Special Libraries, November 1966

San Jose State University SJSU ScholarWorks

Special Libraries, 1966 Special Libraries, 1960s

11-1-1966

Special Libraries, November 1966

Special Libraries Association

Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1966

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Recommended Citation Special Libraries Association, "Special Libraries, November 1966" (1966). Special Libraries, 1966. 9. https://scholarworks.sjsu.edu/sla_sl_1966/9

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November 1966, vol. 57, no. 9

Information Networks Data Processing and the Library Audio-visual Orientation A Special Iwvitatiow tbat will save your library more than $1600 1

THE PERGAMON INTERNATIONAL LIBRARY CONTRACT PLAN Now, for the first time, you may obtain hardcover library editions of the Commonwealth and International Library at a considerable saving in time, and at discounts of up to 40%.

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Under the Pergamon International Library Contract Plan all your costs go into books. There are no extra fees or hidden expenses. The liberal discounts over the next two and one half years require only a small yearly investment for a large volume of books. HOW THE PLAN WORKS

1. You may elect to purchase all volumes 7. Single or multiple copies may be in the Library, including those already ordcred. Multiple copies are counted published, or limit your selection to some toward the total number of books re- 25 maior subiect categories, or choose ceived for discount. from nearly ~OOdetaTled subject cate- hloreover.as an added advantage, any gories. previous purchases of books in The Per- 2. You may specify the exact reading gamon International Library may be levels of the books YOU wish to receive. counted toward the total number required 3. YOUwill qualify for a 40%, 30% or for highest discount. 20% discount depending won the con- 9. A limit on your total expenditure tract you select. under the Contract Plan is set by the Pub- 4. All books furnished under the Con- lisher.s commitnlent not to publish tract Plan are special hardcover library than 1000 volumes, editions. 5. new !illes will be in ad. 10. Any books obtained through the Plan vance of publication. may be returned for full credit, if in re- 6. You pay no postage, handling charge\ condition. or insurance fees. Pergamon Press absorbs 11. You may change or cancel the Con- all these costs. tract Plan at any time on 30 days' notice.

Write for the Pergamon Library PERGAMON PRESS Conrract Plan brochure. 44-01 21st Street A,4 1 - Long Island City, New York 11101

------SPECIAL LIBRARIES is published by Special Libraries Association monthly September to April, bimonthly May to August, at 73 Main Street, Brattleboro, Vermont 05301: Editorial Offices: 31 East 10th Street, New York, New York 10003. Second class postage pa~dat Brattleboro, Lermont.

POSTMASTER: Send Form 3579 to Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10 St., New York, N. Y. 10003

- - -p-- a -new Faraday journal in the information sciences AUTOMATIC DOCUMENTATION MATHEMATlCAl LINGUISTICS a translation of selected major articles from Nauchno-Tekhnicheskaya lnformatsya

Edited by A. I. Mikhailov. Dlrector of the All-Union Institute of Scientlflc and Technical. Information (VINITI)

This new journal, of outstanding interest to documentalists, linguists, mathemati- cians and engineers, focuses attention on the highly coordinated and imaginative effort being made by Soviet specialists to arrive at efficient and comprehensive systems for analyzing, translating, encoding, searching and correlating scientific and technical information. The Faraday translation, issued quarterly, will include all major articles of immediate applicability to Western R & D projects in automatic documentation, mechanical translation, information retrieval, mathematical linguistics and peripheral areas.

Sample contents include: Adaptive matrices as classifiers of information (M. A. Agamalova and R. A. Akopyan) Automatic indexing of reactions in a retrieval system for organic chemistry (G. L. Mish- chenko, A. M. Shefter, and G. E. Vleduts) An algorithm for determining the distances between words (E. M. Dzholos) Trinary coded two-digit edge-punched cards (G. F. Pozhariskaya and I. F. Pozhariskii) An experimental investigation of the effic~encyof an information retrieval system (A. V. Sokolov) An algorithm for syntactic analysis for one model of grammatical relationships (G. M. ll'iri) An experimental peek-a-boo retrieval system (F. V. Bazilevich and L. L Orllnkov) An algorithm for automatic transliteration (0.V. Sukhotin) An experiment on generation of a card deck on ways and means rn automation (N. F. Pegashova) Experiments on realization of an English-Russian translation algorithm with the URAL-4 computer (Yu. V. Girshberg. A. M. Dubitskaya, and N. S. Kolichinskaya) Research on information loss and information noise in descriptor-type retrieval systems (A. V. Sokolov)

Quarterly $1 45.00 Commencing 1967

See LIBRARIAN'S GUIDE TO FARADAY PRESS JOURNALS for complete details on our 29 new cover-to-cover translat~onsfrom Russian.

The Faraday Press, Inc. 84 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, NEW YORK 1001 1 A NEW JOURNAL

British Journal of Medical Education The lolrrnal of the Association for the St~tdyof Medical Edtication

The aim of the British Journal of Medical Education will be to act as a medium for in- terchange of information on medical education-Undergraduate, Postgraduate, and Continuing-in the United Kingdom and Overseas. It hopes to encourage the objective study of medical education both in the United Kingdom and throughout the world. The journal will give preference to the reporting of fact rather than opinion. The first issue will be published in December, 1966, and quarterly thereafter. Annual Subscription, Inland £3 3s.; A broad f 3 10s. (U.S.A. $10.00) ORDER YOUR SUBSCRIPTION NOW and take advantage of this SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER. All subscribers to this new journal who order their subscription before 31 December, 1966, will receive a bonus issue (i.e. subscriptions will be entered to expire in December instead of September, 1967). The Subscription Manager, BRITISH JOURNAL OF MEDICAL EDUCATION, B.M.A. House, Tavistock Square, London, W.C.l, or through any leading subscription agent or bookseller throughout the world.

A NEW JOURNAL Cardiovascular Research Published in Association with the British Cardiac Society

Cardiovascular Research is mainly for the publication of basic research. The range of subjects covered by the journal includes physiological, pathological, pharmacologi- cal, biochemical, biophysical, haemodynamic. surgical, and similar advances in the study of the heart and circulation. The first issue will be published in January, 1967, and quarterly thereafter. Ant~ualSubscription, Inland £3 3s.; Abroad £3 10s. (U.S.A. $10.00) ORDER YOUR SUBSCRIPTION NOW and take advantage of this SPECIAL INTRODUCTORY OFFER. All subscribers to this new journal who order their subscription before 31 Dece~ber,1966, will receive a bonus issue (i.e. subscriptions will be entered to expire with the January, 1968, issue instead of October, 1967). The Subscription Manager, CARDIOVASCULAR RESEARCH, B.M.A. House, Tavi- stock Square, London, W.C.l, or through any leading subscription agent or bookselkr throughout the world. special libraries

National Information Networks and Special Libraries William T. Knox To the Barricades! The Computers Are Coming! Herbert S. White Special Librarian's Link to Data Processing Audrey N. Grosch Criteria for the Operation of Libraries and Information Retrieval Systems Alan M. Rees A Translator's Guide to Better Translations Kurt Gingold A Special Library for the Study of' English as a Foreign or Second Language Sidney Forman Monsanto Information Center's Audio- Visual Orientation Program C. Warren Keller Checklist for Library Safety Hazards John Eben Suggested Revision of Interlibrary Loan Form ANPA Survey of Newspaper Libraries-. How They Operate and Look to Future

Special Libraries Association News and Notes :.! S-17-24 ....,.:...... :. Guy R. Bell Appointed SLA Publications .!3i and Public Relations Director 657

Features Message from Lilliput Coming Events 65 1 This Works for Us 658 L. 0. Lewton Government and Libraries 659 Olive Gouthreau Have You Heard 40,660,661 Letter to the Editor 662 Off the Press 663

Editor: GUYR. BELL Assistant Editor: EDYTHEC. PORPA Special Libraries Committee Chairman: HOWARDB. BENTLEY,Time Inc. IRVINGM. KLEMPNER,United Nuclear Corporation ELLISMOUNT, Columbia University Papers published in SPECIAL LIBRARIES express the views of the authors and do not represent the opinion or the poliry of the editorial stat7 or thr publishrr. Manuscripts submitted for publication .must be typed double spare on only one side of paper and mallrd to the edltor. Rrbrrnrs may be otdered ~mmedlately brforr or after publication. Subscrrpt~ons: U. S. $12.50; foretgn, $14; single copies, $2. Annual author-title-subject index /~ubli.shedwith December issue. @ 1966 by Special Libraries .baoc!at~on. INDEXED in Business Periodicals Index, Documentation Ab.stracts, Historical Abstracts, HosOital Literature In- dex, Library Literature, Library Scienr~Abstracts, Management Index, and Public Affairs Information Seruire. SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION President DR. F. E. MCKENNA Information Center, Central Research Laboratories Air Reduction Company, Inc., Murray Hill, New Jersey 07971 President-Elect MRS.ELIZABETH R. USHER Art Reference Library, Metropolitan Museum of Art Fifth Avenue and 82nd Street, New York 10028 Advisory Council Chairman MRS. HELENF. REDMAN LOS Alamos Scientific Laboratory P. 0. Box 1663, Los Alarnos, New Mexico 87544 Advisory Council Chairman-Elect CHARLESH. STEVENS Project Intrex, Massachusetts Institute of Technology 77 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass. 02139 Treasurer JEANE. FLEGAL Business Library, Union Carbide Corporation 270 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10017 Past-President ALLEENTHOMPSON Atomic Power Equipment Department General Electric Company 175 Curtner Avenue, San Jose, California 95125 Directors MRS.THEODORA A. ANDREWS Pharmacy Library, Purdue University Secvetary Lafayette, Indiana 47907 WILLIAMK. BEATTY Northwestern University Medical Library 303 East Chicago Avenue, Chicago, Illinois 60611 CHARLOTTEGEORGI Graduate School of Business Administration Library University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. 90024 PHOEBEF. HAYES Bibliographical Center for Research Denver Public Library, Denver, Colorado 80203 RUTHNIELANDER Kemper Insurance 4750 North Sheridan Road, Chicago, Illinois 60640 GORDONE. RANDALL Thomas J. Watson Research Center Library, IBM Yorktown Heights, New York 10598 Executive Director BILLM. WOODS Special Libraries Association 31 East 10th Street, New York, New York 10003 Membership Dues: Sustaining: $100; Active: $20; Active Paid for Life: $250; Associate: $20; Affiliate: $15 ; Student: $2; Emeritus: $5. For qualifications, privileges, and further information, write Special Libraries Association. SLA Translations Center John Crerar Library, 35 West 33rd Street, Chicago, Illinois 60616 Annual Convention The 58th Annual Convention will be held at the Hotel Commodore, New York City, May 28-June 1, 1967. 612 SPECIALLIBRARIES 1966 WESCON Technical Papers- Los Angeles, August 23-26, 1966 WESTERN PER10 DICALS CO. Exclusive Distributor

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Federal efforts to develop an integrated national network of information systems in science and technology continue. These steps are being taken to ensure that national goals of national security, economic progress, full education, good health for every citizen, and other such goals are supported by an effective, efficient, information transfer network. Private enterprise, the nation's educational establishment, and local, state, and federal governments will all play an important part in the national network. COSATI continues its forward planning for the information transfer network by contracting for studies on abstracting and indexing, data handling systems, and informal communication. Special libraries are well situated to take advantage of and participate in the development of higher quality information services. National Information Networks

WILLIAM T. KNOX

HE magnitude of the information prob- the one year, 1975, these publications will Tlem in science and technology can be il- exceed in volume the total of all such docu- lustrated by these data: ments previously published. 3. Science and technology are now called on 1. Scientists and engineers in the United to help solve urgent national problems such States will increase in number by 50 per cent as environmental pollution, water resources, in the next five years, with continuing rapid and urban transportation that require easy growth possible. access to knowledge in many subject fields. 2. Scientific and technical publications double The existing information system is not or- in number every eight-ten years, tending to ganized to handle these problems. ever-increased specialization. At this rate, in 4. Federal expenditures on research and de- Mr. Knox joined the staff of the Ofice of Science and Technology in the Executive Ofice of the President in September 1964, assuming responsibility for stimulating the development of more effective scientific and technical information systems as well as investigations in research management. He was formerly Manager of Corporate Planning at Esso Re- search & Engineering Company, Linden, New Jersey. Mr. Knox holds sez'eral patents and is the anther of mdny articles in professional joxrnals. This paper is based on the talk he gave to the SLA Govevnment Informa- tion Services Committee and the Metals/Materials Division, May 31, 1966, at the SLA Convention in Minneapolis. Oscar E. Porter 627 velopment alone amounted to $15 billion in There are also sound economic reasons for fiscal year 1966. Other federal programs federal interest and involvement. As stated needing easy access to scientific and technical above in other terms, the federal government information could perhaps double that figure. underwrites about two-thirds of the national A 10 per cent gain in R&D productivity research and development program. As would free $1.5 billion for other uses. President Kennedy said, "One of the major 5. Direct federal expenditures for scientific opportunities for enhancing the effectiveness and technical information activities amounted of our national scientific and technical effort, to about $400 million in fiscal year 1966. and the efficiencv of the Government man- These activities are found in every federal agement of research and development lies in department and agency concerned with sci- the improvement of our ability to cornmuni- ence and technology. cate information about current research efforts and the results of past efforts. Strong COSATI Report science and technology is a national necessity The basic COSATI recommendation (Rec- and adequate communication is a prerequisite ommendations for National Doczlment-Hun- for strong science and technology." dling Systems in Science and Technology) is More recently, the Congress, by its actions, that the federal government take, explicitly, has declared that the major task of this na- the responsibility for ensuring that a copy of tion is to improve the health and education all significant literature in science and tech- of our people. This, in turn, requires an ex- nology is readily accessible by qualified indi- panding national base of commerce and in- viduals in the United States. This does not dustry to provide the economic support for mean federal operation of the document- these services. As President Johnson said in handling network, although several impor- his March 1 message to the Congress: "A na- tant systems within it, for example, in agricul- tion's greatness is measured by its concern ture and medicine, are traditionally federally for the health and welfare of its people. operated. It says instead that the federal gov- Throughout the history of our democracy, ernment should determine by careful analysis this commitment has grown and deepened. whether the existing document-handling net- "The education of our people is a na- work in science and technology is adequate tional investment. The health of our people and suggests improvements where needed. is essential to the pursuit of happiness. Why should the federal government accept "Today we can set ambitious goals for the this responsibility? Why not leave it in the future: . . . full education for every citizen hands of the nongovernmental organizations to the limits of his capacity to absorbit; . . . that have traditionally performed a large part good health for every citizen to the limits of of the work? My answer would be that the our country's capacity to provide it. federal government actively seeks the initia- "The achievements of the past three years tive and cooperation of nongovernmental or- promise a dramatic enrichment of Ame&n ganizations and individuals, and it desires life." that these groups and individuals operate as There are, then, a number of well estab- large a part of the information network as lished national goals that require for their they are able. It is, however, inescapable that achievement an effective, efficient informa- no nonfederal organization at present looks tion transfer network. It is fitting and proper at the entire national complex of initial pub- -almost necessary-that the federal govern- lication, abstracting, indexing, library serv- ment take steps to ensure that these national ices, book publication, trade journals, data goals are achieved through vigorous actions handling, information analysis centers, and by private enterprise, the educational estab- other components. A broad systems approach, lishment, and on all levels of government. national in scope, is believed necessary and Libraries are a large, important, and easily desirable; the nation could probably have a visualized part of this information transfer document-handling network giving much network. The COSATI report focused on more effective service if a total systems analy- document-handling-the basic library func- sis is continuously made and alternative solution-because of our conviction that steps tions proposed. could be taken in this area toward improved library services without waiting to solve all The need for a marketing approach to li- the p;oblems in the total proce& of informa- brary services is not a new idea, but neither tion transfer in science and technology. Nor has it been adopted or applied widely. Pro- did we wish to wait to solve the library prob- ducing or providing a service is not enough. lems in all areas of knowledge before the first The service must also be marketed. It has steps were taken in science and technology. been stated that the biggest problem in most At present, the Office of Science and Tech- library services is developing the necessary nology in the Executive Office of the Presi- level of financial support. An effective total dent is developing a specific plan and mecha- marketing of these services will, I am con- nism for a trial of the basic COSATI-SDC fident, generate this support. A sound assessment must be made of the recommendation that federal de~artmentsI and agencies be designated as "responsible values placed on library services by the user. agents" for different areas of science and Latent values, unrecognized by the user, must technology. The departments and agencies be made explicit. Hidden barriers to infor- would be expected to take the necessary steps mation use must be brought into the open to ensure that effective and efficient docu- and demolished, and the information service ment-handling systems are operating in their must be organized in direct response to the designated areas. users' complete spectrum of value judgments. The COSATI Task Group on National In- Special librarians have the professional re- formation Systems has proceeded to look at sponsibility of making clear to the users the other parts- of the information transfer consequences of their combined value judg- network. A study has just begun, to be com- ments on library services. If the system they pleted this fall, on national abstracting and truly value will be more costly, it is the pro- indexing services. Contracts will be let within fession's responsibility to create a greater the next month for studies on national data- awareness of the value of information serv- handling systems and informal means of ices so that consumers will be willing to bear communication. These latter two are pri- the increased cost. This will call for massive marily problem-definition studies, and the educational effort. There is, without doubt, a areas under study are complex and very large and growing market for information large. Initial results are expected early next services. But it is neither as large nor grow- year. ing as fast as might be expected from even a superficial estimate of a customer's needs. Special Libraries and National Information A major problem is to create in the mind What about the opportunities here for of the consumer the idea that the use of special libraries and special librarians? Un- library services ranks among the most de- like public and school libraries or the big sirable, the most valuable functions of the research libraries, the special libraries have a professional man. Frankly, there are few sci- more specialized subject collection, serve a entists and engineers who share this view more homogeneous group of users, and are today. The image of the user of library serv- generally associated with a goal-directed or ices and of those providing library services mission-oriented work program. They fre- is not one calculated to attract others. This quently are also associated with profit-mak- is true although the average professional man ing enterprises. I believe special libraries are, highly values a good book or journal article. therefore, in a good situation to take advan- In my opinion, he doesn't normally extend tage of higher quality information services his value judgment about a specific informa- by: 1) an opportunity to develop a total mar- tion service, such as a good book, to the keting orientation for library services, 2) an broad spectrum of information services. The opportunity to apply new information trans- training most scientists and engineers receive fer technologies to library services, 3) an op- emphasizes experimentation, and, sometimes portunity to take the lead in developing li- explicitly, sometimes implicitly, downgrades brary systems in its community or region, and the value of using the literature. The scholar 4) an opportunity to exert tremendous in- of old, who was the principal user and there- fluence on the education and training of fore set the guidelines for traditional li- librarians. braries, has no appeal today-he's not lean, vigorous, masculine, sexy. There's a new resources pushes the balance back toward potential clientele for libraries who have at sharing between libraries. present only a nodding acquaintance with Technological developments not only books and scholarship. It is this clientele's change the over-all balance between local needs, as recognized-and cultivated by the self-sufficiency and sharing between libraries. information service professionals, that will Technology changes the types of sharing. govern the shape of future information Printing, photography, and xerography have services. made it less necessary to shave the original I am not saying that our problem will be document itself. Instead, copies are plentiful. solved by a blitzkrieg public relations cam- On the other hand, as a step toward sharing, paign. There must be a solid foundation of the telephone, telegraph, and teletypewriter true value in our librarv services. But this have made it easier to find out what other can be established, I am confident, by con- libraries possess. tinued product improvement together with Technology today is advancing especially making the changes that may be necessary in rapidly in the field of communications. The the structure and organization and techniques tremendous strides being made in applying of the conventional library services business. computers to library operations and in com- The opportunities to apply new informa- munications, allowing rapid exchange of bib- tion transfer technologies and to develop or- liographic and textual information between ganized library systems go hand-in-hand. Dr. libraries, are certain to make sharing of re- Verner Clapp, President of the Council on sources more feasible. Then, too, there are Library ~esources,Inc., has put it this way: the promising developments in sending "From earliest times, two principles have images via wire and wireless. controlled the growth of libraries-the prin- Not everything that one wishes to accom- ciple of local self-sufficiency, and the princi- plish can be done as economically as one ple of sharing the resources. The first of would like, and the application of these new these demands that all materials needed for communications techniques will come gradu- research be immediately at hand ; the second, ally in the library field. Yet this is the time acknowledging the unattainability of the for librarians and the people they serve to first, seeks methods to substitute for it." plan on a systems basis, to plan ahead for the It is appropriate to think about the tech- next ten to 20 years, and especially to incor- nologies that-have heretofore made it pos- porate in these plans the likely developments sible for libraries to become reasonably self- in library technology. sufficient and also to share resources. The For the first time since the invention of development of printing first made it pos- writing, man has the potential-through new sible for libraries to become more self-suffi- technologies-to gain the best of both the cient. More recently, the technologies of written and oral modes of information trans- photography and rapid copying have aided fer. With remote-access. time-shared com- library self-sufficiency. These technologies puters, he will be able to have immediate ac- have also made it necessary to build larger cess to the vast organized store of informa- libraries and to devise more intricate and ex- tion traditionally placed in the written form, pensive indexing and retrieval schemes. The and in addition he will be able to interact high cost and delays associated with interli- with this information store as if he were talk- brary loans have also coincided with a growing to a colleague. He will be able to ask for ing impatience of many library users so that clarification, if uncertain, and will be able to local self-sufficiency is sought more fre- modify his question while in direct touch quently. with the enormous information store. Special But the balance between local self-suffi- libraries could be among the first to partic- ciency and sharing of resources is a dynamic ipate in this exciting venture. balance. With each change brought about by Opportunities for special librarians to in- technological developments, there has been fluence these coming events and to play an a shifting of the balance, generally at first important role in reshaping our national in- toward local self-sufficiency, but later, the formation transfer system are opportunities ever present force of economic allocation of that rarely come. Past arguments and discussions about the advisability of using computers in library operations, largely emotional in nature, are moot. The computer will be a significant influence in librarianship as it is in all other aspects of present and future society. The first kind of applications of computers in libraries involve their use for housekeeping and repetitive operations. Applications are technically and economically feasible and have been for some time. The second utilization, in the provision of professional information services, poses far greater challenges and opportunities and requires thought, preparation, and participation. The proper application of computer techniques and understanding and involvement at the necessary level offers the librarian opportunities not only for improving his services but also for increasing his professional status.

To the Barricades! The Computers Are Coming!

HERBERT S. WHITE

UCH HAS BEEN said and written during stroys the aura and turns the library into an M the last decade about the use of com- information factory. puter systems in library operations. Some of Most of the attacks and defenses have been the disputations have reached a fervor re- based on personal experience or personal sembling a crusade, and it depends on one's bias, and little objectivity has gone into them. point of view to establish which are the good I think it is time to shift the viewpoint from guys wearing the white hats. On the one these skirmishes, because the point is moot. hand, some experimenters and innovators The computer is conling into librarianship, maintain that mechanization of library sys- and it will continue to play an increasingly tems is a good thing and that there ought to significant role in librarians' planning and be more of it. operations. I state this with conviction be- On the other side are the staunch tradi- cause the inevitability of the trend has noth- tionalists, joined by converts from the "I- ing to do with who is right and how they was-burned" innovator group. Part of this can prove it. The computer will play a major group has maintained coldly and dispassion- part in how libraries are organized and op- ately that no case has been made for mecha- erated because libraries are a part of the nization-that mechanization has yet to show fabric of society, and computers are becom- either its economic benefits or its intellectual ing a daily accepted part of life. breakthrough. Another part has decried the Few librarians were even vaguely aware of loss of intrinsic values in libtarianship, in the the existence of computers 20 years ago. In joy of accomplishmen( that comes from a this short span we have seen and accepted finely hewn intellectual product, in the ex- major modifications, brought about in large hilaration of chance discovery, and in the part by computerization, in the teaching of scholarly and orderly search for knowledge. mathematics to grade school children, and It is this group's fear that mechanization de- we have seen space exploration that would

This was the lead-off paper presented at the "Communicating with the Machine" panel at the 57th Annual Convention of Special Libraries Asso- ciation in Minneapolis, May 31, 1966. Mr. White is Executive Director of the NASA Scientific and Technical Information Facility, College Park, Maryland, and a Vice-President of Docrrmentation, Incorporated, which operates the Facility under contract to NASA. be impossible without high-powered com- done-either because it would take too long puting techniques. We have seen computer- or because it would cost too much. In this ized products permeate every inch of our respect, computers are no different from lives, from the "personal" note from a gaso- typewriters, vacuum cleaners, washing ma- line company's computer regretting that one chines, or library stack elevators. hasn't been using his credit card to the in- Although it is certainly an oversimplifica- sistence by virtually all business correspond- tion, the use of computers in libraries can be ents that one use the account number imper- roughly broken into two areas: 1) their ap- sonally assigned by their computer program plication in the performance of housekeeping if one expects a reasonably timed answer. and clerical operations, and 2) their use in The computer will play a continually in- the professional services provided by a li- creasing role in librarianship, in large part brary, notably dissemination and search, with because this is the trend and insistence of publication of bibliographies a part of both society; resistance would be foolhardy. At processes. least some of the growing computerization in librarianship will come from greater re- Computers Reduce Clerical Work finements in the design and utilization of Although I am sure that there are those computers. Many of the early library mecha- who might not agree, the use of machine nization efforts were crude attempts to force- equipment for clerical and routine library fit to library applications a technique devel- operations is technically and economically oped for insurance company policy holders feasible, and has been for some time. This is or parts inventories. As systems designers and not to say that all such applications have been programmers become more aware of the practical or efficient. What is true, I think. uniqueness and challenge in information sys- are the following: tems, as librarians learn how better to communicate their needs and desires to these 1. Housekeeping and clerical routine prob- specialists, and as government officials be- lems in libraries (ordering, order follow-up, come more interested in the information routing, bulletin preparation, circulation con- explosion, particularly in science and technol- trol, overdue notices, binding, statistical ogy, improvements will continue to be rapid. weeding) pose no particular problems to the A certain sophistication is already developing systems designer. In large part, they are, in in the field, and it is no longer possible, as fact, very similar to situations faced in in- it was five years ago, to impress people just surance companies, banks, and shoe factories. by doing something gaudy, no matter how 2. Library records are well suited for this foolish or expensive it was. kind of mechanization. Not only do librar- If the computer is definitely going to play ians tend to work repeatedly with the same a larger role in the libraries of the immediate kinds of pieces of information (author, title, future, what should librarians' reactions be? date, assigned subject headings) but, because I suppose that it could be that of a despond- of their professional insistence on mainte- ent letter-writer to Library Journal several nance of approved formats and standards of years ago, who predicted that computers entry, the information is reasonably consist- would soon drive librarians from their jobs. ent and interchangeable from one data field If this thesis is accepted, then there are at to another. least two active alternatives. Librarians can 3. Mechanization of this data will permit resort to sabotage (computers are easy to the library to obtain, as a by-product, all sabotage-all one need do is flick the main kinds of statistical summaries of its activities. power switch off and on), or they can apply These are valuable, of course, to the librarian to the Job Corps for retraining as technolog- in planning his programs, expansions, or cur- ically displaced persons. tailments for a coming period. They are also I think neither alternative is warranted. very helpful in providing data to upper man- The computer is a tool, a device to help li- agement to gain support of the library's ac- brarians do things more rapidly, more eco- tivities. Librarians have always had trouble nomically, more efficiently, or to permit them in communication of this sort. The person to to do something that couldn't otherwise be whom a librarian reports is usually an administrative or research officer with no opera- some of the answers he should properly re- tional experience in libraries. He has neither ceive in response to his question. the patience nor the understanding for the The second reason, tied closely to the first, kinds of justifications librarians try to offer, is economic. The use of a computer to search and the numerical, graphed projections based and print is expensive, ranging in most sys- on experience curves that he wants have been tems from $35450 up to several hundred difficult to supply. dollars per hour. Tying it up needlessly for This clerical usage poses few problems in passing tape files and printing results, and technical innovation and, provided enough then having to re-run the question, because products can be obtained from a unified in- it was phrased either so loosely as to unleash put, can be justified economically. What is a torrent of information or so tightly as to necessary is for the librarian to understand produce no information whatsoever, is both his own present operation, to be able to price time-consuming and expensive. it, flow chart it, and to discuss it with a systems designer. The librarian must also know Librarians as Communication Links his desires in formats, his requirements in The opportunities for the librarian as a time schedules, and his interests in new prod- communication link between the sjstems de- ucts not presently being provided. He need signer and programmer, who developed the do little beyond this. One just doesn't order parameters of the system, and the customer, and specify the type of computer he wants who has a question but who knows nothing to handle library clerical and housekeeping about the arrangement of the information on operations. He uses the one already available computer tapes, are very great indeed. Only in his organization, provided that enough a librarian operating a computerized infor- time can be set aside on it for him on a regu- mation system knows all of the following: lar basis. Some pieces of computing equip- 1) the optimum search strategies designed ment are better suited to library clerical into the system, 2) the length of the tape file routines than others, but just about any can and time factors in passing it and printing do the job, and the one chosen will, of answers, 3) the search refinements possible course, be the one available. in the specific system, 4) the index terms used and their meaning in usage, 5) their Computers Provide Information Services frequency of use and the significance of this The use of a computer for providing in- in either straight-term or combination search- formation searches poses questions of far ing, 6) the size, content, and special char- greater complexity and offers a librarian acteristics of the collection, and 7) the idio- great opportunities for participation and syncrasies of the requestor. systems improvement. The logic established Librarians haven't had this sort of oppor- for most computer search and dissemination tunity to control access to the literature since systems-dissemination (SDI) systems are open shelves were established. Before that nothing more than search systems run against time, if one wanted something, one went to a current data base-involves the correlation the librarian and stated his problem. The li- searching of unbound descriptors, or uni- brarian would go through some mysterious terms. Most systems also permit the applica- ritual, disappear into the stacks, and eventu- tion of Boolean concepts such as and, or, or ally emerge with a book stating, "Here is lzot Icgic: some permit weighting of terms something I think will tell you what you for the question or in the indexing. want to know." The act was impressive and The goal in these refinements is two-fold. never failed to impress a customer with how The first is the desire to be able to answer learned and important librarians were. complex and involved questions of a so- The introduction of open shelves, the use phistication far surpassing that of manual of card catalogs and myriad cross references, approaches, and to be able to do this, ideally, and courses at the school level in the use of without either deluging the requestor with a library changed this approach. It has been tons of peripheral "garbage" data dragged my impression that public and college library along by the search or without, by phrasing patrons, and even special library patrons the question too narrowly, depriving him of brought up in this tradition, tend not to ask questions at all. They dig for the information of the physicist, the politician, and the priest. on shelves and in catalogs, and they bring A requestor doesn't recognize this problem. to the circulation or reference desk either the He is blissfully unaware of any meaning but specific trophies of their search or the list of his own. The committees that worked toward specific items desired. In most cases, unless structuring the Engineers Joint Council's the librarian is one of those rare people who Thesaurar found many examples of the same is really interested in the work of his clients word being used for entirely different pur- and who initiates conversations to find out, poses in different disciplines, usually in ig- he will never really know whether or not the norance of the fact that there was another question was satisfactorily answered. meaning beyond the "obvious" one. Although the trend was perhaps inevitable Many of the papers at the FID Congress in the desire to extend and broaden library in Washington in the fall of 1965 concerned services, I am not sure that open shelves have this very question-having a powerful tool done the library profession's status much for information manipulation and display good. From scholars and savants, we have confronted by a user who wants or at least been reclassified by the public as technicians, needs information, "How does one bring who somehow obtain and place on shelves the two into focus?" Usually discussions of books and magazines, and whose most sig- this problem are lumped under the general nificant act is stamping the due date in a concern "software," and it is a well accepted borrowed volume. At any rate, I think that facet of information technology that soft- this point is also moot. The advent of com- ware is well behind hardware in its devel- puters has placed librarians, at least for the opment. present, back into the closed collection con- There are studies and experimental pro- cept, with a wonderful opportunity for them grams presently in existence to permit the to be the ones who have the key and who user to communicate directly with a com- translate a problem into a realistic solution. puter system and to allow dialogue for re- There are a number of reasons for this. stating and refining questions. These systems First of all, the user doesn't know the char- must presuppose the existence of a large acter of the coIIection. He doesn't know that (and also expensive) complex, the use of if he specifies "temperature effect" as a must display consoles and input query keyboards term (because, after all, he is interested in located conveniently for a user, the existence temperature effect on something under some and distribution of many of these (only one circumstances), he will not only be buried man can use one console at any one time), with tons of meaningless references but it and the willingness and availability of a cus- will also cost a fortune in computer operat- tomer to engage in this kind of dialogue with ing expenditures. He also doesn't know that a machine. The large-scale implementation if he states his question in its most specific of such systems is yet to come, and even then finite terms, he will probably receive no an- I suspect that in most cases the person at the swer at all, although there are probably docu- console may not be the individual scientist or ments in the system that would be helpful. engineer but rather the librarian or informa- He does not realize that the same words tion specialist responsible for operation of don't necessarily mean the same things in the information system. different disciplines, and almost all computer information systems established in industrial Ways of Communicating with a Computer corporation and government laboratories are, and must be to satisfy the complex interests How should librarians communicate with of the user community, interdisciplinary. A a computer? I think the alternatives do not cursory examination of this problem will differ too greatly from those in communicat- yield many examples. The word "film" ing with a car. Some people are not able to means different things to the metallurgist drive at all, in which case they presumably and the optical or photographic specialist. take a bus or walk. Some may be able to turn "Plasma" sets off different responses in phys- the ignition key, drive the car, and park it. In ics and medicine, and the word "mass" this case, they call the tow truck every time brings entirely different pictures to the minds something goes wrong. They are probably not handling their cars properly, probably stand the relative merits of the alternative not receiving their invested money's worth, solutions proposed. Work with programmers and may be paying padded repair bills. and systems engineers, not to do their jobs As a third alternative, someone may under- for them but to make sure that they do the stand enough about the operation of his car job for you. to make minor adjustments, to undertake The computer is a new and revolutionary necessary preventive maintenance, and to un- tool in library operations, but it is only a derstand whether a garage's estimate appears tool. It has changed and will change many of appropriate and reasonable. As a fourth pos- the specific methods for doing things in a sibility one may have his own full set of library, but specific methods should always tools and equipment and be able to do major be subject to change and improvement. The overhauling. He may obtain a personal grati- computer does offer the opportunity to pro- fication from the accomplishment, but the vide more service, to provide timelier service, expenditure in time and equipment probably to provide more complete and more sophis- outweighs the benefits. ticated service, and in some cases to achieve The reasonable goal for a librarian com- cost savings. It removes a librarian's preoc- puter user, just as with a librarian driver, is cupation with routines and operating details, the third. Understand the system sufficiently and refocuses it on professional responsibil- to know what one wants done, to know what ities and opportunities. Can librarians ask one considers a reasonable cost, and to under- for more ?

Existing data-processing equipment is capable of handling many clerical functions for special libraries. Librarians should learn to recognize desirable application situations, which will not impair or conflict with their desired service objectives, and should not be concerned about physical changes that do not impair these objectives. It is necessary for special librarians to begin self-improvement programs, either by self-study, short courses, seminars, university courses, or a combination of these, which will give them a basic foundation in electronic data-processing and unit-record equipment. A suggested study plan is outlined, followed by discussion of pertinent specific areas. In the future special librarians will find it increasingly necessary to communicate with data-processing systems and to become active participants in the design of library systems to achieve optimum service objectives. Special Librarian's Link to Data Processing AUDREY N. GROSCH

o MANY special librarians data process- charged with record-maintenance responsibil- T ing is a vast hinterland of mysterious ities. However, each librarian must become equipment, baffling vocabulary, unfamiliar versed in the elements that compose elec- technical skills, and somewhat remarkable tronic data processing before he can com- achievements in certain applied areas. Mech- municate with systems employing it or de- anized data processing is merely a contempo- sign his own systems around it. Librarians rary tool to handle the increasingly burden- have definite applications for all types of some task of record keeping and of providing data-processing hardware whether they are in people with information contained in these special libraries or large research or public records. It is a complex tool but capable of libraries. They are facing a growing burden being understood and used by anyone who is of clerical work, need faster more current indexes, need rapid dissemination of current ment, if their particular situations enable information, need to lower handling and them to fully utilize available equipment. processing costs, and need to become part of Someone is going to say, "What about the their company's total management informa- exceptions, the myriad irregularities, and tion system. varying needs of libraries?" The answer is the same for every prospective application of Need for Flexibility and EDP or ADP; these problems have been Willingness to Accept Changes solved in varying degrees by each industry or Certain technological problems such as the specialty that has applied these systems. The absence of lower case type, bold face print- solution lies in the ability to describe the ing, and the like have vexed librarians, espe- variable conditions in a logical manner. If cially those in large research libraries, and the variable condition is capable of IogicaI have prevented many librarians from further description, it should be able to be incor- exploring the use of existing equipment for porated into the operating programs of the their library systems. Most Iibrarians fear systems and be handled by a computer or that they will be asked to completely change other equipment each time it occurs. Even the their whole procedure to conform to existing highly automated banking industry still has data-processing equipment. However, changes unprogrammed exceptions involving separate are usually gradual and evolve over a period handling for certain cases. For example, mag- of years. I would expect the libraries of the netic ink character-recognition devices em- distant future to be as different from present ployed to read the account number on checks libraries as the latter are from the Alexan- prior to crediting and debiting accounts will drian Library. For the purposes of present reject checks if they fail to contain an ac- librarians, there is much that electronic data count number in the MICR font or if some processing (EDP) and automatic data proc- imperfection is sensed in the MICR font. essing (ADP) can do to ease the librarian's When this occurs a manual task, or error records maintenance tasks, smoothing the routine, must take place to trigger the proper way for information retrieval systems. Li- action, insuring correct processing of this brarians must learn to recognize the differ- check. ence between a change to machine processing This merely illustrates that as these excep- that will not impair or conflict with their tions are isolated, one must try to incorporate desired service objectives and changes that them into his system so that the program would not give the desired information, thus will identify error conditions and enable the defeating the purpose of employing a mech- computer to take an alternate action, simul- anized approach. For special librarians, exist- taneously alerting the operator to this condi- ing equipment can perform much of the tion. As long as there are variations and ma- routine tasks of order placement, accounting, chines of any type guided by human beings: maintaining authority files, maintaining sub- there will be exce~tions.It is UD to the user ject heading files, issuing various patron of data processing to define his requirements aids, and g-nerally handling basic record- for output, therefore delineating his input keeping functions. For some librarians even constraints. Today high-speed printers will more can be accomplished by existing equip- give librarians some of the same vexations experienced by the gay nineties librarians when they applied the typewriter to various library routines. Just as the typewriter forced Mrs. Grosch is Library certain constraints, high-speed printers will Systems Coordinator at do likewise, but this condition is not to be the University of Mime- feared and used as the reason not to employ- - sota Libraries in Minl~e- contemporary technology. apolis. She presented this Librarians should not decline to use data paper at the "Cornmimi- catiag with the Machine" processing if it can handle a routine for parzel at the 57th Annual them, even if the output format must be Convention of S Pt?rial Libraries Association slightly changed to do the job. Let me cite a small example of what can occur: An anonymous librarian had been given the op- Libraries have not taken the total system portunity to utilize his company data-processing approach to their data-processing problems. center, and since his library is a small one employ- This is not meant to condemn a limited ap- ing only himself and one clerical assistant, he desired to free his clerk from the chore of writing plication approach, since in many small Ii- or typing all the routing slips for his 150 cur- braries this approach may be best. Libraries rently received journals, which are circulated to have employeddata to aid certain 100 individuals in his organization. This task can problem areas, such as ordering, circulation, be performed with a master deck of borrowers' names and a deck of journal titles, name cards can serials control, and the like. Generally they be reproduced for each title, and the files sorted for do not have a master plan of how they would a simple printing job for an IBM accounting ma- apply data processing in an integrated man- chine. But this librarian found it difficult to be- ner, connecting various modules of their op- come accustomed to the large upper case print that resulted on his routing slips and the slightly erations as the need arose. To strive toward changed size of slip to enable the necessary head- a master plan should be the goal of librar- ing information to be printed. ians, especially those in larger libraries. Fortunately special libraries have had Therefore a general familiarization and de- fewer cases of the reluctance and timidity il- velopment of a set of new skills to enable lustrated in the above situation. Special li- him to be knowledgeable and serve as a data- brarians must be open minded andif neces- processing systemc analyst for his library sary, be willing to change minor unimportant should be the personal goal of each librarian. requirements that are part of the more tradi- To become familiar with data-processing tional picture of library systems and pro- technology, it is necessary for librarians to cedures. begin a program of self-education. The skills of analyzing systems, designing new Need for Further Education systems, and generally communicating re- Data-processing systems technology repre- quirements to the various specialized-pel- sents a great unknown to librarians, and sonnel necessary to achieve desired results since this technology is employed in the vari- from mechanized systems may be learned by ous documentation and information retrieval attending short courses offered by equipment programs under way, it behooves all librar- manufacturers, university courses, symposia, ians to become knowledgeable in this area. self-teaching by a planned reading program, Before information retrieval becomes a gen- and finally by putting these skills to work in eral reality, present library collections will library situations. Below is a general outline have to be transformed and arranged in such representing data all librarians should learn a manner that the information represented to-enable them to begin applications in their in the collections can be handled bv machines own libraries and to understand and com- as they are developed. Librarians must strive municate with information retrieval tech- to close the gap between librarianship and nologists. information retrieval. If this does not occur. I. Automatic Data Processing (ADP)- librarians will become archivists and custo- Electromechanical unit record equipment dians of materials, and documentalists will in- A. Punch card design and uses terpret and organize the information centers B. Machines to process and create cards of the future. Therefore, now is not too soon C. Systems analysis and systems design to start learning the fundamentals of modern 1. Flowcharting data processing and systems designs. This 2. System controls knowledge will enable a librarian to commu- 3. System documentation nicate his needs in these terms to the special- 11. Electronic Data Processing (EDP) - ized personnel who provide systems capability Stored program equipment for computer utilization and to understand A. Basic computer logic and operation and take part in more of the information B. Code systems retrieval field. Librarians must become an C. Fundamentals of programming active part of the systems that will be em- D. Systems analysis and design ployed in the libraries of the future; libraries E. Input requirements cannot remain an island of obsolescence in a F. Output capabilities sea of technological progress. 111. Information Retrieval and Documentation Automatic Data Processing Unit-record equipment was the first automatic electromechanical machinery to process data recorded on punched cards. This punched card equipment is used to create the card, sort it, merge it, collate it, and print it on paper. An accounting machine will detail print, group print, perform addition and ARITHMETIC subtraction, and, when coupled to a summary hfIMORY OR STORAGE UNIT punch, punch cards containing summary nu- LOGICAL UNlT merical information for accounting purposes. Input to this system is a punched card, and output is either a punched card or some form of printed document. Therefore, this equipment is capable of performing limited but - useful tasks in basic manipulation of data for Features of Typical Digital Computers reports, listings, billings, addressing or labeling, check printing, and so on. branching situation can be created to recog- Punched card machines are generally con- nize certain characteristics of a record and to trolled by a combination of external switches process accordingly. and control panel wiring. Basic wiring prin- Control of a computer takes place by an ciples are common to many of these machines appropriate object program for the particular so that if, for example, one is able to wire machine. Control panel wiring and its limita- the IBM 407 accounting machine, he should tions have been replaced with written source be able to wire other machines by consulting programs that are able to take advantage of the operation manual for the particular piece the full computer capabilities if written prop- of equipment. Basic wiring principles should erly. Since computers are capable of more be understood to realize the capabilities and complex actions with which to form a de- limitations of this equipment. sired output than unit-record equipment, it is Modern business and industry employs necessary to have more complex and detailed certain techniques to analyze operating pro- instructions to control them. Each specific ac- cedures. Librarians should become familiar tion must be planned to execute a particular with the ways their companies have analyzed routine, and each action must be included in other department procedures. They should the program if it is to function properly. learn to be their own systems analysts and to It is not necessary for librarians to become specify for their own requirements. The nec- computer programmers, since this is a highly essary skills of flowcharting, forms analysis specialized and technical field in its own and design, procedure manual writing, and right. However, it is necessary for them to other evaluative techniques have been ex- be able to communicate their requirements plained in great detail by many texts on data and the constraints of their inputs in a man- processing and systems for business applica- ner understandable by data-processing per- tions. sonnel. A librarian should be able to con- struct general system flowcharts to show what results he desires from the system and how Electronic Data Processing he feels the system should function. The Digital computers have an advantage over computer personnel must be able to under- unit-record equipment for certain applica- stand the needs of the library, and the best tions because they can perform all of the way to insure this is for the librarian to be functions of unit-record equipment at greater able to translate these needs into the form speed, and even more important, they can and vocabulary of data-processing technology. store information in core storage to enable All planning for mechanized systems must multiplication and division, alternate actions, be carried out in great detail, since each par- predetermined page formats, and a multitude ticular piece of equipment must be given de- of other tasks. Consequently in a computer a tailed instructions to control its performance. This is true for unit-record equipment and tion, multiplication, and division. Also this for computers. Systems that work poorly are register may be shifted left or right (right usually the result of poor planning, stem- or left justified) to discard lower or higher ming from a lack of knowledge of machine binary digits (bits) or a word. Further this capabilities and/or a lack of proper com- register may control for conditional instruc- munication between the user of the comput- tions utilizing jump and search instructions ing facility and the programmer assigned to in the program. develop the system program. The Q-Register is usually used in con- The schematic opposite is representative of junction with the A-Register and provides the salient features found in present typical temporary storage of the contents of the general purpose digital computers. A-Register while A is being used for ancther Machine-readable data are fed into input arithmetic operation. A is capable of left and equipment of various types, which read these right justification separately or in conjunc- data and store them in the computer's mem- tion with Q and participates with Q in mul- ory or storage unit. This unit is the internal tiplication, division, and logical-product or magnetic core storage from which, on com- masking operations if this feature is part of mand, the arithmetic or logic unit may re- the particular computer. ceive information to be processed. The con- The X-Register is the communication cen- trol unit is responsible- for receiving the ter of the computer where all internal trans- directions from the program, which is read missions are made between arithmetic sections into storage through the input equipment, (A- and Q-Registers) or the input and output and translating these instructions into the sections and the rest of the computer. machine cycles or timing to insure proper These various registers forming the arith- sequence of internal operation within the metic unit and the other units of a computer arithmetic or logical unit, input equipment, operate in binary mode. The binary number and output equipment. The control unit system (Base 2) is used for internal opera- contains the master clock, which times all in- tion, since it is far easier to design and build ternal actions of the computer. After process- a machine that has to handle only two elec- ing is completed, the result is transmitted to trical states. In decimal the computer would the desired output equipment to be recorded have to recognize ten separate states. There- either as magnetic tape for off-line conver- fore, it is important that the computer user sion to printed form or direct printing or know how decimal numbers are converted punched cards. The central processing unit is to binary and the reverse, and how addition, composed of the control, memory, and arith- subtraction, multiplication, and division are metic units of the computer. done using binary numbers. Since the arithmetic unit is where data are Another numbering system used in com- manipulated and transformed into the form puter technology is octal (Base 8), which is necessary to be handled by the various output the form numbers usually take on the control devices, this unit will be described in greater console panels of a computer. It is also used detail. This unit is usually composed of an as a shorthand form of writing numbers that A-Register or Accumulator, an auxiliary or are long and cumbersome in binary. Octal is Q-Register, and an Exchange or X-Register. used because conversion to binary is simple. The A-Register and Q-Register are able to be To illustrate, consider any binary number, combined to form a double length register for example the binary form of decimal 85 called the AQ- or QA-Register. in groups of threes (001010101 = 001 010 Two of the general- functions of the 101). Each grouping of three binary digits A-Register are to hold one of the operands is identified by "ones," "b;os," and "fours," (the quantity being operated upon and speci- positions, and these are used to convert to fied in the execution address in the program) octal or reverse the procedure for octal to and to hold the result in addition, subtrac- binary conversion.

fours twos ones fours twos ones fours twos ones -- 0 0 1 0 lo 1 0 1 BINARY 1 2 5 OCTAL NOVEMBER1966 639 The coding of machine language for a com- the future, find it increasingly necessary to puter is binary and may take several forms. be able to communicate with data-processing The common codes should be familiar to a technology and with other fields that utilize computer user as far as their general con- it, particularly information retrieval. This is struction and principles. the wave of the future, and librarians de-

A librarian should be aware of the various sirous of riding- the crest of this wave must symbolic and autocode languages used to begin their computer education now or else program computers. The use of COBOL and face eventual drowning as the information FORTRAN for particular kinds of problems explosion reaches greater magnitude. Since should be recognized. The particular lan- solutions to increasingly difficult problems guage used for the actual computer one is have necessitated more sophisticated solu- gcing to utilize should be known. The functions, librarians must know more skills in tions of assembly routines and compiler rou- the future to continue to give optimum library tines should be recognized, and the total service. process of source program to desired output Recommended Reading should be familiar. Terminology in data processing will be 1. CASEY,Robert S. et a]., eds. Puizched Cards. Their Applicatio~zs to Science and Industry, 2nd strange and unfamiliar, and as one proceeds ed. New York: Reinhold, c1958. to study this area, he should be especially 2. GOTLIEB,C. C., and HUME,J. N. P. High alert to understand the meanings of the vari- Speed Data Processing. New York: McGraw-Hill, ous terms. Librarians should imagine that 1958. they must think out a system in the same 3. IBM. Publication No. C20-8152. Flowchartii~g Techniques. manner as the computer, i.e., each detail 4. -- . A24-1011.1. IBM 407 Accounhing Ma- must be considered in its proper sequence, chine Manual. and each decision must be controlled by a 5. --- . A24-1007-0. IBM Fuzctional Wiring branching to another sequence of events and Princip1e.r. 6. -. F22-6517-2. Iztroduction to IBM Datil a return to the main path of the system. A Processing Systems. logical ordering of the system is necessary to 7. ---- . F20-0074-0. An Introduction to IBM enable a computer to function in the desired Pullched Card Data Pfocessing. manner. Practicing this "method acting" 8. --- , E20-8094-1. Mechauized Library Pro- ceduws. should result in better planned systems inde- 9. KENT, A. Texfbook on Mechaizized Information pendent of whether or not they are machine Retriecal. New York: Interscience, 1962. sys tems. 10. MCCRACKEN.Daniel D. A Guide to COBOL Programming. New York: Wiley, 1963. Conclusion 11. SCHMIDT,Richard N., and MEYERS,William E. Electronic Busjness Data Processing. New York: Computer technology has progressed a Holt, Rinehart and Winston, ~1963. long way since the first generation computers 12. Manuals on specific computers and equipment such as the Bell Relay. Third generation available from the various manufacturers. computer technology is a reality in the present solid state modular circuitry computers. Librarianship entered its third generation ASA Name Change with the advent of the modern typewriter. The American Standards Association recently Will the fourth generation of librarians uti- established the United States of America lize computer technology as a tool to aid in Standards Institute as the successor to ASA. providing better service in libraries and in- This name change reflects the broader par- formation centers of the present and near ticipation by the Institute with agencies of future ? the federal government and international Librarians desiring to become qualified to standards programs plus emphasis on con- enter the fourth generation ranks face the sumer interests. The Consumer Council and task of broadening their technical capabilities Company Member Council have also been to include systems analysis, data-processing established. Standards approved by the In- technology, and increased ability and desire stitute will be designated USA Standards and to become a part of documentation research will also apply to all previously approved and applications fields. Librarians will, in American Standards. November 1966, No. 4 SPECIAL11 BR AR I ES -- ASSOC~ATION Published qrrartwly by Special Libraries Association, 31 East loth Street, New York 10003

e Board of Directors held its Fall Inc., Cincinnati, Ohio, with Vice-chairman ThMeeting at the Hotel Commodore in Gertrude Losie, Head, Research Libraries, New York City on Monday, September 26, Research Laboratories, Parke, Davis & Co., and Tuesday, September 27. During this Ann Arbor, Michigan. time, Board members listened to reports and acted upon recommendations from the Fi- SLA President Dr. F. E. McKenna has com- nance, Translations Activities, Awards, Non- pleted visits to Chapters in the United States serial Publications, and other Committees. and Canada. His itinerary was: Membership recruitment is a main order of October 10 Minnesota business for Chapters this year with nine October 12 Wisconsin Cha ters already launched on a student mem- October 21, 22 Upstate New York bers R ip campaign. The Michigan Chapter October 24 Michigan will investigate Sustaining memberships, de- October 27 Toronto termining why companies in the area have November 8 Pittsburgh not been interested in this ty of member- November 9 Cleveland ship. The Chapter Liaison 08 cer, the Mem- November 15 Illinois bership Committee, and other officers of the Association are devoting major efforts toward President-Elect Mrs. Elizabeth R. Usher's increasing membership. schedule includes the following: Tohn M. Connor, Chapter Liaison Officer, October 21 Colorado ;eported on the Chapter Relations Cornmit- October 27, 28 San FranciscoBayArea tee's study on Chapter boundaries, It was felt November 1 Southern California that the present boundaries are adequate, and November 4 San Diego changes are not necessary at this time. November 7 Rio Grande November 12 Texas The Oak Rid e Chapter has successfully petitioned to $ange its name to Southern Convention registration fees for New York Appalachian, which more accurately describes in 1967 have been set at $8 for preregistra- the geographical distribution of its members. tion for the entire Convention; $10 at the ?'he Chapter was originally founded in 1953. time of Convention ; $15 for nonmembers ; The 1966-67 President is Mrs. Helen H. $6 daily registration; and no cost to students. Mason, Head, Technical Library, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee. At the successful Minneapolis Convention, the local committee produced an estimated The Board also approved a change to Divi- profit of $7,568. The Tyrone Guthrie The- sion status for the Chemistry and Pharma- atre event for the Scholarship Fund at the ceutical Sections of the Science-Technology Minneapolis Convention, sponsored by the Division. Heading the new %@member Metals/Materials Division, netted $75.60. Chemistry Division are Chairman, Dr. Jean Northcott, National Aniline Division Li- The January 1967 issue of Scientific Meet- brary, Allied Chemical Corporation, Buf- i~pwill initiate a Geographical Index, which falo, New York, and Vice-chairman, Mrs. will also appear in May and September. Elizabeth W. Tapia, Librarian, Research Laboratory, Eastman Kodak Company, Roch- The official membership count as of Sep- ester, New York. For the 214-member Phar- tember 30, 1966, is 6,653 including 167 Sus- maceutical Division, the Chairman is Gertrude taining memberships. Chapter and Division Bloomer, Librarian, The William S. Merrell breakdowns of Association membership are Company, Division of Richardson-Merrell, on the next page. ACTIVE (Paid Assocr- for Life) ATE Alabama - 8 Baltimore - 6 Boston - 54 Cincinnati 1 4 Cleveland - 21 Colorado 1 2 3 Connecticut - 13 Dayton - 10 Greater St. Louis - 17 Heart of America - 15 Illinois 1 47 Indiana 1 5 Louisiana 1 8 Michigan 4 39 Minnesota - 22 Montreal - 3 5 New Jersey 4 42 New York 6 169 North Carolina - 6 Oak Ridge - G Oklahoma - 8 Pacific Northwest 1 26 Philadelphia 5 47 Pittsburgh 1 35 Rio Grande 1 9 San Diego - 3 San Francisco 1 34 South Atlantic 3 18 Southern California 1 56 Texas - 2 7 Toronto -- 33 Upstate New York 1 23 Virginia 1 9 Washington, D. C. 16 54 Wisconsin - 12 Unafiliated U. S. & Canada - 4 Outside U. S. & Canada -- 2 - - 50 950 Less extra Chapter affiliations 1 11 - 49 Division Membership Advertising and Marketing Aerospace SECTIONS: Biological Sciences Chemistry Business and Finance Engineering Nuclear Science Documentation Paper & Textile Geography and Map Petroleum Insurance Pharmaceutid Public Utilities Metals/Materials Social Science Military Librarians SECTIONS: Museum Planning, Building & Newspaper Housing Picture Social Welfare Publishing Transportation Margaret E. Madden, Chairman of the Fi- and determining how the results should be nance Committee, presented a balanced disseminated, it would also work with the budget for 1966-67 : SLA Foundation Grants Committee in ob- taining the necessary financing. Appoint- Income ments to this Committee are forthcoming. 1965-66 Dues and Fees $139,205 Several production mishaps have delayed Periodicals 84,207 the SLA Divectovy of Members 1966, but Convention 20,200 copies of the 152-page, soft cover volume are Addressing Service 6,200 now available from Association Headquar- Interest on General ters at $3 for members and $12.50 for non- Fund Savings members. Approximately 6,278 members in Accounts 2,200 good standing as of June 28, 1966, are listed Miscellaneous 1,750 alphabetically by name with either company Transfers between or home address. Supplementary information Funds 6,436 includes lists of the Association's 1966-67 Board of Directors, Chapter Presidents, Divi- TOTAL $260,198 sion and Section Chairmen, Special Repre- sentatives, Association Past-Presidents, SLA Expenditures Hall of Fame and Professional Award win- Allocations to ners, Association Headquarters staff, and the Subunits $ 40,798 complete Bylaws. Personnel Services 92,821 Building and Mrs. Elizabeth R. Usher, Chairman of the Equipment 12,358 ad hoc committee to study position advertis- Office Services 14,700 ing in Special Libraries and the Placement Professional Services 4,100 Service, received approval for the following Administrative guidelines: 1) that Special Libraries accept Services 8,050 advertisements for only professional posi- Periodicals 76,593 tions, whether full-time, part-time, or tempo- Convention 9,500 rary, and that all subprofessional and/or Public Relations 2,500 nonprofessional positions be referred to the Service to Sustaining Placement Service; 2) that position advertis- Members 3,800 ing be accepted whether from or in special, Contingency public, college, and university libraries or information centers; 3) that for position ad- TOTAL $265,230 vertising the professional annual salary be not less than $6,200; 4) that the Director of Chapter and Division financial reports will Membership and Personnel Services be ar- follow a different procedure beginning next biter in cases of ambiguity in position ad- year, at which time the units will be required vertising; >) that the term, "Librarian," be to have members, individual or committee, used only when the qualifications are those audit the financial records for the annual re- of a librarian; 6) that box number advertise- port. ments be screened for proper wording; and 7) that in both the journal and the Place- Recognizing that SLA "has a clear and dis- ment Service, full-time professional positions tinct responsibility in relation to the research be listed first, then part-time, then temporary needs and interests of special librarianship," professional, and last, in the Placement Serv- the Board of Directors authorized the estab- ice only, subprofessional, unless the editor lishment of a Research Committee, which deems it advisable to keep all of the posi- will operate as a Standing Committee. An tions for one advertiser in one unit. initial $2,000 was allocated as working funds, and there will be continued increased The Board approved a Translations Center financial support. The Committee will be re- budget of $87,296, which will be supple- sponsible for the selection of research roj- mented by anticipated income from National ects and the priority to be assigned gem Science Foundation and the Clearinghouse While the Committee might work with for Federal Scientific and Technical Informa- ALA's Office of Research in preparing the tion grants. Roger M. Martin, new Chairman project proposal, selecting the person or or- of the TAC, replaced Mrs. Irma Johnson ganization to perform the research project, who has resigned. William S. Budington of The John Crerar Members of the 1967-68 Nominating Com- Library reported on the status of the "Trans- mittee are William S. Budington, Chairman ; lations Index," which is under way at the Dr. Arch C. Gerlach, Past-Chairman; and Translations Center. One-third of the Marjorie Griffin, Miss Vern Hutchison, and needed six-man staff are on duty, and 20,- Marian Lechner. 000 of the estimated 125,000 "Index" items have been processed and are ready for key punching. The Board gave approval for a change in Associate member review procedures. Asso- Approved was the Awards Committee's ciate members will be informed that, begin- recommendation that Sustaining members re- ning in 1967, review of their status for Ac- ceive two unit values in determining the tive membership will have to be requested Chapter Membership Gavel Award. by them since the Association will no longer send out reminders. The first issue of Doc.wzel-ttation Abstracts, the Association's co-sponsored project along The 1967 Midwinter Meeting of the Board with the American Documentation Institute of Directors and the Advisory Council will and the American Chemical Society Division convene January 19-21,1967, at the Shamrock of Chemical Literature, has been published. Charles E. Kip, representing SLA, assisted Hilton Hotel in Houston, Texas. AU mem- with the editorial duties. Also on the Board bers of the Board and Advisory Council as of Directors are Morris Schoengold and well as Committee Chairmen are urged to at- Richard L. Snyder, who is also Treasurer of tend. Meetings are open to all members of DA. Annual subscriptions are available from the Association. Mr. Snyder, Director of Libraries, Drexel Institute of Technology, Philadel hia, at $8 Three new Professional Consultants were for members and $12 for nonmem ers. \ approved. The Nonserial Publications Committee's recommendation for a contract and royalties The Pittsburgh Chapter's car card for its for personal authors was approved by the bus advertising campaign is now available Board. Mrs. Dorothea M. Rice, Chairman, as a recruitment poster from Association presented the Memorandum of Agreement Headquarters. A description can be found on under which SLA holds the copyright, and page 597 of the October 1966 Special Li- the author is responsible for delivery of satisfactory original copy, proofreading and braries. author's corrections, and revisions. The publisher shall apply for copyright, be respon- About off the press is the second edition of sible for production, distribution, and pro- Eva Lou Fisher's A Checklist for the Or- motion, and pay a 10 per cent royalty to the ganization, Operation and Evaluation of a author from annual gross receipts from sales Company Library. Mrs. Fisher prepared this as long as the book remains in print, but not revision, and while the body of the work re- longer than two years after his death. The mains the same, all of the "Suggested Read- author receives six free copies of his work ings" at the end of each section have been and additional copies at a 33% per cent dis- redone to indude citations to books and ar- count. tides published since mid-1960 when the first edition was published. Part I helps man- A salary survey of SLA members, proposed agement determine how existing st&, serv- by the Personnel Committee, Mrs. Shirley F. ices, and materials can be brought together Harper, Chairman, received Board approval. Questionnaires will be sent to Active, Asso- into an information center; Part I1 deals ciate, and Active (Paid for Life) members, with specific library operations; and Part I11 and the results are scheduled for publication recommends a minimum plan with five in the April 1967 issue of Special Libraries. simple areas of responsibility followed by a This 1966-67 survey will be the first of a development outline for later expansion. planned biennial series on salary information Addresses and pertinent data on cited jour- that will also include statistics on various nals are given in an Appendix. The 64- aspects of special library work such as the page paper-bound volume is available from mobility of special librarians. Association Headquarters at $3.00 a copy. SLA Sustaining Members

The following organizations are supporting the activities of the Special Libraries Association by becoming Sustaining Members for 1966. This list includes all applications processed through October 13, 1966.

An~orrLABORATORIES LIBRARY MARATEONOIL COMPANY RICHARDABEL & COMPANY,INCORPORATED MARQUETTEUNIVERSITY MEMORIAL LIBRARY AEROSPACECORPORATION MAXWELLSCIENTIFIC INTERNATIONAL, INCORPORATED AETNASTEEL PRODUCTS CORPORATION MELLONNATIONAL BANK AND TRUSTCOMPANY AMERICANCAN COMPANY,Research Center MINNESOTAMINING AND MANUFACTURINGCOMPANY AMERICANCANCER SOCIETY INCORPORATU) MIS~OURISTATE LIBRARY AMERICANCYANAMID COM;ANY NATIONALASSOCIATION OF ENGINEAND BOAT AMERICANELECTRIC POWER SERVICE CORPORATION MANUFACTUREI~S AMERICANGAS ASSOCIATION NATIONALBANK OF DETROIT AMERICANIRON AND STEELINSTITUTE NATIONALCASH REGISTER COMPANY AMERICANLIBRARY ASSOCIATION NATIONALLEAD COMPANY AMERICANTOBACCO COMPANY NATIONALLIBRARY Singapore AMPEXCORPORATION NATIONALLIBRARY'OF MEDICINE ARGONNENATIONAL LABORATORY NATIONALLIBRARY OP NIGERIA ATW CHEMICALINDUSTRIES, INCORPORATED NEW YORKLIFE INSURANCECOMPANY BANKOF AMUICA NEW YORKPUBLIC LIBRARY BASICECONOMIC APPRAISALS, INCORPORATED NEW YORKTIMES BELLAND HOWELLRESEARCH CENTER NEW YORKUNGRSITY LIBRARIES BELL TELEPHONELABORATORIES NORTHAMERICAN AVIATION. INCORPORATED BETHLEHEMSTEEL COMPANY OHIOSTATE LIBRARY BOEINCCOMPANY PENNSYLVANIASTATE UNIVERSITY PEOPLESGAS LIGHT & COKECOMPANY I'ERCAMONPRESS, INCORPORATED PITTSBURGHPLATE GLASS COMPANY. Barberton. Ohio PITTSBURGHPLATE GLASS COMPANY; New Martinsville, West Virginia PORTOF NEWYORK AUTHORITY C. W. POSTCOLLEGE CHIVWLIBOOKBINDING COMPANY PRENTICE-HALL,INCORPORATED CIBA PHARMACEUTICALCOMPANY PROCTERAND GAMBLECOMPANY COLLEGEOF PETROLEUMAND MINERALS,Saudi Arabia QUEEN^ BOROUGHPUBLIC LIBRARY COLORADO STATE UNIVERSITYLIBRARIES RCA LABORATORIES CONSOLIDATEDEDISON COMPANY OF NEW YORE RADIATION.INCORPORATED CONSOLIDATIONCOAL COMPANY RAND CORPORATION CONTINENTALCARBON COMPANY ROCKEFELL~ROFFICE LIBRARY CONTINENTALNATIONAL AMERICAN GROUP ROCKFORDPUBLIC LIBRARY CORNELLUNIVERSITY LIBRARY ROHM& HMS COMPANY CORNINGGLASS WORKS ROYALBANK OF CANADA JOHNCRERAR LIBRARY DALHOUSIEUNIVERSITY DALLASPUBLIC LIBRARY DEFENSEDOCUMENTATION CENT= Dow CHEMICALCOMPANY, Golden, Colorado Dow CHEMICALLIBRARY. Midland, Michigan E. I. DU PONTDE NEMOURSAND COMPANY, SQU1BB INST~TUTEFOR MEDICAL RESEARCH Lavoisier Library J. W. STACEY,INWRPORATED E. I. DU PONTDE NEMOURSAND COMPANY, STANDARDOIL COMPANY(NEW JERSEY) Technical Library STANDARDOIL COMPANYOF CALIFORNIALIBRARY EAST ORANGEFREE PUBLIC LIBRARY STECHERT-HAFNER,INCORPORATED EASTMANKODAK COMPANY STERLING-WINTHROPRESEARCH INSTITUTE ESS0 RESEARCHAND ENGINEERINGCOMPANY SUFFOLKCOOPERATIVE LIBRARY SYSTEM F. W. FAXONCOMPANY, INCORPORATED SUNOIL COMPANY FEDERALRESERVE BANK OF NEWYORK SYNTEXCORPORATION FIRSTNATIONAL BANK OF BOSTON SYSTEMDEVELOPMENT CORPORATION FlRsr NATIONALBANK OF CHICAGO TAYLORCARLISLE'S BOOK STORE, INC. FORDFOUNDATION TECHNICALBOOK COMPANY FORDMOTOR COMPANY TEXASGAS TRANSMISS~ON CORPORATION LIBRARY GENERALDRAFTING COMPANY,INC. J. WALTERTHOMPSON COMPANY GENERALELECTRIC COMPANY TIME.INC. GENERALFOODS CORPORATION TRW SYSTEMS GENERALMILLS, INC. UNIONELECTRIC COMPANY GENERALMOTORS CORPORATION, Public Relatiom Library UNITEDCOMMUNITY FUNDS & COUNCILSOF GENERALMoTons CORPORATION,Research Laboratories AMERICA.INCORPORATED GENERALRADIO COMPANY UNITEDSTATES AIR FORCEACADEMY GLICKBOOKBINDING CORPORATION UNITEDSTATES STEEL CORPORATION B. F. GOODRICHRESEARCH CENTER HARVARDGRADUATE SCHOOL OF BUSINESSADMINISTRATION MILTONS. HERSHEYMEDICAL CENTER LIBRARY HONEYWELL,INCORPORATED HUGH- AIRCRAFTCOMPANY IDAHOSTATE UNIVERSITY LIBRARY INDIANASTATE LIB~Y INTERNATIONALBUSINESS MACHINES CORPORATION JOHNS-MANVILLERESEARCH AND ENGINEERINGCENTER JOHNSONREPRINT CORPORATION WALTERJ. JOHNSON,INCORPORATED KAISERALUMINUM AND CHEMICALCORPORATION ELI LILLYAND COMPANY LITTONSYSTEMS (CANADA) LIMITED LOCKHEEDMISSILES AND SPACECOMPANY Los ANGEL- COUNTYMUSEUM OF ART A. C. MCCLURGAND COMPANY MCGRAW-HILL,INCORPORATED MCKINSFY& COMPANY.INC MACMILLAN-BLOEDEL,LTD. Corporate R&D Library DIVISION BULLETINS

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AN you get publicity for your library? tunity for each group to better understand C Do you have trouble with your local the other. A panel discussion was held as editor ? part of the annual meeting of the Alabama Can you get time on your radio-TV station ? Library Association at ~ont~omer~this year. These questions point up one of the prob- This time was selected so other librarians lems special librarians face from day to day, could participate. The Chapter felt that this that of communicating with the representa- problem was so widespread that broad com- tives of the various communications media. prehensive coverage was desirable. The panel To improve the image of the librarian and consisted of the public relations director of the library in the eyes of the general public, the Alabama d ducat ion Association. the man- we attempted to obtain adequate and worth- aging editor of a local paper, and the news while publicity in all the communications director of a local television station. media including newspapers, radio, and tele- The public relations director was asked to vision. However, this was frequently difficult give an over-all picture of public relations because there was a communications gap be- emphasizing the philosophy and background tween the librarian and representatives of and pointing out some of the problems fac- newspapers and radio-TV. ing professional organizations. The audience The Alabama Chapter selected Telling the reacted favorably to this presentation, which Library's Story as its theme for the year. Un- included helpful hints for solving communi- der this program the special librarian was cations problems. furnished with ideas, tools, and methods to The editor and station manager were asked enable him to communicate better with the to answer three questions within their total local editor or station manager. A four-part remarks. These were : program was developed: 1) issuance of Di- 1. What does your media have to offer the rectory of Alabama Special Libraries, 2) pub- librarian in publicity coverage? lic relations workshop, 3) publicity hand- 2. How does the librarian obtain this cov- book, and 4) communications bibliographies. erage ? The first two parts of the program were 3. What are the librarian's responsibilities? completed while the last two are still in Each participant answered th&e questions progress. The Directory was printed by the from his experience and the current practices Birmingham News, without cost to the Chap- in each media. Their remarks were followed ter, and was released last October. Initial by a lively question and answer period which distribution of the Directory was carried out extended beyond the two-hour period. There in three phases. The first was the distribution was more rapport between the groups at the to each Chapter member without charge. end of this session. Each library listed was then sent a copy, The final phases of the program involve again without charge. The final phase was the preparation of a public relations packet distribution to commercial library suppliers. for Chapter members, which indudes a pub- Those selected were advertisers in The Ala- licity handbook, copies of a series of public bama Librarian, official publication of the relations leaflets prepared by the Library Ad- Alabama Library Association, and exhibitors ministration Division of the American Li- at the annual meetings of the Alabama Li- brary Association, and selected communica- brary Association. Each recipient had been tions bibliographies. asked to make a contribution to be used for Our Chapter has been fortunate in that scholarships and $40 was received as of June. much of the expenses of this program have The money collected was presented to an ex- been covered by voluntary contributions of isting scholarship fund. time, materials, and services. Some cost of It was felt that a face to face meeting with the publicity handbook will be paid from media representatives would afford an oppor- Chapter funds. Information problems were greatly misunderstood during the 1950's, and it is now recognized that both informal and formal methods are used in retrieving and transferring information. Criteria for measuring the efficiency and effectiveness of the purposes and functions of libraries should be determined by librarians in cooperation with systems analysts.

Criteria for the Operation of Libraries And Information Retrieval Systems

ALAN M. REES

URING the ~turmund drang of the in- rapid selectors, Luhn scanners, and the like. D formation crisis and literature explo- It is now increasingly recognized that the sion in the 1950's, the information "prob- total information system encompasses both lem" was grossly misunderstood. The vocal informal channels, such as personal ccntacts, proponents of one gigantic, monolithic in- attendance at seminars, telephone calls, and formation center failed to recognize the other sources of personal intelligence, and complexity of scientific communication. The formal channels, such as information analysis part was confused with the whole in that centers, document distribution agencies, in- retrieval was mistakenly equated with com- dexing, abstracting, and announcement serv- munication and information transfer. The ices, reservoir libraries, special libraries, and period from 1950 to 1960 might be consid- referral centers. The popularity of the nzt- ered as the Dark Ages of Information Re- work concept represents a recognition of the trieval during which those groping towards existence of a multiplicity of such informa- the light grasped a solution of which there tion channels and of the necessity to provide was no problem. Neither systems nor sup- for switching users from one channel to an- porters emerged to match the expectations other. of the crisis-makers. The lesson to be learned In addition to retrieval, one witnesses a is that computers cannot perform alchemic wide variety of information functions pres- magic in information transfer; mechanical ently being performed: distribution of docu- sleights-of-the-hand cannot generate produc- ments, packaging of information, critical tive science. evaluation and synthesis of the subject con- The origin of the inordinate hopes placed tent of documents, preparation of annual re- during this period on the computer lies in views, production of lists of researchers and the early and primitive conceptualization of descriptions of projects, publication of com- the total communication process. This was pendia of information sources, and so on. viewed solely in terms of searching and Accompanying the refinement in definition selecting from an ever-increasing store of of the information problem is the more mod- published materials. Such a viewpoint trig- est recognition that adequate communication gered the invention of searching selectors, is a necessary, though not always sufficient, re-

Mr. Rees is Assistant Director for Research at the Celtter for Docr~mentation and Communication Research and Associate Professor of Libvary Science at Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio. This article is based npon a talk presented af the symposium sponsored by the New York Chapter of the American Documentation Institate, "The Organization and Evaluation of Information Systems," New York City, May 19, 1965. auirement for the successful conduct of re- ness, and the like. As the Indian philosopher search and development. S. R. Ranganathan said, ". . . every reader his book; every book its reader." These gen- Purpose and Function in Library Operation eralities reveal very little about library pur- If the library with its retrieval system can- pose and are not Jery helpful in the task of not "solve" the information ~roblemwhat is formulating useful criteria. its purpose? Can standards and criteria for More adequate criteria of library effective- the successful operation of special libraries ness would, -1 suggest, result from detailed and information centers be svecified? In this consideration of the extent to which libraries connection it is necessary to make a differen- contribute to the successful performance of tiation between purpose and function within research and development. If providing in- the context of library operation. The former formation is an inseparable part of the re- is concerned with a definition of the library's search process, then it is necessary for li- responsibility in the flow of information; the brarian; to determine the role of the library latter is related to how stated purposes can within this context. We need to know how best be implemented at a minimum cost and library users process and utilize information, effort. Two sets of criteria for evaluation are for what purpose, and to what effect. Docu- needed: I) to provide a measure of the ef- ment usage should be a matter of concern, in fectiveness or of the extent to which a li- addition to the mechanics of document de- brary is fulfilling its purpose and 2) to meas- livery. Further insight into the interface be- ure efficiency or the cost and time expended tween information and the research and in achieving the stated purpose. development process is a prerequisite to the The criteria usually suggested for the de- establishment of more meaningful" and use- sign and operation of libraries are primarily ful measures of library performance. concerned with efficiency-cost, personnel, Measurement of customer satisfaction is space requirements. Such management-ori- one criterion for determining effectiveness. ented criteria are necessary for the conduct The criterion employed in recent years, in of library operations. TO- ensure the most this connection, is relevance. Since relevance profitable utilization of limited resources, is not an objective property of systems but an measurements must take into account effec- expression of subjective response, this per- tiveness as well as efficiency to provide an formance criterion has limited utility and is indication of value received per dollar. difficult to employ. System performance can- It is, of course, difficult to define the pur- not, therefore, be determined solely on the pose of a library. What is a "good" library? basis of shifting and unstable judgments. At What is the relationship between the pros- the present time the state-of-the-art does not perity of parent organizations and the quality po;ide any more useful criteria. of their s~eciallibraries? Is a well-funded It is most important that means be devel- special library a product of company pros- oped to quantify the performance of libraries. perity or an essential ingredient in the Cooperative efforts involving librarians and achieving of such wealth? Such questions in- systems analysts would be most productive in dicate the problems involved in the evalua- the achievement of performance criteria and tion of library effectiveness. The question is measures taking" into account both effective- far from academic in that the vroblem of ness and efficiency. Although the assistance securing adequate funding for library opera- of persons trained to analyze and formalize tions is aggravated by the inability of li- the relationships involved in complex situa- brarians to specify clearly their purpose and tions is both desirable and useful, only li- to provide criteria to assess the effectiveness brarians themselves can satisfactorilv define of their libraries. How manv times has the library purpose in precise terms. If this were rhetorical question been heard, "But how can achieved, criteria for determining perform- we sell management ?" ance and the development of quantitative In most in;tances, purpose is nothing more measures would then be made possible. This tangible than to satisfy the users, increase the task should be afforded a high priority, since research productivity of scientists and en- computer experts may design libraries of the gineers, reduce duplication, spark inventive- future to serve the wrong purposes. To obtain good translations, a librarian should build up a list of individual translators who can give him the type of service he needs and who should be employed on a regular basis. In sending out an order, it is essential to specify exactly what is to be translated and the date by which the translation is required. Shopping for translation services on a cost basis is unlikely to produce satisfactory results. A Translator's Guide to Better Translations

KURT GINGOLD

HERE ARE at least three general ways in are certain sections. By consulting with the T which companies can tadcle their trans- requestor, a librarian, particularly if he or lation problems, and many companies use a she has some acquaintance with the foreign combination of two or more of these meth- language in question, may be able to save his ods: I) employ a staff translator or a person company a good deal of time and money. It who spends part of his time as a translator; is particularly important to indicate clearly 2) employ a translator on a per diem basis, what is to be done with tables, figures, and to come in at certain intervals and go over bibliographies. All pertinent material, in- foreign-language material orally with vari- cluding drawings and figures, should be sent ous members of the company staff; and 3) to the translator, since drawings will help send the material to a free-lance translator or clarify cryptic references in the text. Another translation bureau. great help, where available, is an English- Before an item is sent out, the librarian language abstract, related article, or closely should consult the lists of holdings of the similar patent. SLA Translations Center and the Clearing- An important point is the matter of dead- house for Federal Scientific and Technical lines. It goes without saying that any work Information to check whether a translation performed in a hurry is unlikely to be of the is already available or in process. If the item best possible quality. If a deadline is essen- was published fairly recently, it may also be tial, try to make it a realistic one and be pre- a good idea to check with the SLA Center pared to pay more and to take the risk of by telephone or teletype, since a translation various imperfections. may have been received but not yet an- Beside the usual sources. such as the classi- nounced in Technical Translations. For com- fied sections of telephone directories and panies maintaining several establishments lists of translators maintained by some cham- that use translatio& cross-checking between bers of commerce and libraries, which are locations is also indicated. often of doubtful value, two guides to trans- The next step is to specify exactly what lation services have been published recently: parts of an item are to be translated. Scien- the second edition of Translatovs and Tlzz~2.r- tists or patent lawyers may occasionally re- btions: Services at7d SOI/YC~Sin Science and quest a complete translation of a lengthy Technology (published by SLA, edited by article or patent, when all they really need Frances E. Kaiser of the Georgia Institute of

Dr. Gingold, who is with the Technical Information Services of the Central Kesearch Division of the American Cyanamid Company in Stamford, COB- necticut, presented a longer uersion of this paper at a luncheon sponsored by the Association's Tvanslations Actizdies Committee at the 37th Annual Com uention of Special Libraries Association in Minneapolis, May 30, 1966. Dr. Gi~zgold,a translator himself, ir a Fellow of the Institate of Linguists (Lon- don) and a Past-President of the Arnericdn Translators Association. NOVEMBER1966 643 Technology, $14.50) and the Professional the three reauirements for a technical trans- Services Directory (published by the Ameri- lator. He must, of course, know the language can Translators Association, P.O. Box 489, well enough to be able to read it fluently and Madison Square Station, New York, N. Y. understand it completely with the aid of a 10010, $5). There is little overlap between dictionary, but he does not have to be a the two, and many libraries will want both. native of the foreign country or a graduate Unfortunately, there is no simple way at of its educational system, nor need he be present to find a reliable translator, since no able to speak the language at all. system for certifying or accrediting transla- The question of translation costs is rather tors exists in the United States. A librarian difficult to answer, since there are no gen- may wish to send trial assignments, prefer- erally accepted rate schedules in this field. In ably short ones, to as many persons or firms the New England-New York area, good as possible, and have the results carefully quality translations of technical material start evaluated as to quality, speed, and cost. By at about $20 to $25 per 1,000 English trial and error he can then assemble his own words from the so-called common languages group of translators who can give him the (French, German, Italian, Spanish) and go type of service he needs. Geographical prox- up to $40 or $50 per 1,000 words for the imity is no longer an important factor, since more esoteric languages. Express service or material can be sent coast to coast in 48 hours. translations into foreign languages cost con- On the matter of free-lance translators siderably more. It would be wrong to say versus translation agencies, the choice may that there is an exact correlation between depend on the type of service required. If cost and quality, but the correlation holds the work is usually within a fairly narrow true at the lower end of the scale, which is subject area and from a limited number of to say that individuals or firms quoting rates languages, it may be best to call upon a free- much below those I have mentioned are ex- lance translator whose subject and language tremely unlikely to provide service of ac- background closely matches these require- ceptable quality. ments. If a large number of subjects and languages have to be handled, a librarian MESSAGE FROM LlLLlPUT may wish to deal with a translation agency, which-if long established and reputable- For the past four generations the American librarian has been portrayed as an impecunious, can call on the services of a wide range of ultra-conservative, do-it-only-if-it-has-been-done- subject and language specialists. before type person. This is as it should be. To do a good job, the translator must have There is nothing new under the sun, and what an understanding of the subject, the ability was good enough for Peter, Paul, and Moses is to write clear and idiomatic English, and a certainly good enough for guess who? You! good knowledge of the source language. Of But suddenly there appears to be revolution the three, an understanding of the subject in the ranks, foment in the periphery, and would seem the most important, although a mechanization nearly everywhere. Florida At- translator should be encouraged to query any lantic University is gung-ho on computers, the University of California is showing it can do it obscure point or term that he cannot under- its way even better, Picatinny Arsenal is madly stand or find. However, his understanding in search of two key-punch operators, and Mon- of the subject matter is obviously of little santo in St. Louis is permuting faster than Bell value to a client unless it is accompanied by in Murray Hill. the ability to transmit that understanding in There has been some concern about all of this clear, accurate prose; he must do his best to duplication of systems study and procedural convey exactly what the original author said analysis. After all, if a system is worked out -no more and no less-in a manner that satisfactorily for Montgomery County, why will be as intelligible as possible to the reader shouldn't the Detroit Public adopt it rather than of the translation. In a technical translation, spending four man-years making a feasibility study and six man-years doing the programming? he must always be willing to sacrifice style Absolutely unnecessary! on the altar of accuracy. By the way, Ethelbert, how do you like your As for knowledge of the source language, Stanley Steamer? this, in my opinion, is the least important of B. LITTLE A special library for English as a Foreign or Second Language was established as a pilot project within the Teachers College Library. Various forms of materials, including books, periodicals, films, filmstrips, phono- graph records, tapes, charts, maps, games, models, and flash cards, were assembled with related types of equipment. A new classification scheme was devised for the collection, and a computer-based book catalog was produced with copies available in several locations. By facilitating teaching and learning this special library supports the thesis that new subjects of study and forms of material will require changes in organization if the traditional library is to serve its clientele. A Special Library for the Study of English as a Foreign or Second Language

SIDNEY FORMAN

SPECIAL LIBRARY for English as a For- with these difficulties, the teaching st& A eign or Second Language was estab- sought a more effective arrangement Ad ad- lished within the Teachers College Library ministration of the tools it used for teaching because the former arrangement of materials and learning. At the same time the Library was not meeting the needs of the teaching staff was particularly concerned with strength- and research programs in this subject area. ening its support of the Teachers College The Teachers College Library itself consists program by constructing new links between of 350,000 volumes devoted to every aspect the Library and the classroom. of education and the academic disciplines Meetings of library staff members with relevant to its theory and practice. It is the departmental subject matter specialists, who largest educational library in any academic included both teachers and students, led to institution in the world. The English as a the development of basic and selective lists Foreign or Second Language Library is an of books and materials, the acquisition of outgrowth of a variety of Teachers College materials from many countries in the world, programs in international education; courses the construction of a classification system, in the subject were introduced in 1918. The and-a considerable project in itself-the arrangement of books, governed by the production of a computer-based book catalog. Dewey Decimal Classification, forced a dis- Materials were purchased by the Library's persal of the English as a Foreign or Second Acquisitions Department through its normal Language library materials so that those who channels. It was found that many of the were concerned with this particular subject wanted titles had been published in the had to look in several places and on the vari- United Kingdom where there was a long- ous floors in which the large collection was standing history of development and produc- housed. The related audio-visual and graphic tion of aids of different kinds to fill needs of materials in the Department of Languages the former colonial peoples. In addition to and Literature, as well as those in the Li- purchases, gift items were contributed by brary, were also in various locations. Faced students from foreign lands, by staff, and Dr. Forman is Professor of Education and Librarian at the Teachers College Library, Columbia University, New York City. Primarily responsible for providing hzformation for this article as well as making this project effective on behalf of the Teachers College Library were: Mary Moore Beale, Superuising Librarian, Cataloging Department; Mrs. Mary E. De Morelos, Supervising Librarian, Social Science Reading Room; Elizabeth Herrick, Supervisin Librarian, Acquisition Department; and Wayne Gossage, Assistant to the Librarian. T hge prime movers on behalf of the Department of Languages and Lit- erature were Professor Lennox Grey, Coordinator of the English as a Foreign Language Ford Project, and Dr. Virginia F. Allen. other friends of the program, particularly the group tried to project the types of lists that English as a Foreign Language Project spon- might be needed at some future date if, for sored by the Ford Foundation. example, a list of all books in Urdu or of all After the materials were assembled, two the films or of all the books published in considerations were faced in setting up a England would be wanted. The preliminary classification scheme: 1) whether to base the work sheet was used for listing the first 600 scheme on the familiar Dewey classification entries in the first computer catalog. Though system, or 2) whether to set ;p an arbitrary it proved usable for a beginning outline, it was number system. discarded for a more sophisticated approach Any system similar to Dewey might com- developed by the programmer. The job could plicate the Dewey classification scheme al- not have been done, however, without the ready in use in the Teachers College Library. computer technologist and the librarian work- For instance, if the Dewey numbers for lan- ing in closest harmony and mastering each guage, 400, 401, and so on, were used with other's viewpoints and problems. added decimal numbers, they would be con- The computer-produced book catalog is a fused with numbers already in use. Phys- listing by subject categories. Each item in- ically, these numbers would be quite long cludes the following: author, title, edition, and difficult to put on narrow book spines. place (including country), publisher, date, However, adopting an arbitrary numbering paging, illustrations, series, notes, price, and system from 1-5, subject categories could be language of book. Appended to the catalog matched with the whole numbers and deci- are author, title, subject, and publisher in- mal sub-numbers for category sub-headings. dexes. Since the equipment produces an orig- These numbers could be learned easily by inal and three carbon copies of the catalog anyone using the collection. The decision for in each print-out, copies have been placed in final classification system was the responsi- the offices of the instructional staff, in the bility of the Cataloging Department, and an Reference Department, in the Catalog De- arbitrary system was devised. A copy of the partment, and with the collection itself. classificaticn scheme has been deposited in Copies were also made available for sale to the Bibliographic Systems Center at Western the United States Office of Economic Op- Reserve University. portunity and the Center for Applied Lin- A Dymo tapewriter was used for number- guistics. It is now planned to up-date the ing, with a different color tape used for each catalog at the beginning of each semester. category. Each book was also clearly marked At the present time the collection is main- with the date of publication so that readers tained for reference use only; thus a visitor could quickly identify those that were most from Boston or perhaps from Lima or Kabul recent. may come into the Library at any time and be As for the computer catalog, the librarians assured of finding the complete collection on and programmers-spent many long hours in display. There are 747 titles in the growing discussion before making decisions on de- collection. This includes not only books and tails for production. Regarding the format of periodicals, but also films, filmstrips, phono- each item to be listed, they decided to follow graph records, tapes, charts, and maps, as loosely, rather than rigidly, the American well as such miscellaneous items as games, Library Association and Library of Congress models, and flash cards. The various forms rules of descriptive cataloging. This flexibil- of material are accompanied by various types ity enabled them, for example, to use a pub- of equipment-record players, tape record- lisher's latest name, regardless of what ap- ers, filmstrip projectors, and 8mm silent and peared on the title page, so that a sound cartridge projectors. Despite the ap- using the catalog in, say Kenya, could order pealing array of projectors and other equip- the particular item direct from the publisher. ment, the students show by far the greatest A preliminary work sheet, which contained interest in the books. The audio-visual equip- all the items necessary for an entry, such as ment and the films, tapes, and other non- category number, author, title, language of book items are temporarily set up on regular the book, type of material, and country of library tables pending the development and origin, was devised for the IBM 1620. The manufacture of special carrels. Records and Audio-visual materials and equipment form an important part of the collection of the English as a Foreign Language/English as a Second Language Library. Dr. Forman, Librarian, stands center, facing forward. tapes are stored in Princeton files, and film- providing a continuing center for assembling strips in small metal storage cabinets. These material supporting several related Depart- are placed next to the pieces of equipment ment of Languages and Literature projects. on which they are to be used. Students help In addition, the new special library also themselves to any of the materials and use has the capability of advancing knowledge in them at an adjacent table where they seem to this professional field. It seems probable, for enjoy working with their classmates. instance, that if texts, films, discs, perhaps The special library serves a varied clientele microfilms, and xeroxed copies of experi- -students, faculty, and others but especially mental materials prepared for many purposes I) English as a Foreign Language majors and in many countries could be brought to- studying in M.A. and doctoral programs at gether, specialists from various geographical Teachers College, 2) students in training for or topical areas could see and develop new service in Teachers College projects abroad, approaches and applications of diverse mate- such as Afghanistan, India, East Africa, and rials. Course assignments at Teachers College Peru, 3) Peace Corps trainees (more than could be more meaningful than has been 100 in some groups), 4) students at special possible in the past, if teachers could direct intensive training programs at Teachers Col- students to find out about certain topics in lege, such as the National Defense Education the special library, rather than assign items Act Summer Institute in Teaching English as in a bibliography. The book catalog facilitates a Foreign Language, 5) students majoring in this kind of assignment. In addition, fugitive related fields such as international service, materials of great value for possible new work with the culturally deprived, and so on, approaches are often lost in personal files or and G) foreign students at Teachers College, private collections unless this kind of proper who must be concerned with English as a depository is available. Foreign or Second Language whatever their For the Teachers College Library, the Eng- field. lish as a Foreign Language/English as a Sec- The new English as a Foreign Language/ ond Language Library was started as a pilot English as a Second Language Library has venture. By facilitating the teaching and conserved and advanced institutional re- learning process, it has justified the modifica- sources by releasing space in various offices, tion of the established organization of the by permitting students to use the materials library. This experience suggests that new many more hours a day without taking up subjects of study as well as new forms of ma- faculty members' time, saving students' time terial will require changes in the organization previously lost searching for things, and by of material if the library is to serve its users. NOVEMBER1966 The establishment of the Information Center at Monsanto's new Research Center introduced new problems in mass instruction of potential library users. The audio-visual type of presentation utilizing color slides and a recorded sound track was used to provide new employees with a visual concept of the library and its services. Production of the films was done by service groups within the Central Research Department with the assistance of the library staff. Procedures for preparation of such orientation films are discussed. Monsanto Information Center's Audio-visual Orientation Program C. WARREN KELLER

N EVERY organization, service-oriented of persons expected to visit and use the li- I groups are faced with problems of mass brary was so large, the facilities were de- communication and orientation of those signed to provide ready "self-service" ac- they serve. In the field of library science, cess to all library materials except for these problems are compounded by the large confidential company technical reports. This number of services provided by a library open access arrangzment permitted the small with a small staff. As the number of people staff to best serve users and to maintain the served increases, communication problems many library services. can reach a state of near crisis. The problem facing the library staff was, The Information Center at Monsanto's "How do we tell all these people what we new Research Center found itself approach- have and how to find it?" Meetings were ing just such a crisis. In 1961, scientists scheduled and conducted by the librarians from Monsanto plants and laboratories all every other week to discuss the library, its over the United States were relocated in holdings, and services. These were only par- new research facilities at the company's tially successful in that the discussion still general offices site in St. Louis County. The left the potential user with no visual concept Information Center was established as a of the library and its physical facilities. A central location for filing and indexing com- problem of semantics also existed in that the pany technical reports as well as serving as language used by librarians to describe a li- a company-wide source of business and tech- brary and its services was not always fully nical information published within and out- understood by persons unfamiliar with 11- side Monsanto. In its new location, the library science terminology. Likewise, there brary directly served not only the technical was a distinct possibility that some material and scientific personnel in the Research Cen- could be inadvertently omitted from any ter but also some 3,000 to 4,000 persons on one presentation. It was obvious that an the general offices site and at othzr Mon- audio-visual presentation was needed. santo locations in the St. Louis area. In addition, it provided services requested by any Criteria for and Objectives other Monsanto library or organization Having decided upon an audio-visual ap- throughout the world. Because the number proach, the next step was to determine what

Mr. Keller is a chemical emgineer in the Engilzeeri~zgDesign Section of the i\/lo?zsanto Research Center Engi~zeeritzg Services Section, St. Loz~is,Missoxri. A graduate of the U?ziversity of Missouri, he is n camern e?zthz~szastdz~rifzg hzs leisure nzomelzts and at work, where one of hir duties is preparing fi'is~mldud andio-visual aids for the iVionsanto Center Rerearch Department ajzd Reseurch Center. style of presentation would best fit the needs ered in the subsequent discussion, but no de- of the library. Some criteria used were: I) tails were given at that time. Then details the cost of preparation should be nominal; were presented in logical order. At the end 2) the presentation should be easy to mod- of the film, the major subjects were reviewed ify since it should be kept up to date when to stress the most important points in the procedures in the library changed; and 3) discussion. where possible, the work should be done After the script had been prepared along by Monsanto personnel. these lines, it was further divided into small The Engineering Services Section was sections-one section for each slide. At this asked to prepare such a film. Discussions point it was necessary to be highly critical with the librarians indicated that the most of the material in the presentation. Each sec- effective type of film to meet the criteria tion could contain only one idea, and this would be a sound-slide presentation. In this idea had to be one that could be exactly application, a projector would be integrally illustrated by a slide. This is of utmost im- synchronized with a sound track to provide portance, as a slide being projected must be automatic slide changes at the proper time in directly related to script material presented the narration. Previously such a film had at that same time! been prepared for use by the Safety Director Every attempt was made to limit the in instructing new personnel, and photo- amount of script material for each slide to graphic services in the Section were capa- no more than 15 or 20 seconds. After this ble of handling the photographic and sound time, with a single slide projected on the portions of a sound-slide presentation at a screen, the thoughts of the audience may be- cost far below that of outside organizations. gin to wander. Likewise, five seconds was In considering types of presentation for considered to be a minimum for a slide to possible use, two often-used methods were be retained. Within these limits, it was neces- discarded. They were film strips and movies. sary to distill the information and present Film strips were considered difficult to mod- only specifics. This is precisely what was de- ify and easily damaged in use. Movies were sired! Step-by-step instructional information found to be impractical to revise and sub- had no place in an orientation film. It be- ject to an extremely high initial cost. longed to a separate "how to do it" film. The over-all purpose of Monsanto's pro- In dividing the script into sections, it grams of slide presentations was threefold: was found most convenient to use a single I) to relieve personnel from routine orien- 5 by 8 inch card for each slide. The script tation of new employees and give them was typed at the bottom of the card. At the more time to perform their other duties, be- top, notations were made as to what picture ing sure that new persons received all perti- or title was required to properly illustrate nent information on a subject; 2) to put the text material. These cards were then ar- this basic information in a form that would ranged in proper order for a logical pres- be easily understood by anyone desiring to entation. use the services and facilities of the library; and 3) to establish the possibility of "open Preparing the Slides access" re-orientation when the user is most At this point, the script was ready for receptive, i.e., when he has a problem. photography. The films were prepared on 35mm color slides. Photography was done Preparing the Script "on location" in the library using all types The first step in producing the film was of lighting from existing light to electronic preparing a script. Experience demonstrated flash. Experience in taking photographs for that no pictures should be taken until a com- this purpose demonstrated the importance of pleted script was in hand. The outline of moving in close to the subject and eliminat- material presented in the group orientation ing all extraneous material from the slide. meetings was used as a guideline to prepare Otherwise, the background of the picture the first draft. The introduction stated the would distract from the main subject. purpose of the presentation. Then came a In developing the techniques for prepar- brief listing of the major subjects to be cov- ing these films, one major problem was encountered. Not all ideas and thoughts could This process continued until the best com- be properly and interestingly presented by a bination of slide and script was obtained. photograph of something or someone. It The next step was to put the show into became necessary to utilize title slides to final form. he equipmekt used for Mon- properly present succinctly a great deal of santo's presentationsconsisted of a Sony information. For example, in discussing a TC-211TS Tape Recorder and a Kodak group of publications held by the library, a Model 800 Carousel Projector. The tape photograph of the documents meant nothing. recorder has a built-in svnchronizer for use A viewer would not remember the names, with almost any semi-automatic projector. only how colorful the covers might have This feature utilizes a synchronizer signal on been. However, when a slide listed the a second channel of the tape to trigger the names of publications and a viewer was slide change. Slides are retained on the given time to read the list, the slide not only screen for exactly the amount of time re- held the viewer's attention but also trans- quired. Another advantage of this system is mitted information to him. One presentation that the tape may be completely erased and in current use has a total of 68 slides. Only used again, or only a small portion may be five of these are photographs; the other 63 corrected and the slide changing adjusted are title slides. The presentation would have accordingly. This flexibility greatly reduces been impossible without using this tech- the labor involved in revising a film and nique, since photographs of forms and docu- making appropriate script changes. ments are unsatisfactory in programs of this nature-they are too difficult to read. Mounting and Viewing All the title slides for the presentations The slides were mounted in aluminum- were prepared from black and white original bound glass mounts to prevent "buckling" drawings or typewritten material. In the while in the projector. In this mount, every process, white letters are superimposed on a slide is in focus when it drops into the pro- colored background. Different colored back- jector. One other treatment given to some grounds were used to delineate the outline slides was that of "masking." It is not al- or subdivisions within the discussion. The ways possible to exclude an extraneous area title slides were prepared using a Honeywell or objects from original photographs. In Repronar Slide Duplicator. Instructions for such cases, a mask was used, which reduced preparing the slides were found in the man- the amount of the slide that was projected. ual that accompanied the machine. Likewise, Masks are available in many shapes and it was possible to employ a "split frame" sizes to fit the subject of the slide. technique in which two separate photographs Upon completion of the slide mounting, were combined on a single slide. With these the presentation was ready for viewing. The techniques, the complexity of the presenta- system of Sony Recorder and Carousel Pro- tions could be expanded to maintain an in- jector required only that the tape be placed tegrated and cohesive show. on the recorder, the slide tray on the projector, and both units turned on. From this point Preparing the Sound Track until the end of the presentation, no further The first sound track recording for the attention to the equipment was required. presentation was then prepared. When the film was processed, the slides were sorted, Response and Costs and the best photograph selected for each This type of sound-slide presentation has portion of the presentation. They were then been of great use to the Monsanto Informa- viewed along with the recorded script for tion Center. Orientation meetings are held analysis. At this point, the script and slides for any number of persons, and a visual con- matched well in most cases. However, there cept of the library and its services presented. were usually parts that would not fit to- The effectiveness of such presentations was gether as they should. Here it was necessary graphically portrayed in one specific case. to either modify the script to better describe At considerable expense, Monsanto had em- the photograph, or take another photograph barked on a new method of indexing com- to better illustrate the descriptive material. pany technical reports. When the new index was issued, only 25 copies were re- tion" on subjects of immediate interest. The quested. Most of these were in libraries system being installed uses the same Sony throughout the company; a few went to Recorder and Carousel Projector installed in personnel in the scientific laboratories. The a commercially produced unit sold under the over-all response was quite disappointing. name of Carousel Console. The console re- Though there were instructions with the in- sembles a television set with the slides pro- dex on its use, no one would take it upon jected on the rear of a 21 inch screen. The himself to learn to use it. A 25-minute film unit is ideal for viewing by a group in a was prepared on "How To Use The Mon- limited area, and it is not necessary to darken santo Technical Reports Index." This film the room for projecting the slides. The over- was exhibited to all interested personnel at all user response will determine the value of the Research Center, general offices, Mon- this approach to personnel instruction. santo plants, plant and research libraries, Interest outside Monsanto in this type of and to any other interested groups within slide-sound presentation has been wide- the company The response to the show spread. The two library slide films were was gratifying in that request for copies of shown at the Midwinter Meeting and An- the index rose from 25 the first year to al- nual Convention of Special Libraries Asso- most 200 the next! This is just one exam- ciation, and many inquiries have been re- ple where films have more than returned ceived from SLA members requesting loans ;heir production costs. of the films for exhibition at SLA Chapter Since each film is different, production meetings and management conferences. The costs have varied. In general, the over-all demand was so great that Monsanto has cost has been in the range of $1,500 to donated a copy of each library film to the $2,000 per film. All photographic and art Special Libraries Association, which has as- work was done at the Monsanto Research sumed responsibility for scheduling and Center. Costs would have increased con- distributing them within the Association. siderably had we relied on outside studios "Monsanto's Information Center-Central for the photographic services. Library" contains 74 slides, while "Mon- The third goal of the films will soon be santo's Information Center-Central Re- achieved when a special installation is com- ports" contains 71 slides. Those interested in pleted in the Research Center. Copies of all borrowing one or both presentations should Monsanto Research Center instructional write Association Headquarters, at 31 East films will be available on an "open access" 10th Street, New York 10003, giving three basis for individual use in "re-indoctrina- alternate presentation dates.

Coming Events The AMERICANMANAGEMENT ASSOCIATION FICATION,November 19, at the Kenwood is sponsoring three seminars on libraries. De- Conference Center. Registration and lunch- veloping and Managing the Company Library eon is $5, limited to 100. Details may be ob- is orientation seminar 6213-04, to be held tained from Mrs. Max Shulaker at the library November 14-16. During the same period, school. orientation seminar 6264-03, Indexing and The SECONDNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON Search Techniques, will be held. On Novem- ELECTRONICINFORMATION HANDLING, CO- ber 16-18, will be workshop seminar 6109-01, sponsored by the University of Pittsburgh, Managing the Automated Library. Registra- Goodyear Aerospace Corporation, Western tion information is available from AMA, 135 Michigan University, the OAice of Naval Re- West 50th Street, New York 10020. search, and the Special Interest Group on In- The School of Library and Information Sci- formation Retrieval of the Association for ence at the University of Wisconsin-Milwau- Computing Machinery, will be held April kee will sponsor a conference on PROBLEMS 12-14, 1967, on the Pittsburgh campus. The OF LIBRARYCLASSIFICATION ENCOUNTERED theme is Testing and Evaluation of Informa- BY PRODUCERSAND USERSOF THE 17TH tion Handling Systems. For details write Pro- EDITIONOF THE DEWEYDECIMAL CLASSI- fessor Allen Kent at the University. NOVEMBER1966 Checklist for Library Safety Hazards

JOHN P. EBEN

ANY LIBRARIANS feel that they have M reached the acme of the library profes- 1. Are there any frayed electrical cords ? sion when employers provide them with 2. Are all electric typewriters, electric dupli- working quarters which are adequate in size, cation machines, electric pencils, copying ma- well-located, and reasonably attractive-some chines, lamps, microfilm readers, vacuum even sumptuous. Has much thought, however, cleaners and sweepers, hot plates, and coffee been given to these working areas from the makers properly grounded ? point of view of their safety to library per- 3. Are all electrically driven devices and ap- sonnel and library users ? Probably not. Many pliances located away from work sinks ? libraries are fortunate in being a part of organizations that have formal safety and accident prevention programs. However, it is 1. Are all bottles containing adhesive sol- probable that a majority of libraries are not vents, spot removers, spirit duplication fluids, deeply involved in such programs. type cleaners, or any other potentially dan- A careful check of the publication lists of gerous materials properly labelled ? two national library associations and of 2. Have places been provided for storing books and pamphlets on management and empty soft drink bottles, paper cups, etc. administration of libraries did not reveal many 3. Are there any spots on floors that have be- entries on the matter of working safely in li- come slippery from water tracked in, spilled braries. One booklet, A Checklist for the Ov- at sink, or condensation ? ganization, Operation u~dEvulzlation of a Company Library (by Eva Lou Fisher, New STUMBLING,FALLS, AND FALLINGOBJECTS York: Special Libraries Association, 1960), 1. Are all filing cabinets tied or bolted to- came close. There are two entries under the gether to avoid their tipping or falling over general subject of safety equipment and when opened ? measures: the first dealt with safety of an 2. Are any boxes stacked too high and any archival collection, and the other entry, in- material stacked on top of filing cabinets or surance, mentioned a sprinkler system, crash book stacks ? exits for staff and readers, and extinguishers 3. Are step stools or ladders located where and alarms. needed ? Working in a safe environment should be 4. Are all ladders and step stools properly the responsibility of library administrators or braced or footed to prevent falls? librarians-in-charge. And conversely, any top 5. Are all carpets and rugs treated to pre- management, no matter what the type of or- vent slipping ? ganization, is remiss when it does not inform 6. Are handrails installed and used on stair- its library employees that working safely is ways to prevent falls ? as much a part of the job as is answering a 7. Are there loose treads or rough spots on reference question. stairways ? For the convenience of those interested, a 8. Are there any stumbling hazards in aisles, library safety and housekeeping checklist is reading areas, or office areas ? given below. Although accidents in libraries 9. Are there any file drawers left open ? are few, a quick check of your premises 10. Are levels of illumination sdcient in might avoid that "one accident." all areas to avoid falls ?

Mr. Eben is employed in the library of the Texas Division of The Dow Chemical Com- pany in Freeport, Texas. An earlier version of his Checklist appeared in no. 2, vol. 17, winter 1966 issue of the SLA Texas Chapter Bulletin. 652 SPECIALLIBRARIES MISCELLANEOUS 7. Are there any overhead hazards that extra 1. Are emergency exits available where tall people can bump into ? needed and are they unobstructed ? 8. Do library personnel know the proper 2. Are there sufficient working fire extin- method of lifting heavy objects? guishers and fire alarms located in easily ac- 9. Are all paper cutters properly labelled so cessible places ? that users are instructed to push down blade 3. Are glass walls and doors properly identi- after use ? fied to keep people from walking through or 10. Are box and package openers or knives into them ? properly shielded to avoid cuts? 4. Are "arcs of swing" of doors properly 11. Do all personnel attend safety meetings marked or do they have see-through panels regularly ? to avoid collisions when opening doors ? AUTHOR'SNOTE: Since the preparation of this 5. Are book lifts and elevators operating checklist, the author has seen Keyes D. Metcalf's properly? Have they been checked recently? book, Planning Academic and Research Library 6. Are book carts or dollies in good condi- building^, McGraw-Hill Book Co., 1965. Mr. Metcalf points out the need to design for safety tion and are they used properly? in library buildings.

Suggested Revision of Interlibrary Loan Form The Interlibrary Loan Committee of the Reference Services Division of the American Library Association has prepared a suggested revision of the present interlibrary loan form. The purpose of the revision is to provide more expeditiously for photocopy substitution in case the original material is noncirculating, although other changes, such as more space for author and title, have been made. This form is reproduced below so that readers of Special Libraries may have a chance to compare it with the form now in use and make further suggestions to the writer. The committee has prepared also a draft of a revised version of "Section IX. Photo- graphic Substitution" of the ALA Interlibrary Loan Code and recommendations on pol- icies and procedures to be followed in the provision of photocopies in lieu of loan. The text was published in RQ, Summer 1966, pages 23-4. MARJORIEKARLSON Reference Department, Washington University Libraries, St. Louis, Missouri

j INTERLIBRARY LOAN REQUEST REQUEST Accordlog to the A. L. A. lnterlibrory Loan Code A Dote of request: Remarks: REPORTS: Checked by- - Borrowkg Library Cali-No. SENT BY: LiSrcry Rate 0---- .ct Other Liii In left Charges $ Insured lor $-- half of form; rend ~he& A. B and C Dote sent-DATE DUE to Lendmg iihrory: and (01 period 01 loan) Far use in library only enriors -- - rhiopi~glaw. NOT SENT BECAUSE: Fw use of- Status Aept owned Fold Fold * Author [or Permd~caititle. vol ond yeor) Not by library Nan-clrculotmg. Hold placed*- Gin use Request again 0Other: Title (with author 6 pages for periodical articles1 (lncl edition, place 6 date1 Suggest you request of:

Wn'ess avddc to rend you wishln 4 weeks wiL 'm%~der Yo;: reauast cailcolled ar of that date. Estimated Cost ol Microhlm Any edition Verified in lor Source of reference) Photo~rm~

If "on-circulating, please supply U.lrlicro1~lm Photoprint il cost does not exceed $ librarv Lending Date vol recewed-p Library Date vol returned.-- By [3 Ltxurj :;,!, Fill io per- Other- tinent items -$-~nsured for 16- under enclosed REPORTS: RENEWALS: (Request and report bock an return sheets rheef C: iniwim RepwiJ B ond C to Borrorq- Note: No ocknovledgement of rece;pt w return is requrred The receiving library osrvmer Rque~tedon librory 1 raspona;b;llty for nat;ficdion of oon-receipt. Stomprm poymsnt of traosportotion costs should occompooy rhsst D: Ndice d return. AUTHORIZED BY: Renewed to I (or mod of renewall Revised Interlibrary Loan Request Form ANPA Survey of Newspaper Libraries- How They Operate and Look to Future

HE ANPA received nearly a 40% re- storage, making envelopes for aperture cards T sponse from the membership to a recent must be done before storage. One library Newspaper Library Questionnaire designed prints aperture cards for the master file, one to learn more about current library practices, card for each page of the paper, on a Diazo the current use of data processing equipment Copier, before storage. in library operations, microfilm storage and The majority of these libraries microfilm equipment, and new operations and systems back clippings only, but four libraries micro- being planned for the future. Replies were film both current and back clippings, some received from 294 libraries representing 371 on a more selective basis than others. Two li- daily newspapers. braries have microfilmed their indices. The most popular form for storage of the General Filing and Microfilming Practices microfilm in these 26 libraries is microfilm jackets by 11 libraries. Seven store reels, reels Microfilm of newspapers on reels has re- and aperture cards is the practice of three placed the bound file in newspaper libraries others, and two libraries store reels and film almost without exception. Microfilm readers jackets, while another uses microfiche and to accompany the microfilmed newspapers film jackets. One library uses microcards and are also an essential part of the newspaper another microfiche. library now, although some microfilmed The above 26 libraries have indicated ex- newspapers are stored at the public library. tending their present microfilm program, and Some 50 libraries failed to report the posses- 31 additional libraries are contemplating sion of a reader. microfilming clipping files in the near future. To maintain control of space in the li- Twenty-one libraries have both reader- brary in addition to newspapers on micro- printers and readers, while 12 have reader- film, weeding is practiced by 87% of those printers only. Other methods of producing libraries which responded. Only 82 libraries hard copy in addition to Xerox and Thermo- (28%) reported set retention schedules, 36 fax or by other copying machines reported having written notations on file folders, 23 by the libraries are photo-prints, photographs on cards, and 23 on lists, rolodex, in library and a thermal copier which produces positive o~erationmanuals or other forms. I aperture cards for reporters' use. One library In addition to microfilming the entire pa- reported that closed circuit television was per, 26 libraries use microfilm for other li- under consideration. Sixteen libraries have brary records, 21 of this number having over extra readers available outside the library. 100,000 circulation, two are in the circula- One library with a total of five readers has a tion bracket 50,000-100,000, and three in portable reader which can be removed from the 15,000-50,000 bracket. Sixteen of this the library. number use 16mm, and ten 35mm. Only eight of the above 26 libraries do the Indexing Practices camera work in the librarv.,, but 22 libraries prepare the material for microfilming. In 19 Data processing for printing out its subject instances the microfilm comes to the librarian heading list has been used by one library, the ready for storage, but in seven, further work equipment belonging to the newspaper's such as putting the film in jackets, labeling business office operation. In another, data jackets, cutting rolls for insertion, reeling for processing, using the equipment of the newspaper's accounting and research departments, was used experimentally on criminal court Repri~ztedwith pernzirsion from the Library records only. A third library, using IBM and Bulletin, no. 3, March 31, 1966, of the associated equipment in a cooperative but American Newspaper Publishers Association. independent indexing project with the city's public library, prints for distribution a sepa- value. The cards feature a +line synopsis of rate index referring to the newspaper. the story. Stories can then be cranked up on Another library, which keeps - a separate its reader-printer, copy made and given to index referring to the newspaper in addition reporters needing reference. The card files to its clipping file, prints its index monthly are culled by color as to year of origin for and annually for distribution to its micro- temporary. White is used for permanent. film subscribers. Several libraries have or are conducting Electro-mechanical Files feasibility studies on the use of data process- A few libraries already have, or will shortly ing systems, but the majority have come to be installing, LEKTRIEVERS or other types no definite decision. Twelve libraries are con- of electro-mechanical files. Eight additional templating the use of data processing in some libraries have indicated their interest in such form in the near future. equipment and are investigating its use and The advantages of a separate master index application to their operation. in addition to the clipping file is espoused by many newspaper libraries. Eighty-one li- Regional Newspaper Library braries which answered the ANPA auestion- naire maintain such an index. While some The following question was asked on the 10% of the number reporting an index may ANPA survey: "If a regional newspaper li- be more limited than others, the expansion brary or information center were made avail- of those limited indices is being planned. able, do you envisage using it?" 130 libraries Such indices refer to the clipping collection (44%) answered "yes" and 88 libraries for direct reference, to the newspaper only, (30%) answered an outright "no," while or to both. The majority of the indices refer 76 libraries (26%) replied it would depend to the newspaper only. More than 10 li- on various factors, such as cost, quality, etc. braries, now without an index, report future Others answered their use might be limited. plans include such indices. Clipping Files Among 14 libraries who do not keep current clip files six depend on the indices they Most libraries, 204 (70%), confine their keep which refer directly to their newspapers. clippings to their own newspaper, while 76 Of these six, two are in the under 15,000 (25%) store additional clips from various circulation bracket, and two in the 15,000- sources. Five per cent of the libraries report- 50,000 classification. Two others are in met- ing do not keep clip files. The most popular ropolitan cities, in the over 100,000 circula- method of storing clips is in envelopes, 184 tion category, one of which discontinued me this method while 39 use file folders in- current clips in October 1965, and in their stead. Three use scrapbooks only and 54 use place has an aperture card file (one card for a combination of two or all three containers. each page of the paper) retrieved through its A total of 116 libraries (41%) divide index. The index is typed (160 space type) the clipping file into biographical and sub- on 3 x 5 cards. The newspaper's index going ject divisions. However, 103 (37%) do not back to 1900 contains some 750,000 subject divide the clip file, libraries in the lower cir- and biographical cards with up to 20 entries culation brackets favoring no division to a a card. greater extent than those in the higher cir- The other metropolitan newspaper library culation categories. has not kept current clips for some time. It A small number, 16 libraries (6%), use a has approximately one billion index cards, geographical division in addition to bio- 5" x 8", double sided, in lieu of clippings, graphical and subject. However, 45 libraries and it reports that its microfilm, directly re- (16%) add an additional third or fourth lated to its index, is in constant use. breakdown and include a by-line or business One of the other libraries already referred organization division. to as in the 15,000-50,000 circulation bracket files 3 x 5 index cards keyed to its microfilm Filing Pictures, Cuts and Negatives reels, under multiple subject headings, and In most libraries the picture files follow color coded as to permanent or temporary the same pattern as the clip files. If clip files are divided or not divided, the picture files storage to inquirer, these are not included in follow suit although there are exceptions. the above tabulation. One hundred eight libraries (37%) do not divide the picture file, 172 (58%) do Charge Out Method have divisions. A smaller number of libraries, Card charge-out is used by the majority of 14 ( 5% ) , do not have a separate picture file libraries, 97 in number. Charge book is used but keep pictures with clips. Some do not by 58; charge slips by 35; sign out sheets keep pictures at all. 24; other forms or no forms at all 80. An increasing number of libraries, includ- The majority, 209 libraries, reported that ing those newspapers now printed by offset, persons other than library personnel retrieved do not keep cuts. When cuts are kept, the and charged out material. Reporters, city majority of libraries keep them in a separate editors, copy boys, advertising department file, divided in the same manner as the clip personnel, radio station personnel were and picture files or into one or two column among the many allowed to retrieve and and larger cut size divisions. One hundred charge out. Eighty-five libraries do not per- fifty-seven libraries (53%) keep a separate mit retrieval or charge out by other than the cut file. Eighty-eight libraries (30%) keep library staff. cuts with pictures; 25 (9%) do not keep cuts at all, and 24 libraries (8%) keep them Inquiries with clips or keep all thredips, pictures The majority, 99 libraries, receive inquiries and cuts together. by telephone and personal visit; 89 others by The majority, 155 (53%), do not keep telephone, personal visit and messenger; 73 negatives in the library. They are kept either by visit only; four by telephone and signed in the photographic department or not kept requests; three by telephone, signed requests at all. and visits; three by visits and signed re- Where negatives are kept in the library quests; two by telephone only; one by visit they are filed separately; kept by date; filed and messenger; one by signed request only; chronologically and cross-indexed; filed and 19 by all four means. One library has with pictures, kept with clips, or in several communication through pneumatic tube. other combinations. One hundred thirty-nine (47%) keep negatives in the library. Library Hours and Days Open Multiple Clips Following is a breakdown of the hours newspaper libraries, reporting to ANPA, are Two hundred twenty-one libraries (75%) open : file clips in multiples. Of this number, 170 (77%) use cross references while 51 (23%) Hours 8 or less 9-15 16-19 20 24 do not. Although a number of libraries failed No. of replies 93 82 53 2 24 to answer the question as to the basic number Forty did not reply. of clips filed per article the breakdown on Following is a breakdown of the libraries the 204 that did follows: reporting the number of days they are open: Number of clips 1 2 3 4 5 6 8 10 Days 5 67 Number of replies 89 61 32 16 3 1 1 1 No. of replies 53 138 61 Average Retrieval Time Forty-two did not reply. Seventy-one (24%) reported a night staff The average retrieval time for a basic clip in attendance varying from one to eight in file from storage to inquirer brought the fol- number. lowing answers : - Time 10-30 sec. 1 min. 2 min. 3-5 min. 15 min. 2-8 hrs. Redies 37 56 20 3 2 4 15 Since a number of those replying seem to Public Information have interpreted this question as retrieval Two hundred fifteen (73%) of the li- time from storage and back, instead of from braries reporting do not include a Public In- formation Bureau; 67 (23%) report they circulation categories reported personnel of do; 12 (4%) report a limited operation of staff varying from one to four in number. such a bureau. However, 148 (50%) are In the 47 libraries in the circulation bracket open to the public and students; 41 (14%) 50,000-100,000 the personnel of staff varied on a limited basis and 105 (36%) are not from one to ten in number. open to students and the public. In the 97 libraries in the over 100,000 circulation bracket personnel of library staff varied from two to 23 in number. Library Personnel Additional duties performed by the library In many libraries of smaller newspapers or librarian were reported by 128 (4470) no one person is designated as librarian, the of the respondent libraries; 166 (56y0) did work being carried on by editors, reporters, not list any added responsibilities assigned copy boys, secretaries or part-time clerks. to the library staff. The nature of duties that Twenty-six libraries (62%) in the under were listed ran from clerical, secretarial, 15,000 circulation bracket reported no librar- proof-reading, reporting, supervisor of switch- ian. In the 15,000-50,000 circulation cate- boards and phones, Klischograph operation gory, 15 (14%) reported no librarian. The to being in charge of all copy boys and re- 109 (72:h) remaining libraries in these two ceptionists on one large city newspaper. Guy R. Bell Appointed SLA

UY R. BELL,former managing editor of Church in Metropolis, G a quarterly published by the Joint Urban Program of the Executive Council of the Episcopal Church, began duties October 1 as Publications and Public Relations Director for Special Li- braries Association. He takes over the position formerly held by Mary L. Allison, who, effective October 8, became an editor with "Books for Educators" at Scholastic Book Services Division of Scholastic Magazines, Inc. Prior to serving as managing editor for the Executive Council, Mr. Bell was an editor-writer in its Publications Division and an assistant to the Public Relations Officer. For two years he was an editor in the Department of Publication Services for the National Council of the Churches of Christ after serving several months as assistant to the President of Industry Service Bureaus, Inc. Mr. Bell's first introduction to association editorial and public relations work was as assistant to the Executive Vice-president of the New Jersey Bankers Association in 1954. Mr. Bell grew up in Flemington, New Jersey, and attended public schools there. In 1751 he received a B.A. (magna cum laude) in English from Princeton University. Upon graduation he spent two years in the U.S. Army Counter Intelligence Corps in the U.S. and Germany. Mr. Bell now resides in Manhattan. Thjs Works for Us . . .

The "Silent Librarian" Everyone knows of a "silent butler" for cleaning up cigarette ashes or passing around cocktail tid-bits-In short, it is a transport saving device in the home-but whoever heard of a "silent librarian" (though a rare specimen of the breed may be silent!) ? How- ever, this is the name Riker Laboratories Li- brary has given to a Library Guide and Index to Placement of Collections that is used by "the after-hours bookworm" or whenever no library staff are around to answer the questions, "Where is " or "Where do you keep -. 7' Our "silent librarian" is a Linedex on a stand (Remington Rand Desk Stand Linedex #340024 and page frames #41271.8), placed on top of the book catalog file just inside the The Linedex guide to the library holdings main door of the library. It contains 25 12 x 7 inch double-faced pages, each with space for ing to the subject of the journal title and 60 3/s inch movable paper strips encased in conform to the color of the shelf label un- cellophane tubular jacketing (also available der each set in the stacks, i.e., green for from Remington Rand) ; each strip carries chemical journals, blue for biological, phar- one typed entry. macologic, and pharmaceutical, red for med- The Linedex guide is divided into five ical, yellow for technologic, and white for parts; the index to it appears on a paper business and non-technical journals. In this plaque pasted on the flat front floor of the way, by checking colors, a quick impression can be gained of the subject journal holdings stand. Part I, page 1, has a schematic diagram of the library's layout, indicating placement of the library, or the actual number of med- of shelves, files, desks, and so on. Part 11, ical journals, for instance, can be counted. page 2, details the library's rules for loans Part V lists the main subjects on which ab- and check-out of material. Part 111, pages 3-7, stracts (a current bibliography) are main- lists alphabetically the subjects of the book tained in the abstract card file, and a symbol collection, the L.C. classes, and shelf num- indicates if reprint and vertical files also contain material on the subject. bers where classes can be found. Page 8, de- Tabs on the side of each page frame of the voted to the reference class of material (not Linedex give its part number, page number, to be removed from the library), similarly and alphabet letters of its list. lists literature search tools (abstract journals As the Linedex strips are separate and and indexes) and the handbook collection moveable, only portions of a page or indi- (dictionaries, directories, encyclopedias, glos- vidual strips need to be corrected, when, due saries, statistical volumes, and trade catalogs). to expansion, relocation of classes on shelves Part IV, pages 9-19, alphabetically list the occurs, and additional subjects or titles can journal holdings. Each strip gives one title, be added by simply inserting new strips. the beginning volume of the set, a symbol Our "silent librarian" has been a great help for completeness and for currency, and the to the "do-it-yourself" type of literature stack aisle and shelf number where the set is searcher as well as to the library client too shy housed (if a set is incomplete, details for to "ask the librarian." specific missing numbers or volumes can be L. 0. LEWTON,Head found by consulting the journal holdings Technical Literature Section card catalog). The strips are colored accord- Riker Laboratories, Inc., Northridge, Calif. Government and Libraries

LIBRARYLEGISLATION IN CANADA library, so its holdings include some of the HE LAW is a hard queer thing, I do not rarest material in the country. Special li- "Tunderstand it," said Poundmaker, the braries can always call upon its resources Cree Indian, who was being tried for his when the information is not obtainable else- part in the Riel Rebellion around 1885. Now where. Poundmaker was an Indian and might be The ather federal act is the National Li- excused for feeling like this about the law. brary Act passed in 1952. This legislation In this writer's case there is no such excuse. makes available to all librarians, including and yet having scanned the existing library those in special libraries, all the facilities of legislation in Canada, some of the same feel- all libraries in the country. Its central service ing begins to arise. at the moment is the great union catalogue Perhaps the reason for this feeling lies in from which location of titles is established the fact that libraries in Canada have always so that librarians may know where to bor- been considered closely related to education ; row what on interlibrary loan. As yet only a and education in Canada is constitutionally a complete reference collection and limited book provincial matter. That is to say we do not stock are in readiness due to lack of space. have an Office or Department of Education But in the fall of 1966 there will be a new in the federal government. Canada has ten building into which all the books in storage provinces, each with its own body of library will be moved. With all the modern equip- legislation, and because these laws are not ment, including Telex, and a large staff of the work of a central government they are trained librarians, the services are expected 211 as different as they are similar. This is to expand and improve. not to say that such legislation is either in- It might be in brder to say something here adequate or poor. It is, however, very diffi- regarding customs duties on books and-mate- cult to summarize all the laws in the limited rials entering the country for use in libraries. space available here. This is controlled by Title 17315-1 of the Most of the provincial library laws deal Customs Act, which reads as follows:

with public library service. In most pro\mces ' "All books for bona-fide libraries, and be- these are supported by local and provincial ing the property of the organized authorities taxation. Newfoundland and Prince Edward of such libraries and not in anv case the Island have no local taxation. Specifically. property of individuals or business concerns there is no legislation, federal or provincial, under such regulations as the Minister may directly concerning special libraries. But all prescribe. . . . Free Free Flee." library legislation that results in the setting This means that there is no problem for up of good collections, efficiently run by special libraries here, unless in some case or trained librarians, makes the work of the c'lses someone decides to implement the regu- special libraries easier, because all libraries in lations in a way that the Minister did not Canada cooperate fully with each other and actually mean. As far as cm be '~scertained

ue supported in this effort by the National at the moment. there is no difficultv,,, and Library where excellent centralized records hooks are coming in free of duty. 'Ire becoming more complete and more effi- There is one possible development in Ca- cient every day. nadian legislation that may affect all libraries Federally, there are two library acts on the in the not too distant future. This has to do Canadian statute books. One is the Library with the Canadian copyright law, which of Parliament Act governing the nearly 500,- more and more people are unwittingly break- 000-volume library that serves the House of ing by the use of modern copying machines. Commons and the Senate. This library has a A concerted effort is under way at present to fine book and document collection supple- control this. Dean W. R. Lederman of mented by the best in modern library facil- Queen's University Law School is heading a ities: microfilm, Xerox, and the like. For committee to study the problems involved: It many years this library acted as a national is expected that this study will continue NOVEMBER1966 through most of 1967, to be climaxed late that by a conference on copyright, when STATEMENT of ownership, management and ~irculation(.4ct of October 23, 1962; Section 4369, the resultant papers will be presented. This I'itle 39, United States Code). movement is being sponsored by the Cana- 1. Datc of filing: September 29, 1966. 2. Title of publ~cation:Special Libraries. dian Copyright Institute. It might result in a 3. Frequency ol issue: hlonthly except Xlay-June revision of the Copyright Act and a royalty and July-August, which arc combined issues. 4. l ocation of known ofl~ce of pnhlicatio~. 71 being collected each time a copy is made. .\lain Strret, Brattleboro, IVindham, Vermont 0 5. Location of thc headquarte~s or gcnrral busi- This might, indeed, be a rery big change for ness offices of the ~,ublishrrs: 31 Ea,t 10th Strret, Nrw York, K. Y. 10003. some special libraries. 6. Kames and addres5es of publisher, editor, and managing editor: I'nblisher, Special Libraries Asso- Lastly, the Canadian Library Association, ciation, 31 East 10th St~eet,New York 10003; Editor, Guy R. Bell, Special Libraries Association, 31 East at its annual conference in Calgary in June 10th Street, Kew York 10003; hlanaging Editor, Guy 1966, passed a resolution dealing with this R. Bell, Special Libraries Association, 31 East 10th Street, New York 10003. copyright problem. They set up a small ad 7. Owner (If onned by a corporation, its name and address must he stated and also immediately hoc committee to examine the Copyright Act thereunder the names and addresses of stockholders owning or holding 1 percent or more of total as it relates to libraries and photocopying amount of stock. If not owned by a corporation, the names and addresses of the indirzidnal owners must machines and will seek legal advice that be given. If owned by a partnership or other unin- corporated firm, its name and address, as rcell as eventually will be passed on to the member- that of each individual must be given.): Special 1.i- ship. Perhaps it will result in fewer contra- braries Association, 31 Eart 10th Street, New York 10003. ventions of the copyright law and protect the 8. Known hondholdcrs, mortgagees, and other sccurity holders onning or holding 1 percent or librarians whose first interest is to render more of total amount of bonds, mortgages or other securities: none. good service. 9. Paragraphs 7 and 8 include, in cases where the stockholder or security holder appears upon the OLIVEGOUTHREAU books of the company as trustee or in any other fiduciary relation, the name of the person or corpo- Library of Parliament ration for whom such trustee is acting, also the Lecturer, University of Ottawa Library School rtatements in the two paragraphs show the affiant's full knowledge and belief as to the circumstances Ottawa, Canada and conditions under nhich stockholders and security holders who do not appear upon the books of the company as trustees, hold stock and securities in a capacity other than that of a bona fide owner. Kames and addresses of individuals who are stockholders of a corporation which itself is a Automation Studies stockholder or holder of bonds, mortgages or other secnrities of the publishing corporation have been A $25,000 survey of library automation in inclnded in paragraphs 7 and 8 when the interests of such individuals are equivalent to 1 percent or Texas will be conducted bv Texas A&M more of the total amonnt of the stock or securities of the publishing corporation. University under a matching-fund grant from 10. This item must be completed for all publications except those which do not rarry advertising the Texas College and University System other than the publisher's own and which are named in sections 132.231, 132.232, and 132.235. Coordinating Board. The first phase of the Postal Manual (Sections 4355a, 4355b, and 43.56 of project is to make an inventory of the data Title 39, United States Code). Sjngle processing resources of libraries in Texas and Average no. Issue copies each nearest present recommendations concerning the use issue dnring to preceding I2 filing of computers in the library. The second phase months date will investigate the feasibility of automating A. Total no. copies printed (net press run) ...... 9,380 9,700 routine clerical functions, and the third phase 13. Paid circulation will review, on a continuing basis, the more 1. Sales through dealers and carriers, rtreet vendors sophisticated processing systems and present and counter sales ...... nonc none recommendation for implementation on a 2. Mail subscriptions . . . . . 8,068 8,431 cooperative basis. C. Total paid circulation . . . . 8,068 8,431 D. Free distribution (including samples) by mail, carrier or The Bureau of Information Sciences Research other means ...... 53 60 of the Rutgers University School of Library E. Total distribution (sum of C and D) ...... 8,123 8,491 Service received a $55,000 National Library F. Ofice use, Icfr-over, nnac- of Medicine grant to conduct a study of auto- rounted, spoiled after printing ...... 125; !,?09 matic indexing. Dr. Susan Artandi wilI be G. Total (sum of E B; F- the principal investigator of the program shonld equal net press run shown in A) ...... 9,380 9,790 whose objective is to explore the applicability I certify that the statements made by me abore of automatic indexing methods to the proc- are correct and complete. essing of drug information appearing in the BILL hf. WOODS,Executive Director literature. Study of Government Abstracting and York. Mrs. Atherton will continue to serve Indexing Services as consultant and staff advisor for AIP. The Directorate of Information Sciences of KEITHG. BLAIR,has recently been appointed the Air Force Office of Scientific Research Supervisor of Library and Information Serv- awarded a $22,000 grant to the Columbia ices for the Convair Division of General University School of Library Sen'we to con- Dynamics in San Diego. duct a study on the diffusion patterns of gov- PATRICIAL. BROWN,formerly a Technical ernment abstracting and indexing services. It Information Consultant with Texas Instru- will attempt to establish who the recipients ments, Dallas, has joined the Columbus Lab- of such services are, how they make use of oratories staff of Battelle Memorial Institute the services, and where they are geograph- as Senior Information Scientist. ically, industrially, and institutionally. Irving FRANK C. CAMPBELL,formerly Assistant M. Klempner, an SLA member working on Director of the New York Public Library's his Ph.D. in library science and currently Music Division, has recently been appointed Manager of Information Services at United its Chief. Nuclear Corporation, White Plains, will be THOMASF. DEAHL,formerly with the Min- the chief investigator. Publication of the re- nesota Historical Society, recently accepted a sults of the study is planned for the spring of position with the Auerbach Company in 1967. Philadelphia. "New Serial Titles" Study THEODOREMILLER, former Research Li- The effectiveness of New Seviul title.^, a brarian at Investors Diversified Services, monthly publication of the Library of Con- Inc., Minneapolis, is now Librarian at John gress, is the object of investigation by the I. Thompson 8 Co., Washington, D. C. Suc- Joint Committee on the Union List of Serials, ceeding Mr. Miller at IDS is MELVINKIRK- Inc., with a $9,500 grant from the Council PATRICK,former Head Librarian at Camp- on Library Resources, Inc. Based on a con- bell-Mithun, Inc., Minneapolis. BERNADETTE sumer survey and visits to selected Canadian BECKER,former Assistant Librarian at Camp- and United States libraries, it is expected bell-Mithun, Inc., succeeds Mr. Kirkpatrick that the survey will show the effectiveness of as Head Librarian. NST as a record of serials published in 1950 FOSTERE. MOHRHARDT,Director of the Na- and later, its value as a tool for locating se- tional Agricultural Library, consulted with rials in various libraries, the value, use, and agricultural experts and librarians in Japan, Frequency of issue, and possible changes in the Philippines, Thailand, India, France, and the classed subject list. Information will also The Netherlands during the month of Sep- be gathered concerning serial control and the tember. The contacts will be useful in estab- gap between the coverage of NST and the lishing a centralized information network of Ciuiou List of Serialr. A final report is ex- agricultural libraries. pected in about one year. PHILIPROSENSTEIN, former Librarian at the Brooklyn College of Pharmacy Library, has In Memoriam been appointed Librarian of New Jersey Col- ANITA FAVERO,Librarian at the 3M Com- lege of Medicine and Dentistry, Jersey City. pany's Technical Library, St. Paul, Minne- KATEWALLACH, Law Librarian and Profes- sota, died September 2 after a long illness. sor of Law at Louisiana State University, was elected President of the American Associa- Members in the News tion of Law Libraries. Other SLA members PAULINE ATHERTON,formerly with the serving with her are President-Elect WIL- American Institute of Physics, is now Asso- LIAM D. MURPHYand Secretary JANEHAM- ciate Professor at the Syracuse University MOND;Chairman of the Certification Board School of Library Science, Syracuse, New is MARYW. OLIVER. Dan Lacy Joins McGraw-Hill nurses, clergymen, dietitians, entertainers "not otherwise classified," dancers and dancing Dan Lacy, former Managing Director of the teachers, and religious workers. When one American Book Publishers Council, became takes into consideration the fact that clergy- Senior Vice-president of the McGraw-Hill men are usually provided housing in addi- Book Company on November 1. Mr. Lacy tion to salary, there are probably only five had been with the Council for 13 years, and that actually rank below librarians in total prior to that time he had been Assistant Ar- earnings. chivist of the United States, Deputy Chief Of special significance from the standpoint Assistant Librarian of the Library of Con- of recruiting are the facts that the tables gress, and Assistant Administrator of the In- reveal concerning the educational attainment of librarians as compared with other profes- ternational Information Administration in sions. In only 26 out of the 81 professions the Department of State. listed is the median number of school years completed more than that for librarians New Director for ALA Office (16.7), but 74 out of 81 rank above librarians Thomas R. Buckman is on a one-year leave in earnings. Of the 26, only the clergy, with of absence from his duties as Director of Li- a median figure of 17.1 years of schooling, braries at the University of Kansas to serve rank below librarians in annual earnings. All as Consultant on International Programs of the others are near the top of the list. As I have already pointed out, clergymen usually the American Library Associaticn's Interna- get important benefits in addition to salary. tional Relations Office. Mr. Buckman suc- (Besides, they may expect special treatment ceeds Dr. Lester Asheim, who is now DI- in the hereafter to which librarians have no rector of ALA's Office for Library Education. special claim.) With regard to educational attainment, it is Letter to the Editor important to note that the number of median school years completed by librarians (16.7) is very near the highest number listed for any As I read the report of the SLA Recruit- profession (17.5), and close to those -which ment Committee (Sperinl Libmries, Septem- rank the highest in earnings. For example, for ber 1966) and all the activities in which it is physicians, who rank first, it is 17.5; for engaged toward the goal of "recruitment of college presidents, in rank no. 8, it is 17.4. A intelligent young people and competent peo- number of professions whose rank is much ple from other professions to the special higher in earnings than the poor librarian's librarianship field," I am filled with adrnira- 2 19 require considerably less education. tion for that Committee's courage in view of One conclusion to he drawn from all this the handicaps under which it labors. One of these handicaps is thoroughly covered in a seems obvious. Recruiting men into the library paper that \vas published over a year ago. profession in any appreciable numbers is not This paper, entitled "A Ranking of U.S. likely in vie\{ of the fact that the educational requirements are so far out of line with Occupations by Earnings,'' by Mas A. Rut- expected earnings. I quote, ~vithoutcomment, zik, appeared in the March 1965 issue of the following from the paper under discus- the Alo~thl~Lnhui. Rez'jew. The information sion : contained therein covers mrrle zc~urkers on/] "Most professional occupations ranked high and the statistics are for the year 1959. How ever, although the median annual salary in annual earnings. . . . At the same time, given for each occupation may have changed other professional occupations . . . were in since that year, there is no reason to believe the lower portion of the earnings array. These that there has been anv change in the rank- lower paid professional workers had educa- ing of the various occupations during the tional levels similar to other professional past six or seven years. groups. But, with the exception of clergymen, A careful look at the tables, which consti- they had a large proportion of women in tute a major part of this study, reveals some their field of work, and the lower earnings interesting facts about the library profession. may be associated, at least in part, with this Of the 321 occupations listed, 81 are classi- characteristic." fied as "professional." Although most of SAMUELSASS, Librarian these are near the top of the list in annual The William Stanley Librarl earnings, librarians are no. 219. Only six General Electric Company professions rank below librarians; these are Pittsfield, Massachusetts Off the Press. , ,

Book Reviews tions and provide wider service by means ot financial assistance. BONN, George S. Science-Technology Literri- Some of the problems revealed in this re- /we Resources in Cnnndn: Report of rr Survey port can be solved by local effort, but there lor the Associnte Committee on Scientific In- is also a need for an over-all plan to raise ,formation. Ottawa: Associate Committee on the general level of availability of science- Scientific Information, National Research technology literature and at the same time Council, 1966. 80 p. $1.00. relieve the pressure on the libraries that are Mr. Bonn's survey covered forty-eight li- already strong in this field. So far as can braries in all parts of the country, the rnajor- be seen, the report presents a balanced ap- ity of them university libraries, but also pro- praisal of the situation, and the recommenda- vincial research councils, the largest public tions and suggestions are such as could rea- libraries, and the libraries of Atomic Energy sonably be implemented in the not too of Canada Ltd. and the Hydro-Electric Power distant future. Commission of Ontario. Medicine was not STEPHENJ. KEES,Librarian included as it had recently been surveyed by The Ontario Paper Company Ltd. Beatrice Simon. No federal government li- Thorold, Ontario, Canada braries were surveyed nor were those of any companies. WALKER,J. R. A. Information Balletins in By visits and/or questionnaires and check- Specirrl Libraries. London: Library Associa- lists, an attempt was made to survey the tion, 1966. 128 p. 36s. adequacy of the collections in relation to their primary function and to what extent This work was originally a thesis submit- they were available to nonmembers. The ted and approved for the Fellowship of the checklists covered journals, abstracting and Library Association. It is not a formal survey indexing services, major reference works, and of library bulletins but the results of the au- book selection aids. Since these lists give a thor's conversations with librarians and bul- broad coverage of the fields of science and letin editors from 57 British libraries and technology, some of the reported deficiencies the examination and study of 103 publica- seem a little hard to understand. In some tions. cases, at least, libraries are placing undue The author has prepared an excellent Little reliance on the presence, in nearby libraries, manual for the use of those individuals, the of material that they themselves should pos- world over, who are interested in the prepara- sess. tion of good information bulletins. The author While visiting the universities, Mr. Bonn defines information bulletins as any publica- took the opportunity to sample faculty atti- tion, other than a subject bibliography, de- tudes toward the library services available, signed to advise the library's users of the and he found that there was often a lack of existence of recent literature in their fields communication between the faculty and the of study. However, the book is not instruc- librarians serving them. On the other hand, tional nor does it tell the right or wrong way many librarians seemed to rely unduly on the of doing things, but it points out what should assistance of faculty members in book se- be considered and what others are doing in lection. producing information bulletins. Besides assessing the present resources in There is a discussion of the need for ab- the fields of science and technology, the sur- stracting services, the need for library infor- vey attempted to find out if there was a mation bulletins, the case for and against need for a strong central collection and where centralized services in large organizations, it should be located. Mr. Bonn found that the characteristics of each type of bulletin, there was such a need and recommends that and the methods of selecting and abstracting the existing National Science Library in Ot- material. The internal arrangements of bulle- tawa be strengthened and continue to be lo- tins are covered in detail: subject headings; cated there. He further recommends that in layout of pages; numbering of entries, pages, order to provide better resources for science and bulletins; citations; covers; styles; and use and technology across the country, the Na- of color. There is included a survey of repro- tional Science Library should undertake to duction methods used, a discussion of con- assist selected libraries to enrich their col!ec- trolling the literature after it is publicized, and a summary of copyright difficulties. In- A selected glossary of "terms used in statisti- teresting and informative appendixes include cal surveys" is the first of three appendixes. a bibliography of 119 entries, 24 samples of Even without making allowances for the information bulletin pages, 37 representative all-too-well-known difficulties inherent in de- titles for information bulletins, and a brief fining a special library, Anne McCann, who index. wrote the chapter on special libraries, did The author has examined and interviewed very well, indeed. She follows the general several British bulletins and librarians and pattern of presentation (although not rigidly) read and referenced many American authors by discussing the problem of definition, popu- on the subject. He states in his introduction, lation served, clientele, hours of service, "The bulletins from which the sample pages physical facilities, collections, circulation, ref- were chosen must, of necessity, remain anony- erence and bibliographic services, technical mous." I do not agree with the statement; on services, personnel, income, expenditures, and the contrary, I feel the authors, editors, and data proc&sing. management responsible for producing the At this point, custom demands that the re- elite bulletins selected should be so honored viewer find some fault with the book under and identified. Personal experience with sur- consideration, however obvious it may be veys in American libraries has proven this; that the group responsible had done its work also, many of us would have been interested well in a remarkably short time and with in some bulletin covers displayed among the full awareness of the shortcomings in the samples shown and perhaps some unique and end product. Thus, it will come as no sur- effective order forms. prise to Joel Williams if I point out that the This reviewer, a librarian with a keen inter- glossary is too selective and some definitions est in library bulletins, finds little fault with are overly brief. The special librarian would and much to praise the author for a job well regret the absence of definitions for such done. terms as current awareness, information spe- KEITHG. BLAIR,Supervisor cialist, SDI, standards and specifications, hard Libraries and Information Services copy, and others. But he should also note the Convair Division of General Dynamics director's warning in the introduction: "The San Diego, California glossary is highly limited and specialized . . . it was probably esamined more closely and more carefully than any other part of the WILLIAMS,Joel, ed. Librdvy Statistics: A Hmdbook of Concepts, Definitions nnd Ter- handbook . . . it will be out of date sooner." Another point of interest to the special minology. Chicago: American Library Associa- library profession is the fact that the chapter tion Statistics Coordinating Project, 1966. xv, on special libraries does not cover all mern- 160 p. $5.50 (L.C. 66-22724) bers of this hydra-headed family. Special sub- This handbook culminates the efforts of ject departments of public libraries, depart- several library groups (including SLA) to mental and professional libraries in colleges provide standards for gathering and report- and universities, professional libraries in ing statistics for several basic types of li- school systems, and specialized libraries serv- braries. The project was directed by Joel Wil- ing state agencies are included with their liams of the United States Office of Educa- organizational groups. tion with the assistance of five consulting I can sympathize with ihos~who had to librarians, who contributed appropriate chap- make the difficult decisions necessary to pro- ters on the group each represented. The effort vide even a minirnurn of order and logic in was also blessed by a distinguished advisory the proposed standards. Much of the statisti- committee and further scrutinized by about cal information ordinarily wanted would seem 165 attendees invited to four regional con- to be most useful if collected along the lines ferences convened for the purpose of gaining scggested by the handbook. But at the same grass-roots support. time, other data (for esample, those relating The completed \~ork consists of a brief to manpower resources and manpower needs introduction by Joel Williams followed by in special libraries) will not be available if chapters discussing problems of measurement special librarians in public libraries, universi- and offering recommendations relating to the ties. and state offices are counted with those conduct of statistical surveys for: I) college in other types of organizations. and university libraries; 2) public libraries; Nevertheless, the guidelines provided by 3) state agency libraries; 4) school libraries; this handbook should be gratefully accepted j) special libraries; and 6) library education. and put to use by each librarian in filling out, however reluctantly, the many worthy ques- Library Planning Report tionnaires that reach his desk. The accuracy Stntewide Long-Range Planning for Librnrier. and reliability of every statistical description a report of a Library Services Branch spon- of his professional universe depend entirely sored meeting, September 19-22, 1965, is on him. available in a soft-cover edition from the ANTHONYT. KRUZAS,Associate Professor Superintendent of Documents for 40 cents. Department of Library Science The papers and panel discussions include University of Michigan, Ann Arbor Public Planning Today-The Key to Tomor- row, L. L. Durisch; Principles of Statewide Li- New Jersey Membership Directory brary Planning, L. A. Martin; Getting the The New Jersey Chapter of SLA has re- Facts-How and Who, K. E. Beasley; De- cently published its Alemlership Directory veloping a Plan of Action, Charles A. Nelson; 1966-1967. which contains names of Chapter Planning for Personnel, I. A. Verschoor; How officers, committees, and Sustaining members; to Get Started and Keep Going, R. Blasin- organizations with which members are affili- ganie, Jr.; The Responsibility and Opportunity ated; and a list of members with home ad- of Education, E. B. Nyquist; and Establish- dresses and home telephone numbers. Chap- ing Goals and Standards, The Role of State ter members may purchase additional copies Library Agencies, and Involving the Various at $1.00 each, but the Direi-tory is not avail- Groups Concerned (panel discussions). There able for further distribution. is also an appendix of conference participants. Revision of New York Directory Underway SLA Authors The 11th edition of the New York Chapter's BAER, Karl A. Foster E. Mohrhardt, Presi- Ilirertory of Spec-lnl Lilirarier and Injovmn- dent-Elect of the American Library Associa- tjon Center.r of Grente~New t'ork is no\v tion. D.C. Lib~nrie.r,vol. 37, no. 4, Fall 1966, being revised, and anyone with knowledge of p. 58-9. new libraries in the area is urged to contact ARODMAN,Estelle. Why Continuing Educa- George Ginader. Chief Librarian, New York tion? D.C. Lib~nrie.r,vol. 37, no. 4, Fall 1966, Stock Exchange, 11 Wall Street, New York p. 51-1. City 10005. The deadline for this information DONOH~TE,Joseph C. Librarianship and the is November 21, 1966. Science of Information. Ame~rranUolumenta- //on, vo1. 17, no. 3, July 1966, p. 120-3. Information Sources on Water -- , co-author. Coming of Age in Acad- The National Referral Center for Science and eme-Information Science at 21. American Technology at the Library of Congress has Documentation, vol. 17, no. 3, July 1966, p. recently published A Di~ectory of Informa- 117-19. tion Resonrces in the United 3tate.i: Water. MULLINS,Lynn S. Sources of Information on The 248-page directory lists several hundred Medical Geography. Bulletin oj the kledicai government, academic, professional, and as- Library A.rsoridtion, vol. 54, no. 3, July 1966, sociation groups doing research or collecting p. 230-42. data on water and water-related subjects. The emphasis is on fresh water. Orders, accompa- Geography and Map Bulletin on Microfilm nied by $1.50, should be sent to the Superin- tendent of Documents, Government Printing The Library of Congress Photoduplication Office, Washington, D. C. 20402. Service has microfilmed the SLA Geography and Map Division's Bulletin, numbers 1-55, Telex Address Book covering the years 1947-64. These issues are available either as two reels of 35mm posi- The IFLA/IATUL Telecode dnd Interna- tive microfilm at $20.00 or electrostatic prints tional Telex Addres.r Book, containing over for $135.00. Orders should be sent to the 800 telex users for libraries and documenta- Photoduplication Service, Department C-85, tion centers, has just been published. This LC, Washington, D. C. 20540. reference is in English, French, Spanish, Ital- ian, Russian, German, Dutch, Danish, Nor- Business Periodicals Index Revised wegian, and Swedish, and is available from the IFLA Secretariat, 13 Vine Court Road, The H. W. Wilson Company, publisher of Sevenoaks, Kent, England, for &2 2s. ($7); 21 Business Periodicals Index, has revised the 15s. for IFLAIFIAB members. Checks should contents to include six more periodicals con- be made payable to IFLA/FIAB. cerned with marketing, more than twice the number of labor periodicals, and an increased LINCOLN LABORATORY,MASSACHUSETTS INSTI- coverage of journals in the fields of advertis- TUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.A6strac1.1, Scientific utzd ing and public relations, automation, bank- Ettgineeritzg Papers. 1962-1965. (Prepared under icg, economics, and management. Electronic Systems Di\ ision Contract AF 19(628)- 500). Lexington, Mass.: June 1965. iii, 183 p. Reprinting of Times Literary Supplement pap. Gratis. (Also availab!e from DDC (AD625694) or CFSTI.) The R. R. Bowker Company has initiated a Contains abstracts of journal articles by Lin- three-year project for the reprinting of the coln Laboratory authors and abstracts of theses London Times L~ternry Supplement from its for advanced degrees, all published or submitted first issue in 1902 through 1964. Each volume between 1962 and 1965. Three earlier volumes will contain one year of the weekly Snpple- have been issued covering 1954 to 1956 (o/p), ments. For 1967, twenty-one volumes for the 1956 to 1960, and 1960 to 1962. years 1923-43 will be printed; in 1968, MCMULLAN,T. N., ed. Lou~~iulldNeu'~pupe1~. 1902-22; and in 1969, 1944-64. The volumes, 1794-1961: A L7niorz-List of h'ewspaper Fi1e.r which are priced at $33.60 net postpaid, will n1,ailable in Public, College, Cnitmenrity, and Spe- be printed on permanent paper in a cloth cidl Libraries in Louisiana, 1965. Baton Rouge. binding. The first twenty-one volumes are La.: Louisiana Library Association, c/o Louisiana $600.00 net postpaid. State Library, P.O. Hos 131. 1966. $2. Includes about 1,000 newspapers giving infor- Microfilming of U.S. Patents mation (if known) on frequency, date and place of publication, editors, title variations, and other More than 3.25 million patents issued by pertinent data. It also lists both film and original the United States since 1790, each averaging holdings found in specified Louisiana libraries. six pages in length, are to be microfilmed by Detailed index and many cross references. the Business Systems Markets Division of MUNCH-PETERSEN,Erland, assisted by MOSHEK. Eastman Kodak Company for the U.S. Patent Frederic J. A Guide to Danish Bibliograph~.Co- Office. The microfilm images of up to eight penhagen: Royal School of Librarianship, 1965. pages of a patent document will be contained 140 p. pap. Danish kr. 18.50. (Sold by Bibliotek- in a single 35mm frame mounted in the scentralen, Mosedalvej 11, Copenhagen, Valby.) aperture window of a standard 3% by 7% A survey of essential Danish national and sub- inch tab card. The microfilming is designed ject bibliographies including bibliographies of individual authors. Indexed by name of compiler. to make the technology in the patents more readily available to requesters. NATIONALHOUSING CENTER. Apa~tment house.^, A Selected List of References (Including Periodi- Directory of Computer Programs Planned cal Articles from 1961 through 1965, 3rd rev. and enl. ed. (Reference List #73). Washington, D. C.: The lnternationdl Directory oj Compt~ter 1625 L St., N.W. January 1966. 59 p. pap. plas- program^-1967: An Index to Computerized tic spiral binding. $5. lnformdtion in Science and Technology is This bibliography, which will be kept up to planned for publication by Science Associates/ date with four quarterly supplements, contains International, Inc., in the spring of 1967. The entries in 12 major areas such as financing, eco- Directory will list the scientific data, accord- nomics, utilities, acoustics, remodeling, etc. ing to subject classifications, that have been NATIONALHOUSING CENTER LIBRARY. Kitrhevs compiled and processed for computer pro- and Bathroonzs, A Selected List of References 1964 gramming as the result of academic, indus- to 1966 (Reference List #74). Washington, D. C.: trial, and governmental projects throughout 1625 L Street, N.W. 1966. 8 p. pap. $2. the world. More than 130 selected titles covering pre- dominantly periodical articles but also a few im- RECENT REFERENCES portant books in each of the two subjects. Bibliographic Tools NATIONALSAFETY COUNCIL. Guide to fiaffic LIBRARYOF CONGRESS,Natio?zal Register of Safety Literature, Cumulatit~eEdition 1955-1965. Microform Masters. Washington, D. C.: 1965. vi, vol. 10 (Stock order no. 329.85). Chicago, Ill.: 56 p. pap. $1.50. Gratis to NUC subscribers. 1966. v, 293 p. pap. $3.50. (L.C. 60-41456) Contains approximately 5,500 entries for books, Brings together in one volume, for the first pamphlets, and foreign doctoral dissertations. time, pertinent information published on traffic Titles covered by LC cards are arranged numeri- safety 1955 through 1965. Contains documents cally by card numbers; those not covered by LC that contribute either to the technical aspects or to cards are listed alphabetically in a separate sec- the development of programming in traffic safety. tion. Subsequent issues will contain entries for Included are four lists: Addresses of Periodicals serials. The first issue was undertaken in 1965 Indexed, Directory of Publishers and Organiza- with cooperation of ALA and ARL, and with a tions, and Author Index, and a special supplement substantial grant from CLR. of research listings. NEWMAN, Simon M., ed. Informarion Systev2.1 Textbooks in Print. 1966. New Yt~rk: R. R. Compatibility (American University Technology Bowker Co., 1966. 490 p. pap. $4. of Management Series, vol. 1) . Washington, An author and title index to elementary, junior, D. C.: Spartan Books; London: Macmillan. ~ndsenior high school books, and pedagogical 1965. vi, 150 p. $7.50 (L. C. 65-25557) books. Revised to December 1965, the catalog is Based on papers given at the Sixth Institute classified by subject and compiled from data fur- on Information Storage and Retrieval at American nished by the publishers. University's Center for Technology and Admin- UNDERHILL,Charles S., comp. Handj Kej to istration in 1964. Compatibility, convertibility, Your "Nationul Geugraphics," 1915-1965: Sub- and cooperation are the underlying bases of the ject and Picture Locator, 7th ed. East Aurora, papers, which are grouped under Requirements N. Y.:Box 95, 1966. 38 p. pap. $1.75, single and Problems, Programs to Achieve Compatibility, copy; $1.50 each, 2 copies; $1.40 each, 3-9 copies; Thesauri, Dictionaries, and Word Lists, and 51.30 each, 10 or more copies. Indexing Languages and Mechanisms. Selective Titles and authors are omitted in this alpha- index. betically arranged subject index. Articles are PARADIS,Adrian A. The Research Handbook: A listed in order of their breadth of coverage and Guide to Refere~zceSources. New York: Funk & quality of illustrations. Colored illustrations arc Wagnalls Company, Inc., 1966. 221 p. charts. keyed by letter "c." New ten-page map guide tables. $4.95; text ed. $3.75. (L.C. 66-14650) covers all charts and maps appearing in the maga- Concise, easy-to-read guide, written mainly for zine 1955.1965, giving type, size, scale of miles, students, covering each facet of library work and date of issue, etc. research and providing information on the existing, extensive research sources available from govern- UNITEDSTATES DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, ment agencies. Explains clearly and efficiently the DEPARTMENTLIBRARY. Mechanized Bibliograph) use of libraries and cataloging systems; how to of Documentatjon ~*ndInfurmation Sciencps and read maps, reports, and charts; and how to write Selected Examples Thereof, prep. by H. Holzhauer. term papers and pass tests. List of general refer- Washington, D. C.: 1966. 288 p. pap. machine ence aids and index. produced. Apply (limited quantity). Contains 1,320 items, all part of a special QUINNAM,Barbara, comp. Fables from Incuaabula collection. Arranged alphabetically in section I, to Modern Picture Books. Washington, D. C.: the entries are listed by subject in section 11, Library of Congress, General Reference and Bibli- which is divided into part A, containing articles, ograqhy Division, 1966. viii, 85 p. pap. illus. $.40. reports, speeches, and other non-book materials, (Ava~lable from Government Printing Office) and into part B. books and monographs. (LC. 66-60012) A selective, annotated bibliography of fables and United States Patent Previews 1965-1970: Assign- hooks about fabl'es. Designed primarily to senre as ments of Pending Patents Recorded in the US. catalog to a forthcoming, major exposition in the Patent Office January 1963-Julji 1965. Washington, 1.ibrary of Congress, the booklet lists 200 items, D. C.: Bowker Associates, Inc., 1677 Wisconsin 90 of which will be exhibited. Entries are ar- Ave., 1966. xi, 1174 p. $90. (L.C. 66-16543) ranged to show the lines of inheritance through Covers patent applications filed by 800 major the ages and include Indian and related fables as US. companies for employee inventors who have well as Aesop, La Fontaine, and Krylov fables. transferred patent rights to their employers. Based STECKLER,Phyllis B., ed. American Book Publish- on an average pendency period of three and a ing Record, BPR, Annual Cumulative 1965, index half years, the Listings include pending patents comp. by Margaret McFarland. New York: R. R. likely to be issued within the next four years. Bowker Co., 1966. xiv, 1433 p. $25. (L.C. 66- Preceded by a list of companies, the entries are 19741) alphabetically arranged by company and employee First edition of a cumulative record of US. inventor's name with a brief patent type description book production in 1965 as cataloged by the provided in each case. followed by a separate Library of Congress and annotated by Publisheus' personnel index. Meekly in the monthly issues of the American WATANABE,Stella K., comp. Personal Finance Book Publishing Record. The 28,595 books pub- and Investment. PACAF Basic Bibliographies for lished by 1,462 firms are arranged by subject ac- Base Libraries. San Francisco: January 1, 1966. iv. cording to the Dewey Decimal Classification and 68 p. pap. plastic spiral binding. Apply. (Avail- are indexed by author and by title. able from Commander-in-Chief, Pacific Air Forces, SYRACUSEPUBLIC LIBRARY.Gold Star List of Attn.: DPSR, Command Librarian, APO San American Fiction, 50th anniversary ed. Syracuse. Francisco 96553). Pu'. Y.: 1966. 80 p. pap. $1.75. A selective and annotated subject guide. Most Completely revised, an attempt has been made titles, while not new, contain the fundamentat to broaden the scope of this list to reflect all principles and tenets in money management. Some phases of American life. Titles that lost their rele- newer titles and a section "Newsletters and Pam- vance to the American scene have been deleted. phlets" have been added. Author-title index. SU- Brief annotations on books appear under authors' persedes PACAF Basic Bibliography, Personal names, followed by broad subject listings of Affairs and Investment, August 15, 1962, and authors and titles. Per.rona1 Finance and Invertment. March 1, 1964. WILFORD,Enid L., comp. Architecture, Building ELIAS,Arthur W., ed. Technical lnformation Cen- and Engineering, Sup. I. PACAF Basic Bibliogra- ter Administration, vol. 2, Washington, D. C.: phies for Base Libraries. San Francisco: December Spartan Books, 1965. v, 169 p. $6.75. (L.C. 15, 1965. iv, 24 p. pap. plastic spiral binding. 64-66149) Apply. (Available from Commander-in-Chief, Pa- Contains 13 papers read at the second title con- cific Air Forces, Attn.: DPSR, Command Librarian, ference held June 14-17, 1965 at St. David's, APO San Francisco 96553). Pennsylvania. Includes comprehensive coverage of Intended for use with the basic bibliography of technical information center applications on report the same title, dated March 15, 1964, this supple- writing, internal publications, document storage ment notes updated editions of former entries, and handling, management, user education, quality additional contributions to the subject fields, and control, etc. Index. titles to replace earlier entries that are now out of ENGINEERSJOINT COUNCIL.Second National Slm- print. The subdivision "Careers" has been added. posiunz on Engineering Information: A Coordi- Author-title index. nated Engineering lnfornzatiorz System. New York: WOY, James 8. Busiuess Trends and Fo~ecasting: EJC, 343 E. 47 St., 1966. 67 p. pap. illus. $3. Information Sources (Management Information (L.C. 64-5057) Guide #9). Detroit, Mich.: Gale Research Com- Papers read at the symposium, held in New pany, 1965. 152 p. $8.75. (L.C. 65-28351) York, October 27, 1965, presenting an action plan An annotated guide to theoretical and technical that calls for establishment of a united engineering publications including sections on forecasting, information system using as components systems surreys, commentary and criticism, and to im- developed by individual engineering societies portant data and bibliographic sources. Includes a coupled to Engineerirzg Index, Engineering Socie- topical glossary listing federal statistical series ties Library, and American Society for Metals useful in economic forecasting and an author-title- Documentation Service and coordinated with in- key word index. formation programs of government agencies. WYNAR, Lubomyr R. Guide to Relerence Matr- NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION,OFFICE OF rials in Political Science, A Selective Bibliographj,, SCIENCEINFORMATION. Current Research and De- vol. I. Denver: Colorado Bibliographic Institute, relopment in Scientific Documentation, No. 12 Box 10283, University Park Station, 1966. 318 (NSF-65-10). Washington, D. C.: 1965. riii. 401 p. $6.50. p. pap. $1.50. (Available from Government Nearly 2,000 annotated titles, including cur- Printing Office.) rent and retrospective bibliographies, dictionaries, A bibliography of reports and other references handbooks, directories, indexes, library catalogs, cited in CRDSD Nos. 1 through 11. Contains and monographs. Detailed subject and author-title sections on information needs and uses, storage indexes. The second volume, in preparation, will and retriecal, mechanical translation, equipment, cover public administration, opinion, law, politi- and related research. Includes index of individuals, cal parties, international relations, and national organizations, foreign countries, and subject index. governments. ORGANICK,Elliott I., A Fo~tranIV Primw (Com- XEROX CORPORATION.Systems and Services for puter Science and Information Processing Series). Libraries. Rochester, N. Y.: Midtown Tower, n. Reading, Mass.: Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., d., n. p. pap. Gratis. Inc., 1966. ~iii,263 p. pap. illus. charts. tables. In addition to the rapid reproduction of in- $4.95. formation, this sales promotion brochure presents An introduction to computing techniques and to other specialized library services of Xerox and Fortran IV, one of the most widely used pro- its subsidiary, University Microfilms, Inc. gramming languages for communicating with computers. Suitable for a beginning course, the book Information Handling Techniques is divided into three parts, the first of which pre- CLEVERDON,Cyril et al., ASLIB Cranjield Re- pares the student's background understanding of search Project: Factors Dete~mining the Perform- computers and esplains the relationship of Fortran ance of Indexing Systems, vol. 1, Design, in 2 to machine language. Part I1 discusses the language parts (Text and Appendices). Cranfield, England: rules of Fortran and serves as a type of composite College of Aeronautics, 1966. 377 p. pap. illus. reference manual, while part 111 provides example charts. tables. Apply. problems complete with solutions. Index. An investigation supported by a grant to ASLIB RUBINOFF,Morris, ed. Toward a National Infor- by the National Science Foundation. Project in- mation Sjstem: Second Anmal National Col- formation, obtained through questionnaire-polling loquium on Information Retrief~al.Washington, of a large number of scientists and discussed in D. C.: Spartan Books, 1965. T-iii, 242 p. illus. part 1 of the study, comprises chapters on test $9.50. (L.C. 65-19744) design, indexing procedures, formation of index Seventeen papers, presented at the National Col- language, testing techniques, etc. Main element loquium, Philadelphia, April 23-24, 1965, dis- in part 2 is the list of 1,400 documents in the cuss the role of engineering societies in a national test collection, the list of 279 questions, and the information system, the economics of such a sys- relevance assessments of the documents against the tem, the place research libraries hold, and a na- questions. Contains separate name and subject in- tional registry for chemical compounds. Other pa- dex. pers cover contributing factors of man-computer interaction, administration, retrieval center-normal countries due to the fact that it is based on findings text techniques, and natural language processing. of the 1961 International Conference on Cat- Index. aloguing Principles in Paris, the ALA Cataloguing Code Revision Committee, a survey of reader use TOMCS~NYI,Pil. A Kutatdi Ismeretgazdilkodis of library catalogs, and the introduction of auto- 4s Kkzi Lyukka'rtya Technikrija. Budapest: OMgK, mation in library administration. Index. Attila Ut 93, 1966. viii, 206 p. pap. illus. charts. Apply. Dictionaries Hungarian-language treatise on "Knowledge Management in Research Work and Hand-Sorted BUTTRESS,F. A. World List of Abbretiations [of Punch Card Techniques," first publishmed by the Scientific, Technological and Commercial Organiza- author in the no. 8 issue of Proceedings, a meth- tions], 3rd ed. rev. and enl. London: Leonard Hill dological publication series of the Kirolyi Milhily Books, 1966. vi, 186 p. 35s. (approx. $5). National Agricultural Library and Centre for Doc- Lists over 9,000 items, nearly four times the umentation in Budapest. A summary of the book, number recorded in the original edition. How- given in English, German, and Russian transla- ever, recording of addresses has been discontinued tions, consists of two parts different in form and for economic reasons. Russian abbreviations are not included, but the introduction refers the user objectives: 1) general review of the contents in the form of an indicative author's abstract and 2) to existing lists in that language as well as to new definitions and a list of the most important lists of Czech, Slovak, Hungarian, and Polish ab- original statements in the form of theses. breviations. To present a more world-wide coverage, not all but only the most important and Cataloging and Classification frequently used English and American abbreviations are included. DARTMOUTHCOLLEGE LIBRARY. Dictionary Cat- alog of the Stefansson Collection on the Polar GULLBERG,Ingvar E. Svensk Engelsk Fitckordbok. Regions, 8 vols. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1966. Stockholm: Norstedt & Soner, 1965. xvi, 1,246 p. $380 pre-publication price, $470 after Jan. 31, Sw. Kr. 145.- 1967; 10% additional charge outside US. A comprehensive, up-to-date Swedish-English Lists all items in the collection of the Arctic dictionary of technical terms used in business, explorer Dr. Vilhjalmur Stefansson. While em- industry, administration, education, and research. phasizing mainly the historical coverage of Polar Compiled from about 250,000 card entries, the explorations, the collection also specializes in work contains 130,000 listings, which makes it Alaskan history, biography, description, and travel. the largest technical dictionary in existence in Resources on the Arctic and Antarctic are avail- Sweden. Inclusion of a large number of technical able within specified chronological and geographical terms never before found in dictionaries will limits, and documentation of the international- make it useful, particularly to all those engaged in relations aspect of the Polar regions is included translation work. without regard to period. KLATT, Edmund and Gisella. Langenscheidt's NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY,REFERENCE DE- Standard Dictionary of the English and German Languages, Part 1: English-German, 5th rev. and PARTMENT. Dictionary Catalog of the Manuscript enl. ed. New York: Barnes & Noble, Inc., 1966. Collection, 2 vols. Boston: G. K. Hall & Co., 1966. $80 pre-publication price, $100 after Jan. 1235 p. $4.95. 31, 1967; lo?& additional charge outside U.S. A reprint in larger format of Langrnscheidt's Comprehensive guide to the entire collection. German-English Pocket Dictionary. Special fea- numbering approximately 25,000 cards. Ranging tures of the present edition include the adoption from several hundred Babylonian clay tablets of the International Phonetic Association's system through twentieth-century publishers' archives, the of pronunciation, the listing of many new words c~talogincludes the strong NYPL holdings on that entered the language in recent years, numer- Latin American areas prior to the Wars of In- ous additions to appendix I "Proper Names" and dependence and the North American Colonial, Revo- I1 "Abbreviations," as well as many corrections, lutionary, and early Federal periods. In this which greatly strengthen the authori~ of the century, priority has been gwen to gathering dictionary. sources for New York State and City history. SIPPL, Charles J. Computer Dictionary. Indian- VISWANATHAN,Caduveti G. Cataloguing: Theorj apolis: Howard W. Sams, 1966. 336 p. pap. $4.95; and Practice, 3rd, rev. ed. New York: Asia Pub- hard cover $6.95 (L. C. 65-27215) lishing House, 1966. xvi, 283 p. illus. charts. $8.75. Over 5,000 definitions, acronyms, and abbre- Discusses history, functions, planning, growth, viations. Twenty appendices contain discussion and development of library catalogs as well as and listings of equipment, services companies, per- physical forms, card styles, entries, and objectives sonnel, operations research, mathematical and of descriptive, subject, and special material cat- statistical definitions, number systems, flow chart- aloging. In addition, detailed suggestions are ing, and computer languages. provided on the organization and administration of SMITH, C. C., et al., Langenscheidt's Standard a cataloging department. Although written mainly Dictionary of the English and Spanish Languages, for the British cataloger, the book should prove Part 1: English-Spanish. New York: Barnes & useful to catalogers in other English-speaking Noble, Inc., 1966. 503 p. $4.95. A concise addition to existing English-Spanish 1966 Directory ot National Trade and Pro- dictionaries, the work features phonetic transcrip- fessional Associrrtion.r of the United Stales. Wash- tion for every English headword in the alphabet ington, D. C.: Potomac Books, Inc., 1518 K St. of the International Phonetic Association. It is N.W., 1966. xiv; 122 p. pap. $2.80 (L. C. 66- completely up-to-date including colloquialisms, 14346) cliches, slang, and numerous words drawn from 3,100 United States trade and professional sports, radio, television, modern science, etc. Each organizations listed alphabetically with subject entry offers several definitions to facilitate exact cross references. Gives date of founding, address. translation work, the gender of all Spanish nouns executive officer, and size of membership and is given, and special attention has been paid to staff. Introduction traces history of trade associa- Americanisms in the English language. tions. Besides key-word index there is an index of hotel capacities in selected cities of the U.S. and SOBECKA,2. eL dl., eds. Djctiona~yof Chevzi~tfj, in Nassau. Bermuda, Quebec, and Acapulco. and Chemical Technology in Six Lnrn~ua~es,2nd, rev. ed. Long Island City, N. Y.: Pergamon Press. 1966 1Vorld Exhibits. Athens: Graphpointer Pub- Inc., 1966. 1,108 p. $30. lications, 4 Stadiou Street (1965). 423 p. pap, A comprehensive glossary of over 15,000 Eng- $5; $8.40 by air mail to USA. (I.. C. 66-15063) lish terms, arranged alphabetically and numbered This third edition lists 1,500 trade fairs, ex- consecutively ; uses current terminology drawn hibitions, and specialized shows for 55 countries from latest documents in the fields of nuclear with details of attendance, exhibit space, par- physics, radiation chemistry, reactor technology. ticipation, organizers' addresses, etc. in geograph- and the rapidly developing branches of chemistry ical. chronological, and classified arrangements. and technology of plastics. An alphabetical index of each language offers the user the corresponding Encyclopedia term in German, Polish, Russian. French, or Span- SNELL,Foster D., and HILTON,Clifford L., eds. ish. Includes an index of English synonyms for Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemical Analysis: chemical compounds and special cillor coded in- Generdl Techniques. vol. 1, A-E. New York: dexes for each language. Interscience Publishers, 1966. xv, 763 p. illus. VEATCH,J. 0. and HUMPHRYS.C. R. 1Y'ater and charts. tables. $35 (subscription) ; $45 (single Water Use TerrninoloKT. Kaukauna, Wisc.: copy). (LC. 65-27477) Thomas Printing & Publishing Co., Ltd., 1966. First of a planned 15-volume encyclopedia to be xvi, 375 p. illus. $12.95. (L. C. 66-21407) published at a rate of three per year. The first Richly illustrated with photos and line illus- three volumes will deal exclusively with instru- trations, this dictionary of water terms contains mentation, techniques, and procedures, with bibli- over 1,000 definitions and is intended as a manual ographies and cross-references appended to each for the use of those interested in, or concerned topic. Subsequent volumes will be devoted to a with, the study of lakes, standing waters, and re- detailed listing of specific materials, products, ele- lated wetlands, in all aspects. In most instances ments, and compounds, with every entry discussed the authors have attempted to be brief and con- in terms of its chemical and physical characteris- cise in the treatment of terms, cross references tics. Articles are signed. have been used freely, and terms and concepts believed to be new and original have been included. CLASSIFIED ADVERTISING Directories Po~itions open and u~antek-50 cents per line: minimum charge $1.50. Other classijieds-9 cent^ AMERICAN TRANSLATORSASSOCIATION. ATA a line; $2.70 minimum. Copy must he received 61 Professional Services Directory 1965. New York: tenth of month preceding month of publication. P.O. Box 489, Madison Square Station. 1965. 65 p. $5. POSITIONS OPEN Contains detailed information on 239 ATA members, who cover a total of 30 languages and ASSISTANT REFERENCEL~BRARIAN-N~~~~~ for are located in 28 states and 11 foreign computer-based library system. Some experience countries. Covering all branches of the translat- with U.S. documents required. Starting salary ing and interpreting field, the directory offers a $7,800 with somewhat more for experience. Flor- ida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida 33432. subject index under languages and a geographical - .- - index. The names of translators are listed alpha- ASSOCIATEDIRECTOR-For computer-based library betically. system. Salary $11,340 going to $14,760 in about five years. Experienced, mature person preferred. KHANDWALA,Vidyut K. and NAIDU,M. K. R.. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Florida eds. Directory of Libraries. Publishers, and Book- 33432. Sellers in the Cztg of Bombaq. Bombay: S. N. D. ~ Thackersey Women's University Library, 1 Nathi- CATALOGER-$~,~~~-$~,~~~.Library school gradu- bai Thackersey Rd., 1965. 80 p. pap. Rs. 5/-. ate and experienw. Apply: R. T. McLemore, Medi- Supplies data on academic, special, subscription, cal Dental Library, Howard University, Washing- ton, D. C. 20001. public, government, commercial, and other library facilities as well as the book trade in Bombay. C~~TALOGER-W~~~~~to take full charge of proc- Library index. essing division of a college library. Good salary SPECIALLIBRARIES based on experience for capable person. Apply WAYNE STATE UNIVERSITY-Detroit, invites ap- Librarian, Newark College of Engineering, 323 plicat~cjnsfor and inquiries concerning four profes- High Street, Newark, New Jersey 07102. sional positions: a) Chief Acquisitions Librarian: ~~ -- -- ~ . direction of staff of 24 plus 10,000 hours per year CATALOGERS-TWO, for computer-based library. of student assistance; responsibility for expendi- Some experience in regular cataloging required. ture of ca. $700,000; salary $12,000 or more. coding for computer in-put can be learned on the b) Three reference positions: humanities, social ~<)b.Salary $7,800 with some add~tionalfor experi- sciences with special business-economics respon- ence. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, Flor- sibility, and science-technology. Salaries $7,100 ida 33432. to $11,000 according to qualifications, tenure after ~ ~ initial term contract, liberal fringe benefits, ex- CIRCULATIONLIBRARIAN-W~~~~~ for college li- cellent working conditions in a dynamic, rapidly brary. Good salary based on experience for person growing university. Write Director of Libraries, will in,^ to assume responsibility for all circulation Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan 48202. procedures including maintenance of reserve book collection. Apply Librarian, Newark College of Engineering, 323 High Street, Newark, New WANTED TO BUY Jersey 07 102. - .- - -. . PERIODICALS,duplicates, surplus for cash or ex- FINANCIAL LIHKAR~AN-U~~~~~~career Opportu- change. Write for free Library Buying List. Can- nity. Major investment banking firm, Wall Street ner's SL, Boston 20, Massachusetts. area, seeks MLS to assist Head Librarian in library improvement and information center program. Eco- nomics or finance background desirable. Attractive FOR SALE compensation (salary + bonus), liberal vacation and fringe benhts. Reply with education, experi- CHEMICALABSTRACTS-~~~~-~~. VO~.33-57, ence. salary, history, etc. to Box C 52. unbound. $750 or best offer. Shankman Labora- tories, 2023 South Santa Fe Avenue, Los Angeles. HEAD 01: ACQUISITIONS-Needed for computer- California 90021. based library. Acquisitions procedures fully automated. Salary $8,800. Acquisitions experience re- FOREIGN BOOKS and periodicals. Specialty: build- quired. Florida Atlantic University, Boca Raton, ing collections. Albert J. Phiebig, Box 352, White Florida 33432. Plains, New York 10602. ------READERS'SERVICES LIBRARIAN-For circulation. LIBRARIANS:I buy and sell scientific and scholarly periodicals, interlibrary loan, and reference needed back-issues. Please submit your want lists and lists now. To $8,000 for this fourth professional posi- of duplicate materials you wish to sell or exchange. tion in a total staff of nine. Emphasis on academic Prompt estimates. Fred. Ludwig, Rte. 4, Box 115, rxcellence, an enthusiastic young faculty, and ade- Tucson. Arizona 85704. quate bonk budget create exciting atmosphere for imaginative, adaptable person. Need MLS, experi- tnce preferred. Faculty status, TIAAICREF, Blue SCIENCE LIBRARIAN Cross/Shield, other fringes. Heart of ski area. Contact Miss Janice Gallinger, College Librarian, (Assistant) Plymouth State College, Plymouth, New Hamp- shire 03264. 603-536-1550. Industrial library serving scientists doing SCIENCELIBRARIAN-U~~~~~S~~~ of Maryland. To basic research in chemistry, physics, space ~dministermajor branch library senring engineer- sciences, metallurgy, and biosciences, has mg, mathematics, physics, etc. Large addition to opening for person with Bachelor's Degree increase capacities to 400 seating, 200,000 books. in a Physical or Life Science and a Master's Ten staff positions. Many opportunities for growth. Degree in Library Science. Required: L.S. degree; science major and experience, or extensive appropriate experience. Salary Varied responsibilities will depend on $9,600-11,600, one month vacation, other benefits. qualifications but will include cataloging, Apply to Mr. Howard Rovelstad, Director of Li- classifying, and indexing books, reports, etc. braries, University of Maryland, College Park, Some experience in a science library de- Maryland 20740. sired but will consider bright beginner with specified education. TECHNICALSERVICES LIBRARIAN-Needed at the Mississippi Research and Development Center for Located in a pleasant suburban community its expanding Information Services Division. The 25 miles from New York City. Excellent collection consists of books, pamphlets, govern- cultural and educational resources. ment documents, and all other types of information materials in the fields of economics (and re- Please submit resume to R. G. Massey, lated subjects), technology, and on Mississippi. Personnel Manager. The Technical Services Librarian supenrises a serials assistant and an order/catalog typist. Requirements UNION CARBIDE are a degree from an ALA accredited library school, experience in LC classification, and famil- RESEARCH INSTITUTE iarity with special library techniques desirable. P.0. Box 278 Salary range on the Librarian I1 level: $8,500 and up. University type fringe benefits. Contact Mrs. Tarrytown, New York 10591 Brigitte L. Kenney, Director, Information Services An Equal Opportunity Employer Division, Mississippi Research and Development Center, P. 0.Drawer 2470, Jackson 39205. THE H. W. WILSON COMPANY has immediate openings for indexers on the following periodical indexes : 1 Complete composition, press THE ART INDEX and pamphlet binding facilities, cou- APPLIED SCIENCE & TECH- pled with the knowledge and skill NOLOGY INDEX gained through fifty years of experi- Applicants must be capable of performing accurately the detailed work required in ence, can be put to your use-profitably assigning appropriate subject headings to articles in current periodicals on the re- spective subjects. Some subject background is essential; knowledge of cataloging and/ or libraq experience, while desirable, are not absolute requirements Salary will depend on qualifications and PRINTING COMPANY experience and will be reviewed annually. Many company benefits such as vacations, sick pay, pensions, Blue Cross, Blue Shield, Brattleboro, Vermont Major Medical, etc. Five day, 35-hour week. Applications should be addressed to: The Personnel Department The H. W. Wilson Company PRINTERS OF THE OFFICIAL JOURNAL 950 University Avenue OF SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION Bronx, New York 10452

SPECIAL LIBRARIES ASSOCIATION PUBLICATIONS *Aviation subject headings and classifica- Map collections in the US. and Can- tion guide, 1966 ...... $6.30 ada; a directory, 1954 ...... Business and industrial libraries in the National insurance organizations in the United States, 1820-1940, ,1965 .... 7:00 United States and Canada, 1957 .... *A checklist for the organ~rat~on,operation Picture sources, 2nd ed., 1964 ...... and evaluaticm of a cornpmy library, 2nd *SLA directory of members, as of June ed.. 1966 ...... 3.00 28, 1966, 1966 ...... members Correlation index document series & PB nonmembers reports, 1953 ...... Source list of selected labor statistics, Creation & development of an insur- rev. ed., 1953 ...... ance library, rev. ed., 1949 ...... Sources of commodity prices, 1960 .... Dictionary of report series codes, 1962 Sources of insurance statistics, 1965 ... Directory of business and financial serv- Special Libraries Association personnel ices, 1963 ...... survey 1959. 1960 ...... Directory of special libraries, 1953 .... *Special libraries: a guide for manage- "German chemical abbreviations, 1966 . ment., 1966- ...... Guide to metallurgical information S~eciallibraries: how to plan and equip (SLA Bibliography no. 3), 2nd ed., them (SLA Monograph no. 2), 1963 1965 ...... Subject headings for financial libraries, Guide to Russian reference and language 1954 ...... aids (SLA Bibliography no. 4). 1962 Subject headings in advertising, market- Handbook of scientific and technical ing. and communications media, 1964 awards in the United States and Can- Translators and translations: services ada, 1900-1952, 1956 ...... and sources in science and technology, Literature of executive manaeement 2nded.,1965 ...... 14.50 (SLA Bibliography no. 5), 1963 ... 4.25 US. sources of petroleum and natural *Latest publications gas statistics, 1961 ...... 6.00 SCIENTIFIC MEETlNGSS~bscri~tion,$10.00 ; Single copies, $4.00 SPECIAL LIBRARIES-Subscription, $12.50 ; Foreign, $14.00 ; Single copies, $2.00 TECHNICAL BOOK REVIEW INDEX-Subscription, $10.00 ; Foreign, $1 1.00; Single copies, $1.50 SLA serves ar the US.sales aRent for seleczed Aslib publications Bro-Dart: Books Supplies FURNITURE Charging Systems Book Processing Colorprints 1 Are You aVictim of Shelf -Denial?

with specially formulated adhesives under intense pressure, Bro-Dart efficiency shelving is exceptionally For further information, Dept. SL-11A durable; rivals steel. The handsome surface requires no paint, no upkeep. Add or subtract shelves as you need them; all components are easily assembled by hand. No need for nails, screws Sm-&&INDUSTRIES or tools of any kind. Bro-Dart's complete workroom line includes work tEtbles and processing P.O. Box 923, Williamsport, Pa. 17704 Williamsport Newark Los Angeles Brantford,Ontari equipment - all equally versatile. . We guarantee shelf-satisfaction. THE COMPLETE LIBRARY SOURCI GALE The Association Specialist, Announces Reissuance of Important Books Covering Early Associations and Societies Widely known for its publications covering today's associations, societies. and research organizations, and particularly for its Encyrloprdia of Associn- Lions, the Gale Research Company is keenly aware of the social, scientific. and industrial influence of the voluntary membership organization organized around a subject of strong common interest to its members. The importance of such associations is not a modern phenomenon, however, and Gale is proud to announce the following books as the first in a series of reprinted publications planned to provide essential information concerning the important membership organizations of the past-their objectives, creeds, organization, activities, and publications.

THE ASSOCIATION REFERENCE SERIES Bibliography of American Historical Societies. The Cyclopedia of Fraternities, Second Edition. Second Edition. IVolume 11 of the Annual Reoort of the Edited by Albert C. Stevens. New York, 1907. American ~isto;ical Association, 1907.) ~hn~iledby A basic work on the origin, derivation, founders. A. P. C. Griffin. development. aims, character, and personnel of Definitive bibliography (Winchell V97) of ovel- the secret societie\ in the United States, present- 7,500 periodical and monograph publications of ing a panor-arnic view of the beneficiary, ch:~r- 500 national, state, county, and local historical table, and fraternal organizations active in the societies and associations in the United States antl late nineteenth and early twentieth centill-ie\. Canatla through 1905. Covers tens of thousand\ Supplemented by original charts, maps, family of individual uticles and papers. Annotated trees. and other diagrams, more than six hundred analytical entries and the finely-detailed subject societies are discussed in ten chapters covering index m:~ke possible research and reference uses Masonic, Mystical, Occult, antl Theosophical of this vast body of material which are ~xlctical Societies; Assessment and Non-Assessment Bene- through no other compilation. ficiary Fraternities antl Societies: Patriotic and I'olitical Orders: Greek 1-etter and Total Absti- 1374 Pages Subject and Author hdex $35.00 nence Fraternities: Military and Ancestral Or- ders: Labor antl Revolutionary Brotherhood\. Handbook of Learned Societies and Institutions: America. (Carnegie institution of Washington, Publi- 444 Pages Organization and Personal Name lndex cation No. 39, 1908.) $12.50 Valuable handbook (Winchell C4) of societich. The Learned Societies and Printing Clubs of the ssocintions, universities, museums. Inbol-atories. United Kingdom, Second Edition. By Abraham Hume etc., in North ;met South America. Entries include location, officials, bibliographies of 5erial :mi with Supplement by A. 1. Evans. London, 1853. monograph publication\, and research funds and The lint comprehensive histol-y of the origin. prizei: orgnnimtion entrie5 also include \rutcment development. aim, and constitutions of ninety- of hi\tory 2nd purpose. Alphabetical index of live learned societies in England. Scotland and organintions and publication.;. subject index Ireland. Also describes twenty-two printing club\ covering publications of the iocietie\ ;md interest\ formcd to promote the publication of rare and of the societies themselves. valuahle booLs. The si~pplementis n bibliographq of society :ind club publications, 1847-53, with 592 Pages Alphabetical and Subject Indexes $17.00 information on group.; formed and disb:intled in Dictionary of Secret and Other Societies. Compiled the period. bj Arthur Preuss. St. Louis, 1924. 380 Pages Alphabetical Index $12.50 Heside\ secret \ocictics. this \olume nl\o di\cui\e\ Association Reference Series Master Index. Being hcneficial, ci\,ic, p:~triotic. and other types of organi/ntion\, ahout eight hundred in all. Cover\ compiled by Gale for publication in 1967. origin\. aim\, development. public;~tions,etc. Cover\ :ihout ten tliousn~idreference\ to ;~\\oci.~- tiom mentioned in the A\socintion Keferencc 543 Pages Alphabetical Index $15.00 Series. antl in othel- en!-ly works on as\ociation\ and societies. Alphabetical and keyword i\uhjec~ Illustrated Catalog of Society Emblems, Pins, and entrie\ for each organi;.:~tion. Charms. 1885 Catalog of Charles F. Irons, Manufac- turing Jeweler. About 300 Pages $17.50 <'ontain\ ilI~ht~-atio~i\and dc\cripti<111\of nio~c th:tn 1.200 1te111\ of l'r.tternal jc\\elry. 176 Pages Organization Indexes $6.50 Examine CompleteSerieson30-Day FreeTrial Basis GALE RESEARCH COMPANY 1400 Book Tower. Detroit, Michigan 48226