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The Gambia After Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara

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The Gambia After Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara d Secur n ity a e S c e a r i e e s P FES Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara The Gambia after Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara The Gambia after Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa About the Authors CONTENTS Edrissa SANYANG Edrissa S. Sanyang is a Gambian politician. Like many other Gambian citizens opposed to Jammeh, he had to flee the country in 1996 following the government takeover by the Jammeh Executive Summary 4 administration and lived ever since in the USA. He is a member of the government party UDP. Introduction 5 Following the positive outcome of the election process last December, he decided to move back to The Gambia to help to rebuilding the country after the departure of Jammeh. The Economy 6 Tourism 6 Sanna CAMARA Sanna Camara is a Gambian journalist living in exile since 2014. He has been a political and human The Historical Background 6 rights journalist in The Gambia since 2001. Sanna was a teaching assistant at Gambia Press Union The SeneGambia Confederation 6 School of Journalism; he is a member of the Pan African Bloggers League and Web Activists for Democracy (Africtivists). He is currently a freelance journalist, a contributing Writer to World Policy The Making of Jammeh 7 Journal’s African Angle; Africa editor for Democracy Watch News, and correspondent for Paris based Internet Sans Frontieres. Institutional Settings 8 Collective Security 9 Individual Freedoms 9 Arms Trafficking 9 Drugs 10 Governance 11 Term Limits 11 The Media 11 Elections 13 The Election Process 13 Electoral Procedures 13 Imprint Elections 2016 14 Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung Peace and Security The Transitional Period 16 Centre of Competence Sub-Saharan Africa Point E, boulevard de l’Est, Villa n°30 The Implications of a Jammeh Victory 17 P.O. Box 15416 Dakar-Fann, Senegal Security and Governance Issues until 2020 and beyond 18 Tel.: +221 33 859 20 02 / 03, Fax: +221 33 864 49 31 Email: [email protected] References 19 ©Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung 2017 “Commercial use of all media published by the Friedrich-Ebert-Stiftung (FES) is not permitted without the written consent of the FES. The views expressed in this publication are not necessarily those of the Friedrich Ebert Foundation.” Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara | The Gambia after Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara | The Gambia after Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa EXECUTIVE SUmmary team, however, refused to broker any sort of INTRODUCTION immunity deal with Jammeh. The post-electoral crisis in The Gambia follow- The Gambia used to pride itself on being ing outgoing President Yahya Jammeh’s de- These events must be regarded as a historical the Smiling Coast of Africa, playing host to The Gambia cision on December 9, 2016, to contest the milestone for both governance and security in both the African Commission on Human and presidential election results due to “evidence Africa, since this was the first time in ECOWAS- Peoples’ Rights (Nelson Mandela Building) Capital: Banjul of fraud”, has been peacefully resolved. and AU-history that the option of military and the African Center for Democracy and Population: 1.9 million power was used - with the firm backing of Human Rights Studies (Zoe Tembo building). Area : 11,000 sq km Considering the implications of Jammeh’s the international community - to enforce the The country’s other claim to fame is as a resort Currency: Dalasi refusal to step down, the UN Security Council, political will expressed in elections largely seen destination for mostly European tourists, with No. of Ethnic Groups: 9 the AU and ECOWAS took the unanimous as free and fair in an African country. The tourism as its most important source of revenue, Religions: Muslims (90%) decision to consider all their options, circumstances in this case were somewhat ahead of agriculture. But when, on July 22, Christians (5%) including military intervention, to enforce the specific of course, since ECOWAS had never 1994, a group of reckless young military officers Animists & others (5%) will of the Gambian people. By January 17, recognized Jammeh as a legitimate policital overthrew a stable, democratic government of GDP: $1.0 Billion all efforts to bring the crisis to a peaceful end leader because he gained power as a young thirty years, things started taking a turn for the GNI Per Capita: US$ 510 seemed exhausted: the National Assembly - lieutenant through a military coup. Senegal worse in The Gambia. Inflation rate: 5.00% dominated by Jammeh’s APRC Party - declared had a strong interest in resolving the security GDP growth rate: + 4.7% a state of emergency, granted a three-month issues related to the protracted “Casamance- The military junta constricted the democratic Human Development Index extension of his mandate, and imposed a Conflict”, as well as the trafficking of arms space and decimated the inherently weak (rank / 187) : 165 dusk-to-dawn curfew. On January 19, 2017, and drugs. Compared to its neighbours, The democratic institutions (the executive, the leg- Human Development President-elect Adama Barrow was sworn in Gambia is quite small, hence the limited size islature and the judiciary; the press, the political Index (scale 0 to1): 0.439 at the Gambian Embassy in Dakar, Senegal, of the army with its five thousand men. Then parties and civil society organizations) by means in the presence of members of the diplomatic there are roughly one thousand presidential of decrees and draconian laws. The human Source: African Development Bank (2015) corps in Dakar, Mr. Mahamed Boun Abdallah, guardsmen who are handpicked for their rights- and rule-of-law implications have been the Senegalese Prime Minister, and Mr. John political and tribal loyalties and who are better formidable, with a growing number of deten- Dramani Mahama, the Chairman of the trained and equipped than the rest. tions without trial, abductions, kidnappings, mandingo have intermarried and lived peace- ECOWAS commission. At the same time, false imprisonments, extra-judicial killings, ex- fully together, with each of them following ECOMOG coalition forces comprised of The success of rebuilding The Gambia will ecutions, and unbridled corruption. On top of their unique cultural traditions. The majority military personnel from Senegal, Mali, Togo, depend as much on the reconciliation process that, policies with a profoundly stifling effect on of the population are practicing Sufi-Muslims and Nigeria, entered Gambian territory. Last- and the way it is organized, as on whether academic freedom and freedom of expression who live in peaceful co-existence with the other minute mediation efforts by the presidents of the Gambian people will indeed be ready were implemented. The basic social services that religions. Mauritania and Guinea Conakry, and the head to accept that for the sake of peace it was governments usually provide were either non- of the UN West Africa office, Muhammad apparently necessary to provide the repre- existent or in a very poor state. The private sec- The main source of livelihood is subsistence Ibn Chambas, finally achieved the desired sentatives of the ruling party with far-reaching tor was literally destroyed, and no longer able agriculture – crop cultivation, animal husbandry, outcome. Jammeh agreed to go into exile in warranties. A proper start for the new govern- to drive the national economic growth. Today, and an under-exploited fishing sector. Over the the Republic of Equatorial Guinea, a country ment will be hampered by the fact that the the country is among the poorest in the world. years, agriculture has been losing ground to whose authoritarian government has one state coffers are apparently completely empty. urban dwelling where people engage in cot- of the worst human rights records in the ECOMOG is committed to staying on in The On its northern, southern and eastern side, the tage industries and/or other handicrafts, while world. The agreement provided Jammeh Gambia for a period of six months to ensure a country borders on the Republic of Senegal, the young and politically active are compelled and his supporters with a “package deal” smooth transition. while in the West, it has a 48-kilometer-long by economic or political realities to migrate to with a wide range of personal guarantees opening onto the Atlantic Ocean. Throughout Europe/America. ensuring his dignity, security, personal safety, recent history, Gambia’s different ethnic groups and other rights. President Barrow and his mainly composed of 36% joola and 45% 4 5 Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara | The Gambia after Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa Edrissa Sanyang and Sanna Camara | The Gambia after Elections: Implications for Governance and Security in West Africa The Economy The SeneGambia Confederation THE MAKING OF JAMMEH plotting a coup against the council and impris- oned for nine years. To be able to contest elec- When Jammeh seized power in 1994, the In November 1981, Senegal and the Gambia While President Jawara was on vacation in tions in 1996, Jammeh transformed himself Gambian economy was one of the fastest formed a nominal Confederation called London in 1981, a coup attempt by a socialist- into a civilian politician and started a political growing economies in the sub-region, and its ‘Senegambia’ that lasted until 1989. The terms driven rebellion, led by Gambian dissident party named the ‘Alliance for Patriotic Reorien- per capita GDP was ranked third (behind Ivory of the agreement required Senegal and The Kukoie Samba Sagnia, turned bloody. Thanks tation and Construction’ (APRC). Coast and Cape Verde) in the 16-member Gambia to take the following steps toward to intervention by the Senegalese military the ECOWAS regional grouping.
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