Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914-1919, Volume 2 Edited by Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert Frontmatter More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87043-6 - Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914-1919, Volume 2 Edited by Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert Frontmatter More information

Capital Cities at War A Cultural History

Second volume of a two-volume pioneering comparative history of the capital cities of Britain, France, and Germany during the Great War. Leading historians explore these wartime cities, from the railway stations where newcomers took on new identities to the streets they surveyed and the pubs, cafes, and theatres they frequented, and examine notions of identity, the sites and the rituals of city life, and wartime civic and popular culture. The volume offers the first comparative cultural history of London, Paris, and Berlin and reveals the great affinities and similarities between cities on both sides of the line. It shows the transnational character of metropolitan life and the different cultural resources which the men and women of these cities drew upon during 1,500 days of war. The practices of metropolitan life go well beyond national histories and this volume suggests the outlines of a fully European history of the Great War.

JAY WINTER is Charles J. Stille Professor of History at Yale University. He is a specialist on the First World War and its impact on the twentieth century. His numerous publications include 1914–1918. The Great War and the Shaping of the Twentieth Century (1998), and, with Antoine Prost, The Great War in History: Debates and Controversies, 1914 to the Present (2006).

JEAN- LOUIS ROBERT is Emeritus Professor of History at Universite´ Paris I Panthe´on-Sorbonne. He has edited, with Jay Winter, Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919 (1997) and, with Antoine Prost and Chris Wrigley, The Emergence of European Trade Unionism (2004).

© Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-0-521-87043-6 - Capital Cities at War: Paris, London, Berlin 1914-1919, Volume 2 Edited by Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert Frontmatter More information

Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare

General Editor

Jay Winter, Yale University

Advisory Editors

Omer Bartov, Brown University Carol Gluck, Columbia University David M. Kennedy, Stanford University Paul Kennedy, Yale University Antoine Prost, Universite´de Paris-Sorbonne Emmanuel Sivan, Hebrew University of Jerusalem Robert Wohl, University of California, Los Angeles

In recent years the field of modern history has been enriched by the exploration of two parallel histories. These are the social and cultural history of armed conflict, and the impact of military events on social and cultural history. Studies in the Social and Cultural History of Modern Warfare presents the fruits of this growing area of research, reflecting both the colonization of military history by cultural historians and the reciprocal interest of military historians in social and cultural history, to the benefit of both. The series offers the latest scholarship in European and non-European events from the 1850s to the present day. For a list of titles in the series, please see end of book.

Capital Cities at War Paris, London, Berlin 1914–1919

Volume 2 A Cultural History

Edited by Jay Winter and Jean-Louis Robert

CAMBRIDGE UNIVERSITY PRESS Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore, Sa˜o Paulo Cambridge University Press The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK

Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York

www.cambridge.org Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521870436

# Cambridge University Press 2007

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First published 2007

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Contents

List of figures page vii Acknowledgements ix Foreword: a note on authorship xi

1 The practices of metropolitan life in wartime JAY WINTER, YALE UNIVERSITY 1

Part I Cityscapes 21 2 Railway stations: gateways and termini ADRIAN GREGORY, PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD 23 3 The street EMMANUELLE CRONIER, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS – I 57 4 Entertainments JAN RU¨ GER, BIRKBECK COLLEGE, LONDON 105

Part II Civic culture 141 5 Exhibitions STEFAN GOEBEL, UNIVERSITY OF KENT 143 6 Schools STEFAN GOEBEL, UNIVERSITY OF KENT 188 7 Universities ELIZABETH FORDHAM, ECOLE DES HAUTES E´ TUDES EN SCIENCES SOCIALES, PARIS 235 8 Public space, political space JON LAWRENCE, EMMANUEL COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE 280

vi Table of contents

Part III Sites of passage/rites of passage 313 9 The home and family life CATHERINE ROLLET, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS – XII 315 10 Hospitals JAY WINTER, YALE UNIVERSITY 354 11 Religious sites and practices ADRIAN GREGORY, PEMBROKE COLLEGE, OXFORD ANNETTE BECKER, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS – X 383 12 Cemeteries CARINE TREVISAN, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS – VII ELISE JULIEN, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS – I / FREE UNIVERSITY OF BERLIN 428 13 Conclusion JAY WINTER, YALE UNIVERSITY JEAN- LOUIS ROBERT, UNIVERSITY OF PARIS – I 468

Bibliography 482 Index 528

Figures

5.1. The ‘Iron Hindenburg’ depicted on a contemporary postcard: an airship flies over Ko¨nigsplatz. [Private postcard collection, ‘Der ‘‘Eiserne Hindenburg’’ auf dem Ko¨nigsplatz in Berlin nach der Enthu¨llung’, 1915.] page 153 5.2. Tank bank in Trafalgar Square: a wounded officer pictured as the purchaser of the first bond. Imperial War Museum (IWM), Photograph Archive, Q. 54248, ‘Sale of war bonds from the tank in Trafalgar Square. A wounded officer buying the first bond’, November 1917. 158 5.3. Exhibition of war photographs at the Imperial War Museum: a child allegedly identifies a relative: ‘A child recognizes a relative among war photographs in Photographic Galleries at 10 Coventry Street’, n.d. [IWM, Photograph Archive, Q. 31176.] 170 6.1. Wartime certificate for attendance and good conduct issued by the Education Committee of the London County Council, 1915. [London Metropolitan Archives, LCC/EO/PS/11/2/106, Certificate for good conduct, industry, and attendance, 1915.] 198 6.2. The war as imagined by a pupil of a Berlin municipal school. This drawing was on display in the exhibition ‘School and War’ at the Central Institute of Education and Teaching, Berlin. [Schule und Krieg. Sonderausstellung im Zentralinstitut fu¨r Erziehung und Unterricht Berlin (Berlin, 1915), fig. 14.] 204 6.3. Pupils of a Berlin intermediate school collecting woollens and metals, 1915. This picture was part of the exhibition ‘School and War’ at the Central Institute of Education and Teaching, Berlin. [Schule und Krieg. Sonderausstellung

vii

viii List of figures

im Zentralinstitut fu¨r Erziehung und Unterricht Berlin (Berlin, 1915), fig. 9.] 219 6.4. Children inspecting captured German guns exhibited in the Mall, London. [IWM, Photograph Archive, Q. 31245, ‘Captured German guns exhibited in the Mall, London’, n.d.] 229 10.1. Picture postcard by Fred Spurgin, ‘‘ ‘Tho’ still in the ‘Blue’ – I’m glad you’re in the pink!’ ’’ 361 10.2. Lieutenant-Corporal J. H. Dowd, ‘Our Afternoon Excursion’, Gazette of the Third London General Hospital (October 1916), p. 19. 362 10.3. ‘Hospital Fashions: ‘‘The Bond Street Cut’’’ – from the 3rd L.G.H. Style Book for 1916, Gazette of the Third London General Hospital (March 1916), p. 152. 363 10.4. ‘Hospital Fashions: ‘‘The Guardsman Cut’’ ’ – from the 3rd L.G.H. Style Book for 1916, Gazette of the Third London General Hospital (June 1916), p. 228. 364 10.5. ‘As a lamb to the SLAUGHTER’, Gazette of the Third London General Hospital (January 1917), p. 98. 370 10.6. ‘The Automatic Bed-making and Patient-washing Apparatus’, Gazette of the Third London General Hospital (December 1916), p. 72. 376 10.7. Plan of the ‘curative workshops’ at Shepherd’s Bush in D. H. Eade (ed.), Organisation and Methods of the Military Orthopaedic Hospital, Shepherd’s Bush, London W. (London: n.p., c. 1918), p. 48. 377 12.1. ‘Sketch plan of Cenotaph area today’, The Times, 11 November 1920. 463

Acknowledgements

This, the second volume of our study of capital cities in wartime, took eight years to complete. There are many people and institutions to which we owe thanks for encouragement, assistance, and support in a task that seemed, like Tennyson’s brook, to be in danger of running on forever. Among those who provided assistance, we must first thank the Centre nationale de la recherche scientifique in Paris, which supported the project by enabling us to conduct collective meetings in the congenial environment of the Centre d’histoire sociale du vingtie`me sie`cle in Paris, at a time when it was still known as the Centre d’histoire des mouvements ouvriers et du syndicalisme. The name changed but the hospitality did not. The Master and Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge, gra- ciously welcomed us to my old college, the tranquillity of which con- trasted so sharply with the subject of this book. Hew Strachan of All Souls College, Oxford and Pierre Purseigle, through the Maison Franc¸aise in Oxford, enabled us to meet in Oxford. The late Wolfgang Mommsen kindly brought our working group together at the Wissenschaftskolleg in Berlin. Yale University’s Center for International and Area Studies, and Gus Ranis in particular, as well as Yale’s Provost’s Office, were generous in support, in particular in providing a subvention for the help provided by Helen McPhail in turning French chapters into English. It was always a pleasure working with her as a fellow scholar and explorer of the mysteries of French historical writing. Finally I would like to thank Jean Field, the finest copy editor an author or editor could wish for. What she did not catch and correct was not worth catching. To be sure, any errors that remain are the responsibility of the collective. JAY WINTER Florence May 2006

Foreword: a note on authorship

In the first volume of this project, we described the method we have adopted for collective work. It may be helpful to review these remarks here. Each chapter in both volumes is the product of work of three kinds: 1. research in the three capital cities; 2. the initial writing of drafts dealing with each topic in all three cities. These drafts were discussed and revised in light of a series of meetings held by the collective; and 3. the writing of a synthesis of each chapter by one or two people we term ‘convenors’. The convenors’ names are listed in bold type below. Names not in bold type are those of people who wrote parts of chapters subsequently syn- thesized by the convenors. Thus each chapter is the product of collective labour. In addition, the first reference to each chapter acknowledges the work of other members of the working group in individual parts of the book. All of us did research for parts of this study not acknowledged on the title page of this book. That is built into collective historical writing. The authorial voice is that of the group, rather than of any one individual. We take collective responsibility for the interpretations offered and for any errors that may remain. Jay Winter Yale University May 2006

xii Foreword: a note on authorship

A list of convenors (bold type) and co-authors of individual chapters 1. Introduction: The practices of metropolitan life in wartime Jay Winter, Yale University 2. Railway stations: gateways and termini Adrian Gregory, Pembroke College, Oxford Emmanuelle Cronier, University of Paris – I Pierre Purseigle, University of Toulouse Jeffrey Verhey, Humboldt University 3. The street Emmanuelle Cronier, University of Paris – I Belinda Davis, Rutgers University Jan Ru¨ger, Birkbeck College, London Armin Triebel, Potsdam University 4. Entertainments Jan Ru¨ger, Birkbeck College, University of London Martin Baumeister, University of Munich Emmanuelle Cronier, University of Paris – I 5. Exhibitions Stefan Goebel, University of Kent, Canterbury and Institute of Historical Research, London Kevin Repp, Yale University Jay Winter, Yale University 6. Schools Stefan Goebel, University of Kent, Canterbury and Institute of Historical Research, London Dina Copelman, George Mason University Eberhard Demm, University of Lyon III (emeritus) / Technical University of Koszalin, Poland Elise Julien, University of Paris – I / Free University of Berlin 7. Universities Elizabeth Fordham, Ecole des hautes e´tudes en sciences sociales, Paris, Nicolas Beaupre´, University Blaise Pascal, Clermont-Ferrand Eberhard Demm, University of Lyon III (emeritus) / Technical University of Koszalin, Poland 8. Public space, political space Jon Lawrence, Emmanuel College, Cambridge Elizabeth Fordham, Ecole des hautes e´tudes en sciences sociales, Paris Adrian Gregory, Pembroke College, Oxford

Foreword: a note on authorship xiii

Jon Lawrence, Emmanuel College, Cambridge Danielle Tartakowsky, University of Paris – VII Jeffrey Verhey, Humboldt University 9. The home and family life Catherine Rollet, University of Versailles– Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines Emmanuelle Cronier, University of Paris – I Eberhard Demm, University of Lyon III (emeritus) / Technical University of Koszalin, Poland Adrian Gregory, Pembroke College, Oxford 10. Hospitals Jay Winter, Yale University Sophie Delaporte, University of Picardie Peter Leese, Jagiellonian University, Cracow Paul Lerner, University of Southern California Jeffrey Reznick, National Museum of Health and Medicine, Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D.C. 11. Religious sites and practices Adrian Gregory, Pembroke College, Oxford Annette Becker, University of Paris – X John Moses, University of New South Wales, Armidale Patrick Porter, King’s College London Jeffrey Verhey, Humboldt University 12. Cemeteries Carine Trevisan, University of Paris – VII Elise Julien, University of Paris – I / Free University of Berlin Jay Winter, Yale University 13. Conclusion Jean-Louis Robert, University of Paris – I Jay Winter, Yale University