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Plethodon Nettingi) After 32 Years Whitney A Marshall University Marshall Digital Scholar Theses, Dissertations and Capstones 1-1-2012 Revisiting the Ecological Status of the Cheat Mountain Salamander (Plethodon nettingi) After 32 Years Whitney A. Kroschel [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: http://mds.marshall.edu/etd Part of the Animal Sciences Commons, and the Forest Sciences Commons Recommended Citation Kroschel, Whitney A., "Revisiting the Ecological Status of the Cheat Mountain Salamander (Plethodon nettingi) After 32 Years" (2012). Theses, Dissertations and Capstones. Paper 335. This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by Marshall Digital Scholar. It has been accepted for inclusion in Theses, Dissertations and Capstones by an authorized administrator of Marshall Digital Scholar. For more information, please contact [email protected]. REVISITING THE ECOLOGICAL STATUS OF THE CHEAT MOUNTAIN SALAMANDER (PLETHODON NETTINGI) AFTER 32 YEARS A thesis submitted to the Graduate College of Marshall University In partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Science Biological Sciences By Whitney A. Kroschel Approved by Dr. Thomas K. Pauley Dr. William B. Sutton Dr. Frank S. Gilliam Dr. Dan Evans Marshall University Huntington, West Virginia August, 2012 i Copyright by Whitney A. Kroschel 2012 ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to first thank my advisor, Dr. Pauley, for giving me a chance and an opportunity to develop myself further as a student, a researcher, and a person. I grew by leaps and bounds during my two years at Marshall University, and am very grateful for the experiences I had and the friendships I gained within that time. I would like to thank the other members of my committee, Dr. Gilliam, Dr. Evans, and a special thanks to Dr. Sutton. Numerous hours were spent working on occupancy modeling, and Bill was a great mentor, patiently walking me through that process. I would like to thank my parents for believing in my potential. They supported me through the good times and the challenging times of this thesis project. I thank them for always encouraging me to be my best and to “work hard.” I am thankful to my siblings (Cady, Seth, Mallory, and Skyler) for their constant support and encouragement as well. I would like to thank the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Elkins Field Office and the West Virginia Division of Natural Resources, Elkins staff for being great friends and role models during my 2011 summer in Elkins. I would also like to thank the National Forest Service for allowing me to work in the Monongahela National Forest. A special thanks to Tamara and Mark Lewis for giving me a iii place to stay while I completed my field research, for being wonderful friends to me, and to Tamara for helping me with fieldwork. Finally, I would like to thank my friends and fellow grad students. Thesis work was a roller coaster of both exciting and difficult situations. These friends made the good times great and their support certainly helped me work through the challenging times. I won’t forget the memories from 310 and all the great times at the house. This study was completed under Marshall University Animal Use Protocol Numbers 491-1, 491-2, and 491-3 (Appendix). Animals were collected under West Virginia Collecting Permit #2011.194 (Appendix). iv TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Acknowledgments……………..………………………….....................…………...iii List of Figures……………………………………………………………….........….vii List of Tables…………………………………………………………….........……...viii Abstract………………………………………………………………....………….....ix Introduction…………………………………………………………..........…………1 Chapter I— Plethodon nettingi………………………………………………........….3 Species Description…………………………………..........…………………3 History………………………………………………..........……………….…5 Habitat………………………………………………………..……...….….…11 Sympatric Species………………………………………………..………......11 Previous Research……………………………………………..………....…..15 Objectives………………………………………………..………………..…..19 Study Sites……………………………………………………………....….…20 Chapter II— Salamander occupancy: 1978-79 vs. 2011…….…………...……..…22 Introduction……………………..……………………………………..….….22 Materials and Methods………………..……………………………...…..….25 Results………………………………………………......…...………………...29 Discussion…………………………………………………..………………...37 v Chapter III— Environment: 1978 vs. 2011………………………………….……...48 Introduction……………………………………………………….…………..48 Methods………………………………………………………..………......…..55 Results……………………………………………………….…….……...…....56 Discussion……………………………………………………….....………….63 Chapter IV— Vegetation: 1978 vs. 2011………………………………......…..……67 Introduction……………………………………….....……...…...……..……..67 Methods……………………………………………………………..…..…….69 Results…………………………………………………………………..……..70 Discussion…………………………………………………….………..…...…81 Conclusion…………………………………………………………………..……...…85 Bibliography……………………………………………………………....….....…….89 Appendix……………………………………………………………………………...99 IACUC approval forms……………………………………………………...99 WV Scientific Collecting Permit……………………………………………102 Curriculum Vitae………………………………………………………………...…...103 vi LIST OF FIGURES Page Figure 1. Plethodon nettingi………………………………………..........…………….3 Figure 2. Location of the Monongahela National Forest………………............….4 Figure 3. Old growth red spruce forest....………………………….....…………….6 Figure 4. Plethodon cinereus..……………...…................……………………….....….13 Figure 5. Desmognathus ochrophaeus.......................…………………………….....….14 Figure 6. Range of P. nettingi…...……………………………………...…....……......16 Figure 7. Occupancy rates of P. nettingi during 1978 and 2011………………….35 Figure 8. Change in occupancy rates of P. cinerues and D. ochrophaeus.................35 Figure 9. Changes in occupancy of P. nettingi and P. cinereus……………........…36 Figure 10. Example of P. nettingi habitat....................................................................51 vii LIST OF TABLES Page Table 1. Sites and elevation ranges……....…………..…….……………...…………29 Table 2. Top occupancy models for each species…………………………….…….32 Table 3. Models describing change in salamander occupancy 1978-79 vs. 2011..33 Table 4. Model-averaged parameter estimates for variables explaining species occupancy....………………………..........…………..……....………………34 Table 5. Results of environmental variables………………………………......……58 Table 6. Soil moisture 1978 and 2011…………………….......................………....…59 Table 7. Soil pH 1978 and 2011..………………………………..……………...…….60 Table 8. Soil temperature 1978 and 2011.....................................................................61 Table 9. Air temperature 1978 and 2011……….......………....…………..……....…62 Table 10. Relative humidity 1978 and 2011.………………...................…………....63 Table 11. Forest data 1978 and 2011……………........................................…………71 Table 12. Forest ground cover data 1978 and 2011...................................................73 Table 13. Spruce Knob vegetation 1978 and 2011.....................................................74 Table 14. Dolly Sods vegetation 1978 and 2011.........................................................77 Table 15. Stuart Knob vegetation 1978 and 2011.......................................................78 Table 16. Gaudineer Knob vegetation 1978 and 2011...............................................79 Table 17. Tree species importance values 1978 and 2011.........................................80 viii ABSTRACT The Cheat Mountain Salamander (Plethodon nettingi) is endemic to the high elevations of the Allegheny Mountains in West Virginia and is listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service as a threatened species. In 1978-79 and in 2011 the vertical distribution of P. nettingi was measured at four sites to determine their range of occupancy in relation to elevation. During both time periods, a transect was established at each site that ran from high to low elevation. Along each transect, quadrats were placed at regular, 12.2 m elevation intervals. Quadrats were searched twice for presence/absence (i.e., occupancy) and abundance of P. nettingi and competitor salamander species. To determine if salamander species distribution had changed over time, occupancy modeling was used to compare species occupancy between the two time periods. I found that Plethodon nettingi was positively associated with higher elevations, and competitor species were negatively associated with higher elevations. Plethodon nettingi occupancy probability declined the most at the middle to highest elevations. There was no relationship between the change in occupancy of P. nettingi and Desmognathus ochrophaeus, but at the highest elevations the changes in occupancy of P. nettingi and Plethodon cinereus was negatively correlated. I suggest competition between these species is most intense at higher elevations and P. nettingi is possibly being ix outcompeted by P. cinereus. Habitat properties were also measured at each site and comparisons between the two time periods revealed varying trends in temperature, relative humidity, and moisture, but additional research is needed to draw complete conclusions on site dynamics. Summaries of forest properties suggested slightly less diversity at sites in 2011 compared to 1978-79, but incomplete data prevented testing for significance. x INTRODUCTION Plethodon nettingi (Cheat Mountain Salamander) is a small salamander species known to occur only in the high elevations of the Allegheny Mountains, a central region of the Appalachian Mountains. Plethodon nettingi occurs between elevations of 792 m and 1482 m and can only be found in the state of West Virginia, in five counties: Pocahontas, Pendleton, Tucker, Randolph
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