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Rapport De La Commission D'enquête Sur L'influence Des Mouvements À N° 480 SÉNAT SESSION ORDINAIRE DE 2012-2013 Rapport remis à Monsieur le Président du Sénat le 3 avril 2013 Enregistré à la Présidence du Sénat le 3 avril 2013 Dépôt publié au Journal Officiel – Édition des Lois et Décrets du 4 avril 2013 RAPPORT FAIT au nom de la commission d’enquête sur l’influence des mouvements à caractère sectaire dans le domaine de la santé (1), Tome I : rapport. Président M. Alain MILON Rapporteur M. Jacques MÉZARD, Sénateurs. (1) Cette commission est composée de : M. Alain Milon, président ; M. Jacques Mézard, rapporteur ; Mmes Laurence Cohen, Muguette Dini, Hélène Lipietz, M. Jean-Pierre Michel, Mme Gisèle Printz, M. Bernard Saugey, vice-présidents ; M. Philippe Bas, Mmes Nicole Bonnefoy, Catherine Deroche, M. Alain Fauconnier, Mme Catherine Génisson, M. Alain Houpert, Mmes Sophie Joissains, Christiane Kammermann, MM. Stéphane Mazars, Alain Néri, Mme Sophie Primas, MM. Gérard Roche, Yannick Vaugrenard. - 3 - SOMMAIRE Pages AVANT-PROPOS ...................................................................................................................... 7 I. DÉRIVES SECTAIRES ET SANTÉ : UNE INFLUENCE DANGEREUSE ......................... 13 A. UN RAPPEL : DÉRIVES SECTAIRES ET « NOUVELLES SPIRITUALITÉS » .................. 13 B. UN CONSTAT : LA CORRÉLATION ENTRE DÉRIVES SECTAIRES ET SANTÉ ............... 16 1. La place centrale du corps et de la santé dans les dérives sectaires ...................................... 16 a) Pratiques thérapeutiques .................................................................................................. 17 (1) Techniques de soins : les gourous thérapeutes .................................................................... 17 (2) Pratiques hygiénistes : rituels de purification et régimes alimentaires ..................................... 21 b) L’importance des revendications concernant la santé et les soins dans le discours sectaire ............................................................................................................................ 22 (1) Des « minorités spirituelles » aux « minorités thérapeutiques » ............................................. 23 (2) Une remise en cause profonde de la médecine classique ....................................................... 24 2. Un point commun à la plupart des victimes de dérives sectaires : pouvoir du « gourou », privation de soins et mauvais traitements ..................................................... 33 C. LES « GOUROUS » GUÉRISSEURS ...................................................................................... 34 1. L’immense marché des « soins parallèles » .......................................................................... 35 a) Un catalogue en ligne ...................................................................................................... 35 b) Quelques pratiques .......................................................................................................... 36 2. Les paradoxes de ces étranges thérapies parallèles .............................................................. 45 a) Nature, tradition et technologie : un curieux mélange ....................................................... 45 b) Une allure respectable ..................................................................................................... 46 (1) Eléments de respectabilité ............................................................................................... 46 (2) Eléments de doute .......................................................................................................... 48 D. DÉRIVES SECTAIRES ET THÉRAPIES DÉVIANTES : DE NOMBREUX POINTS COMMUNS, UN DANGER MAJEUR ................................................................................... 53 1. Ressemblances entre les dérives sectaires et le comportement de certains thérapeutes déviants ............................................................................................................................... 53 a) Des exigences financières importantes ............................................................................. 53 b) L’argument du complot ................................................................................................... 54 c) Un pouvoir d’attraction certain ........................................................................................ 57 (1) La séduction.................................................................................................................. 57 (2) Les promesses ............................................................................................................... 58 2. Une forme d'emprise exercée par le thérapeute .................................................................... 61 a) Des personnalités transformées, parfois en rupture avec l’environnement familial ............ 61 b) Emprise mentale exercée par le gourou et pouvoir du thérapeute déviant .......................... 62 (1) La force inexplicable de l’emprise exercée par le gourou ..................................................... 62 (2) L’influence du thérapeute déviant sur des personnes vulnérables : une quête sans fin de soins et de formations thérapeutiques ............................................................................ 63 3. Gourous et thérapeutes déviants à l’origine d’un danger majeur : privation de soins et perte de chance ................................................................................................................ 65 a) Les effets parfois tragiques de la privation de soins .......................................................... 65 b) La notion de perte de chance ........................................................................................... 66 - 4 - II. UN DANGER DÉMULTIPLIÉ PAR LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES PRATIQUES THÉRAPEUTIQUES NON CONVENTIONNELLES, PAR LA DIFFUSION EN TOUTE LIBERTÉ D’UNE OFFRE DE SOINS NON MAÎTRISÉE SUR INTERNET, PAR LE SOUTIEN APPORTÉ DE FACTO À LA TRANSMISSION DE CES TECHNIQUES DANS LE CADRE DE LA FORMATION PROFESSIONNELLE ET PAR UNE RÉPONSE GLOBALEMENT INSUFFISANTE DES POUVOIRS PUBLICS ..................................................................... 71 A. LE DÉVELOPPEMENT DES PRATIQUES THÉRAPEUTIQUES NON CONVENTIONNELLES ........................................................................................................ 71 1. Pratiques non conventionnelles et médecine ......................................................................... 74 a) Terminologie ................................................................................................................... 74 (1) Médecine douce, médecine naturelle, médecines non conventionnelles, médecine alternative… ? ............................................................................................................... 74 (2) La médecine en France : une discipline pratiquée par les docteurs en médecine inscrits au Conseil de l’Ordre ..................................................................................................... 76 b) Quel succès des pratiques non conventionnelles ? Une approche statistique à préciser ........................................................................................................................... 77 (1) Un phénomène stable depuis les années 1980 ..................................................................... 77 (2) Des statistiques à affiner ................................................................................................. 79 c) Pourquoi le succès des pratiques non conventionnelles ? .................................................. 80 (1) Pour les usagers : compenser ce qu’ils considèrent comme les défaillances de la médecine traditionnelle ........................................................................................... 80 (2) Pour les praticiens .......................................................................................................... 87 2. Les pratiques non conventionnelles : un succès fondé sur de multiples malentendus ............. 87 a) Des risques méconnus ...................................................................................................... 88 (1) Les dangers liés à ces pratiques ........................................................................................ 88 (2) Les pratiques alternatives porteuses d’un danger létal .......................................................... 89 b) Les pratiques non conventionnelles : des incertitudes multiples… .................................... 91 (1) … sur leur nature ........................................................................................................... 91 (2) … sur leurs qualités........................................................................................................ 92 c) Un combat à armes inégales contre la médecine : les promesses de la magie contre la rigueur de la pensée rationnelle ......................................................................... 94 3. L’officialisation des pratiques non conventionnelles, une solution peu convaincante ............ 96 a) L’illusoire encadrement par les professionnels de santé .................................................... 97 b) L’hôpital : quelle prise en compte de la demande des patients dans l’hôpital public en situation de crise ? ...................................................................................................... 100 (1) Quelle rigueur dans le choix des pratiques intégrée aux soins hospitaliers ? ...........................
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