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Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection in Europe. Multiple Layers in Regulation and Compliance NETwork of experts on the legal aspects of MARitime SAFEty and security IS 1105 COST ACTION MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE. MULTIPLE LAYERS IN REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE EDITED BY MARTA CHANTAL RIBEIRO ERIK J. MOLENAAR Proceedings of the MARSAFENET Open Conference, Porto, 23 May 2014 1 MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE. MULTIPLE LAYERS IN REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE. MULTIPLE LAYERS IN REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE EDITED BY MARTA CHANTAL RIBEIRO ERIK J. MOLENAAR GRÁFICA EDILIBER 2015 Copyright ® 2015 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, translated or stored in a retrieval system without prior written permission from the editors. Suggested reference This ebook may be cited as Marta Chantal Ribeiro and Erik J. Molenaar (eds),Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection in Europe. Multiple Layers in Regulation and Compliance, MARSAFENET, Porto-Utrecht 2015, ebook available at http://www.marsafenet.org/ ISBN: 978-989-20-5774-3 COST Association Legal Notice Neither the COST Association nor any person acting on its behalf is responsible for the use which might be made of the information contained in this publication. The COST Association is not responsible for the external websites referred to in this publication. Publisher GRÁFICA EDILIBER Parque Industrial de Eiras - Lote 3, Eiras, Coimbra, Portugal 6 This publication is supported by COST IS 1105 COST ACTION NETwork of experts on the legal aspects of MARitime SAFEty and security MARSAFENET - the acronym for NETwork of experts on the legal aspects of MARitime SAFEty and security - aims to bring together experts in interna- tional law of the sea in order to increase the knowledge on maritime security and safety and to develop a common conceptual and methodological frame- work with the goal of contributing to fill the legal gaps and of transforming scientific results into feasible solutions.The network is intended to foster the identification and exploitation of synergies between EU policies on maritime safety and security. In terms of societal implications, it is aimed at facilitating the detection of solutions for old and new issues and criticalities, that may be implemented within the public realm (decision-makers, international insti- tutions, international and national tribunals, EU institutions, etc.) and with- in the private sector (shipping sector, civil society, NGOs, etc.). This Cost Action takes an in-depth look at current urgent maritime matters fo- cusing on four main issues, shipping and marine environmental protection, new developments of economic activities at sea, international maritime security and border surveillance and, finally, protection of fragile and semi-enclosed seas. MARSAFENET is currently composed of more than 70 legal experts from 22 different countries. More information about Cost Action IS 1105 is available at www.marsafenet.org 7 8 COST - European Cooperation in Science and Technology - is a pan-Euro- pean intergovernmental framework. Its mission is to enable break-through scientific and technological developments leading to new concepts and products and thereby contribute to strengthening Europe’s research and in- novation capacities. It allows researchers, engineers and scholars to jointly develop their own ideas and new initiatives across all scientific disciplines through trans-European coordination of nationally funded research activities. Through its networks (called COST Actions) it promotes trans-disciplinary, original approaches and topics and addressing societal questions. It fosters better access and in- tegration of less research intensive countries’ researchers to the knowledge hubs of the European Research Area. COST is implemented through the COST Association, an International not- for-profit Association under Belgian Law, whose members are the COST Member Countries. More information about COST is available at http://www.cost.eu COST is supported by the EU Framework Programme Horizon 2020 9 Acknowledgments 10 MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE. MULTIPLE LAYERS IN REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE EDITORS ERIK J. MOLENAAR Erik J. Molenaar is Deputy Director of the Netherlands Institute for the Law of the Sea (NILOS) at Utrecht University and Professor with the K.G. Jebsen Centre for the Law of the Sea (JCLOS) at the University of Tromsø. After com- pleting his PhD on ‘Coastal State Jurisdiction over Vessel-Source Pollution’ in 1998, he broadened his research field with international fisheries law and the international law relating to the Antarctic and Arctic. In addition to funda- mental research, he has also provided juridical advice to, inter alia, various shipping and fishing companies, Netherlands and Norwegian Ministries, the European Parliament, the European Commission, and UNEP and FAO. His research has led to his participation in various diplomatic conferences and other intergovernmental meetings, including the meetings of several regional fisheries management organisations. Since late 2013 his research has had a specific focus on participation, allocation and the ecosystem approach to polar fisheries. Erik J. Molenaar has been Leader of MARSAFENET Working Group 1 on ‘Shipping and Marine Environmental Protection’ since October 2012. MARTA CHANTAL RIBEIRO Marta Chantal Ribeiro is Assistant Professor of European Union Law, Inter- national Law and Law of the Sea at the Faculty of Law of the University of Porto. She holds a position as principal researcher at the Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research (University of Porto), being the coordi- nator of the Law of the Sea Research Group. She holds a degree and master in Law (University of Coimbra) and completed her PhD at the University of Porto in the field of Law of the Sea (protection of marine biodiversity through protected areas; national, European and international legal regimes). She has a long experience of cooperation with the Task Group for the Extension of the Portuguese Continental Shelf (Portugal) and the University of Azores. She is member of the IUCN World Commission on Environmental Law. Currently her research is focused on conservation of marine biodiversity, including the ABNJ, fisheries, deep-sea mining and marine spatial planning. Marta Chantal Ribeiro has been Co-Leader of MARSAFENET Working Group 1 on ‘Shipping and Marine Environmental Protection’ since October 2012. 11 12 MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE. MULTIPLE LAYERS IN REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE TABLE OF CONTENTS FOREWORD 15 AUTHORS 17 PART ONE: GLOBAL, REGIONAL AND NATIONAL REGULATION: 21 INTERACTIONS AND DIVISIONS OF COMPETENCES Shipping, Marine Environmental Protection and Alien Invasive Species 23 Miguel G. García-Revillo The EU Regulation on Ship Recycling: Interaction and Tension 55 between Different Legal Regimes at Global and Regional Levels Valentina Rossi Decision-Making in the Imminence of Disaster: ‘Places of Refuge’ 85 and the Prevalence of National Interests Nuno Marques Antunes Black Sea Fisheries: The Long Search for an Effective Forum 127 for International Regulation Ioannis Stribis PART TWO: COMPLIANCE: FROM MONITORING TO 173 (INTERNATIONAL) DISPUTE SETTLEMENT EMSA’s Role in Making the Maritime Regulatory System Work: 175 Supporting Compliance through Monitoring and Enforcement Markku Mylly Anti-Piracy and the Use of Force: The Cohabitation of the United 205 Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea and the European Convention on Human Rights Magne Frostad Networked Vehicle Systems: A Glimpse at Future Capabilities 239 for Safer Seas João Tasso de Sousa Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection in Europe: 261 A Role for International Courts and Tribunals? Philippe Gautier FULL PROGRAM OF THE CONFERENCE 291 13 14 MARITIME SAFETY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION IN EUROPE. MULTIPLE LAYERS IN REGULATION AND COMPLIANCE FOREWORD This ebook contains the proceedings of the MARSAFENET Open Conference on ‘Maritime Safety and Environmental Protection in Europe. Multiple Layers in Regulation and Compliance’, held at the Faculty of Law of the University of Porto, on 23 May 2014. The Conference was a joint initiative of the Faculty of Law of the University of Porto and the K.G. Jebsen Centre for the Law of the Sea of the University of Tromsø. We are particularly grateful to Cândido da Agra and Tore Henriksen, respectively, for their institutional and financial support to the Conference. We express our recognition also to the Rectory of the University of Porto, as a co-funder of the Conference, and to Dr. Gemma Andreone for her continuous efforts as Chair of the MARSAFENET. MARSAFENET- the acronym for NETwork of experts on the legal aspects of MARitime SAFEty and security - is a Cost Action (IS 1105) whose research activities are undertaken by the following four working groups: - Working Group 1: Shipping and Marine Environmental Protection - Working Group 2: New Developments of Economic Activities at Sea - Working Group 3: International Maritime Security and Border Surveillance - Working Group 4: Protection of Fragile and Semi-Enclosed Seas The co-leader and leader of Working Group 1 had the pleasure of hosting, in Porto, meetings of the MARSAFENET Management Committee and all its Working Groups, along with the organization of the annual Open Conference, which marked the end of a year of several scientific MARSAFENET initiatives developed in different countries of Europe. The Conference brought together eminent members
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