career advancement in diverse professions. Institutions have reduced the length of study of some of their master’s programs from two-and-a-half or three years to two years. Two-year master’s degrees usually follow the same program structure as traditional programs but require less coursework and a shorter period for thesis research.

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Table 53. Length of Study of Master’s Degrees for Students Admitted in 2007 and thereafter, Zhejiang University37

College 2 years 2.5 years 3 years Economics All majors Education All majors Zoology All majors Public All majors Administration Communications All majors Humanities All majors except fine Fine art, art, and design art art, art, and design art Sciences Majors in mathematics Majors in psychology, and physics chemistry, geology, etc. Business MBA Other majors Administration Computer Software engineering All majors except software engineering Law All majors except Master of Master of Jurisprudence Jurisprudence Foreign Languages All majors Life Sciences All majors Machinery and All majors Energy Sources Materials and All majors Chemical Industry Electrical All majors Engineering Information All majors Technology Architecture All majors Biological All majors Engineering and Food Industry Environment and All majors Resources Biomedical All majors Engineering and Instrument Science Agricultural All majors Science Medicine All science majors All professional majors Pharmacy All majors

37 Source: Graduate School of Zhejiang University. 91

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PROFESSIONAL MASTER’S DEGREES

Professional master’s degrees (专业硕士学位) generally give students the option to study on a part-time basis and may issue only the degree certificate without the certificate of graduation.

A professional master’s degree program that does not issue the certificate of graduation operates in the non-qualification education sector and therefore does not have to conform to the duration of study specified in the Higher Education Law (that is, two to three years of full-time study for master’s level qualification).

A Ministry of Education document published in March 2009 called on institutions to restructure professional master’s degrees to focus on full-time programs recruiting graduating benke students and issuing both the degree certificate and certificate of graduation. Soon after, the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council published recommended program structures for a number of professional master’s degrees in May 2009. In 2013, professional master’s degree programs accounted for about 40 per cent of newly enroled master’s degree students.

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Table 54. Professional Master’s Degrees38

English Title Chinese Title Approved Juris Master (JM) 法律硕士 1995 Master of Agricultural Extension (MAE) 农业推广硕士 1999 Master of Applied Psychology (MAP) 应用心理硕士 2010 Master of Applied Statistics (M.A.S.) 应用统计硕士 2010 Master of Architecture (M.Arch) 建筑学硕士 1992 Master of Auditing (MAud) 审计硕士 2011 Master of Business Administration (MBA) 工商管理硕士 1990 Master of Chinese Materia Medica (MCMM) 中药学硕士 2010 Master of Cultural Heritage and Museology (M.C.H.M.) 文物与博物馆硕士 2010 Master of Education (Ed.M) 教育硕士 1996 Master of Engineering (ME) 工程硕士 1997 Master of Engineering Management (MEM) 工程管理硕士 2010 Master of Finance (MF) 金融硕士 2010 Master of Fine Arts (MFA) 艺术硕士 2005 Master of Forestry (MF) 林业硕士 2010 Master of Insurance (MI) 保险硕士 2010 Master of International Business (MIB) 国际商务硕士 2010 Master of Journalism and Communication (MJC) 新闻与传播硕士 2010 Master of Landscape Architecture (MLA) 风景园林硕士 2005 Master of Library and Information Studies (MLIS) 图书情报硕士 2010 Master of Medicine (MM) 临床医学硕士 1998 Master of Military Science (MMS) 军事硕士 2002 Master of Nursing Specialist (MNS) 护理硕士 2010 Master of Pharmacy (M.Pharm) 药学硕士 2010 Master of Policing (MP) 警务硕士 2010 Master of Professional Accounting (MPAcc) 会计硕士 2004 Master of Public Administration (MPA) 公共管理硕士 1999 Master of Public Health (MPH) 公共卫生硕士 2001 Master of Publishing (MP) 出版硕士 2010 Master of Science in Physical Education (MSPE) 体育硕士 2005 Master of Social Work (MSW) 社会工作硕士 2008 Master of Stomatological Medicine (SMM) 口腔医学硕士 2000 Master of Taxation (MT) 税务硕士 2010 Master of Teaching Chinese to Speakers of Other 汉语国际教育硕士 2007 Languages (MTCSOL) Master of Tourism Administration (MTA) 旅游管理硕士 2010 Master of Translation and Interpretation (MTI) 翻译硕士 2007 Master of Urban Planning (MUP) 城市规划硕士 2010 Master of Valuation (MV) 资产评估硕士 2010 Master of Veterinary Medicine (VMM) 兽医硕士 1999

38 Source: CDGDC 93

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Master of Engineering (ME) professional degree is one of the 39 types of professional master’s degrees. The national steering committee’s website (http://meng.tsinghua.edu.cn) provides information on the development of ME in China, including lists of approved institutions and program guidelines for 40 engineering fields. By 2010, 41,042 ME degrees had been awarded.

Due to translation issues, the Master of Engineering professional degree (工程硕 士专业学位) is often confused with Master of Engineering/Technology academic degree (工学硕士学位). The following table compares the two types of degrees in terms of program objective, structure, admission and graduation requirements, and exit credentials.

Table 55. Professional and Academic Master’s Degrees in Engineering Fields

Degree Name Master of Engineering (ME) Master’s Degree in 工程硕士专业学位 Engineering/Technology 工学硕士学位 Degree Type Professional degree 专业学位 Academic degree 学术性学位 First Awarded 1998 1981 Program Focus Program is focused on practical Program is focused on engineering skills. Graduates must theoretical knowledge and demonstrate the ability to use scientific research skills. Graduates theory, methodology and measures to must demonstrate the ability solve practical engineering problems. to conduct independent research and contribute to engineering knowledge. Entry Bachelor’s degree Benke certificate of graduation Requirement Some programs require three years of work experience in a relevant engineering field. Field of Study 40 engineering fields 32 engineering and  mechanical engineering technological fields  optical engineering  mechanics  instrument and meter engineering  mechanical engineering  material engineering  optical engineering  metallurgy engineering  instrument science and  power engineering technology  electrical engineering  materials science and  electronics and communication engineering engineering  metallurgy engineering  integrated circuit engineering  power engineering and  control engineering engineering  computer technology thermophysics  software engineering  electrical engineering  architectural and civil engineering  electronics science and  hydraulic engineering technology  surveying and mapping engineering  information and  chemical engineering communication  geological engineering engineering   mining engineering control science and engineering  petroleum and natural gas  engineering computer science and

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 textile engineering technology  light industry technology and  architecture engineering  civil engineering  communication and transportation  hydraulic engineering engineering  surveying and mapping  shipbuilding and oceanography  chemical engineering and engineering technology  safety engineering  geological resources and  arms engineering geological engineering  nuclear energy and nuclear  mineral engineering technology engineering  petroleum and natural gas  agricultural engineering engineering  forestry engineering  textile science and  environmental engineering engineering  biomedical engineering  light industry technology  foodstuff engineering and engineering  aeronautical engineering  communication and  aerospace engineering transportation engineering  vehicle engineering  naval architecture and  pharmaceutical engineering ocean engineering  industrial engineering  aeronautical and  industrial design engineering astronautical science and  biotechnology engineering technology   project management arms science and  logistics engineering technology  nuclear science and technology  agricultural engineering  forestry engineering  environmental science and engineering  biomedical engineering  foodstuff science and engineering Duration of Study Two to four years full-time or part-time Two to three years full-time Credentials Master’s Professional Degree Master’s Degree and Some programs also issue Certificates Certificate of Graduation from of Graduation from a Master’s Program a Master’s Program

Refer to Appendix B3 for program guidelines of ME (Environmental Engineering).

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MASTER’S LEVEL CLASSES

Some universities offer master-level classes that do not award master’s degrees. For a short period, so-called graduate classes (研究生班 or 硕士研究生班) provided qualification education recognized by the Ministry of Education, with admission and graduation standards set by provincial educational authorities. After successful completion of such a program, students received certificates of graduation from a graduate class (研究生班毕业证书). Those with high academic performance might choose to complete a thesis and get a master’s degree. Graduate classes were discontinued on January 1, 1996.

The majority of master-level classes are offered through non-qualification education. They are usually called graduate coursework training classes (研究生 课程进修班, or 硕士研究生课程班). Institutions set the admission requirements, which generally include zhuanke, benke or bachelor’s degrees followed by two or three years of work experience. Some institutions ask applicants to sit entrance examinations. Students may have the same access to qualified teaching staff and facilities as those enroled in regular master’s programs. The programs consist of one to two years of part-time study, usually with eight or nine class hours each week. Successful completion of the program leads to certificates of completion of graduate coursework ( 研 究 生 课 程 班 结 业 证 书 ) rather than certificates of graduation.

As a type of non-qualification education, graduate coursework training classes do not have unified standards, and there is no guarantee that the courses offered are actually at the graduate level. Employers may accept certificates of completion of graduate coursework at their own discretion. Students may use such a program as the foundation to pursue a master’s degree by challenging standardized examinations.

COMPARABLE EDUCATIONAL COMPETENCE

In addition to qualifications (学历) and degrees (学位), the Chinese educational system recognizes a third type of credential called educational ability or educational competence (学力). The term “comparable educational competence” (同等学力) describes a person who has demonstrated the educational competence comparable to a certain level of qualification or degree and who should therefore be granted access to further study. Educational competence is a type of credential that usually does not have formal documentation. Individuals may claim educational competence beyond the level of qualification or degree they hold and support the claim by challenging standard examinations.

People who have not completed senior secondary school can take Gaokao if they are considered to have educational competence comparable to that of a senior secondary school graduate. In many provinces, this can be demonstrated by passing the provincial senior secondary exit examination.

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To apply for admission into a master’s program, those who do not have a benke certificate of graduation may claim comparable educational competence if they have either a zhuanke qualification plus at least two years of work experience or a benke certificate of completion. To be admitted, they have to pass additional examinations in at least two core courses at the benke level.

People without a master’s degree can apply for admission into a doctoral program by claiming comparable educational competence. The criteria set by the institutions to determine such competence usually include a bachelor’s degree plus at least six years of related work experience, a minimum number of publications in leading academic journals, and proficiency in a foreign language. Those applicants are required to take additional examinations in core specialty courses at the master’s level.

Comparable educational competence may also enable some people to obtain graduate degrees without undertaking graduate study at institutions or research institutes. China first introduced the alternative pathways to master’s and doctoral degrees in 1985 and formalized the regulations in 1998. People without master- level qualification (documented by a certificate of graduation from a master’s program) can apply for master’s degrees by challenging the national examinations designed for people of comparable educational competence. After applying to an institution offering the master’s program, they have four years to pass the national examinations in specialty subjects and a foreign language, and then one and a half years to complete and defend their thesis. An individual who obtains a master’s degree in this way will not receive a certificate of graduation and therefore has no educational qualification at the master’s level.

SAMPLE CASE An applicant received her bachelor’s degree in economics (finance) from Nankai University in 1990. She enroled in a graduate coursework training class in finance at Nankai University between 1998 and 2000 while working at an insurance company. The transcript listed 13 courses totalling 31 credits; there was no graduation thesis or project. Since it was a non-qualification program, she did not receive a certificate of graduation. By completing the program, however, she was able to apply for a master’s degree by claiming comparable educational competence and passing examinations in master’s degree courses. She received her master’s degree in economics (finance) from Nankai University in June 2002.

Individuals who have published important works or made important inventions or discoveries may be given exemption from coursework and examinations required for a doctoral program and may proceed directly to the defence of their doctoral thesis. One who obtains a doctoral degree in this way will not receive a certificate of graduation from a doctoral program and therefore will have no educational qualification at the doctoral level.

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DOCTORAL PROGRAMS Universities, colleges and research institutes offer doctoral degree or PhD (博士学 位) programs that usually consist of three to four years of full-time study. Applicants to a doctoral program are required to hold a master’s degree, usually be under 45 years of age and pass entrance examinations that may include a foreign language and two specialty courses.

In a typical doctoral program, students complete around 15 credits of coursework in the first two or three semesters and sit for a comprehensive examination in the third semester. The last two years are devoted to thesis preparation and defence. Only full professors are authorized to supervise doctoral students. Candidates must have a broad theoretical foundation in the discipline and in-depth knowledge of their specialty. They must also demonstrate the ability to undertake independent research and have made original contribution in science or technology. Upon successful completion of the program, students receive a certificate of graduation from a doctoral program (博士研究生毕业证书) and a doctoral degree certificate ( 博士学位证书).

CHINESE-FOREIGN JOINT PROGRAMS

Regulations on Chinese-Foreign Cooperation in Running Schools were drafted in 1995 and revised and updated in 2003. The full English text of the regulations is available on the Ministry of Education website.

The regulations forbid foreign institutions from unilaterally establishing and operating any educational institution or program on Chinese territory catering mainly for Chinese citizens. A number of foreign institutions, however, are known to have established campuses in China to offer degree programs mainly to Chinese students. China does not recognize degrees issued from such programs, regardless of whether the foreign institutions are recognized or accredited in their own countries.

To offer degree programs in China, a foreign institution must partner with a Chinese institution to establish a “Chinese-foreign cooperatively run school” (中外 合作办学项目), which must be approved by the Ministry of Education. A website (http://www.crs.jsj.edu.cn/) operated by the Ministry of Education publishes lists of approved joint programs. Provincial educational authorities approve Chinese- foreign joint programs at the zhuanke and secondary levels.

Chinese-foreign joint programs may arrange for their students to complete the entire program in China or complete part of the program at the foreign institution. According to the Ministry of Education, one main purpose of establishing joint programs is to introduce “high-quality foreign educational resources” to China. A joint program typically adopts the curriculum standards, textbooks, teaching methodology and evaluation practices of comparable programs at the foreign institution. A significant number of courses may be taught by foreign faculty. Tuition can be very high by Chinese standards due to the cost of establishing and maintaining such programs. 98

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Chinese-foreign joint programs offer benke or bachelor’s degree, master’s degree and a few doctoral degree programs. They fall into two categories in terms of admission requirements and exit credentials:  Admission based on Chinese criteria – Gaokao or National Graduate Entrance Examination. Students receive credentials from both Chinese and foreign institutions.  Admission based on foreign criteria – Admission requirements set by the joint program must be comparable to those of the foreign institution. Students receive credentials only from the foreign institution.

Table 56. Major Types of Chinese-Foreign Joint Programs

Program Level Admission Credentials Issued Requirements Chinese Foreign Institution Institution Chinese-foreign joint Benke or Gaokao Benke certificate Bachelor’s benke program bachelor’s of graduation and degree 中外合作本科教育项 degree bachelor’s 目 degree Chinese-foreign joint Bachelor’s Comparable to None Bachelor’s bachelor’s degree degree those of the degree program foreign institution 中外合作学士学位教 育项目 Chinese-foreign joint Master’s degree National Certificate of Master’s master’s graduate Graduate graduation from degree student program Entrance a master’s 中外合作硕士研究生 Examination program and 教育项目 master’s degree Chinese-foreign joint Master’s degree Comparable to None Master’s master’s degree those of the degree program foreign institution 中外合作硕士学位教 育项目

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The following are examples of a Chinese-foreign joint benke program and a Chinese-foreign joint school.

Table 57. Joint Benke Program, China Agricultural University and Oklahoma State University39

Institutions China Agricultural University Oklahoma State University Program Level Benke qualification education Duration of 4 Years Study Major Agricultural and Forestry Economics and Management Program Language of instruction is English, with 75 per cent of courses taught by Structure faculty from the foreign institution. All coursework and credits completed for the program are recognized by both institutions. Students must complete 120 credits with GPA of 2.0 or better in order to graduate. After two years of study, students with GPA of 2.25 or better and proven English proficiency have the option of completing the rest of the program at the foreign institution. Credentials Chinese institution: benke certificate of graduation and bachelor’s degree Issued in management Foreign institution: bachelor of science in agricultural sciences and natural resources Tuition 45,000 yuan per year Effective 2013-2020

39 Source: Ministry of Education. 100

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Table 58. Sino-British College, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology40 上海理工大学中英国际学院

Chinese Institution University of Shanghai for Science and Technology Foreign Institutions University of Bradford, UK University of Huddersfield, UK Leeds Metropolitan University, UK University of Leeds, UK Liverpool John Moores University, UK Manchester Metropolitan University, UK University of Salford, UK Sheffield Hallam University, UK University of Sheffield, UK Program Level and Category Benke qualification education Foreign bachelor’s degree education Duration of Program 4 years Admission Requirements Benke qualification Gaokao education Foreign bachelor’s degree Comparable to admission education standards of the British institutions in the UK Enrolment 1,900 (130/year for benke qualification education and 345/year for foreign bachelor’s degree education) Years of Intake 2012-2016 Field of Study Electronic Information Science and Technology Business Administration Events Management Mechanical Engineering Credentials Issued Chinese institution Benke certificate of graduation (Students of Benke and bachelor’s degree Qualification Education Liverpool John Moores Bachelor of Engineering with receive credentials issued by University, UK Honors in Manufacturing both the Chinese and foreign Systems Engineering institutions; students of Liverpool John Moores Bachelor of Engineering with Foreign Bachelor’s Degree University, UK Honors in Industrial Electronics Education receive credentials and Control Engineering only from a foreign University of Huddersfield, Bachelor of Arts with Honors in institution.) UK Events Management University of Sheffield, UK Bachelor of Arts with Honors in Management Effective Until December 31, 2020

To generate more revenue, some joint programs that normally use Chinese criteria to admit students and issue both Chinese and foreign credentials may recruit extra students with lower admission requirements. These students will not receive any Chinese credential (certificate of graduation or degree) but may receive degrees from the foreign institution if they meet all graduation requirements of the joint program.

By June 2018, the Ministry of Education had approved 2,342 joint programs and schools, including 1,090 at or above the benke level.

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INTERCOLLEGIATE EXCHANGE AGREEMENTS

Unlike Chinese-foreign joint programs, which involve foreign institutions and programs operating in China and have to be approved by the Ministry of Education, intercollegiate exchange agreements with foreign institutions are within the purview of Chinese institutions and therefore far more common. A Chinese institution typically has exchange agreements with multiple foreign universities.

Only students already enroled at a Chinese institution may apply to be an exchange student. Depending on the terms of exchange agreements, students complete part of the program at the Chinese institution and part of the program at the foreign institution. For example, a four-year bachelor’s degree may involve two years each at the Chinese and the foreign institution (2+2 pattern) or three years at the Chinese institution and one year at the foreign institution (3+1 pattern). As each institution accepts credits completed at the other institution, a student fulfilling all program requirements will receive credentials from both institutions, for example a benke certificate of graduation plus a bachelor’s degree from the Chinese institution and a bachelor’s degree from the foreign institution.

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TECHNICAL-VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

OVERVIEW

Secondary vocational education (中等职业教育) occurs mostly at the senior secondary level and to a minor extent at the junior secondary level. In 2015, total enrolment was 6 million, accounting for 43 per cent of senior secondary students.

Historically, there were three main types of technical-vocational schools at the senior secondary level: specialized senior secondary schools, vocational senior secondary schools, and skilled workers schools.

Since 2000, the Ministry of Education has promoted a restructuring of technical- vocational secondary education to bring all schools under the same program structure, curriculum standards, and the generic name “vocational secondary schools”. The distinction between different types of schools is deemphasized, and common curriculum standards established.

Table 59. Types of Technical-Vocational Secondary Schools

Period Chinese Name English Chinese Entry Requirement Years Translation Acronym Pre- 中等专业学校 Specialized 中专 Junior Secondary 3-4 2000s Senior Zhongzhuan Graduation (Grade 9) Secondary Senior Secondary 1-2 School Graduation (Grade 12) 职 业 高 级 中 学 Vocational 职高 Junior Secondary 3 or Senior Zhigao Graduation (Grade 9) 高级职业中学 Secondary School 技 术 工 人 学 校 Skilled 技校 Junior Secondary 2-3 or Workers Jixiao Graduation (Grade 9) 技工学校 School Current 中等职业学校 Vocational 中职 Junior Secondary 3 Secondary Zhongzhi Graduation (Grade 9) School Senior Secondary 1 Graduation (Grade 12)

In 2000, the Ministry of Education published the first national vocational secondary curriculum and course standards for seven general foundation subjects and some specialty subjects. After a few provinces used the curriculum on a trial basis, the Ministry of Education published a revised curriculum in 2009 to be implemented across the country.

Higher technical-vocational education is mostly available at the zhuanke level, involving two or three years of full-time post-secondary study. The general term used in China is either higher vocational education (高等职业教育, or 高职 for short) or more recently, higher vocational and specialized education (高职高专). This refers to various types of schools such as vocational universities (职业大学), 103

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adult higher education institutions (独立设置的成人高校), and specialized junior colleges (高等专科学校). Eventually, all institutions offering higher vocational education will be named vocational colleges (职业学院), technical colleges (技术 学院), or vocational-technical colleges (职业技术学院).

VOCATIONAL SECONDARY EDUCATION

SPECIALIZED SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Specialized senior secondary schools (中等专业学校) based on the USRR model were introduced in the early 1950s to train technicians. At that time, programs lasted four years for junior secondary graduates and two years for senior secondary graduates. After the interruption of the Cultural Revolution (1966-1976), specialized senior secondary education was quickly revived.

When Gaokao was restored in 1977, only a small percentage of graduates of general senior secondary schools could get into colleges and universities. Specialized senior secondary schools therefore offered two- or three-year programs specially designed for senior secondary graduates whose Gaokao scores were not high enough for post-secondary admission. Until about 1985, over half of students enroled at specialized senior secondary schools were graduates from general senior secondary schools. From the early to mid-1980s, several hundred national key specialized senior secondary schools were upgraded to junior colleges offering zhuanke-level education in technical-vocational fields.

Since the 1990s, the proportion of general senior secondary school graduates enroled at specialized senior secondary schools has steadily decreased to below 10 per cent. Most schools now only recruit junior secondary graduates. In some cases, high-performing students enroled at specialized senior secondary schools have the option to transfer, after three years of study, to zhuanke programs at technical-vocational junior colleges.

Programs offered through specialized senior secondary education have a strong applied focus. Schools often have established relations with employers where their students can have their practicum. Curriculum usually includes special training courses to help students take standard tests to obtain technical-vocational certificates. Students may also be exempt from the written component of the tests and only have to pass the practical component. Many students receive both a certificate of graduation from a specialized senior secondary school (中专毕业证 书) and a mid-level occupational certificate (中级职业资格证书) in their chosen occupation.

For historical reasons, specialized senior secondary education has two major patterns:  programs designed for junior secondary graduates (pattern one)  those for senior secondary graduates (pattern two) Some schools offering both programs may use the term “small zhongzhuan” (小中

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专) for pattern one and “big zhongzhuan” (大中专) for pattern two. Generally speaking, pattern one consists of three or four years of study in both general and specialty subjects, whereas pattern two involves one or two years of study in specialty subjects only.

Pattern one has been the dominant pattern since the mid- to late 1990s. Junior secondary graduates must pass provincially administered entrance examinations to be admitted into specialized senior secondary schools. These examinations may be the same as the entrance examinations for general senior secondary schools. Amid declining enrolment in recent years, many schools no longer require applicants to take entrance examinations.

The program usually lasts three or four years, consisting of general courses (文化 课), specialty courses (专业课) and up to one year of practicum (实习). General courses usually include politics, Chinese, mathematics, foreign language, and physical education. Compared with general senior secondary education, there might be fewer hours of instruction for the general courses as well as a lack of courses in both science (physics and chemistry) and humanities (history and geography). Instead of the practicum, students may have the option to spend the last year in school preparing for Gaokao.

In pattern two, specialized senior secondary schools may recruit general senior secondary graduates whose Gaokao scores are not high enough for admission into zhuanke programs at universities and colleges. Unlike pattern one, such programs focus on specialty subjects only. They were especially popular in the 1980s, when student admission was based on Gaokao scores and the length of study was two or three years. Currently some schools recruit senior secondary graduates without any additional entrance requirement such as Gaokao scores and the length of study can be one or two years.

Under special circumstances, certificates of graduation from specialized senior secondary school (pattern two) might be accepted as zhuanke-level study in China. This usually happens at national key specialized senior secondary schools that have subsequently been upgraded to junior colleges without any substantial change in their curriculum and teaching staff.

Before 2000, graduates from a specialized senior secondary school had to work for two or three years before they were allowed to take Gaokao and be admitted into academic programs. Alternatively, they could get into zhuanke-level technical- vocational programs in the year of graduation by passing entrance examinations specially designed for graduates of vocational secondary schools. Since 2000, the Ministry of Education has allowed specialized senior secondary graduates to take Gaokao in the year of their graduation. To help their students pass Gaokao, some schools revised the curriculum to allow more time for general subjects.

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VOCATIONAL SENIOR SECONDARY SCHOOLS

Vocational senior secondary schools ( 职业高级中学) have a relatively short history, with many established in the 1980s. According to the State Education Commission guidelines drafted in 1986 and passed into law in 1990, the aim of vocational senior secondary schools is to train mid-level skilled workers, farmers with mid-level technical skills, and mid-level management and technical personnel. Programs focus on professional education and vocational training. Upon graduation, students should have acquired both general foundation knowledge and specialized knowledge and skills needed to practice an occupation.

A typical program lasts three years full-time, consisting of general subjects, specialty subjects, and one year of practicum. The recommended ratio of general subjects, specialty subjects and practicum is 3:3:4 for programs in technology, agriculture and medicine and 4:3:3 for programs in arts and humanities.

Before the implementation of the 2009 national vocational secondary curriculum, provincial educational authorities as well as relevant ministries and commissions of the central government were responsible for setting curriculum standards and approving teaching plans for various specialties or occupations.

Upon successful completion of their study and passing the provincial graduation examinations, students receive a certificate of graduation from vocational senior secondary school (职业高中毕业证书). In some provinces, they may also receive a certificate of comparable educational competence of general senior secondary school (普通高中同等学历证书).

Though vocational senior secondary education is highly employment-oriented, it offers some access to further education, mainly in the technical-vocational specialties. Before 2000, under the same conditions as specialized senior secondary schools, vocational senior secondary school graduates had to work for two or three years before they were allowed to take Gaokao and be admitted into academic programs. Alternatively, they could get into zhuanke-level technical- vocational programs in the year of graduation by passing entrance examinations specially designed for graduates of vocational secondary schools. Since 2000, the Ministry of Education has allowed graduates of vocational senior secondary schools to take Gaokao in the year of their graduation. To help their students pass Gaokao, some schools revised the curriculum to allow more time for general subjects.

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SKILLED WORKERS SCHOOLS Skilled workers schools (技工学校) are senior secondary schools that train skilled workers (技术工人). Unlike other vocational secondary schools, they have been under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Human Resources and Social Security (formerly known as the Ministry of Labour) since 1978. Provincial and local labour and personnel departments ( 劳 动 人 事 部 门 ) approve the establishment, restructuring and termination of skilled workers schools.

According to the guidelines jointly published by the Ministry of Labour and the State Education Commission in 1986, the aim of skilled workers schools is to train mid- level skilled workers. Upon graduation, students should have acquired general and specialized knowledge and analytical and problem-solving ability as well as operational skills needed for an occupation.

A typical program admits junior secondary graduates and involves three years of full-time study (or two years for some specialties, especially in the service industry). A small number of programs that recruit senior secondary students involve one or two years of full-time study. Curriculum standards were set by various departments of the central and provincial governments before the implementation of the national vocational secondary curriculum of 2009.

Upon successful completion of their study, students receive a certificate of graduation from skilled workers school ( 技工学校毕业证书). Many schools, especially national and provincial key schools, have incorporated technical certification programs into their curriculum, so that the majority of their graduates will also receive a mid-level occupational certificate (中级职业资格证书).

NATIONAL VOCATIONAL SECONDARY CURRICULUM

According to the 2009 Vocational Secondary Curriculum (中等职业学校教学计划), vocational secondary schools mainly admit graduates of junior secondary school (Grade 9) or those with equivalent qualification; length of study is usually three years. A few programs admit general senior secondary graduates; length of study is usually one year.

For three-year programs that admit junior secondary graduates, each school year consists of 40 weeks of class and 12 weeks of holidays and vacations. Each week has 28 class hours or 30 hours of on-the-job training. Class hours total 3,000 to 3,300 over three years. For schools that adopt the credit system, each credit represents 16 to 18 class hours or one week of special activity such as military training or social practice. Students must complete a minimum of 170 credits over three years.

General foundation subjects account for about one third of the course load and take one year to complete. Specialty subjects account for about two thirds of the course load and take two years to complete, including one year of on-the-job training. The following general foundation subjects are mandatory for all programs:

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 Chinese  mathematics  foreign language  basic computer application  physical education and health  art (or fine art, music)  moral education

Other general foundation subjects such as physics and chemistry may be designated as mandatory or elective courses or incorporated into specialty subjects, depending on the program.

The 2009 curriculum includes course standards for seven general foundation subjects:  Chinese  mathematics  English  basic computer application  physical education and health  physics  chemistry

Following are course standards for mathematics, physics and chemistry.

MATHEMATICS

The subject is taught in foundation, vocational and extension modules. All students must complete the foundation module. Students in certain fields of study must complete 32 to 64 class hours of select units in the vocational module. Schools may offer extension module units in the content areas listed in the curriculum or other content areas based on student needs.

Table 60. Vocational Secondary Mathematics Modules

Module Description Class Hours Foundation Mandatory for all students 128 Vocational Restricted elective based on field of study 32-64 Extension Elective for students pursuing personal interest or further Unspecified education

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Table 61. Vocational Secondary Mathematics Course Content

Module Unit Content Class Hours Foundation 1 Sets 10 2 Inequation 8 3 Functions 12 4 Exponential and logarithmic functions 12 5 Trigonometric functions 18 6 Sequence 10 7 Planar vector 10 8 Equations of lines and circles 18 9 Solid geometry 14 10 Elementary probability and statistics 16 Vocational 1 Trigonometric calculations and their 16 applications 2 Coordinates conversion and parametric 12 equations 3 Complex numbers and their applications 10 4 Elementary logic algebra 16 5 Unit algorithm and flow charts 16 6 Information processing for spreadsheets 10 7 Principles and methods of planning 14 8 Elementary linear programming 14 Extension 1 Trigonometric formulas and their applications 2 Ellipses, parabolas and hyperbolas 3 Probability and statistics

Under each content area, there are a number of subtopics with specified level of learning outcome:  knowing – grasp the meaning and simple application of the content knowledge  understanding – grasp the concepts and principles (definitions, theorems, laws and so on) of the content knowledge and its relation to other knowledge  mastery – solve problems by applying the concepts, definitions, theorems and laws of the content knowledge

PHYSICS

Physics is mandatory for students whose field of study falls into one of the following three categories: machinery and construction, electricity and electronics, chemical technology, agriculture, medicine

It is a general elective subject for all other students. Physics is taught in foundation, vocational and extension modules. All students whose field of study falls into one of the above three categories must complete the foundation module. Separate vocational modules are designed for each category. Schools may offer extension module units in the content areas listed in the curriculum or other content areas based on student needs.

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Table 62. Vocational Secondary Physics Modules Module Description Class Hours Foundation Mandatory for students whose major falls into one of the three 48 categories Vocational Restricted elective 16-32 Extension Elective for students pursuing personal interest or further Unspecified education

Table 63. Vocational Secondary Physics Course Content Module Unit Content Class Hours Foundation 1 Motion and forces 12 2 Mechanical energy 6 3 Thermal phenomena and their applications 4 4 Direct current circuit 10 5 Electric and magnetic fields and magnetic 10 induction 6 Optical phenomena and their applications 4 7 Nuclear energy and its applications 2 Vocational Machinery 1 Motion and forces 16-32 and 2 Oscillations and mechanical waves construction 3 Solids, liquids and liquid crystals 4 Properties and applications of liquids and gases Electricity 1 Motion and forces 16-32 and 2 Applications of electrostatic fields electronics 3 Applications of magnetic fields 4 Electromagnetic waves Chemical 1 Properties and applications of liquids and 16-32 technology, gases agriculture, 2 Sound waves and their applications medicine 3 Knowledge and applications of electricity 4 Knowledge and applications of optics Extension 1 Introduction to modern physics 2 2 Introduction to space technology 2 3 Introduction to modern communications 2 technology 4 Development and applications of new 2 energy sources and energy conservation 5 Physics and environmental protection 2

CHEMISTRY

Chemistry is mandatory for students whose field of study falls into one of the following three categories: medicine and healthcare, agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry and fishery, processing and manufacturing

It is a general elective subject for all other students. Chemistry is taught in foundation and vocational modules. All students whose field of study falls into one of the above three categories must complete the foundation module. Separate vocational modules are designed for each of the three categories. Both the foundation and vocational modules contain optional subtopics.

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Table 64. Vocational Secondary Chemistry Modules

Module Description Class Hours Foundation Mandatory for students whose major falls into one of the three 48 categories Vocational Restricted elective 16-32

Table 65. Vocational Secondary Chemistry Course Content

Module Unit Content Class Hours Lecture Lab Foundation 1. Atomic structure and chemical 3 3 Fundamentals bonds of chemistry Quantity of matter 4 2 Chemical reaction rate and 2 1 chemical equilibrium Electrolyte solutions 4 1 Oxidation and reduction 1 2. Important Common non-metal elements 4 elements and and their compounds their Common metallic elements and 4 1 compounds their compounds

3. Common Hydrocarbons 6 organic Hydrocarbon derivatives 4 3 compounds Carbohydrates 2 Proteins 1 1 High polymers 1 Subtotal (48 class hours/3 credits, not including 10 class hours of optional 36 12 subtopics) Vocational Medicine and Solutions, colloids, and permeable pressure 4 healthcare Buffer solutions 2 2 Closed chain hydrocarbons 2 Hydrocarbon derivatives 5 Lipids 2 2 Carbohydrates 4 1 Heterocyclic compounds and alkaloids 2 Amino acids and proteins 3 1 Subtotal (30 class hours/2 credits, not including 6 class hours of 24 6 optional subtopics) Agriculture, Buffer solutions, colloids, and permeable pressure 4 2 forestry, Titration analysis 8 6 animal Lipids 2 husbandry Heterocyclic compounds and alkaloids 2 and fishery Subtotal (24 class hours/1.5 credits, not including 2 class hours of 16 8 optional subtopics) Processing Elementary electrical chemistry and metal 4 2 and protection manufacturing Chemistry and materials 4 2 Chemistry and environment 4 Subtotal (16 class hours/1 credit, not including 2 class hours of optional 12 4 subtopics

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HIGHER VOCATIONAL EDUCATION

Higher vocational education in China began in the 1980s with the establishment of many municipally administered “vocational universities” (职业大学). Currently, higher vocational education is available mostly at the zhuanke level from various types of institutions, such as vocational universities, specialized junior colleges, and adult higher education institutions as well as radio and TV universities.

Recently the Ministry of Education has adopted the general term “higher vocational and specialized education” (高职高专). The education reform launched by the Chinese central government in 1999 aimed to restructure all institutions offering higher vocational education, which will eventually adopt standardized names such as vocational colleges (职业学院), technical colleges (技术学院), or vocational- technical colleges (职业技术学院).

Vocational higher education institutions are administered at the provincial level. They recruit students through the regular or adult Gaokao. Applicants who have graduated from a vocational secondary school use a different set of examination papers from graduates of general senior secondary schools. Programs involve two or three years of full-time study and have a strong applied focus. Schools are encouraged to hire teachers who also hold professional designations such as engineer or accountant.

Some institutions offer five-year higher vocational programs (五年制高职) that recruit junior secondary graduates. The first three years are considered to be secondary education and may be offered at a secondary vocational school in partnership with the higher vocational institution.

In 2004, to differentiate higher vocational education from general higher education at the zhuanke level, the Ministry of Education published an advisory list of higher vocational education specialties that includes 1,170 specialties in 19 major occupational categories. An updated list published in 2015 includes 19 major occupational categories and 748 specialties.

Major Occupational Categories in Higher Vocational Education (2015) 1. agriculture, forestry, animal husbandry, and fisheries 农林牧渔大类 2. traffic and transportation 交通运输大类 3. biochemical technology and drugs 生化与药品大类 4. resource development and prospecting 资源开发与测绘大类 5. materials and energy 材料与能源大类 6. civil construction 土建大类 7. hydropower 水利大类 8. manufacturing 制造大类 9. electronic information 电子信息大类

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10. environmental protection, meterology and safety 环保、气象与安全大类 11. light industry, textiles and foodstuff 轻纺食品大类 12. finance 财经大类 13. medicine and healthcare 医药卫生大类 14. tourism 旅游大类 15. public works 公共事业大类 16. culture and education 文化教育大类 17. art design and communication 艺术设计传媒大类 18. public security 公安大类 19. law 法律大类

A zhuanke qualification from higher vocational education used to be a terminal credential; graduates might find it difficult to get a benke certificate and bachelor’s degree through an upgrading program, as many specialties were not available beyond the zhuanke level. In recent years, an increasing number of universities have started offering benke programs in vocational and technical fields. A 2014 State Council directive on higher vocational education called for the expansion of the sector at the benke and bachelor’s degree and graduate levels. The 2015 Ministry of Education list of higher vocational specialities provides, for many of the specialties, recommended pathways leading from specialized senior secondary study to benke qualifications.

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EACHER DUCATION T E OVERVIEW The Teachers Law of 1993 prescribes the minimum educational qualifications of different types of schoolteachers and higher education teachers.  Graduation from a preschool education teachers school (at the senior secondary level) is needed to be a kindergarten teacher.  Graduation from a secondary teachers school (at the senior secondary level) is needed to be a primary school teacher.  Graduation from a junior teachers college or a zhuanke program from other post-secondary institutions is needed to teach at either general or vocational junior secondary schools.  A benke qualification from a teachers college, normal university, or other higher education institution is needed to teach at either general or vocational senior secondary schools.  A benke or graduate qualification is needed to teach at higher education institutions.

Depending on their age, individuals who had been teaching before the Teachers Law was passed may have to upgrade their educational qualifications through part- time study to meet the minimum requirements. In addition, individuals who do not meet the educational qualifications requirement may qualify to teach by passing national teacher certification examinations.

Corresponding to the stipulations of the Teachers Law, teacher education in China has traditionally operated on three levels:  Specialized senior secondary schools train kindergarten and primary school teachers.  Junior teachers colleges train junior secondary school teachers.  Teachers colleges and normal universities train senior secondary school

teachers. In addition, colleges of education and teacher in-service training schools offer continuing education programs.

41 Table 66. Teacher Education Institutions, 2002 Type of Level of Number of Institutions Teachers Education Institutions Kindergarten Senior Preschool education teachers schools (幼儿教育师 secondary 范学校) 430 Primary Senior Secondary teachers schools (中等师范学校) secondary Junior Zhuanke Junior teachers colleges (高等师范专科学校) secondary Senior Benke Teachers colleges ( 师 范 学 院 ) and normal 203 secondary universities (师范大学) Junior and Continuing Colleges of education (教育学院) senior education 103 secondary Primary Continuing Teacher in-service training schools (教师进修学 1703 education 校)

41 Source: Ministry of Education. 114

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The teacher education restructuring plan formulated by the Ministry of Education in 1999 aimed to phase out secondary teachers schools, starting with cities and economically developed areas. The new structure has two levels:  zhuanke programs for kindergarten and primary school teachers  benke programs for junior and senior secondary teachers

In addition, a growing percentage of senior secondary teachers are expected to have graduate education.

The majority of secondary teachers schools have closed down. Many normal unviersities and teachers colleges have transformed into comprehensive universities, while the remaining specialized teacher education institutions tend to offer an increasing number of non-teacher education programs.

TEACHER CERTIFICATION

Until the Regulations on Teacher Qualification were passed into law in 1995 by the State Council, no teacher certification process existed. Entry requirement for the teaching profession was defined in terms of educational qualifications.

TEACHER QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATE

After 1995, one must apply for a teacher qualification certificate (教师资格证书) in order to teach at various types of schools. After 2015, one must pass the National Teacher Qualification Examination in order to receive a teacher qualification certificate. The teacher qualification certificate has the following levels:  kindergarten teacher  primary school teacher  junior secondary school teacher  senior secondary school teacher  vocational secondary school teacher  vocational secondary school practicum supervisor  higher education teacher

A teacher qualification certificate allows one to teach at or below their certification level. Someone with a vocational secondary school teacher qualification may teach at a general senior secondary school and vice versa. However, a vocational secondary school practicum supervisor qualification does not entitle the holder to teach at any other type of school.

Before 2015, to obtain a teacher qualfication certificate, one must submit a standard application form along with supporting documents such as proof of educational qualifications, health record, and criminal record check. Graduates of non-teacher education programs must take courses or pass examinations in education and psychology. With Mandarin Chinese (putonghua) as the language of instruction in schools, candidates may be required to submit a national putonghua proficiency test certificate.

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The government has not established any agency responsible for the registration of teachers. Educational authorities at various levels approve teacher qualification certificates based on the educational qualifications of candidates. For example, senior secondary teacher qualification must be approved by county-level educational authorities and submitted to municipal governments for validation.

NATIONAL TEACHER CERTIFICATION EXAMINATION

Provinces used to conduct teacher certification examinations for graduates of non- teacher education programs. The examinations typically consisted of written tests in education and psychology plus interviews and observed teaching. Graduates of teacher education programs could obtain teacher qualification certificates without any additional examination.

In 2013, the Ministry of Education introduced the National Teacher Certification Examination. Most provinces and municipalities have implemented it since 2015.  All candidates must take the NTCE in order to become certified as schoolteachers.  The National Education Examinations Authority under the Ministry of Education designs and administers the NTCE twice a year: written tests in March and November, and interviews in May and December.  Candidates receive their pass certificate after achieving minimum passing grades for both the written tests and interview.

The teacher qualification certificate is valid across the country. Since 2013, teacher registration must be renewed every five years. Requirements for renewal includes, among other things, achieving a passing grade in annual teacher performance assessments and completing a minimum of 360 hours of continuing education during the five-year period.

TEACHER PREPARATION PROGRAMS

SENIOR SECONDARY PROGRAMS Until the late 1990s, secondary teachers schools played a major role in training kindergarten and elementary school teachers. Junior secondary graduates must pass competitive entrance examinations and interviews to be admitted into three- or four-year programs.

While most other specialized senior secondary school programs did not have a national curriculum until 2009, teacher education programs have followed national curricula and course standards since the early 1980s, for example a four-year national curriculum of 1983 and a three-year national curriculum of 1989.

The four-year national curriculum of 1983 included:  general courses: foundation academic subjects (politics, Chinese, mathematics, foreign language, basic natural science, basic social science, labour skills, and so on), professional subjects (education, children’s

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educational psychology) and teaching practice  specialized courses: focused training in three streams: art and history, mathematics and science, and sports, music and fine art

The three-year national curriculum of 1989 included:  compuslory courses: politics, Chinese, Chinese pedagogy, mathematics, mathematics pedagogy, physics, chemistry, biology, history, geography, psychology, elementary education, physical education, music, fine art, labour skills  elective courses: textbooks and pedagogy of elementary subjects, additional courses in physical education and fine art, vocational courses

Refer to Appendix B4 for the program structure of a three-year preschool teacher education program.

ZHUANKE PROGRAMS

Junior Teachers Colleges offer zhuanke-level teacher education programs, which used to train junior secondary teachers but have become the new standard of pre- service education for elementary school teachers since the late 1990s to early 2000s. Programs usually involve three years of full-time study, with admission based on senior secondary graduation and Gaokao. There are also integrated, five-year programs that admit junior secondary graduates.

In 2003, the Ministry of Education published a model curriculum for three-year zhuanke program in elementary education:  general compulsory courses: 702 hours  specialty compulsory courses: 1,008 hours  specialty elective courses: 744 hours  nonrestricted elective courses and examinations: 358-412 hours  education practice: 10 weeks (4 weeks of observation and research and 6 weeks of practice teaching)

Refer to Appendix B5 for the program structure of a three-year zhuanke program in elementary education.

BENKE / BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN EDUCATION Teachers colleges and normal universities are regular higher education institutions that specialize in teacher education programs at the benke/bachelor’s degree and graduate levels.

Benke/bachelor’s degree programs in education, which focused on training senior secondary teachers until the late 1990s, are offered in various fields. The list of benke specialties published by the Ministry of Education in 2012 includes eight specialties under the degree category “education”:  education  science education 117

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 arts and humanties education  educational technology (may also lead to bachelor’s degree in science or bachelor’s degree in engineering/technology)  fine arts education (may also lead to bachelor’s degree in fine arts)  preschool education  elementary education  special education

Students generally complete four years of full-time study, comprising 160 or more credits of coursework and educational practice. Following is a sample credit requirement for a benke program in teacher education.

Table 67. Required Credits, Benke Program in Mathematis and Applied Mathematics42

Courses Credits Hours General compulsory courses (degree courses) 4 64 General compuslory courses (non-degree 43 752 courses) Specialty compulsory courses (degree courses) 47 752 Specialty compulsory courses (non-degree 26 432 courses) Restricted electives 21 304 Non-restricted electives 11 192 Practical components 15 Total 167 2496 Practice teaching 26 448

GRADUATE PROGRAMS Graduate programs in teacher education may lead to:  master’s and doctoral academic degrees in education  professional Master of Education and Doctor of Education degrees

Introduced in 1996, the Master of Education (EdM) professional degree mainly caters for teachers or educational administrators in elementary and secondary schools. The ultimate goal is to make the professional degree an educational requirement for the certification of secondary school teachers and elementary and secondary school administrators.

According to guidelines published by the Academic Degrees Committee and the State Education Commission in 1996 and 1997 respectively, applicants to the EdM program must have benke qualification and at least three years’ related work experience. Students study on a full-time or part-time basis and complete the program in two to four years. The program consists mainly of coursework, with an emphasis on case-based teaching. The graduation thesis must deal with practical issues in subject teaching or educational administration. Successful completion of the program leads to the EdM degree but not a certificate of graduation.

42 Source: Shanghai Normal University. 118

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In 2009, the Academic Degrees Committee published new guidelines for full-time EdM programs, which should involve two years of study and require applicants to have a benke qualification. Successful completion of the program leads to the EdM degree and a certificate of graduation from a master’s program.

The following table outlines the program requirements of Master’s Degree in Education (academic degree) and Master of Education (full-time and part-time professional degree) offered at Beijing Normal University. Refer to Appendix B6 for sample program structures of Master of Education (EdM) professional degree.

Table 68. Master of Education Professional Degree vs. Master of Education Academic Degree, Beijing Normal University43

Program Master of Education Master of Education Master of Education Professional Degree, Part- Professional Degree, Academic Degree time (In-service) Full-time 学术型教育学硕士学位 在职教育硕士专业学位 全日制教育硕士专业学位 Entry Bachelor’s Degree plus three Benke Certificate of Benke Certificate of Requirement years’ experience as teacher, Graduation or equivalent Graduation or equivalent researcher or administrator at qualification. Equivalent qualification. Equivalent educational institutions. qualification may be claimed qualification may be claimed Candidates with benke by candidates with a Benke by candidates with a Benke qualification but no bachelor’s Certificate of Completion or Certificate of Completion or degree must hold a senior Zhuanke Certificate of Zhuanke Certificate of teacher or equivalent position. Graduation who have Graduation who have Most must pass the Unified completed all benke-level completed all benke-level Graduate Entrance required courses in the same required courses in the same Examination in October. or a related field of study. or a related field of study. Candidates with at least four All candidates must pass the All candidates must pass the years of teaching experience National Graduate Entrance National Graduate Entrance may be admitted by passing Examination in January. Examination in January. institution-administered tests. Duration of Two to four years part-time. Two years full-time. Two to three years full-time. Study Coursework can be completed Students typically complete in two summer sessions. all coursework in one and a Before 2006, students half years. completed coursework in one year of full-time study. An additional six months or more part-time is spent on the graduation thesis. Graduation Students must complete 34 Students must complete 36 Students must complete 36- Requirement credits of coursework, credits of coursework, 50 credits, including at least including general degree including degree foundation 8 credits of public required courses (18 credits), specialty courses (12 credits), courses (politics and foreign degree courses (12 credits), specialty required courses language), 9 credits of and electives (4 credits). They (10 credits), specialty degree foundation courses, must also complete a elective courses (6 credits), 9 credits of specialty degree graduation thesis at least and practice teaching (8 courses, 1 credit of field 10,000 characters in length on credits). They must also experience, and electives. a topic that is relevant to the complete a graduation thesis Thesis may focus on development, reform and at least 15,000 characters in theoretical or applied administration of basic length on a topic that is research. education. closely related to basic education practice. Credentials “Master of Education” “Master of Education” Master’s Degree in professional degree professional degree and Education (academic Certificate of Graduation degree) and Certificate of Graduation

43 Source: Graduate School, Beijing Normal University. 119

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GRADING SCALES Conversion of Chinese grades to Albertan standards is based on the fact the passing grade is 60% in China and 50% in Alberta. The following conversion tables cover the most commonly used grading scales in China.

Table 69. Grade Conversion: Percentage Scale

Chinese % IQAS % 100 100 99 99 98 97 97 96 96 95 95 94 94 92 93 91 92 90 91 89 90 87 89 86 88 85 87 84 86 83 85 81 84 80 83 79 82 78 81 76 80 75 79 74 78 73 77 71 76 70 75 69 74 68 73 66 72 65 71 64 70 63 69 61 68 60 67 59 66 58 65 56 64 55 63 54 62 53 61 51 60 50

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Table 70. Grade Conversion: Five-Level Scale

Percentage Chinese Letter Grade English IQAS % Descriptor Descriptor 90-100 优秀 or 优 A Excellent 94 80-89 良好 or 良 B Very Good 82 70-79 中等 or 中 C Good 69 60-69 及格 D Pass 57 0-59 不及格 E/F Fail Fail

Table 71. Grade Conversion: Four-Level Scale (I)

Percentage Chinese Letter Grade English IQAS % Descriptor Descriptor 85-100 优秀 or 优 A Excellent 90 70-84 良好 or 良 B Good 71 60-69 及格 or 中 C Pass/Satisfactory 56 0-59 不及格 or 差 D/F Fail Fail

Table 72. Grade Conversion: Four-Level Scale (II)

Percentage Chinese Letter Grade English IQAS % Descriptor Descriptor 86-100 优秀 or 优 A Excellent 91 76-85 良好 or 良 B Good 75 60-75 及格 or 中 C Pass/Satisfactory 60 0-59 不及格 or 差 D/F Fail Fail

Table 73. Grade Conversion: Four-Level Scale (III)

Percentage Chinese Letter Grade English IQAS % Descriptor Descriptor 91-100 优秀 or 优 A Excellent 95 76-90 良好 or 良 B Good 79 60-75 及格 or 中 C Pass/Satisfactory 60 0-59 不及格 or 差 D/F Fail Fail

To determine whether a document represents a recognized credential in China, the key criterion is whether it belongs to qualification education (学历教育) or non- qualification education (非学历教育). A qualification education program has

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DOCUMENTATION

To determine whether a document represents a recognized credential in China, the key criterion is whether it belongs to qualification education (学历教育) or non- qualification education ( 非 学 历 教 育 ). A qualification education program has standardized entrance and exit requirements and is authorized by the Ministry of Education to issue nationally recognized credentials. In contrast, a non- qualification program has flexible entrance and exit requirements, may charge much higher tuition fees and issues credentials that do not entitle the individuals to further education in qualification programs. Many recognized institutions offer certain types of non-qualification programs.

Table 74. 22 Major Educational Credentials

Chinese English 高中毕业证书 Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School 中专毕业证书 Certificate of Graduation from Specialized Senior Secondary School 职业高中毕业证书 Certificate of Graduation from Vocational Senior Secondary School 技校毕业证书 Certificate of Graduation from Skilled Workers School 专科毕业证书 Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation (普通高等学校) (Regular Higher Education) 专科毕业证书 Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation (成人高等教育) (Adult Higher Education) 专科毕业证书 Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation (高等教育自学考试) (Self-Study Examinations) 第二专业专科毕业证书 Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation in Second Specialty (成人高等教育) (Adult Higher Education) 本科毕业证书 Benke Certificate of Graduation (普通高等学校) (Regular Higher Education) 本科毕业证书 Benke Certificate of Graduation (成人高等教育) (Adult Higher Education) 本科毕业证书 Benke Certificate of Graduation (高等教育自学考试) (Self-Study Examinations) 专升本毕业证书 Benke Certificate of Graduation through Upgrading Program (成人高等教育) (Adult Higher Education) 专升本毕业证书 Benke Certificate of Graduation through Upgrading Program (高等教育自学考试) (Self-Study Examinations) 学士学位证书 Bachelor’s Degree (普通高等学校) (Regular Higher Education) 学士学位证书 Bachelor’s Degree (成人高等教育) (Adult Higher Education) 学士学位证书 Bachelor’s Degree (高等教育自学考试) (Self-Study Examinations) 第二学士学位证书 Second Bachelor’s Degree (普通高等学校) (Regular Higher Education) 研究生班毕业证书 Certificate of Graduation from Graduate Class 硕士研究生毕业证书 Certificate of Graduation from a Master’s Program 硕士学位证书 Master’s Degree 博士研究生毕业证书 Certificate of Graduation from a Doctoral Program 博士学位证书 Doctor’s Degree

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SENIOR SECONDARY EDUCATION

There are three major types of educational documents at the senior secondary level: certificates of graduation, transcripts, and provincial examination records.

CERTIFICATES OF GRADUATION

All graduates from senior secondary schools, including general senior secondary schools and vocational secondary schools, receive certificates of graduation (毕业 证书) from the school. The format varies by province, type of school and time. The certificate often comes in a plastic jacket of a solid colour (for example, red, green and brown) and includes the following information:  student information (name, gender, date of birth, place of birth, photo)  school name (for example, Nanjing No. 5 Senior Secondary School)  period of study (for example, from September 1994 to July 1997)  seal and stamps – dry seal of the provincial educational authorities on student photo and stamps (usually red) of the school and principal

The certificate of graduation sometimes includes the results of school- administered or provincial graduation examinations.

TRANSCRIPTS

Students may not receive any official transcript (成绩单) when they graduate from senior secondary school. When students request transcripts, many schools only issue them in Chinese. To obtain an official transcript in English, a student may have to copy the grades from the Chinese transcript, translate, format and print out the transcript, and have it checked and stamped by the school.

Verification of senior secondary school transcripts could be challenging for a variety of reasons.  Transcripts come in various formats and may look informal and flimsy;  Anecdotal evidence suggests it is not hard to obtain fake transcripts, as some print shops routinely provide this service;  Some senior secondary schools do not respond to inquiries from abroad.

A growing number of senior secondary schools where a high percentage of graduates go abroad to study have begun to issue English or bilingual (English and Chinese) transcripts. Such transcripts come in standardized formats and may have security features.

For many years both CDGDC and CHESICC verified senior secondary transcripts. However, CDGDC and CHESICC stopped offering the service on July 1, 2018 and May 1, 2019 respectively.

An alternative to transcripts is the student archival card or student status card (学 籍卡 or 学籍表), which is the official document of student registration. In addition

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to academic records, the student archival card contains information such as family address, parents and their occupations, and teachers’ comments. The student archival card can be a printed form filled out by hand over the course of three years of study, or a computer generated form at schools that have adopted an electronic archiving system.

PROVINCIAL EXAMINATION RECORDS

Since 1990, the vast majority of general senior secondary students have had to pass a provincial examination (Huikao or Xuekao) in order to graduate. Although schools have records of provincial examination results of their students, official records should be issued by provincial educational authorities either as part of the certificate of graduation or as a separate certificate.

For many years both CDGDC and CHESICC verified senior secondary provincial examination results. CDGDC stopped offering the service on July 1, 2018.

HIGHER EDUCATION

There are three major types of higher education credentials: qualification certificates (学历证书), degree certificates (学位证书), and transcripts (成绩单).

QUALIFICATION CERTIFICATES Students receive qualification certificates after studying in a qualification education (学历教育) program at the zhuanke, benke, master’s and doctoral levels. The format of the certificates varies by level of program, institution and time.

Students who successfully complete a qualification program receive certificates of graduation. Completion of a program with some academic deficiencies leads to the certificate of completion, and partial completion of a program leads to the certificate of incompletion.

Table 75. Types of Qualification Certificates in Higher Education

English Name Chinese Requirements Notes Name Certificate of Graduation 毕业证书 or Meeting all graduation Certificates 毕业文凭 or requirements regulated and 学历证书 recorded by the Ministry of Certificate of Completion 结业证书 Failing one or more subjects Education after retake or not completing minimum credits Certificate of 肄业证书 Leaving program after Certificates issued Incompletion completing at least one year and recorded by the of study institution

Before 1993, provincial education authorities or institutions designed and printed the certificates of graduation, whose format varied greatly. In December 1993, the State Education Commission published regulations on the management of higher education qualification certificates and began to design and print certificates of graduation in standardized formats. 124

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Table 76. Format Changes of Higher Education Certificates of Graduation Since 199344

Size Name Year Colour Security Features (mm) Certificate of 256×184 Connection print, latent text, Graduation from a light certificate number, fluorescent ink Doctoral Program 博 blue 士研究生毕业证书 1994- Certificate of 1995 Graduation from a Master’s Program 硕 pink 士研究生毕业证书

Certificate of Special watermark paper, Graduation from a florescent logo, infrared text of “毕 Beginning Doctoral/Master’s pink 业证书”or “结业证书”, frame in 1996 Program 博士（硕士 consisting of “XIZS” in micro text, ）研究生毕业证书 certificate number, fluorescent ink Special watermark paper, latent 297×210 fluorescent micro text “BO/SHUO SHI YAN JIU SHENG ZHENG Beginning light SHU” under “毕业证书”, inside rim in 1998 yellow consisting of “GAO DENG JIAO YU ZHENG SHU” in micro text, certificate number in phosphorescent ink 256×184 Special watermark paper, anti-copy frame pattern, inside rim consisting of “GAO DENG JIAO YU ZHENG Beginning light SHU” in micro text, guilloche in 1999 green pattern in relief, colourless fluorescent ink thread under “毕业 证书”. Benke/Zhuanke 1994- 235×165 Connection print, latent text, Certificate of 1995 certificate number, fluorescent ink Graduation, Regular Special watermark paper, Higher Education 普 florescent logo, infrared text of “毕 pink 通高等学校本（专） Beginning 业证书”or “结业证书”, frame 科毕业证书 in 1996 consisting of “XIZS” in micro text, certificate number, phosphorescent ink Special watermark paper, latent fluorescent micro text “PU TONG GAO DENG XUE XIAO BEN/ZHUAN KE ZHENG SHU” light 1998 under “毕业证书”, inside rim yellow consisting of “GAO DENG JIAO YU ZHENG SHU” in micro text, certificate number in phosphorescent ink

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Special watermark paper, anti-copy frame pattern, inside rim consisting of “GAO DENG JIAO YU ZHENG Beginning light SHU” in micro text, guilloche in 1999 green pattern in relief, colourless fluorescent ink thread under “毕业 证书”, colourless latent fluorescent circular floral pattern under photo Certificate of 1994- light 235×165 Connection print, latent text, Graduation from 1995 green certificate number, fluorescent ink Graduate Class Special watermark paper, 研究生班 florescent logo, infrared text of “毕 Beginning Certificate of pink 业证书 结业证书 in 1996 ”or “ ”, frame Graduation from consisting of “XIZS” in micro text, Second Bachelor’s certificate number, fluorescent ink Degree Special watermark paper, latent 第二学士学位班 fluorescent micro text “PU TONG Zhuanke Certificate GAO DENG XUE XIAO of Graduation from BEN/ZHUAN KE ZHENG SHU” Beginning Radio and TV pink under “毕业证书”, inside rim in 1998 Universities, consisting of “GAO DENG JIAO Correspondence YU ZHENG SHU” in micro text, Universities, and certificate number in Evening Universities, phosphorescent ink Regular Higher Special watermark paper, anti-copy Education frame pattern, inside rim consisting 电大、函大、夜大普 of “GAO DENG JIAO YU ZHENG 通专科班毕业证书 Beginning light SHU” in micro text, guilloche pattern in 1999 yellow in relief, colourless fluorescent ink thread under “毕业证书”, colourless latent fluorescent circular floral pattern under photo Certificate of Special watermark paper, Graduation, Adult embossed seal of “国家教育委员会 1993- light Higher Education 成 232×166 成人高等教育证书专用章 1998 yellow ” [State 人高等教育毕业证书 Education Commission Adult Higher Education Certificate Seal] Special watermark paper, anti-copy guilloche pattern, anti-copy frame pattern, title page featuring coloured Beginning light fluorescent pattern, embossed seal 235×165 in 1999 green of “××成人高等教育证书专用章” [xx Adult Higher Education Certificate Seal], in which xx stands for the name of a province or major city

According to the 1993 regulations, certificates of graduation must include the following information:  student name, gender, age, study period  duration of study, major, level (graduate study at doctoral level, graduate study at master’s level, benke and zhuanke)  student photo with embossed seal of the institution  institution name and seal, signature of the president

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 issuing date and certificate number

In February 2001, the Ministry of Education published regulations on the electronic registration of higher education qualification certificates. Provincial level educational authorities manage the electronic registration of certificates from institutions under their jurisdiction, and the Ministry of Education reviews and verifies the certificates to be included in the centralized system. Any qualification certificate issued since 2001 that cannot be found in the electronic registration system is not recognized by the Ministry of Education.

According to the 2001 regulations, certificates of graduation must include the following information:  student name, gender, date of birth, study period  major, level (graduate study at doctoral level, graduate study at master’s level, benke, zhuanke, second bachelor’s degree)  mode of study (regular full-time, adult full-time, spare time, evening study, correspondence, radio and TV education, online education)  student photo with embossed seal of the institution  institution name and seal, signature of the president  issuing date and certificate number

The certificate number has 17 digits:  1-5: institution code  6: education sector code (1 for regular higher education, 5 for adult higher education, and 6 for higher education self-study examinations)  7-10: year  11-12: level of study (01 for a doctoral program, 02 for a master’s program, 04 for second bachelor’s degree, 05 for benke, 06 for zhuanke)  13-17: serial number of certificates issued by the institution

In 2003, the certificate number changed to 18 digits, with 13-18 indicating the serial number of certificates issued by the institution.

Apart from the mandatory information to be entered into the qualification certificates, the Ministry of Education no longer specifies the general format of the certificates of graduation after the establishment of the electronic registration system in 2001.

In the case of a lost or stolen certificate of graduation, the student will not receive a duplicate certificate, but can apply for a Proof of Graduation (毕业证明书) that contains all the information on the original certificate.

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DEGREE CERTIFICATES

The Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council oversaw the design and printing of degree certificates until January 1, 2016.

While the vast majority of students receive their certificate of graduation and degree certificate from the same institution, there are exceptions. Students enroled at benke institutions that are not authorized to award bachelor’s degrees (for example, radio and TV universities and some minban benke institutions) may apply for a bachelor’s degree from another institution. This can also happen, although to a lesser extent, at the master’s level.

While a bachelor’s degree is typically awarded only if an individual has completed a benke program and received a benke certificate of graduation, the master’s and doctoral degrees can be awarded to individuals who have not completed approved programs at the appropriate levels but who have otherwise demonstrated their academic achievement. It is common for individuals to receive stand-alone master’s degrees unaccompanied by certificates of graduation from a master’s program. This can also happen, although to a lesser extent, at the doctoral level.

The degree certificates should specify the level and category of the degree awarded and include much of the same student information as the certificates of graduation at the same levels. While the bachelor’s degree certificate always states the student has completed a benke program, the master’s and doctoral degrees may only indicate the student has passed degree-course examinations and successfully defended the graduation thesis, with no mention of coursework completed or duration of study.

From 1985 to 1991 or 1992, the bachelor’s degree certificate was combined with the benke certificate of graduation. During the period, when a student fulfilled the requirements of a benke program and a bachelor’s degree, a combined certificate was awarded. This certificate, called “certificate of graduation” on the jacket, includes the information of both the graduation certificate and degree certificate, stating the student has completed a benke program and received a bachelor’s degree. When the combined certificate was being phased out, some graduates received a combined certificate plus a separate bachelor’s degree certificate.

From 1998 to 2015, student photos appeared on all degree certificates. Before 1998, only combined benke/bachelor’s degree certificates had student photos.

A major change in degree certificate format was introduced in 2008, when the booklet was replaced by a single A4-size sheet.  The certificates no longer provided information on place of birth and duration of study.

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 Three types of bachelor’s degrees were identified at the bottom of the certificate: regular higher education benke graduate 普通高等教育本科毕业生, adult higher education benke graduate ( 成人高等教育本科毕业生 ) and international benke graduate. (来华留学本科毕业生).  Professional degrees (bachelor, master and doctor) were identified by the wording professional degree certificate (专业学位证书) at the bottom of the certificate.  Each certificate was assigned a unique 16-digit certificate number: – 1-5: institution code – 6: degree level (doctor: 2, master: 3, bachelor: 4) – 7-10: year – 11-16: serial number of degree recipient at the degree-awarding institution  “T” preceded the certificate number for those who obtained their master’s degree through an alternative route – applying for master’s degrees by claiming comparable educational competence (同等学力申请硕士学位).  “Z” preceded the certificate number for professional degrees.

By order of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council and the Ministry of Education, from January 1, 2016, degree-awarding institutions design and print their own degree certificates. The Chinese national emblem no longer appears on degree certificates.

CDGDC verifies all degree certificates. The service has been free for applicants since July 1, 2018.

TRANSCRIPTS

The format of higher education transcripts varies greatly by institution and time. Institutions may issue transcripts in Chinese, English, or both English and Chinese. The document may be called Transcript, Certificate of Transcript, Transcript of Record, Academic Record, Transcript of Academic Record, and so on.

A transcript should bear one or more official seals or stamps, for example:  university (xx大学), college (xx学院), graduate school (xx研究生院), provincial higher education self-study examinations committee (xx省高等教育自学考试委 员会)  office of academic affairs (教务处)  archives (档案室, 档案馆)  academic record verification stamp ( 成绩证明专用章), academic record administration stamp (成绩管理专用章)

Transcripts may be printed on plain paper or high-quality paper with security features. While most institutions provide in-house English translation, some still require students to translate their own records and then check and stamp them, a practice that may result in inconsistent format and mistranslations.

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A transcript typically lists courses completed by semester or academic year, including information such as  course number (课程序号)  course title (课程名称)  credit (学分) or hour (学时)  grade/mark (成绩)

The transcript may include information on grading scale. When the student gets a “pass” for a subject that would normally award a percentage mark or letter grade, it usually indicates a retake. A percentage mark of 60 could indicate a retake or “grace marks” (usually of one or two percentage points) awarded by the instructor.

For a number of years both CDGDC and CHESICC verified academic transcripts from recognized higher education programs. The service is no longer available from CDGDC as of July 1, 2018.

DOCUMENT TRANSLATION

English translation of Chinese documents varies greatly in quality and accuracy. Individuals, schools, notary public offices, credential evaluation services, immigrant-serving agencies, and professional translators may do the translation. Chinese students used to prepare their own English transcript – copying their school records, translating them and having the translation checked and stamped by the institution. Currently, when a higher education institution provides certified copies in Chinese and English of education documents such as degree certificates and transcripts, the translation is usually done in-house. However, secondary schools typically do not have such a translation capacity, and therefore many students continue to translate their own documents.

It is good practice to have a translation verified no matter the source. Some minor errors are easy to detect. For example, 计算机基础 (computer basics) may be translated as “computer base”. However, instead of being a literal translation, the English document may use interpretive translation and even be tailor-made for the perceived benefit of the student. For example, “advanced mathematics” 高等数学 may be translated as “calculus”.

An English transcript may omit courses considered irrelevant for further study at a foreign institution, for example Marxist Theory (马克思主义理论) and History of the Communist Party of China (中共党史). The translation of a certificate of graduation may fail to mention it belongs to the adult higher education sector (成人高等教育) rather than the regular higher education sector (普通高等院校).

Occasionally the English document contains added information that may not be true. For example, a certified English copy of a bachelor’s degree in technology/engineering may indicate the recipient is also awarded the professional title of engineer. In fact, educational institutions in China cannot award professional

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titles. After graduating with a bachelor’s degree in technology/engineering, an individual usually has to work for at least five years as an “assistant engineer” (助 理工程师) before obtaining the title “engineer” (工程师). By their very nature, translations are approximations rather than equivalents of the original text. Furthermore, the use of the “same” terminology may be quite different in China and Canada. For example, a Chinese “university” (大学) may only offer education at the zhuanke level, comparable to a Canadian college that only offers certificate and diploma programs, and some Chinese “colleges” (学院, sometimes translated as “institute”) award master’s and doctoral degrees.

When “engineering” appears in Chinese educational credentials, it is the translation of either 工 or 工程. The Chinese word 工 has a broader meaning than 工程 and is often translated into industry or technology, depending on the context:  “industry” (for example, 中国工商银行 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China)  “technology” (for example, 北京工商大学 Beijing Technology and Business University)

A bachelor’s degree in technology/engineering from China is an academic bachelor’s degree ( 工学学士). However, a master’s degree in technology/engineering from China can be an academic master’s degree (工学硕 士) or a professional master’s degree (工程硕士). For more information, refer to the secion on Professional Master’s Degrees.

DOCUMENT AUTHENTICATION AND DETECTION OF FRAUD

1. VERIFY INSTITUTIONAL RECOGNITION Verify the existence and recognition status of the institution when the credential was issued. If necessary, verify that the institution by that name did offer the specific program at that particular time.

Look for an institution in the major references, bearing in mind the possibility of closures, mergers, name changes and translation variations. The Ministry of Educaiton website (www.moe.gov.cn) provides the most complete and up-to-date lists of recognized higher education institutions.

FRAUDULENT CASE An applicant submitted a benke certificate of graduation from the University of International Business and Economics (对外经济贸易大学). Anyone who reads Chinese would easily notice the immature handwriting on the certificate and the words 两年制本科 (two-year benke program). Benke should be four or five years. Some suspicious signs are evident in the English translation alone. For example, it describes the study period as “September 2000 to September 2002”, when in fact the Chinese academic year lasts from early September to mid-July and certificates of graduation are issued in early July.

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2. CHECK CREDENTIALS Make sure the document belongs to one of the 22 major educational credentials. A recognized credential from China is either a certificate of graduation (毕业证书 or 毕业文凭) or degree certificate (学位证书).

Recognized institutions may offer some non-qualification programs, which typically issue certificates of completion (结业证书) or certificates of study (学业证书).

There are two kinds of certificates of completion.  A certificate of completion may be issued for a non-qualification program, such as graduate coursework training classes (研究生课程进修班), higher education self-study examinations preparation courses, and zhuanke or benke programs not approved by the Ministry of Education. Such a certificate is not accepted for admission into qualification education programs. The only way for holders of such a certificate to obtain recognized educational qualifications is to pass the higher education self-study examinations.  A certificate of completion issued for a qualification program indicates the student has completed most or all of the coursework but has not successfully graduated due to disciplinary problems and/or poor academic performance (such as substandard graduation thesis and too many fails or retakes in required courses). Though academic credits completed are considered valid, holders of such a certificate of completion cannot gain admission to the next level of qualification education unless they claim comparable educational competence and take extra examinations. They usually have a period of time to make up the deficiencies in order to receive a certificate of graduation. Undergraduate students who fail to get a benke certificate of graduation in the same year they complete their coursework are usually ineligible to receive a bachelor’s degree.

The Ministry of Education recognizes credentials issued by military institutions (军 队院校). The qualification certificates should bear the names of the General Staff Department and General Political Department of the People’s Liberation Army (中 国人民解放军总参谋部、总政治部).

Most credentials issued by the Communist Party of China schools (党校), including zhuanke and benke certificates of graduation through correspondence, are not recognized. Exceptions include CPC programs that recruit students through the regular or adult Gaokao.

3. COMPARE FORMAT AND CHARACTERISTICS Make sure the document conforms to the format and characteristics described and shown in Sample Documents.

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If the document appears unusual or suspicious, take the necessary steps to authenticate it.

4. CONTACT THE INSTITUTION OR USE VERIFICATION SERVICES Contact the institution. However, institutions do not always respond to requests for document authentication.

The Ministry of Education has authorized CHESICC (www.chsi.com.cn/en) to verify certificates of graduation from all higher education sectors, including regular, adult, distance education, and self-study examination programs. In addition, the service also provides verification reports for general senior secondary certificates of graduation, Gaokao records and senior secondary graduation examination (Huikao and Xuekao) results. Verfication of higher education qualifications has been free for applicants since July 1, 2018. Reports issued by CHESICC can be verified online. Any website that has a similar name but different URL is illegitimate.

CDGDC (www.chinadegrees.cn/en) under the Ministry of Education verifies degrees at all levels. The service has been free for applicants since July 1, 2018. Previously, it issued credentials reports for various types of secondary and higher education credentials such as certificates of graduation, degree certificates, transcripts, Gaokao records, and senior secondary graduation examination (Huikao and Xuekao) results. Reports issued by CDGDC can be verified online.

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REFERENCES

CHINESE WEBSITES

1. Beijing Education Examinations Authority 北京教育考试院: www.bjeea.edu.cn

2. China Academic Degrees and Graduate Education Development Center 教育 部学位与研究生教育发展中心: www.cdgdc.edu.cn

3. China Education and Research Network 中国教育和科研计算机网 : www.edu.cn

4. China Higher Education Student Information 中国高等教育学生信息网 : www.chsi.com.cn

5. Gaokao Channel at China Education Online 中 国 教 育 在 线 高 考 频 道 : http://gaokao.eol.cn

6. Higher Technical and Vocational Education in China 中国高职高专教育网: www.tech.net.cn

7. Information and Policy on International Education 教育涉外监管信息网: www.jsj.edu.cn

8. Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China 中华人民共和国教育部 : www.moe.gov.cn

9. National Bureau of Statistics of China 国家统计局: www.stats.gov.cn

10. National Education Examinations Authority中国教育考试网: www.neea.edu.cn

11. Office of the Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council 国务院学位委 员会办公室: www.moe.gov.cn/s78/A22/

12. People’s Education Press 人民教育出版社: www.pep.com.cn

INTERNATIONAL PUBLICATIONS

1. AACRAO and NAFSA. PIER World Education Series: The People’s Republic of China. 2000.

2. CEAIE (China Education Association for International Exchange). Chinese Universities and Colleges. Beijing: Higher Education Press. 4th Edition 2004.

3. International Education Research Foundation. The New Country Index. Ten Speed Press, 2004.

4. National Office of Overseas Skills Recognition. Country Education Profiles: China. Update 2013: https://internationaleducation.gov.au

5. UK NARIC. International Comparisons: China. Updated 2019. (www.internationalcomparisons.org.uk)

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APPENDIX A – PLACEMENT RECOMMENDATIONS

Placement recommendations provide guidelines for comparing international and Canadian educational credentials and standards. These recommendations are advisory in nature and indicate the general level of a credential in Canadian terms.

Placement recommendations represent benchmark assessments and do not cover all credentials. However, the fact that a credential is not mentioned in the placement recommendations does not mean it cannot be assessed by IQAS. International credentials not specifically covered should be referred to IQAS for individual evaluation.

Given the different educational philosophies, objectives and program structures in educational systems around the world, evaluation in terms of direct equivalence to specific Canadian credentials is not possible. For this reason IQAS placement recommendations are made in terms of “generally compares to” and not “equivalent to.”

When evaluating international credentials, IQAS considers the following:  the education system of the country concerned  the recognition of the awarding institution  the level, length and structure of the program

When appropriate, IQAS may:  consider that comparison to a different level of education may more accurately reflect the level of the international credential in Canadian terms  combine two or more credentials

Credential Name Entrance Years IQAS Recommendations Requirement of Study Certificate of Graduation Completion of 3 Generally compares to the from Senior Secondary Primary and completion of a High School School Junior Diploma. 普通高级中学毕业证书 Secondary School (9 years) General Senior Completion of N/A Do not assess (Does not represent Secondary Unified minimum credit the completion of senior secondary Graduation Examination requirements of school on its own.) 普通高级中学毕业会考 the senior secondary subjects examined General Senior Completion of N/A Do not assess (Does not represent Secondary Academic minimum credit the completion of senior secondary Proficiency Test requirements of school on its own.) 普通高中学业水平考试 the senior secondary subjects examined

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Certificate of Graduation Completion of 3-4 Generally compares to the from Specialized Senior Primary and completion of a High School Secondary School Junior Diploma, including vocational study. 中等专业学校毕业证书 Secondary School (9 years) Completion of 1-2 Generally compares to the Senior completion of one year (or two years) Secondary of vocational study. School (12 years)

Zhuanke Certificate of Completion of 2-3 Generally compares to the Graduation (2-3 year senior completion of a two-year (or three- post-secondary program) secondary year) post-secondary Diploma. 专科毕业证书 school (12 years) Zhuanke Certificate of Open admission Varies Generally compares to the Graduation (2-3 year completion of a two-year post- post-secondary program) secondary Diploma. through Self-Study 高等教育自学考试专科毕 业证书 Benke Certificate of Completion of 4-5 Generally compares to the Graduation (4-5 year senior completion of a four-year Bachelor’s undergraduate program) Secondary degree. 本科毕业证书 School (12 years) Benke Certificate of Open admission Varies Generally compares to the Graduation (4-year completion of a four-year Bachelor’s undergraduate program) degree. through Self-Study 高等教育自学考试本科毕 业证书 Benke Certificate of Zhuanke 2 Generally compares to the Graduation (2-year Certificate of completion of a four-year Bachelor’s university upgrading Graduation degree. program) 专升本毕业证书 Benke Certificate of Zhuanke Varies Generally compares to the Graduation (2-year Certificate of completion of a four-year Bachelor’s university upgrading Graduation degree. program) through Self- Study 高等教育自学考试本科毕 业证书 Bachelor’s Degree Benke N/A Generally compares to the 学士学位 Certificate of completion of a four-year Bachelor’s Graduation degree. Note: The bachelor’s degree is issued to benke graduates who meet certain degree requirements and does not involve any additional study. Second Bachelor’s Bachelor’s 2 Generally compares to the

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Degree 第二学士学位 degree completion of a two-year Bachelor’s after-degree. Bachelor of Medicine Completion of 5 Generally compares to the (Clinical Medicine) senior completion of a first university 医学学士学位 (临床医学 secondary professional degree in medicine. 专业) plus Benke school (12 Certificate of Graduation years) Bachelor of Medicine Completion of 5 Generally compares to the (Dentistry/Stomatology)医 senior completion of a first university 学学士学位(口腔医学专业 secondary professional degree in dentistry. ) plus Benke Certificate of school (12 Graduation years) Certificate of Graduation Benke 1-1.5 Generally compares to the from Graduate Class Certificate of completion of a Graduate Diploma. 研究生班毕业证书 Graduation Master’s Degree Bachelor’s 2-3 Generally compares to the 硕士学位 Degree completion of a Master’s degree. Doctor’s Degree Master’s Degree 3-4 Generally compares to the 博士学位 completion of a Doctor of Philosophy (PhD) degree.

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APPENDIX B – GLOSSARY

Table 77. Glossary of Educational Terms

Category Chinese English Academic affairs office/teaching administration 教务处 section 学位评定委员会 Academic Degrees Evaluation Committee 教育部学位与研究生教育发展 China Academic Degrees & Graduate Education 中心 Development Centre 教育局 [市/县] Education bureau [municipal or county level] 教育委员会/教委[市] Education committee [municipal level] 教育厅[省] Education department [provincial level] Administration Higher Education Self-Study Examinations 高等教育自学考试委员会 Committee 教育部 Ministry of Education 中华人民共和国 or 中国 People’s Republic of China Regulations on Academic Degrees of the 中华人民共和国学位条例 People’s Republic of China 国务院 State Council [the central government] 国家教育委员会 State Education Commission 学分 Academic credit 学位 Academic degree 学年 Academic year 文科 Arts and humanities subjects 本科 Benke [“undergraduate course”] 证书编号 Certificate number 结业证书 Certificate of completion 毕业证书/毕业文凭 Certificate of graduation Certificate of incompletion/certificate of 肄业证书 attendance 学业证书 Certificate of study 主席 Chairman Credential 学时 Class hours 同等学力 Comparable educational competence 课程计划/教学计划 Curriculum 课程 Course 出生日期 Date of birth 毕业日期 Date of graduation 发证日期 Date of issuance 学士学位证书 Degree certificate: bachelor 博士学位证书 Degree certificate: doctor 硕士学位证书 Degree certificate: master 系 Department 学历 Educational qualification 研究生 Graduate student/graduate study

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准予毕业 Graduation approved 毕业会考 Graduation examination 高等教育自学考试 Higher education self-study examinations 成人高等教育 Higher education: adult 普通高等学校 Higher education: regular 专业/主修 Major/specialty 研究生课程进修班/ Master’s coursework training class [non- 硕士研究生课程班 qualification program] 全国成人高等学校入学考试/ National Adult University Entrance Examination; 成人高考 the adult Gaokao 全国普通高等学校入学考试/ National University Entrance Examination; 高考 Gaokao 院长 President 校长 President/principal 学制 Program length 函授 Program type: correspondence 夜大学 Program type: evening class 全日制 Program type: full-time 脱产 Program type: full-time (adult) 半脱产 Program type: half-time (adult) 业余/非全日制 Program type: part-time 理科 Science subjects 学期 Semester/term 成绩证明/成绩卡/成绩表/成绩 记载表/成绩单/成绩报告单/ 记分册 Transcript 专科 Zhuanke [“diploma course”] 农学 Agriculture 文学 Arts 经济学 Economics 教育学 Education 工学 Engineering/Technology 艺术学 Fine Arts Degree categories 历史 History 法学 Law 管理学 Management 医学 Medicine 军事学 Military Science 哲学 Philosophy 理学 Science 优/优秀 A/excellent 良/良好 B/good Grading: five-level 中/中等 C/fair/average 及格 D/pass

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不及格 F/fail 优/优秀 A/excellent 良/良好 B/good Grading: four-level 及格 C/pass 不及格 D/fail 合格/通过 Pass Grading: two-level 不合格/不通过 Fail 一/壹 One 二/贰 Two 三/叁 Three 四/肆 Four 五/伍 Five Number 六/陆 Six 七/柒 Seven 八/捌 Eight 九/玖 Nine 十/拾 Ten 成人教育学院 College /school of adult education 教育学院 College of education 继续教育学院 College/school of continuing education 普通高级中学/普通高中 General senior secondary school 高等师范专科学校 Junior teachers college 管理干部学院 Management cadres’ college 军事院校/军队院校 Military institution 师范大学 Normal university 广播电视大学 Radio and TV university School 研究所/研究院 Research institute 中等师范学校 Secondary teachers school 高级中学/高中 Senior secondary school 业余大学 Spare-time university 技术工人学校/技校 Skilled workers school 中等专业技术学校/中专 Specialized senior secondary school 职工大学 Staff and workers university 教师进修学院 Teacher in-service training college 职业高级中学/职高 Vocational senior secondary school

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APPENDIX C – LIST OF INSTITUTIONS

APPENDIX C1. RESEARCH INSTITUTES

 Automation Design and Research Institute of Metallurgical Industry 冶金自动 化研究院  Beijing Chemical Industry Research Institute 北京化工研究院  Beijing General Engineering Design and Research Institute 北京市市政工程研 究院  Beijing General Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 北京矿冶研究总院  Beijing Geology Research Institute for Nuclear Industry 核工业北京地质研究院  Beijing Institute of Heart, Lung and Blood Vessel Diseases 北京市心肺血管疾 病研究所  Beijing Institute of Nuclear Engineering 核工业第二研究设计院  Beijing Municipal Institute of Labour Protection北京市劳动保护科学研究所  Beijing Municipal Research Academy of Environmental Protection 北京市环境 保护科学研究院  Beijing Orthopaedic Trauma Research Institute 北京市创伤骨科研究所  Beijing Research and Design Institute of Rubber Industry 北京橡胶工业研究设 计院  Beijing Research Institute of Chemical Engineering and Metallurgy 核工业北京 化工冶金研究院  Beijing Research Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine 北京市中医研究所  Beijing Tuberculosis and Thoracic Tumor Research Institute 北京市结核病胸部 肿瘤研究所  Capital Research Institute of Paediatrics 首都儿科研究所  Central Research Institute of Building and Construction, China Metallurgical Construction Group Corporation 中冶集团建筑研究总院  Changchun Vaccine and Serum Institute 长春生物制品研究所  Changsha Institute of Mining Research 长沙矿山研究院  Changsha Research Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 长沙矿冶研究院  Chemical Machinery and Automatic Research and Design Institute 化工机械及 自动化研究设计院  China Academy of Agricultural Sciences 中国农业科学院  China Academy of Building Research中国建筑科学研究院  China Academy of Chinese Medical Sciences 中国中医科学院  China Academy of Geological Science 中国地质科学院  China Academy of Machinery Science and Technology 机械科学研究院  China Academy of Railway Sciences 中国铁道科学研究院  China Academy of Urban Planning and Design 中国城市规划设计研究院  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Eighth Research Institute 中国航天科技集团公司第八研究院  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Fifth Research Institute 中

141

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国航天科技集团公司第五研究院  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation First Research Institute 中 国航天科技集团公司第一研究院  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Fourth Research Institute 中国航天科技集团公司第四研究院  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation No. 061 Base 中国航天科 工集团公司061基地  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation No. 701 Research Institute 中国航天科技集团公司701所  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation No. 771 Research Institute 中国航天科技集团公司航天时代电子公司（771所）  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Second Research Institute 中国航天科工集团公司第二研究院  China Aerospace Science and Industry Corporation Third Research Institute 中国航天科工集团公司第三研究院  China Architectural Design and Research Institute 中国建筑设计研究院  China Astronautics Research Institute 中国航空研究院  China Aviation Planning and Construction Development Company 中国航空规 划建设发展有限公司  China Building Materials Academy 中国建筑材料科学研究总院  China Earthquake Administration Centre for Analysis and Prediction 中国地震 局分析预报中心  China Earthquake Administration Earthquake Research Institute 中国地震局地 震研究所  China Earthquake Administration Institute of Crustal Dynamics 中国地震局地 壳应力研究所  China Earthquake Administration Institute of Engineering Mechanics 中国地震 局工程力学研究所  China Earthquake Administration Institute of Geology 中国地震局地质研究所  China Earthquake Administration Institute of Geophysics 中国地震局地球物理 研究所  China Earthquake Administration Lanzhou Earthquake Research Institute 中国 地震局兰州地震研究所  China Electric Power Research Institute 中国电力科学研究院  China Electronic Technology Corporation China Electronic Science Research Institute 中国电子科技集团公司电子科学研究院  China Enginery Research Institute 中国兵器科学研究院  China Film Art Research Center 中国电影艺术研究中心  China Institute of Atomic Energy 中国原子能科学研究院  China Institute of Contemporary International Relations中国现代国际关系研究 院  China Institute of Water Resources and Hydropower Research 中国水利水电 142

Classification: Public

科学研究院  China Iron and Steel Research Institute 中国钢铁研究总院  China National Pulp and Paper Research Institute 中国制浆造纸研究院  China National Research Institute of Food and Fermentation Industries 中国食 品发酵工业研究院  China Nuclear Research and Design Institute 中国核动力研究设计院  China Research Academy of Environmental Science 中国环境科学研究院  China Research Institute of Daily Chemical Industry 中国日用化学工业研究院  China Research Institute of Radiation Protection 中国辐射防护研究院  China Ship Research and Development Academy 中国舰船研究院  Chinese Academy of Agricultural Mechanization Sciences 中国农业机械化科 学研究院  Chinese Academy of Forestry 中国林业科学研究院  Chinese Academy of International Trade and Economic Cooperation 国际贸易 经济合作研究院  Chinese Academy of Sciences Graduate University 中国科学院研究生院  Chinese Academy of Social Sciences Graduate School 中国社会科学院研究生 院  Chinese Academy of Surveying and Mapping 中国测绘科学研究院  Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention 中国疾病预防控制中心  Chinese Coal Science Research Institute 煤炭科学研究总院  Chinese Engineering Physics Research Institute 中国工程物理研究院  Chinese Institute of Veterinary Drug Control 中国兽医药品监察所  Chinese National Academy of Arts 中国艺术研究院  Chinese Research Academy of Weather Science 中国气象科学研究院  Environmental Protection Research Institute of Light Industry 轻工业环境保护 研究所  General Research Institute for Nonferrous Metals 北京有色金属研究总院  Guangdong Academy of Social Sciences 广东省社会科学院  Guangdong Cardiovascular Institute 广东省心血管病研究所  Heilongjiang Academy of Sciences 黑龙江省科学院（石油化学研究所）  Heilongjiang Academy of Social Sciences 黑龙江省社会科学院  Heilongjiang Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine 黑龙江省中医研究院  Hubei Academy of Social Sciences 湖北省社会科学院  Hubei Institute of Chemistry 湖北省化学研究院  Institute of Clinical Medical Science of China-Japan Friendship Hospital 中日 友好临床医学研究所  Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration 地球物理地球化学勘查 研究所  Institute of Scientific and Technical Information of China 中国科学技术信息研 究所

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 Jiangsu Institute of Botany 江苏省植物研究所  Jiangsu Institute of Parasitic Diseases 江苏省血吸虫病防治研究所  Kunming Institute of Precious Metals 昆明贵金属研究所  Lanzhou Vaccine and Serum Institute 兰州生物制品研究所  Ministry of Finance Institute of Financial Science 财政部财政科学研究所  Ministry of Health Research Institute of Gerontology 卫生部老年医学研究所  Nanjing Academy of Electric Power and Automation Research 南京电力自动化 研究院  Nanjing Hydraulic Research Institute 南京水利科学研究院  National Computer System Engineering Research Institute of China 华北计算 机系统工程研究所  National Institute for Food and Drug Control 中国食品药品检定研究院 (formerly 中国药品生物制品检定所)  National Institute of Metrology of China 中国计量科学研究院  National Marine Environment Forecast Center 国家海洋环境预报研究中心  National Marine Technology Research Institute 国家海洋技术中心  National Vaccine and Serum Institute 北京生物制品研究所  People’s Bank of China Research Institute of Finance and Banking 中国人民银 行金融研究所  Research Institute of Highway, Ministry of Transport 交通部公路科学研究所  Research Institute of Petroleum Exploration and Development 石油勘探开发科 学研究院  Research Institute of Petroleum Processing 石油化工科学研究院  Research Institute of Physical and Chemical Engineering of Nuclear Industry 核工业理化工程研究院  Shanghai Academy of Social Sciences 上海社会科学院  Shanghai Chemical Industry Research Institute 上海化工研究院  Shanghai Institute for International Studies上海国际问题研究院  Shanghai Institute of Calculation Technology 上海市计算技术研究所  Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry 上海医药工业研究院  Shanghai Internal Combustion Engine Research Institute 上海内燃机研究所  Shanghai Nuclear Engineering Research and Design Institute 上海核工程研究 设计院  Shanghai Power Equipment Research Institute 上海发电设备成套设计研究所  Shanghai Ship and Shipping Research Institute 上海船舶运输科学研究所  Shanghai Vaccine and Serum Institute 上海生物制品研究所  Shanxi Academy of Traditional Chinese Medicine 山西省中医药研究院  Shenyang Chemical Industry Research Institute 沈阳化工研究院  Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences 四川省社会科学院  Sichuan Industrial Institute of Antibiotics 四川抗菌素工业研究所  Sinosteel Luoyang Institute of Refractories Research 中钢集团洛阳耐火材料研

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究院  Sinosteel Maanshan Institute of Mining Research 中钢集团马鞍山矿山研究院  Sinosteel Tianjin Geological Research Institute 中钢集团天津地质研究院  Sinosteel Wuhan Safety and Environmental Protection Research Institute 中钢 集团武汉安全环保研究院  Southwest Institute of Physics 核工业西南物理研究院  State General Administration of Sport Research Institute of Physical Science 国家体育总局体育科学研究所  State Oceanic Administration First Institute of Oceanography 国家海洋局第一 海洋研究所  State Oceanic Administration Second Institute of Oceanography 国家海洋局第 二海洋研究所  State Oceanic Administration Third Institute of Oceanography 国家海洋局第三 海洋研究所  Telecom Technology Research Institute 电信科学技术研究院  Wuhan Institute of Biological Products 武汉生物制品研究所  Wuhan Research Institute of Posts and Telecommunications 武汉邮电科学研 究院  Xi’an Thermal Power Research Institute 西安热工研究院  Yangtze River Scientific Research Institute 长江科学院  Zhejiang Academy of Medical Sciences 浙江省医学科学院  Zhengzhou Tobacco Research Institute of China National Tobacco Corporation 中国烟草总公司郑州烟草研究院

APPENDIX C2. MILITARY AND ARMED POLICE INSTITUTIONS45

Military Institutions 军队院校

 National University of Defence Technology 国防科学技术大学  PLA 2nd Military Medical University 解放军第二军医大学  PLA 3rd Military Medical University 解放军第三军医大学  PLA 4th Military Medical University 解放军第四军医大学  PLA Academy of Arts 解放军艺术学院  PLA Academy of Electronic Engineering 解放军电子工程学院  PLA Academy of Foreign Languages 解放军外国语学院  PLA Academy of International Relations 解放军国际关系学院  PLA Academy of Military Economics 解放军军事经济学院  PLA Academy of Military Transportation 解放军军事交通学院  PLA Air Force Radar Academy 解放军空军雷达学院  PLA Armoured Corps Engineering Academy 解放军装甲兵工程学院  PLA Army Aviation Corps Academy 解放军陆军航空兵学院

45 Source: China Education Online 中国教育网. 145

Classification: Public

 PLA Artillery Academy 解放军炮兵学院  PLA Aviation University of Air Force 解放军空军航空大学  PLA Chemical Defence Command & Engineering Academy 解放军防化指挥工 程学院  PLA Dalian Navy Vessels Academy 解放军海军大连舰艇学院  PLA Engineering University of Air Force 解放军空军工程大学  PLA Information Engineering University 解放军信息工程大学  PLA Kunming Army Academy解放军昆明陆军学院  PLA Logistics Engineering Academy 解放军后勤工程学院  PLA Nanjing Political Academy 解放军南京政治学院  PLA Naval Aviation Engineering Academy 解放军海军航空工程学院  PLA Navy Engineering University 解放军海军工程大学  PLA Ordnance Engineering Academy 解放军军械工程学院  PLA Second Artillery Engineering Academy 解放军第二炮兵工程学院  PLA University of Science & Technology 解放军理工大学  PLA Xuzhou Air Force Academy 解放军徐州空军学院  PLA Zhenjiang Academy of Vessels 解放军镇江船艇学院

Armed Police Institutions 武警部队院校  Beijing Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警北京指挥学院  Changsha Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警长沙指挥学院  Chengdu Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警成都指挥学院  Engineering Academy of People’s Armed Police武警工程学院  Fuzhou Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警福州指挥学院  Guangzhou Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警广州指挥学院  Hangzhou Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警杭州指挥学院  Harbin Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警哈尔滨指挥学院  Hefei Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警合肥指挥学院  Hohhot Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警呼和浩特指挥学院  Jinan Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警济南指挥学院  Kunming Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警昆明指挥学院  Lhasa Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警拉萨指挥学院  Medical Academy of People’s Armed Police武警医学院  Nanjing Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警南京指挥学院  Services Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警警种指挥学院  Shanghai Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警上海政治学院  Shenyang Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警沈阳指挥学院  Shijiazhuang Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警石家庄指挥学 院  Taiyuan Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警太原指挥学院  Urumqi Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警乌鲁木齐指挥学院

146

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 Wuhan Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警武汉指挥学院  Xi’an Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警西安指挥学院  Xining Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警西宁指挥学院  Zhengzhou Command Academy of People’s Armed Police武警郑州指挥学院

APPENDIX C3. INDEPENDENT COLLEGES46

English Name Chinese Name Province Applied Technology College, 苏州大学应用技术学院 JIANGSU Soochow University Arts and Culture College, Tianjin 天津体育学院运动与文化艺术学院 TIANJIN University of Sport Arts and Science College，Bohai 渤海大学文理学院 LIAONING University Arts and Sciences College, 四川师范大学文理学院 SICHUAN Sichuan Normal University Beihai College, Beihang University 北京航空航天大学北海学院 GUANGXI Beijin College, Hunan University of 湖南商学院北津学院 HUNAN Commerce Beijing Hospitality Institute, Beijing 北京第二外国语学院中瑞酒店管理 BEIJING International Studies University 学院 Beijing Institute of Technology, 北京理工大学珠海学院 GUANGDONG Zhuhai Beijing Normal University, Zhuhai 北京师范大学珠海分校 GUANGDONG Binhai College, Nankai University 南开大学滨海学院 TIANJIN Binhai School of Foreign Affairs, 天津外国语大学滨海外事学院 TIANJIN Tianjin International Studies University Binjiang College, Nanjing 南京信息工程大学滨江学院 JIANGSU University of Information Science & Technology Binjiang College, Zhejiang 浙江中医药大学滨江学院 ZHEJIANG Chinese Medical University Boda College, Jilin Normal 吉林师范大学博达学院 JILIN University Boustead College, Tianjin 天津商业大学宝德学院 TIANJIN University of Commerce Bowen College of Management, 桂林理工大学博文管理学院 GUANGXI Guilin University of Technology Bowen College, Lanzhou Jiaotong 兰州交通大学博文学院 GANSU University Business College, Hubei 湖北工业大学商贸学院 HUBEI University of Technology Business College, Shanxi 山西大学商务学院 SHANXI University Business College, Xinjiang 新疆财经大学商务学院 XINJIANG University of Finance & Economics Business Institute, Anhui 安徽财经大学商学院 ANHUI

46 Source: Ministry of Educaiton, 2013. Institutions marked * were on the May 2011 list but have since become separate benke institutions. 147

Classification: Public

University of Finance and Economics Business School, Yunnan Normal 云南师范大学商学院 YUNNAN University Canvard College, Beijing 北京工商大学嘉华学院 BEIJING Technology and Business University Century College, Beijing University 北京邮电大学世纪学院 BEIJING of Posts and Telecommunications Chang'an College, Xidian 西安电子科技大学长安学院 SHAANXI University Changqing School, Lanzhou 兰州商学院长青学院 GANSU University of Finance and Economics Chengdong College, Northeast 东北农业大学成栋学院 HEILONGJIANG Agricultural University Chengdu College, Sichuan Normal 四川师范大学成都学院 SICHUAN University Chengdu College, University of 电子科技大学成都学院 SICHUAN Electronic Science and Technology of China Chengdu Institute, Sichuan 四川外语学院成都学院 SICHUAN International Studies University Chengnan College, Changsha 长沙理工大学城南学院 HUNAN University of Science and Technology Chengxian College, Southeast 东南大学成贤学院 JIANGSU University Chengyi College, Jimei University 集美大学诚毅学院 FUJIAN Chongqing Nanfang Translators 四川外语学院重庆南方翻译学院 CHONGQING College, Sichuan International Studies University Chuanshan College, University of 南华大学船山学院 HUNAN South China Chutian College, Huazhong 华中农业大学楚天学院 HUBEI Agricultural University City College of Science and 重庆大学城市科技学院 CHONGQING Technology, Chongqing University City College, Dongguan University 东莞理工学院城市学院 GUANGDONG of Technology City College, Hebei University of 河北工业大学城市学院 HEBEI Technology City College, Jilin Institute of 吉林建筑大学城建学院 JILIN Architecture and Civil Engineering City College, Southwest University 西南科技大学城市学院 SICHUAN of Science and Technology City College, Wenzhou University 温州大学城市学院 ZHEJIANG City College, Wuhan University of 武汉科技大学城市学院 HUBEI Science and Technology City College, Xi'an Jiaotong 西安交通大学城市学院 SHAANXI University City College, Zhejiang University 浙江大学城市学院 ZHEJIANG City Institute, Dalian University of 大连理工大学城市学院 LIAONING

148

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Technology Clinic College, Hebei Medical 河北医科大学临床学院 HEBEI University Clinical & Medical College，China 中国医科大学临床医药学院 LIAONING Medical University Clinical College, Tianjin Medical 天津医科大学临床医学院 TIANJIN University College of Arts and Science, 江汉大学文理学院 HUBEI Jianghan University College of Arts and Science, 长江大学文理学院 HUBEI Yangtze University College of Arts and Sciences, 湖北师范学院文理学院 HUBEI Hubei Normal University College of Clinical Medicine, Anhui 安徽医科大学临床医学院 ANHUI Medical University College of Guangling, Yangzhou 扬州大学广陵学院 JIANGSU University College of High Tech, Xi'an 西安科技大学高新学院 SHAANXI University of Science and Technology College of Humanities & 长春工业大学人文信息学院 JILIN Information, Changchun University of Technology College of Humanities and 安阳师范学院人文管理学院 HENAN Management, Anyang Normal University College of Humanities and 贵州民族大学人文科技学院 GUIZHOU Sciences, Guizhou University for Nationalities College of Humanities and 东北师范大学人文学院 JILIN Sciences, Northeast Normal University College of Information and 中北大学信息商务学院 SHANXI Business, North University of China College of Information and 中原工学院信息商务学院 HENAN Business, Zhongyuan University of Technology College of Information 阜阳师范学院信息工程学院 ANHUI Engineering, Fuyang Teachers College College of Information, Shanxi 山西农业大学信息学院 SHANXI Agricultural University College of Law and Business, 湖北经济学院法商学院 HUBEI Hubei University of Economics College of Mechanical & Electrical 安徽工程大学机电学院 ANHUI Engineering, Anhui Polytechnic University College of Mobile 重庆邮电大学移通学院 CHONGQING Telecommunications, Chongqing University of Posts and Telecom. College of Modern Science and 中国计量学院现代科技学院 ZHEJIANG Technology, China Jiliang University

149

Classification: Public

College of Science and 三峡大学科技学院 HUBEI Technology, China Three Gorges University College of Science and 贵州大学科技学院 GUIZHOU Technology, Guizhou University College of Science and 湖南工业大学科技学院 HUNAN Technology, Hunan University of Technology College of Science and 南昌大学科学技术学院 JIANGXI Technology, Nanchang University College of Science and 宁波大学科学技术学院 ZHEJIANG Technology, Ningbo University College of Science and 石河子大学科技学院 XINJIANG Technology, Shihezi University College of Science and 新疆农业大学科学技术学院 XINJIANG Technology, Xinjiang Agricultural University College of Science and 新疆大学科学技术学院 XINJIANG Technology, Xinjiang University College of Technology and 兰州理工大学技术工程学院 GANSU Engineering, Lanzhou University of Technology College of Technology and 长江大学工程技术学院 HUBEI Engineering, Yangtze University College of Technology, Hubei 湖北工程学院新技术学院 HUBEI Engineering University Before December 2011: College of Technology, Xiaogan University ( 孝感学院新技术学院) College of Urban Construction, 安徽建筑大学城市建设学院 ANHUI Anhui University of Architecture College of Zhongbei, Nanjin 南京师范大学中北学院 JIANGSU Normal University Communication University of 中国传媒大学南广学院 JIANGSU China, Nanjing Concord University College, Fujian 福建师范大学协和学院 FUJIAN Normal University Cunjin College, Guangdong Ocean 广东海洋大学寸金学院 GUANGDONG University Department of Modern Science 河北农业大学现代科技学院 HEBEI and Technology，Hebei Agricultural University Dianchi College, Yunnan 云南大学滇池学院 YUNNAN University Dongchang College, Liaocheng 聊城大学东昌学院 SHANDONG University Dongfang College, Beijing 北京中医药大学东方学院 HEBEI University of Chinese Medicine Dongfang College, Fujian 福建农林大学东方学院 FUJIAN Agriculture and Forestry University Dongfang College, Shandong 山东财经大学东方学院 SHANDONG University of Finance Dongfang College, Zhejiang 浙江财经大学东方学院 ZHEJIANG University of Finance and

150

Classification: Public

Economics Donghai Science and Technology 浙江海洋学院东海科学技术学院 ZHEJIANG College, Zhejiang Ocean University Engineering and Technology 湖北工业大学工程技术学院 HUBEI College, Hubei University of Technology Foreign Trade and Business 重庆师范大学涉外商贸学院 CHONGQING College, Chongqing Normal University Furong College, Hunan University 湖南文理学院芙蓉学院 HUNAN of Arts and Science Gengdan Institute，Beijing 北京工业大学耿丹学院 BEIJING University of Technology Golden Audit School, Nanjing 南京审计学院金审学院 JIANGSU Audit University Gongqing College, Nanchang 南昌大学共青学院 JIANGXI University Great Wall College, China 中国地质大学长城学院 HEBEI University of Geosciences Guangzhou College, South China 华南理工大学广州学院 GUANGDONG University of Technology Haibin College, Beijing Jiaotong 北京交通大学海滨学院 HEBEI University Haidu College, Qingdao 青岛农业大学海都学院 SHANDONG Agricultural University Haihua College, Liaoning Normal 辽宁师范大学海华学院 LIAONING University Haiyuan College, Kunming 昆明医科大学海源学院 YUNNAN Medical University Hangzhou College of Commerce, 浙江工商大学杭州商学院 ZHEJIANG Zhejiang Gongshang University Hanlin School, Nanjing University 南京中医药大学翰林学院 JIANGSU of Chinese Medicine Haojing College, Shaanxi 陕西科技大学镐京学院 SHAANXI University of Science and Technology Hongde College，Inner Mongolia 内蒙古师范大学鸿德学院 NEIMENGGU Normal University Hongshan College, Nanjing 南京财经大学红山学院 JIANGSU University of Finance and Economics Hope College, Southwest Jiaotong 西南交通大学希望学院 SICHUAN University HouBo College, Xinjiang Medical 新疆医科大学厚博学院 XINJIANG University Huaide College, Changzhou 常州大学怀德学院 JIANGSU University Huake Institute，Taiyuan 太原科技大学华科学院 SHANXI University of Science and Technology Huali College, Guangdong 广东工业大学华立学院 GUANGDONG University of Technology

151

Classification: Public

Huaqing College, Xi'an University 西安建筑科技大学华清学院 SHAANXI of Architecture and Technology Huarui College, Xinyang Normal 信阳师范学院华锐学院 HENAN University Huashang College, Guangdong 广东商学院华商学院 GUANGDONG University of Business Studies Huashang College，Shanxi 山西财经大学华商学院 SHANXI University of Finance and Economics Huaxia College, Wuhan University 武汉理工大学华夏学院 HUBEI of Technology Huaxin College, Shijiazhuang 石家庄经济学院华信学院 HEBEI University of Economics Huazhong University of 华中科技大学武昌分校 HUBEI Technology, Wuchang Branch Huihua College, Hebei Normal 河北师范大学汇华学院 HEBEI University Industrial and Commercial 安徽工业大学工商学院 ANHUI College, Anhui University of Technology Industrial and Commercial 河北大学工商学院 HEBEI College, Hebei University Information and Economy College 吉林财经大学信息经济学院 JILIN ，Jilin University of Finance and Economics Information College, Huaibei 淮北师范大学信息学院 ANHUI Normal University Information Engineering School, 杭州电子科技大学信息工程学院 ZHEJIANG Hangzhou Dianzi University Information Technology College， 辽宁科技大学信息技术学院 LIAONING Liaoning University of Science and Technology Institute of Information 桂林电子科技大学信息科技学院 GUANGXI Technology, Guilin University of Electronic Technology Institute of Medicine and Nursing, 湖北医药学院药护学院 HUBEI Hubei University of Medicine Institute of Technology, East China 华东交通大学理工学院 JIANGXI Jiaotong University International Business Economic 武汉纺织大学外经贸学院 HUBEI College, Wuhan Textile University International College, Central 中南林业科技大学涉外学院 HUNAN South University of Forestry and Technology Jiangcheng College, China 中国地质大学江城学院 HUBEI University of Geosciences Jianghuai College, Anhui 安徽大学江淮学院 ANHUI University Jincheng College, Nanjing 南京航空航天大学金城学院 JIANGSU University of Aeronautics and Astronautics Jincheng College, Sichuan 四川大学锦城学院 SICHUAN University

152

Classification: Public

Jinci College，Shanxi Medical 山西医科大学晋祠学院 SHANXI University Jingjiang College, Jiangsu 江苏大学京江学院 JIANGSU University Jingu College, Tianjin Normal 天津师范大学津沽学院 TIANJIN University Jinjiang College, Sichuan 四川大学锦江学院 SICHUAN University Jinling College, Nanjing University 南京大学金陵学院 JIANGSU Jinshan College, Fujian Agriculture 福建农林大学金山学院 FUJIAN and Forestry University Jitang College，Hebei United 河北联合大学冀唐学院 HEBEI University Kangda College, Nanjing Medical 南京医科大学康达学院 JIANGSU University Ke Ya College, Shenyang 沈阳化工大学科亚学院 LIAONING University of Chemical Technology Kede College, Capital Normal 首都师范大学科德学院 BEIJING University Kewen Institute, Xuzhou Normal 江苏师范大学科文学院 JIANGSU University Kexin College, Hebei University of 河北工程大学科信学院 HEBEI Engineering Keyi College, Zhejiang Sci-Tech 浙江理工大学科技与艺术学院 ZHEJIANG University Kunlun College, Qinghai University 青海大学昆仑学院 QINGHAI Kunlun Tourism College, 黑龙江工程学院昆仑旅游学院 HEILONGJIANG Heilongjiang Institute of Technology Lijiang College, Guangxi Normal 广西师范大学漓江学院 GUANGXI University Liren College, Yanshan University 燕山大学里仁学院 HEBEI Lishan College, Shandong Normal 山东师范大学历山学院 SHANDONG University Longqiao College, Lanzhou 兰州商学院陇桥学院 GANSU Commercial College Luojia College, Wuhan University 武汉大学珞珈学院 HUBEI Lushan College, Guangxi 广西科技大学鹿山学院 GUANGXI University of Technology Medical College, Liaoning Medical 辽宁医学院医疗学院 LIAONING University Mianyang Arts College, Sichuan 四川音乐学院绵阳艺术学院 SICHUAN Conservatory of Music Ming De College, Northwestern 西北工业大学明德学院 SHAANXI Polytechnic University Mingde College, Guizhou 贵州大学明德学院 GUIZHOU University Minnan Science and Technology 福建师范大学闽南科技学院 FUJIAN Institute, Fujian Normal University Minsheng College, Henan 河南大学民生学院 HENAN University Modern College of Arts and 山西师范大学现代文理学院 SHANXI

153

Classification: Public

Science，Shanxi Normal University Modern College, Northwest 西北大学现代学院 SHAANXI University Modern Creative Media Institute, 北京电影学院现代创意媒体学院 SHANDONG Beijing Film Academy Modern Economics and 江西财经大学现代经济管理学院 JIANGXI Management College, Jiangxi University of Finance and Economics Nanchang Business College, 江西农业大学南昌商学院 JIANGXI Jiangxi Agricultural University Nanfang College, Sun Yat-sen 中山大学南方学院 GUANGDONG University Nanhu College, Hunan Institute of 湖南理工学院南湖学院 HUNAN Science and Technology Nanhu College, Jiaxing University 嘉兴学院南湖学院 ZHEJIANG Nanxu College, Jiangsu University 江苏科技大学南徐学院 JIANGSU of Science and Technology Nanyue College, Hengyang 衡阳师范学院南岳学院 HUNAN Normal University Ningbo Institute of Technology, 浙江大学宁波理工学院 ZHEJIANG Zhejiang University North Institute of Information 西安工业大学北方信息工程学院 SHAANXI Engineering, Xi'an Technological University North Science and Technology 沈阳航空航天大学北方科技学院 LIAONING College, Shenyang Aerospace University Orient Science and Technology 湖南农业大学东方科技学院 HUNAN College, Hunan Agricultural University Oujiang College, Wenzhou 温州大学瓯江学院 ZHEJIANG University OxBridge College, Kunming 昆明理工大学津桥学院 YUNNAN University of Science and Technology Pass College, Chongqing 重庆工商大学派斯学院 CHONGQING Technology and Business University Pearl River College, Tianjin 天津财经大学珠江学院 TIANJIN University of Finance and Economics Pioneer College, Inner Mongolia 内蒙古大学创业学院 NEIMENGGU University Polytechnic College, Hebei 河北科技大学理工学院 HEBEI University of Science and Technology Polytechnic Institute, Jiangxi 江西科技师范大学理工学院 JIANGXI Science & Technology Normal University Polytechnic Institute, Taiyuan 太原理工大学现代科技学院 SHANXI University of Technology

154

Classification: Public

Pujiang College, Nanjing 南京工业大学浦江学院 JIANGSU University of Technology Qianjiang College, Hangzhou 杭州师范大学钱江学院 ZHEJIANG Normal University Qindao College, Qingdao 青岛理工大学琴岛学院 SHANDONG Technological University Qinggong College, Hebei United 河北联合大学轻工学院 HEBEI University Qiushi College, Guizhou Normal 贵州师范大学求是学院 GUIZHOU University Qiuzhen School, Huzhou Teachers 湖州师范学院求真学院 ZHEJIANG College Quancheng College, University of 济南大学泉城学院 SHANDONG Jinan Renai College, Tianjin University 天津大学仁爱学院 TIANJIN Renji College, Wenzhou Medical 温州医科大学仁济学院 ZHEJIANG College Rongzhi College, Chongqing 重庆工商大学融智学院 CHONGQING Technology and Business University Sanquan Medical College, 新乡医学院三全学院 HENAN Xinxiang Medical University School of Applied Science, Jiangxi 江西理工大学应用科学学院 JIANGXI University of Science and Technology School of Applied Technology, 湖南工程学院应用技术学院 HUNAN Hunan Institute of Engineering School of Art and Information 大连工业大学艺术与信息工程学院 LIAONING Engineering, Dalian Polytechnic University School of Commerce, Guizhou 贵州财经大学商务学院 GUIZHOU College of Finance and Economics School of Economics and 河北经贸大学经济管理学院 HEBEI Management, Hebei University of Economics and Business School of Economics and 安徽农业大学经济技术学院 ANHUI Technology, Anhui Agricultural University School of Engineering, Shenyang 沈阳工业大学工程学院 LIAONING University of Technology School of Medicine and Science & 遵义医学院医学与科技学院 GUIZHOU Technology, Zunyi Medical College School of OptoElectronic 长春理工大学光电信息学院 JILIN Engineering, Changchun University of Science and Technology School of Polytechnic, Gannan 赣南师范学院科技学院 JIANGXI Normal University School of Science and 南昌航空大学科技学院 JIANGXI Technology, Nanchang Hangkong University School of Sport Science and 武汉体育学院体育科技学院 HUBEI Technology, Wuhan Institute of

155

Classification: Public

Physical Education Science and Technology College, 湖北民族学院科技学院 HUBEI Hubei University for Nationalities Science and Technology College, 湖北文理学院理工学院 HUBEI Hubei University of Arts and Science Before December 2012: Science and Technology College, Xiangfan University (襄樊学院理工学院) Science and Technology College, 江西师范大学科学技术学院 JIANGXI Jiangxi Normal University Science and Technology College, 江西中医药大学科技学院 JIANGXI Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Science and Technology College, 华北电力大学科技学院 HEBEI North China Electric Power University Science Faculty of Chinese 广西中医药大学赛恩斯新医药学院 GUANGXI Medical Science, Guangxi Traditional Chinese Medical University Shengli College, China University 中国石油大学胜利学院 SHANDONG of Petroleum Shenqi Ethnic Medical College 贵阳医学院神奇民族医药学院 GUIZHOU (also known as Maqika College of Medicine for Nationalities), Guiyang Medical University Shiyuan College, Guangxi 广西师范学院师园学院 GUANGXI Teachers Education University Shizhen School, Guiyang College 贵阳中医学院时珍学院 GUIZHOU of Traditional Chinese Medicine Shuda College, Hunan Normal 湖南师范大学树达学院 HUNAN University Shunhua Energy Institute, 辽宁石油化工大学顺华能源学院 LIAONING Liaoning Shihua University Sifang College, Shijiazhuang 石家庄铁道大学四方学院 HEBEI Tiedao University Sontan College, Guangzhou 广州大学松田学院 GUANGDONG University South China Business College, 广东外语外贸大学南国商学院 GUANGDONG Guangdong University of Foreign Studies South China Institute of Software 广州大学华软软件学院 GUANGDONG Engineering, Guangzhou University Sub-institute of Science and 景德镇陶瓷学院科技艺术学院 JIANGXI Technology and Art, Jingdezhen Ceramic Institute Taishan College of Science and 山东科技大学泰山科技学院 SHANDONG Technology, Shandong University of Science and Technology Taizhou College, Nanjing Normal 南京师范大学泰州学院 JIANGSU University Taizhou Institution of Science and 南京理工大学泰州科技学院 JIANGSU

156

Classification: Public

Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology Tan Kah Kee College, Xiamen 厦门大学嘉庚学院 FUJIAN University The College of Arts and Sciences, 云南师范大学文理学院 YUNNAN Yunnan Normal University The College of Post and 武汉工程大学邮电与信息工程学院 HUBEI Telecommunication, Wuhan Institute of Technology The Engineering and Technical 成都理工大学工程技术学院 SICHUAN College, Chengdu University of Technology The Hi-Tech College, Xi'an 西安理工大学高科学院 SHAANXI University of Technology The Science and Technology 湖北汽车工业学院科技学院 HUBEI College, Hubei University of Automotive Technology Tianfu College, Southwest 西南财经大学天府学院 SICHUAN University of Finance and Economics Tianhe College, Guangdong 广东技术师范学院天河学院 GUANGDONG Polytechnic Normal University Tianhua College, Shanghai 上海师范大学天华学院 SHANGHAI Normal University Tianjin College, University of 北京科技大学天津学院 TIANJIN Science and Technology Beijing Tianmu College, Zhejiang A & F 浙江农林大学天目学院 ZHEJIANG University Tianping College, Suzhou 苏州科技学院天平学院 JIANGSU University of Science and Technology Tongda College, Nanjing 南京邮电大学通达学院 JIANGSU University of Posts and Telecommunications Tongji Zhejiang College 同济大学浙江学院 ZHEJIANG Tongke College, Tongji University 同济大学同科学院 SHANGHAI Tourism and Culture College, 云南大学旅游文化学院 YUNNAN Yunnan University Tourism College, Changchun 长春大学旅游学院 JILIN University Wanfang College of Science and 河南理工大学万方科技学院 HENAN Technology, Henan Polytechnic University Wanjiang College, Anhui Normal 安徽师范大学皖江学院 ANHUI University Wenhua College, Huazhong 华中科技大学文华学院 HUBEI University of Science and Technology Wenhua College, Yunnan Arts 云南艺术学院文华学院 YUNNAN University Wenjing College, Yantai University 烟台大学文经学院 SHANDONG Wentian College, Hehai University 河海大学文天学院 ANHUI Wenzheng College, Soochow 苏州大学文正学院 JIANGSU

157

Classification: Public

University Wuhan College, Zhongnan 中南财经政法大学武汉学院 HUBEI University of Economics and Law Wuhan Media and 华中师范大学武汉传媒学院 HUBEI Communications College, Huazhong Normal University Xiamen Institute of Technology, 华侨大学厦门工学院 FUJIAN Huaqiao University Xi'an Creation College, Yan'an 延安大学西安创新学院 SHAANXI University Xianda College of Economics and 上海外国语大学贤达经济人文学院 SHANGHAI Humanities, Shanghai International Studies University Xiangsi Lake College, Guangxi 广西民族大学相思湖学院 GUANGXI University for Nationalities Xiangxin College, Hunan 湖南中医药大学湘杏学院 HUNAN University of Chinese Medicine Xiaoxiang College, Hunan 湖南科技大学潇湘学院 HUNAN University of Science and Technology Xinghua College, Chang'an 长安大学兴华学院 SHAANXI University Xingjian College of Science and 广西大学行健文理学院 GUANGXI Liberal Arts, Guangxi University Xinglin College, Liaoning 辽宁中医药大学杏林学院 LIAONING University of Traditional Chinese Medicine Xinglin College, Nantong 南通大学杏林学院 JIANGSU University Xingtan College, Qufu Normal 曲阜师范大学杏坛学院 SHANDONG University Xingxiang College, Xiangtan 湘潭大学兴湘学院 HUNAN University Xingzhi College, Zhejiang Normal 浙江师范大学行知学院 ZHEJIANG University Xinhua College, Ningxia University 宁夏大学新华学院 NINGXIA Xinhua College, Sun Yat-sen 中山大学新华学院 GUANGDONG University Xinke College, Henan Institute of 河南科技学院新科学院 HENAN Science and Technology Xinlian College, Henan Normal 河南师范大学新联学院 HENAN University Xinzhi College, Xi'an University of 西安财经学院行知学院 SHAANXI Finance and Economics Xuhai College, China University of 中国矿业大学徐海学院 JIANGSU Mining and Technology Yangguang College, Fuzhou 福州大学阳光学院 FUJIAN University Yangtze College, East China 东华理工大学长江学院 JIANGXI University of Technology Yanshan College, Shandong 山东财经大学燕山学院 SHANDONG Economic University Yinchuan College, China 中国矿业大学银川学院 NINGXIA

158

Classification: Public

University of Mining and Technology Yinxing Hospitality Management 成都信息工程学院银杏酒店管理学 SICHUAN College, Chengdu University of 院 Information Technology Yuanpei College, Shaoxing 绍兴文理学院元培学院 ZHEJIANG University Zengcheng College, South China 华南师范大学增城学院 GUANGDONG Normal University Zhangjiajie College, Jishou 吉首大学张家界学院 HUNAN University Zhejiang College, Shanghai 上海财经大学浙江学院 ZHEJIANG University of Finance and Economics Zhicheng College, Fuzhou 福州大学至诚学院 FUJIAN University Zhijiang College, Zhejiang 浙江工业大学之江学院 ZHEJIANG University of Technology Zhixing College, Hubei University 湖北大学知行学院 HUBEI Zhixing College, Northwest Normal 西北师范大学知行学院 GANSU University Zhonghuan Information College, 天津理工大学中环信息学院 TIANJIN Tianjin University of Technology Zhongshan College, Dalian 大连医科大学中山学院 LIAONING Medical University Zhongshan Institute, University of 电子科技大学中山学院 GUANGDONG Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhuhai College, Jilin University 吉林大学珠海学院 GUANGDONG Zhujiang College, South China 华南农业大学珠江学院 GUANGDONG Agricultural University Zijin College, Nanjing University of 南京理工大学紫金学院 JIANGSU Science and Technology *Chenggong College, Henan 河南财经政法大学成功学院 HENAN University of Economics and Law Became a separate benke institution and renamed Zhengzhou Chenggong University of Finance and Economics 郑州成 功财经学院 in 2012 *Development College, Jilin 吉林农业大学发展学院 JILIN Agricultural University Became a separate benke institution and renamed Changchun University of Science and Technology 长春科技学院 in 2013 *Guanghua College, Changchun 长春大学光华学院 JILIN University Became a separate benke college and renamed Changchun Guanghua University 长春光华学 院 in 2013

159

Classification: Public

*Guangsha College, Harbin 哈尔滨商业大学广厦学院 HEILONGJIANG University of Commerce Became a separate benke institution and renamed Harbin Guangsha College 哈尔滨广厦学 院 in 2012 *Huarui College, Northeast 东北石油大学华瑞学院 HEILONGJIANG Petroleum University Became a separate benke institute and renamed Harbin Institute of Petroleum 哈尔滨石油学院 in 2012 *Industrial and Commercial 武汉工业学院工商学院 HUBEI College, Wuhan Polytechnic University Became a separate benke institution and renamed Wuchang Institute of Technology 武昌工学院 in 2012 *Kingbridge Business College, 东北财经大学津桥商学院 LIAONING Dongbei University of Finance and Economics Became a separate benke college and renamed Dalian University of Finance and Economics 大连财经 学院 in 2013 *North College, Beijing University 北京化工大学北方学院 HEBEI of Chemical Technology Became a separate benke college and renamed Yanjing Institute of Technology 燕京理工学院 in 2013 *Polytechnic School, Shenyang 沈阳理工大学 LIAONING Ligong University Merged with Science and Technology College, Shenyang Agricultural University to become a separate benke institution named Shenyang Institute of Technology 沈阳工学院 in 2013 *Radio and Film College, Chengdu 成都理工大学广播影视学院 SICHUAN University of Technology Became a separate benke institution and renamed Sichuan University of Media and Communications 四川传媒学院 in 2013 *Sanya College, Hainan University 海南大学三亚学院 HAINAN Became a separate benke college and renamed Sanya University 三 亚学院 in 2012

160

Classification: Public

*Science and Technology College, 沈阳农业大学科学技术学院 LIAONING Shenyang Agricultural University Merged with Polytechnic School, Shenyang Ligong University to become a separate benke institution named Shenyang Institute of Technology 沈阳工学院 in 2013 *Shanghai Institute of Visual Art, 复旦大学上海视觉艺术学院 SHANGHAI Fudan University Became a separate benke institution and renamed Shanghai Institute of Visual Art 上海视觉艺术 学院 in 2013 *Technology and Engineering 沈阳大学科技工程学院 LIAONING College, Shenyang University Became a separate benke institution and renamed Shenyang City University 沈阳城市学院 in 2013 *The Far East Institute, Harbin 哈尔滨理工大学远东学院 HEILONGJIANG University of Science and Technology Became a separate benke institution and renamed Harbin Far East Institute of Technology 哈尔 滨远东理工学院 in 2012 *Urban Construction College, 沈阳建筑大学城市建设学院 LIAONING Shenyang Jianzhu University Became a separate benke institution and renamed Shenyang Urban Construction University 沈 阳城市建设学院 in 2013 *Yucai College, Southwest 西南大学育才学院 CHONGQING University Became a separate benke institution and renamed Chongqing College of Humanities, Science & Technology 重庆人文科技学院 in 2013

161

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APPENDIX C4. PROJECT 985 INSTITUTIONS

1. Tsinghua University 清华大学 2. Peking University 北京大学 3. University of Science and Technology of China 中国科技大学 4. Nanjing University 南京大学 5. Fudan University 复旦大学 6. Shanghai Jiaotong University 上海交通大学 7. Xi’an Jiaotong University 西安交通大学 8. Zhejiang University 浙江大学 9. Harbin Institute of Technology 哈尔滨工业大学 10. Nankai University 南开大学 11. Tianjin University 天津大学 12. Southeast University 东南大学 13. Huazhong University of Science and Technology 华中科技大学 14. Wuhan University 武汉大学 15. Xiamen University 厦门大学 16. Shandong University 山东大学 17. Hunan University 湖南大学 18. Ocean University of China 中国海洋大学 19. Central South University 中南大学 20. Jilin University 吉林大学 21. Beijing Institute of Technology 北京理工大学 22. Dalian University of Technology 大连理工大学 23. Beihang University 北京航空航天大学 24. Chongqing University 重庆大学 25. University of Electronic Science and Technology 电子科技大学 26. Sichuan University 四川大学 27. South China University of Technology 华南理工大学 28. Sun Yat-sen University 中山大学 29. Lanzhou University 兰州大学 30. Northeastern University 东北大学 31. Northwestern Polytechnical University 西北工业大学 32. Tongji University 同济大学 33. Beijing Normal University 北京师范大学 34. Renmin University of China 中国人民大学 35. China Agricultural University 中国农业大学 36. National University of Defence Technology 国防科技大学 37. Minzu University 中央民族大学(also known as Central University for Nationalities) 38. Northwest A&F University 西北农林科技大学 39. East China Normal University 华东师范大学

162

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APPENDIX C5. PROJECT 211 INSTITUTIONS

1. Anhui University 安徽大学 2. Behang University 北京航空航天大学 3. Beijing Foreign Studies University 北京外国语大学 4. Beijing Forestry University 北京林业大学 5. Beijing Institute of Technology 北京理工大学 6. Beijing Jiaotong University 北 京 交 通 大 学 （ formerly Northern Jiaotong University 北方交通大学） 7. Beijing Normal University 北京师范大学 8. Beijing Sport University 北京体育大学 9. Beijing University of Chemical Technology 北京化工大学 10. Beijing University of Chinese Medicine 北京中医药大学 11. Beijing University of Posts & Telecommunications 北京邮电大学 12. Beijing University of Technology 北京工业大学 13. Central Conservatory of Music 中央音乐学院 14. Central South University 中南大学 15. Central University of Finance and Economics 16. Chang’an University 长安大学 17. China Agricultural University 中国农业大学 18. China Pharmaceutical University 中国药科大学 19. China University of Geosciences 中国地质大学 20. China University of Mining and Technology 中国矿业大学 21. China University of Petroleum 中国石油大学 22. China University of Political Science and Law 中国政法大学 23. Chongqing University 重庆大学 24. Communication University of China 中国传媒大学 (former Beijing Broadcasting Institute 北京广播学院) 25. Dalian Maritime University 大连海事大学 26. Dalian University of Technology大连理工大学 27. Donghua University 东华大学 28. East China Normal University 华东师范大学 29. East China University of Science and Technology 华东理工大学 30. Fourth Military Medical University 第四军医大学 31. Fudan University 复旦大学 32. Fuzhou University 福州大学 33. Guangxi University 广西大学 34. Guizhou University 贵州大学 35. Hainan University 海南大学 36. Harbin Engineering University 哈尔滨工程大学 37. Harbin Institute of Technology 哈尔滨工业大学 38. Hebei University of Technology 河北工业大学

163

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39. Hefei University of Technology 合肥工业大学 40. Hohai University 河海大学 41. Huazhong Agricultural University 华中农业大学 42. Huazhong Normal University 华中师范大学 43. Huazhong University of Science and Technology 华中科技大学 44. Hunan Normal University 湖南师范大学 45. Hunan University 湖南大学 46. Inner Mongolia University 内蒙古大学 47. Jiangnan University 江南大学 (also known as Southern Yangtze University) 48. Jilin University 吉林大学 49. Jinan University 暨南大学 50. Lanzhou University 兰州大学 51. Liaoning University 辽宁大学 52. Minzu University of China中央民族大学 (also known as Central University for Nationalities) 53. Nanchang University 南昌大学 54. Nanjing Agricultural University 南京农业大学 55. Nanjing Normal University 南京师范大学 56. Nanjing University 南京大学 57. Nanjing University of Aeronautics and Astronautics 南京航空航天大学 58. Nanjing University of Science and Technology 南京理工大学 59. Nankai University 南开大学 60. National University of Defense Technology 国防科学技术大学 61. Ningxia University 宁夏大学 62. North China Electric Power University 华北电力大学 63. Northeast Agricultural University 东北农业大学 64. Northeast Forestry University 东北林业大学 65. Northeast Normal University 东北师范大学 66. Northeastern University 东北大学 67. Northwest A&F University 西北农林科技大学 68. Northwest Polytechnical University 西北工业大学 69. Northwest University 西北大学 70. Ocean University of China 中国海洋大学 71. Peking University 北京大学 72. Qinghai University 青海大学 73. Renmin University of China中国人民大学 74. Second Military Medical University 第二军医大学 75. Shaanxi Normal University 陕西师范大学 76. Shandong University 山东大学 77. Shanghai International Studies University 上海外国语大学 78. Shanghai Jiaotong University 上 海 交 通 大 学 (Shanghai Second Medical

164

Classification: Public

University上海第二医科大学, a former Project 211 institution, has been merged into Shanghai Jiaotong University) 79. Shanghai University of Finance and Economics 上海财经大学 80. Shanghai University 上海大学 81. Shihezi University 石河子大学 82. Sichuan Agricultural University 四川农业大学 83. Sichuan University 四川大学 84. Soochow University 苏州大学 85. South China Normal University 华南师范大学 86. South China University of Technology 华南理工大学 87. Southeast University 东南大学 88. Southwest Jiaotong University 西南交通大学 89. Southwest University 西南大学 90. Southwest University of Finance and Economics 西南财经大学 91. Sun Yat-sen University 中山大学 92. Taiyuan University of Technology 太原理工大学 93. Tianjin Medical University 天津医科大学 94. Tianjin University 天津大学 95. Tongji University 同济大学 96. Tsinghua University 清华大学 97. University of Electronic Science and Technology 电子科技大学 98. University of International Business and Economics 对外经济贸易大学 99. University of Science and Technology Beijing 北京科技大学 100. University of Science & Technology of China 中国科学技术大学 101. Wuhan University 武汉大学 102. Wuhan University of Technology 武汉理工大学 103. Xiamen University 厦门大学 104. Xi’an Jiaotong University 西安交通大学 105. Xidian University 西安电子科技大学 106. Xinjiang University 新疆大学 107. Xizang University 西藏大学 (also known as Tibet University) 108. Yanbian University 延边大学 109. Yunnan University 云南大学 110. Zhejiang University 浙江大学 111. Zhengzhou University 郑州大学 112. Zhongnan University of Economics and Law 中南财经政法大学

165

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APPENDIX C6. TOP 10 INSTITUTIONS IN SOME DISCIPLINARY AREAS, 2004 AND 2012

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2004 1. National University of Defence Technology 2. Tsinghua University 3. Peking University 4. Computing Technology Research Institute of China Academy of Sciences 5. Harbin Institute of Technology 6. Behang University 7. Zhejiang University 8. University of Science and Technology of China 9. Northeast University 10. Nanjing University

COMPUTER SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY, 2012 1. Tsinghua University 2. National University of Defense Technology 3. Peking University 4. Behang University 5. Harbin Institute of Technology 6. Shanghai Jiaotong University 7. Zhejiang University 8. Nanjing University 9. University of Science and Technology of China 10. Northeastern University 11. Huazhong University of Science and Technology

BIOLOGY, 2004 1. Shanghai Life Science Research Institute of China Academy of Sciences 2. Zoological Research Institute of China Academy of Sciences 3. Peking University 4. Tsinghua University 5. Fudan University 6. Huazhong Agricultural University 7. Sun Yat-sen University 8. Zhejiang University 9. Wuhan University 10. China Agricultural University

BIOLOGY, 2012 1. Peking Union Medical College, Tsinghua University 2. Peking University 3. Fudan University 4. Shanghai Jiaotong University 5. Nanjing University

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6. University of Science and Technology of China 7. Wuhan University 8. China Agricultural University 9. Nankai University 10. Huazhong Agricultural University 11. Sun Yat-sen University

FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, 2004 1. Peking University 2. Beijing Foreign Studies University 3. People’s Liberation Army University of Foreign Languages 4. Heilongjiang University 5. Tsinghua University 6. Fudan University 7. Hunan Normal University 8. Beijing Normal University 9. Zhejiang University 10. Nankai University

FOREIGN LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, 2012 1. Peking University 2. Beijing Foreign Studies University 3. Shanghai International Studies University 4. Nanjing University 5. Guangdong University of Foreign Studies 6. Heilongjiang University 7. Nanjing Normal University 8. Zhejiang University 9. People’s Liberation Army University of Foreign Languages

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APPENDIX D – SAMPLE PROGRAM STRUCTURES

APPENDIX D1. SECOND BENKE MAJOR AND “SECOND BACHELOR’S DEGREE”

Table 78. Second Major in Economics, School of Economics, Fudan University, September 201347

 Second major in economics requires 50 credits of coursework, including 8 credits of prerequisites in mathematics, 36 credits of required specialty courses, and 6 credits of elective specialty courses.  Students are encouraged to fulfill second major requirements concurrently with their first major. They may study on a part-time basis for up to two years after graduating from their first major.  Successful completion of the program leads to an economics second major certificate (经 济学第二专业证书).  Students who fail to fulfill all second major requirements but who have completed 30 or more credits of core second major courses will receive an economics minor certificate (经 济学辅修专业证书). Course Code Credit Weekly Semester Hours Prerequisites (8 or 10 credits) Advanced Mathematics I 968.039.1 4 Advanced Mathematics II 968.039.2 4 Mathematical Analysis I 968.040.1 5 Mathematical Analysis II 968.040.2 5 Required Specialty Courses (36 credits) Probability and Statistics 968.033.1 3 3 1 Microeconomics 968.037.1 3 3 1 Accounting 969.001.1 3 3 1 Macroeconomics 968.028.1 3 3 2 International Trade 968.035.1 3 3 2 Finance 968.032.1 3 3 2 Monetary Banking 968.030.1 3 3 2 Statistics 968.029.1 3 3 3 International Finance 968.034.1 3 3 3 Development Economics 968.038.1 3 3 4 On Capital 968.002.1 3 3 4 Population, Resources and Environmental 968.012.1 3 3 4 Economics Elective Specialty Courses (6 credits) Marketing 968.006.1 3 3 4 Corporate Management 968.007.1 3 3 4 Financial Management 968.008.1 3 3 4 Contemporary Chinese Economy 968.001.1 3 3 4 Industrial Economics 968.010.1 3 3 4 History of Foreign Economic Thinking 968.009.1 3 3 4

47 Source: Fudan University, 2013 168

Classification: Public

Table 79. “Second Bachelor’s Degree” in Accounting, School of Management, Fudan University48

 Second bachelor’s degree in accounting major requires 61 credits of coursework, including 8 credits of prerequisites in mathematics, 40 credits of required foundation courses, and 13 credits of required specialty courses.  Students are encouraged to fulfill second bachelor’s degree requirements concurrently with their first major. They may study on a part-time basis for up to two years after graduating from their first major.  Successful completion of the program leads to a second bachelor’s degree certificate (第二 学士学位证书).  Students who fail to fulfill all second bachelor’s degree requirements but who have completed 30 or more credits of core second major courses will receive an accounting minor certificate (会计学辅修专业证书). Course Code Credit Weekly Semester Hours Prerequisites (8 or 10 credits) Advanced Mathematics I 968.039.1 4 Advanced Mathematics II 968.039.2 4 Mathematical Analysis I 968.040.1 5 Mathematical Analysis II 968.040.2 5 Required Foundation Courses (40 credits) Microeconomics 968.037.1 3 3 1 Macroeconomics 968.028.1 3 3 2 Introduction to Management 969.002.1 3 3 1 Accounting 969.001.1 3 3 1 Intermediate Financial Accounting I 942.001.1 3 3+1 2 Intermediate Financial Accounting II 942.001.2 3 3+1 3 Cost and Management Accounting 942.002.1 3 3+1 3 Auditing 942.005.1 3 3 4 Intermediate Financial Management 942.010.1 3 3 4 Tax Laws 942.004.1 3 3 2 Financial Management 969.003.1 3 3 2 Advanced Financial Accounting 942.003.1 3 3 4 Graduation Thesis 942.015.1 4 4 5 Required Specialty Courses (13 credits) Tax Accounting 942.007.1 2 2 3 International Accounting 942.006.1 3 3 5 Insurance 942.011.1 2 2 3 Accounting Lectures 942.012.1 2 2 4 Professional Ethics in Accounting 942.009.1 2 2 1 Financial Report Analysis 942.008.1 2 2 5

48 This is not a post-baccalaureate second bachelor’s degree program approved by the Ministry of Education, but the second degree of a double bachelor’s degree program. Source: Ibid. 169

Classification: Public

Table 80. Second Bachelor’s Degree in Economics, Shanghai University of Interntional Business and Economics49

 Admission is open to benke graduates who have received their first bachelor’s degree.  This is a two-year program. Students who have completed all coursework and graduation thesis may apply for graduation. Qualified graduates receive a certificate of graduation and a bachelor’s degree in economics. Course Course Title Credits Class Hours by Group Semester 1 2 3 4 College Intensive Reading (1-3) 10 4 4 2 English Commercial English in |Foreign Journals 6 2 2 2 Listening and Speaking (1-2) 8 4 4 Oral English 2 2 Specialty Microeconomics 3 3 Courses Macroeconomics 2 2 Currency and Banking 2 2 Finance 2 2 Accounting 2 2 International Banking 3 3 International Economics 3 3 China’s Foreign Trade 2 2 International Business and Trade 2 2 Regulations International Trade Practice 3 3 International Settlements 2 2 International Investment 2 2 International Trade Digitization Practice 2 2 Principles of Management 2 2 Marketing 3 3 Transport and Insurance in International 3 3 Trade Supply Chain Management 2 2 Internatinal Business Laws 2 2 English Correspondence in Import and 4 4 Export Business Spoken English 2 2 Accounting Management 2 2 Electives 8 Graduation Thesis 3 3 Total 87 19 25 28 7

49 Source: Shanghai University of International Business and Trade, 2006 170

Classification: Public

APPENDIX D2. BACHELOR’S DEGREE IN MEDICINE (NURSING MAJOR), GUANGDONG MEDICAL COLLEGE50

Students complete a total of 223.5 credits, including required courses (157.5 credits), graduation practice (50 credits), military training (2 credits), electives (12 credits), and social practice (2 credits). Successful completion of the program leads to a Benke Certificate of Graduation and a Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine (Nursing Major). Course Course Hours Hours by Semester Group Credit ∑ Theory Practice 1 2 3 4 5 6 General Military Theory 2 36 36 36 Foundation Mao Zedong Thought 6 108 80 28 54 54 Brief History of Modern 2 36 30 6 36 China Basic Principles of 3 54 45 9 54 Marxism Ideology, Morality and 3 54 45 9 54 Law Honesty and Self- 1 16 16 16 Cultivation Nursing Ethics 2 36 32 4 36 Current Affairs and 5 96 96 16 16 16 16 16 16 State Policies Physical Education 8 140 140 32 36 36 36 College English 15.5 280 140 140 64 72 72 72 Programming 4 72 36 36 72 Medical Chemistry 2.5 50 50 50 Hospital Information 2 36 36 36 Management System Medical Human Anatomy 5.5 96 64 32 96 Foundation Histology and 3 54 27 27 54 Embryology Biochemistry 4.5 80 80 80 Microbiology and 4 72 72 72 Immunology Physiology 4.5 85 85 85 Pathology 3.5 60 45 15 60 Pathophysiology 3.5 60 60 60 Pharmacology 4 72 72 72 Healthcare Statistics 2 36 30 6 36 Nursing Psychology 2 36 36 36 Health Assessment 6 110 80 30 110 Fundamentals of 10.5 188 110 78 102 86 Nursing Major Internal Medicine 10.5 188 140 48 188 Nursing (Including Communicable Disease Nursing and Mental Health Nursing) Surgical Nursing 7.5 135 108 27 135 Maternity Nursing 5 92 62 30 92 Pediatric Nursing 5 92 62 30 92

50 Source: Guangdong Medical College. 171

Classification: Public

Emergency Nursing 2.5 42 36 6 42 Clinical Nutrition 2 40 28 12 40 Psychiatric Nursing 1.5 28 22 6 28 Geriatric Nursing 1.5 30 24 6 30 Community Nursing 2.5 42 32 10 42 Otolaryngology Nursing 2 40 32 8 40 Nursing Management 2.5 42 36 6 42 TCM Nursing 1.5 32 32 32 Restricted Computer Basics 1 18 18 18 18 Electives Psychological Health 1 18 18 18 Career Guidance 2 36 36 18 18 Nursing Esthetics 1.5 26 26 26 Graduation Internal Medicine 10 weeks Practice Surgery 10 weeks (semesters Maternity 4 weeks 7 and 8) Pediatrics 4 weeks Emergency 4 weeks Operating Room 4 weeks Electrocardiogram 3 weeks ICU 3 weeks Nursing Management 3 weeks Communicable Disease 3 weeks Other 2 weeks

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APPENDIX D3. MASTER OF ENGINEERING (ME) IN ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

Table 81. Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering51

Mode of Study Part-time Duration of Study 3-5 years Coursework At least 20 credits of degree courses in foreign language, natural dialectics, engineering mathematics, principles of environmental engineering, environmental engineering technology and two other specialized subjects At least 12 credits of non-degree courses Thesis Topic must be based on environmental engineering practice and related to the candidate’s professional work. Thesis must show a high level of theoretical knowledge and practical value in solving environmental engineering problems. At least one year is allowed for thesis preparation.

APPENDIX D4. THREE-YEAR PROGRAM FOR PRESCHOOL TEACHERS SCHOOLS

 Compulsory subjects (~65 per cent): see following table.  Elective subjects (~15 per cent): Based on their resources, schools offer elective subjects in areas such as cultural knowledge, educational theory, art, sports, labour skills, and foreign languages. Students are encouraged to take at least one elective subject in each area.  Teaching practicum (~10 per cent): This involves kindergarten visits, observation, practice teaching, field research, and volunteering for 10 weeks over three years.  Extracurricular activities (~10 per cent): Schools plan and support (in terms of teacher supervision and other resources) extracurricular activities such as lectures, clubs and field studies to enhance students’ practical skills.

Table 82. Schedule of Compuslory Subjects, Three-Year Program for Preschool Teachers Schools, State Education Commission, 199552

Subject Weekly Hours Total Hours Year One Year Two Year Three Ideology and Politics 2 2 2 212 Chinese 4 5 5 503 Mathematics 4 4 298 Chemistry 3 111 Physics 3 111 Biology 3 111 Geography 2 1 106 History 2 1 106 Audio-Visual Teaching Aids 1 32 Speech Training for Teachers 2 64 Preschool Hygiene and Health 2 74 Preschool Pyschology 1 1 74 Preschool Education 2 74 Design and Management of Kindergarten 6 192 Instructional Activities Music 3 3 2 286 Fine Art 2 2 2 212 Dance 1 1 1 106 Physical Education 2 2 2 212 Labour Skills 2 74 Total 30 28 25 2958

51 Source: National Educational Steering Committee for Master of Engineering Degree 52 Source: State Education Commission. Three-Year Secondary Preschool Teachers School Curriculum (Trial) 三年制中等幼儿师范教学方案 (试行), 1995. 173

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APPENDIX D5. ZHUANKE IN ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Table 83. Three-Year Zhuanke in Elementary Education, 200353 No. Course Name Hours General Compulsory Courses 1 Introduction to Mao Zedong Thought 54 2 Philosophy of Marxism 54 3 Introduction to Deng Xiaoping Theory 54 4 Ideological and Moral Education and Professional Ethics of Teachers 36 5 Fundamentals of Law 36 6 Current Affairs and Policy (108) 7 Physical Education 144 8 College English 216 9 Fundamentals of Information Technology 108 Subtotal 702 Specialty Compulsory Courses 1 Fundamentals of Psychology 54 2 Child Development and Educational Psychology 54 3 Student Counselling 36 4 Modern Educational System and Thought 54 5 Curriculum and Pedagogy 54 6 Classroom Management 36 7 Introducation to Educational Research Methodology 36 8 Modern Educational Technology 54 9 College Chinese 90 10 College Math 90 11 Basic Natural Science 72 12 Basic Social Science 72 13 Music 72 14 Fine Art 72 15 Public Speaking for Teachers 36 16 Handwriting 36 17 Children’s Health Education 36 18 Project Design for Elementary School Comprehensive Practice 54 Subtotal 1008 Total Hours of Compulsory Courses 1710 Specialty Elective Courses – Choose one of six streams: 1. Chinese and Society 4. Music 2. Mathematics and Science 5. Physical Education 3. English 6. Fine Art Following are specialty elective courses for the mathematics and science stream: 1 Fundamentals of Advanced Mathematics 180 2 Introduction to Modern Mathematics 72 3 Teaching Practice and Science Lab 72 4 Science, Technology and Society 54 5 Physical Science 60 6 Biological Science 60 7 Geo and Space Science 60 8 Population, Resources and Environment 54 9 Teaching and Research in Elementary Mathematics and Science 72 10 School Designated Course 60 Subtotal 744

53 Source: Ministry of Education.

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APPENDIX D6. MASTER OF EDUCATION PROFESSIONAL DEGREE

Table 84. Master of Education Professional Degree (Part-time), Beijing Normal University, 200954

Entry Requirement Bachelor’s Degree plus three years’ experience as teacher, researcher or administrator at educational institutions. Candidates with benke qualification but no Bachelor’s Degree must hold a senior teaching position. Duration of Study Two to four years part-time. Coursework can be completed in two summer sessions. Before 2006, students completed coursework in one year of full-time study. An additional six months or more (part-time) is spent on the graduation thesis. Credit General degree courses 18 Requirement Specialized degree courses 12 Electives 4 Total 34 Credential Master of Education Professional Degree. No certificate of graduation is issued.

Table 85. Master of Education Professional Degree (Full-time) Recommended Program Structure, Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council, 2009

Entry is based on a benke certificate of graduation. Students must complete a minimum of 36 credits over two years of full-time study. Course Credits Foundation degree Foreign Language 2 courses (12 credits) Politics (including professional ethics) 2 Principles of Education 2 Curriculum and Pedagogy 2 Research Methodology in Elementary and 2 Secondary School Education Juvenile Psychology Development and Education 2 Specialized mandatory Subject curriculum and textbook analysis 3 courses (10 credits) Course design and case studies 3 Evaluation and Assessment of Subject Education 2 Special lecture on subject development 2 Specialized elective Theory and Method of Subject Learning 2 courses (6 credits) Applications of Modern Education Technology 2 Psychological Health Education in Elementary 2 Institutions may offer 2- and Secondary Schools 4 additional electives Research on Basic Education Reform 2 based on subject area. Brief History of Education in China and Abroad 2 Education Policies and Regulations 1 Subject Culture 1 History of Subject Development 1 Practical Teaching (8 Practice teaching, micro teaching, teaching 8 credits) investigation, analysis, class and classroom management, including at least six months of practical activities in elementary or secondary schools. Total 36

54 Source: Graduate School of Beijing Normal University. 175

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APPENDIX E – SAMPLE DOCUMENTS

APPENDIX E1. SECONDARY EDUCATION Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, 1986 (Part 1)

a

b

a. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) b. Printed by Xuchang Municipal Education Bureau (许昌市教育局制)

176

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, 1986 (Part 2)

a

c b

d

a. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) b. Seal of Xuchang No. 7 Middle School c. Senior secondary school (高中) d. Principal’s seal

177

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School and Transcript, 1992 (Part 1)

a. Seal of Shandong Provincial Education Committee (山东省教育委员会) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Senior secondary school (高中) d. Approved for graduation (准予毕业) e. May 1992 (一九九二年五月)

178

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School and Transcript, 1992 (Part 2)

Note: This is a school-issued document that has slightly different wording from the official Certificate of Graduation.

179

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School and Transcript, 1992 (Part 3)

180

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Specialized Senior Secondary School and Transcript, 1995 (Part 1)

a. Seal of Jiangsu Province Health Department for Specialized Senior Secondary Certificate of Graduation b. Certificate of Graduation (毕业证书) c. Born in June 1977 (一九七七年六月出生) d. September 1992 to July 1995 (一九九二年九月至一九九五年七月) e. Nurse (护士) f. Three-year program (学制叁年) g. July 15, 1995 (一九九五年七月十五日) h. Changzhou Health School (常州卫生学校)

181

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Specialized Senior Secondary School and Transcript, 1995 (Part 2)

Note: The health school has been renamed and upgraded to become a zhuanke college.

182

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Specialized Senior Secondary School, 1995 (Part 1)

a

b

c

d

a. Fujian Province (福建省) b. Specialized senior secondary school (中等专业学校) c. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) d. Printed by Fujian Provincial Education Committee (福建省教育委员会印制)

183

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Specialized Senior Secondary School, 1995 (Part 2)

a

b

c

d

a. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) b. Financial accounting (财务会计) c. Seal of Fujian Grain School d. Principal’s seal

184

Classification: Public

General Senior Secondary Unified Graduation Examination, 1996

a

a. General Senior Secondary Unified Graduation Examination Results (普通高级 中学会考成绩)

185

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General Senior Secondary Transcript, 2000

186

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, Huikao Results, and Transcript, 2002 (Part 1)

a. Printed by Hebei Provincial Education Department (河北省教育厅印制) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. September 1999 to June 2002 (1999 年 9 月至 2002 年 6 月) d. Senior secondary school (高中) e. Principal (seal) (校长（章）) f. School (seal) (学校（章）) g. June 30, 2002 (2002 年 6 月 30 日)

187

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, Huikao Results, and Transcript, 2002 (Part 2)

a. Huikao results (会考成绩) b. Seal of Hebei Province General Senior Secondary School Unified Graduation Examination (河北省普通高中毕业会考专用章)

188

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, Huikao Results, and Transcript, 2002 (Part 3)

189

Classification: Public

General Senior Secondary Huikao Certificate, 2004 (Part 1)

a. General senior secondary school (普通高级中学) b: Huikao certificate (会考证书) c: General Secondary Examination Office, Jilin Province (吉林省普通中学考试工 作办公室)

190

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General Senior Secondary Huikao Certificate, 2004 (Part 2)

g

a

b c d e f

a. Student photo b. Name (姓名) c. Sex (性别) d. Examination registration number (考籍号) e: School of graduation (毕业学校) f: Issuing date (发证日期) g: Huikao results (会考成绩)

191

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Certificate of Graduation from Senior Secondary School, 2011

a. Guangdong Province General Senor Secondary School (广东省普通高级中学) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Student number (学号) d. ID number (身份证号) e. 144 credits (144 学分) f. Guangzhou No. 5 Middle School (广州市第五中学) g. July 15, 2011 (二〇一一年七月十五日)

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APPENDIX E2. HIGHER EDUCATION

Combined Benke Certificate of Graduation and Bachelor’s Degree in Medicine, 1984

d

a

b

c

a. Department of Medicine (医学系) b. Major in medicine (医学专业) c. Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民 共和国学位条例) d. Bachelor’s degree in medicine (医学学士学位)

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Combined Benke Certificate of Graduation and Bachelor’s Degree in Arts, 1991

a

b c

d e

a. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) b. Benke (本科) c. Four-year benke (四年制本科) d. Approved for graduation (准予毕业) e. Bachelor’s degree in arts (文学学士学位)

194

Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation, Regular Higher Education, 1992

a

b c d e

a. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) b. Department of Law (法律系) c. Four-year program (学制四年) d. Benke curriculum (本科教学计划) e. Approved for graduation (准予毕业)

195

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Master’s Program and Master’s Degree, 1993 (Part 1)

a

b c

a. Certificate of graduation from a master’s program (硕士研究生毕业证书) b. Major in applied chemistry (应用化学专业) c. 2.5-year program (学制 2.5 年)

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Certificate of Graduation from a Master’s Program and Master’s Degree, 1993 (Part 2)

a

c

d e

b

a. National emblem of the People’s Republic of China b. Master’s degree certificate (硕士学位证书) c. Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民 共和国学位条例) d. Engineering/Technology (工学) e. Master’s degree (硕士学位)

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Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation, Adult Higher Education, 1995 (Part 1)

a

b

c

a. Adult higher education (成人高等教育) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Printed by State Education Commission of the People’s Republic of China (中 华人民共和国国家教育委员会制)

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Classification: Public

Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation, Adult Higher Education, 1995 (Part 2)

b a

c d

e

a. Major in nursing (护理专业) b. Half-time study (半脱产) c. Four-year program (四年制) d. Zhuanke (专科) e. Red seal of Harbin Medical University (哈尔滨医科大学)

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Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Education, Regular Higher Education, 1996

a

b d e

c

a. Regular higher education institution (普通高等学校) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Printed by State Education Commission of the People’s Republic of China (中 华人民共和国国家教育委员会印制) d. Four-year program (肆年制) e. Benke study (本科学习)

200

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Benke Certificate of Incompletion, 1996 (Part 1)

a. Certificate of incompletion (肄业证书)

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Benke Certificate of Incompletion, 1996 (Part 2)

a. Certificate of incompletion (肄业证书) b. Major in accounting (会计学专业) c. Benke (本科) d. Not completing study (未修完学業) e. Studied at the institution for two years (在校学习二年) f. Shenyang University (沈阳大学) g. September 22, 1997 (一九九七年九月二十二日)

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Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation, Regular Higher Education, 1998

a

b d c e

f

a. Regular higher education institution (普通高等学校) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Major in advertising (广告专业) d. Three-year program (三年制) e. Zhuanke (专科) f. Guangxi University (广西大学)

203

Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 1998 (Part 1)

a

b

c

a. Adult higher education (成人高等教育) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Printed by State Education Commission of the People’s Republic of China (中 华人民共和国国家教育委员会制)

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Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 1998 (Part 2)

d

e f

d. Correspondence program (函授) e. Three-year program (叁年制) f. Benke (本科)* * Though the wording “zhuanke to benke upgrading” (专升本) is not used here, it is an upgrading program judging by its length (three-year correspondence program).

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Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 1999

a b c

a. Correspondence program (函授) b. Three-year (三年) c. Zhuanke to benke upgrading (专升本科)

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Zhuanke Certificate of Graduation through Self-Study, 2000

a

d b c

f

e

a. Higher Education Self-Study Examinations (高等教育自学考试) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Major in English (英语专业) d. Zhuanke (专科) e. Red seal of Higher Education Self-Study Examinations Committee, Heilongjiang Province f. Red seal of Harbin Normal University

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Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program and Doctor’s Degree, 2000 (Part 1)

a

b

c

a. Doctoral graduate student (博士研究生) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Three-year program (学制三年)

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Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program and Doctor’s Degree, 2000 (Part 2)

a

c d e

b

a. National emblem of the People’s Republic of China. b. Doctoral degree certificate (博士学位证书) c. Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民 共和国学位条例) d. Engineering/Technology (工学) e. Doctor (博士)

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Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation and Bachelor’s Degree in Arts, 2001 (Part 1)

a

b d e

c

a. Regular higher education institution (普通高等学校) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Printed by Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国教 育部监制) d. Major in music education (音乐教育专业) e. Four-year benke (四年制本科)

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Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation and Bachelor’s Degree in Arts, 2001 (Part 2)

a d e f

g b

c

a. National emblem of the People’s Republic of China b. Bachelor’s degree certificate (学士学位证书) c. Regular higher education benke graduate (普通高等教育本科毕业生) d. Major in music education (音乐教育专业) e. Four-year benke (四年制本科) f. Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民 共和国学位条例) g. Bachelor’s degree in arts (文学学士学位)

211

Classification: Public

Certificate of Completion of Graduate Coursework Training Class, 2002 (Part 1)

a. Graduate coursework training class (研究生课程进修班) b. Certificate of completion (结业证书) c. January 2000 to January 2002 (二零零零年一月至二零零二年一月) d. Major in English language and literature (英语语言文学专业) e. Approved for completion (准予结业) f. Northeast Normal University (东北师范大学) g. February 5, 2002 (二零零二年二月五日)

212

Classification: Public

Certificate of Completion of Graduate Coursework Training Class, 2002 (Part 2)

213

Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation through Self-Study, 2003

a b

c

d e

a. Higher Education Self-Study Examinations (高等教育自学考试) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Benke (本科) d. Higher Education Self-Study Examinations Committee, Zhejiang Province (浙江 省高等教育自学考试委员会) e. Higher Education Institution Zhejiang University (高等院校 浙江大学) Note: The benke certificate of graduation through self-study usually does not indicate whether it is a full-length benke or zhuanke to benke upgrading program. That has to be determined by looking at the examinations record.

214

Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation, Bachelor’s Degree in Clinical Medicine, and Transcript, 2003 (Part 1)

a. Regular higher education institution (普通高等学校) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Printed by Ministry of Education, People’s Republic of China (中华人民共和国教 育部监制) d. September 1998 to July 2003 (一九九八年九月至二〇〇三年七月) e. Clinical medicine (临床医学) f. Five-year benke (五年制本科) g. Approved for graduation (准予毕业) h. Seal of Dalian Medical University (大连医科大学) i. July 10, 2003 (二〇〇三年七月十日) j. Institution number (学校编号)

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Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation, Bachelor’s Degree in Clinical Medicine, and Transcript, 2003 (Part 2)

a. National emblem of the People’s Republic of China b. Bachelor’s degree certificate (学士学位证书) c. Regular higher education benke graduate (普通高等教育本科毕业生) d. Dalian Medical University (大连医科大学) e. Clinical medicine (临床医学) f. Five-year benke (五年制本科) g. Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民 共和国学位条例) h. Bachelor’s degree in medicine (医学学士学位) i. July 10, 2003 (二〇〇三年七月十日) j. Certificate number (证书编号)

216

Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation, Bachelor’s Degree in Clinical Medicine, and Transcript, 2003 (Part 3)

217

Classification: Public

Certificate of Proof of Graduation, Zhuanke, 2005

a

b d e

g h

i j c

a. Regular higher education institution (普通高等学校) b. Certificate of proof of graduation (毕业证明书) c. Printed by Fujian Provincial Education Department (福建省教育厅制) d. Computer and applied electronic technology (电脑与应用电子技术) e. Three-year program (三年制) f. Zhuanke (专科) g. Certificate number (证书号) h. Certificate has been lost (证书遗失) i. Zhangzhou Teachers College (漳州师范学院) j. March 19, 2013 (二〇一三年三月十九日)

218

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program, Doctor’s Degree and Transcript, 2010 (Part 1)

a. Doctoral graduate student (博士研究生) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. September 2007 to June 2010 (2007 年 9 月至 2010 年 6 月) d. Major in clinical foundations of traditional Chinese medicine (中医临床基础专业 e. Three-year program (学制 3 年) f. Certificate number (证书编号) g. June 30, 2010 (2010 年 6 月 30 日)

219

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program, Doctor’s Degree and Transcript, 2010 (Part 2)

220

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program, Doctor’s Degree and Transcript, 2010 (Part 3)

a

b

cc d

e ff

gg

a. National emblem of the People’s Republic of China b. Doctoral degree certificate (博士学位证书) c. Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民 共和国学位条例) d. Doctor’s degree in medicine (医学博士学位) e. Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine (成都中医药大学) f. President (校长) g. June 17, 2010 (二〇一〇年六月十七日)

221

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program, Doctor’s Degree and Transcript, 2010 (Part 4)

222

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program, Doctor’s Degree and Transcript, 2010 (Part 5)

223

Classification: Public

Certificate of Graduation from a Doctor’s Program, Doctor’s Degree and Transcript, 2010 (Part 6)

224

Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 2011 and Bachelor’s Degree, 2012 (Part 1)

a. Adult higher education (成人高等教育) b. Certificate of graduation (毕业证书) c. Certificate number (证书编号) d. March 2008 to January 2011 (二〇〇八年三月至二〇一一年一月) e. Major in accounting (会计学专业) f. Zhuanke entry three-year benke program (专科起点三年制本科) g. Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (上海财经大学) h. January 15, 2011 (二〇一一年一月十五日)

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Classification: Public

Benke Certificate of Graduation (Upgrading), 2011 and Bachelor’s Degree, 2012 (Part 2)

a

bb

c d d photo

ee

f f g g jj hh ii

a. National emblem of the People’s Republic of China b. Bachelor’s degree certificate (学士学位证书) c. Benke study plan (本科学习计划) d. Regulations on Academic Degrees of the People’s Republic of China (中华人民 共和国学位条例) e. Bachelor’s degree in management (管理学学士学位) f. Shanghai University of Finance and Economics (上海财经大学) g. Certificate number (证书编号) h. Printed by the Academic Degrees Committee Office, State Council (国务院学位 委员会办公室监制) i. Adult higher education benke graduate (成人高等教育本科毕业生) j. January 5, 2012 (二〇一二年一月五日)

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APPENDIX F – LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES

Figure 1. Administrative Map of the People’s Republic of China ...... 6 Table 1. Simplified and Traditional Chinese ...... 7 Table 2. Administrative Divisions of China ...... 8 Figure 2. Chinese National Emblem and Flag ...... 9 Table 3. 12-Year Primary and Secondary Education ...... 14 Table 4. Educational Administration ...... 15 Table 5. Five Components of Kindergarten Education, 2001 ...... 16 Table 6. Curriculum, Syllabus, and Textbook ...... 17 Table 7. Primary and Junior Secondary School Year, 1992 ...... 18 Table 8. Compulsory Courses for Primary Schools, 1992 ...... 19 Table 9. Compulsory Courses for Junior Secondary Schools, 1992 ...... 21 Table 10. Primary and Junior Secondary Subjects and Hours (6+3), 1992 ...... 22 Table 11. Primary and Junior Secondary School Subjects and Hours (6+3), 1994 ...... 23 Table 12. Compulsory Education Subjects and Hours, 2001 ...... 24 Table 13. Senior Secondary Curriculum Changes ...... 26 Table 14. Six-Year Key Secondary School Curriculum, Two Tracks, 1981 ...... 26 Table 15. Six-Year Key Secondary School Curriculum, 1981 ...... 27 Table 16. Five-Year Secondary School Curriculum (Revised Version), 1981 ..... 27 Table 17. General Senior Secondary School Year, 1990 ...... 28 Table 18. General Senior Secondary School Curriculum, 1990 ...... 29 Table 19. Senior Secondary School Year, 1996 ...... 30 Table 20. Senior Secondary School Curriculum, 1996 ...... 31 Table 21. Sample Course Schedule for Three Tracks Based on Senior Secondary School Curriculum, Ministry of Education, 1996 ...... 32 Table 22. Senior Secondary School Year, 2000 ...... 33 Table 23. Senior Secondary School Curriculum, Ministry of Education, 2000 .... 34 Table 24. Sample Course Schedule for Two Tracks Based on Senior Secondary School Curriculum, Zhejiang Province, 2001 ...... 35 Table 25. Implementation of 2004 Curriculum by Provincial Level Jurisdictions . 36 Table 26. Senior Secondary School Curriculum (Experimental), Ministry of Education, 2003 ...... 37 Table 27. Recommended Module Selection of Senior Secondary Mathematics, Ministry of Education ...... 39 Table 28. Senior Secondary Mathematics Course Content ...... 40 Table 29. Typical Module Selection of Senior Secondary Physics ...... 41 Table 30. Senior Secondary Physics Course Content ...... 42 Table 31. Senior Secondary Chemistry Course Content ...... 43 Table 32. Senior Secondary Biology Course Content ...... 44 Table 33. Senior Secondary Credit Requirements for Arts and Humanities (A) and Science (S) Tracks, Zhejiang Province, 2006 Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 34. Senior Secondary Course Modules, Zhejiang Province, 2006 ...... Error! Bookmark not defined. Table 35. Recommended Senior Secondary Weekly Hours, Zhejiang Province,

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2006 ...... 51 Table 36. Elective Module Selection for General Senior Secondary Academic Subjects, Beijing, 2007 ...... 52 Table 37. Guidelines on General Senior Secondary Unified Graduation Examination, Beijing, 2001 ...... 53 Table 38. Introduction of Xuekao by Provincial Level Jurisdictions ...... 54 Table 39. Gaokao Subjects: Chinese, Mathematics, and Foreign Language, Zhejiang Province, 2007 ...... 55 Table 40. Xuekao Grading Scale, Jiangsu Province, 2007 ...... 56 Table 41. Xuekao Grading Scale, Jiangxi Province, 2010 ...... 57 Table 42. Xuekao Grading Scale, Guangdong Province ...... 57 Table 43. Xuekao Grades Required by Higher Education Institutions, Guangdong Province ...... 58 Table 44. Chinese Higher Education Statistics, 2003 and 2015 ...... 59 Table 45. Academic Year, Higher Education ...... 60 Table 46. Sample University Calendar, Beijing Language and Culture University, 2004-2005...... 61 Table 47. Higher Education Credentials: Qualifications vs. Degrees ...... 63 Table 48. Recognized Higher Education Institutions and Programs ...... 64 Table 49. Numbers of Higher Education Institutions in China, 2015 ...... 65 Table 50. Recognized and Unrecognized Minban Institutions ...... 69 Table 51. Typical Names of Chinese Higher Education Institutions ...... 70 Figure 3. Academic Degrees 学术性学位 ...... 78 Figure 4. Professional Degrees 专业学位 ...... 79 Table 52. Bachelor’s Degree Requirements for Benke Graduates, Hubei Province, 1999 ...... 83 Table 53. Length of Study of Master’s Degrees for Students Admitted in 2007 and thereafter, Zhejiang University ...... 91 Table 54. Professional Master’s Degrees ...... 93 Table 55. Professional and Academic Master’s Degrees in Engineering Fields . 94 Table 56. Major Types of Chinese-Foreign Joint Programs ...... 99 Table 57. Joint Benke Program, China Agricultural University and Oklahoma State University ...... 100 Table 58. Sino-British College, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology ...... 101 Table 59. Types of Technical-Vocational Secondary Schools ...... 103 Table 60. Vocational Secondary Mathematics Modules ...... 108 Table 61. Vocational Secondary Mathematics Course Content ...... 109 Table 62. Vocational Secondary Physics Modules ...... 110 Table 63. Vocational Secondary Physics Course Content ...... 110 Table 64. Vocational Secondary Chemistry Modules ...... 111 Table 65. Vocational Secondary Chemistry Course Content ...... 111 Table 66. Teacher Education Institutions, 2002 ...... 114 Table 67. Required Credits, Benke Program in Mathematis and Applied Mathematics ...... 118 Table 68. Master of Education Professional Degree vs. Master of Education

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Academic Degree, Beijing Normal University ...... 119 Table 69. Grade Conversion: Percentage Scale ...... 120 Table 70. Grade Conversion: Five-Level Scale ...... 121 Table 71. Grade Conversion: Four-Level Scale (I)...... 121 Table 72. Grade Conversion: Four-Level Scale (II)...... 121 Table 73. Grade Conversion: Four-Level Scale (III)...... 121 Table 74. 22 Major Educational Credentials ...... 122 Table 75. Types of Qualification Certificates in Higher Education ...... 124 Table 76. Format Changes of Higher Education Certificates of Graduation Since 1993 ...... 125 Table 77. Glossary of Educational Terms ...... 138 Table 78. Second Major in Economics, School of Economics, Fudan University, September 2013 ...... 168 Table 79. “Second Bachelor’s Degree” in Accounting, School of Management, Fudan University ...... 169 Table 80. Second Bachelor’s Degree in Economics, Shanghai University of Interntional Business and Economics ...... 170 Table 81. Master of Engineering in Environmental Engineering ...... 173 Table 82. Schedule of Compuslory Subjects, Three-Year Program for Preschool Teachers Schools, State Education Commission, 1995 ...... 173 Table 83. Three-Year Zhuanke in Elementary Education, 2003 ...... 174 Table 84. Master of Education Professional Degree (Part-time), Beijing Normal University, 2009 ...... 175 Table 85. Master of Education Professional Degree (Full-time) Recommended Program Structure, Academic Degrees Committee of the State Council, 2009 ...... 175

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