Holocene Sediment Production in Lillooet River Basin, British Colombia: a Sediment Budget Approach"

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Holocene Sediment Production in Lillooet River Basin, British Colombia: a Sediment Budget Approach Article "Holocene Sediment Production in Lillooet River Basin, British Colombia: A Sediment Budget Approach" Peter Jordan et Olav Slaymaker Géographie physique et Quaternaire, vol. 45, n° 1, 1991, p. 45-57. Pour citer cet article, utiliser l'information suivante : URI: http://id.erudit.org/iderudit/032844ar DOI: 10.7202/032844ar Note : les règles d'écriture des références bibliographiques peuvent varier selon les différents domaines du savoir. Ce document est protégé par la loi sur le droit d'auteur. L'utilisation des services d'Érudit (y compris la reproduction) est assujettie à sa politique d'utilisation que vous pouvez consulter à l'URI https://apropos.erudit.org/fr/usagers/politique-dutilisation/ Érudit est un consortium interuniversitaire sans but lucratif composé de l'Université de Montréal, l'Université Laval et l'Université du Québec à Montréal. Il a pour mission la promotion et la valorisation de la recherche. Érudit offre des services d'édition numérique de documents scientifiques depuis 1998. Pour communiquer avec les responsables d'Érudit : [email protected] Document téléchargé le 12 février 2017 05:29 Géographie physique et Quaternaire, 1991, vol. 45, n° 1, p. 45-57, 8 fig., 5 tabl. HOLOCENE SEDIMENT PRODUCTION IN LILLOOET RIVER BASIN, BRITISH COLUMBIA: A SEDIMENT BUDGET APPROACH Peter JORDAN and Olav SLAYMAKER, Department of Geography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 1W5. ABSTRACT A sediment budget approach is RÉSUMÉ La sédimentation à l'Holocène ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Sedimentierung im used to investigate the sources, storage, and dans le bassin de la Lillooet River, Colombie- Holozàn im Becken des Lillooet River: Studie yield of clastic sediment in Lillooet River water­ Britannique: étude parle biais du bilan sédi- mittels der Sedimentbilanz. Mittels einer shed, in the southern Coast Mountains. The mentaire. L'établissement du bilan sédimen- Sedimentbilanz werden Ursprung, Lagerung 3150 km2 basin is heavily glacierised, and taire sert ici à étudier les sources, le stockage und Anschwemmung der Trûmmersedimente includes a Quaternary volcanic complex which et l'apport de sédiments détritiques dans le in der Wasserscheide des Lillooet River in den has been active in the Holocene. The sedi­ bassin versant de la Lillooet River, dans le sud sùdlichen Kùstenbergen untersucht. Das ment yield has been determined from the rate des montagnes Côtières. Le bassin versant 3150 km2 grosse Becken ist stark verglets- of advance of the delta at the basin outlet. The de 3150 km2 est partiellement englacé et chert und umfasst einen vulkanischen floodplain of the main river valley is aggrading comprend un complexe volcanique quater­ Quaternâr-Komplex, der im Holozàn aktiv war. as the delta advances, and probably has been naire qui a été actif à l'Holocène. L'apport de Die Sedimentanschwemmung war durch die through most of the Holocene. Major sediment sédiments a été déterminé à partir de la Vorstossrate des Deltas an der Becken- sources in the basin include glaciers and vitesse de progression du delta situé à l'em­ mùndung bestimmt. Das Hochflutbett des Neoglacial deposits, debris flows, and land­ bouchure du bassin. La plaine d'inondation de Haupttals schùttet sich mit dem Vorrùcken des slides in the Quaternary volcanic complex. Soil la vallée principale se remblaye avec la pro­ Deltas auf und hat dies wahrscheinlich fast im and bedrock creep, bank erosion of gression du delta, ce qui a probablement aussi gesamten Holozàn getan. Zu den wichtigsten Pleistocene glacial deposits, and sediment été le cas pendant la plus grande partie de Sedimentquellen in dem Becken gehôren from logging and agriculture are probably of l'Holocène. Les plus importantes sources de Gletscher und neoglaziale Ablagerungen, minor importance. Estimates of sediment pro­ Trùmmerfluss und Bergstùrze in dem vulka­ duction from these sources explain only about sédiments comprennent les glaciers et les half the observed clastic sediment yield plus dépôts néoglaciaires, les coulées boueuses nischen Quaternâr-Komplex. Gekriech von the rate of valley aggradation. The unex­ et les glissements de terrain dans le complexe Erde und anstehendem Gestein, die Erosion plained sediment production may be associ­ volcanique quaternaire. La reptation, l'érosion der Abflachungen in den glazialen Ablager­ ated with paraglacial sediments exposed by des rives formées dans les dépôts glaciaires ungen des Pleistozàn und Sediment aufgrund glacial retreat from the nineteenth century pleistocenes, ainsi que le déboisement et von Abholzung und Landwirtschaft sind Neoglacial maximum; alternatively the fre­ l'agriculture sont probablement des sources wahrscheinlich von geringerer Bedeutung. quency of occurrence of intermediate scale mineures. La quantité de sédiments estimée Schâtzungen der Sediment-produktion dieser debris flows and landslides has been seriously à partir de ces sources ne compte que pour Herkunft erklàren nur die Hàlfte der beobach- underestimated. Sediment supply is highly la moitié des sédiments détritiques observés, teten Trummersedimentanschwemmung episodic over time scales of centuries to thou­ sans compter le remblaiement de la vallée. La zuzùglich der Rate der Talaufschùttung. Die sands of years. Major factors in the temporal quantité de sédiments non établie pourrait pro­ nichterklàrte Sedimentproduktion kônnte mit pattern of Holocene sediment supply are peri­ venir des sédiments paraglaciaires mis à paraglazialen Sedimenten, freigelegt durch ods of volcanism, large landslides, the retreat découvert par le retrait glaciaire survenu après den glazialen Rùckzug nach dem neoglazia- of glaciers from the Neoglacial maximum, and l'optimum néoglaciaire du XIXe s. De même, len Hochstand im 19. Jahrhundert, in recent river engineering works. on a grandement sous-estimé la fréquence Verbindung gebracht werden; indessen hat des coulées boueuses et des glissements de man die Hàufigkeit von Trùmmerfluss und terrain de moyenne envergure. Réparti sur de Bergstùrzen mittleren Ausmasses ernstlich longues périodes, allant de centaines à des unterschàtzt. Der Sedimentnachschub ges- milliers d'années, l'apport en sédiments est chieht sehr episodisch in Zeitràumen von très épisodique. Les principaux facteurs qui Jahrhunderten bis Tausenden von Jahren. influencent le modèle temporel de la sédimen­ Die Hauptfaktoren im Zeitmuster des tation sont les périodes de volcanisme, les Sedimentnachschubs im Holozàn sind grands glissements de terrain, le recul gla­ Perioden vulkanischer Aktivitât, grosse ciaire après l'optimum du Néoglaciaire et les Bergstùrze, der Rùckzug der Gletscher nach récents aménagements entrepris sur la dem neoglazialen Hochstand und neuere rivière. Flussbauarbeiten. Manuscrit reçu le 6 février 1990; manuscrit révisé accepté le 24 août 1990 46 P. JORDAN and O. SLAYMAKER INTRODUCTION basin (Dietrich ef a/., 1982). Approximate sediment budgets have been constructed for a number of drainage basins, and SEDIMENT AND SOLUTE YIELDS have been used to make inferences about the relative impor­ Gross sediment and solute yield data have often been used tance, and linkages between, various transport and storage as an index of denudational processes in a watershed (e.g. processes. Several of these are listed in Table I. Saunders and Young, 1983). Unfortunately, non-denudational The difference between sediment budget studies and simple sources of solutes (Janda, 1971) and clastic sediment redis­ determinations of sediment yield is that in the former, sediment tribution within the watershed (Slaymaker, 1977) complicate is routed from its sources, through various storage reservoirs, the analysis. A central problem concerns that of the role of stor­ to the basin outlet. The basic equation describing sediment rou­ age of sediment between the point of its provenance and the ting with respect to a particular storage reservoir and over a mouth of the basin (Meade, 1982). The general model that has specific time increment is: been invoked conventionally states that the greatest denuda­ tion occurs in the smallest headwater tributaries. Denudation I = O + AS is gradually reduced with increasing size of basin as slopes where I is input, O is output, and AS is change of storage of decrease, precipitation intensity decreases, and more and sediment in that particular reservoir. In practice, a watershed more sediment from upstream is deposited in storage sites must be broken down into many reservoirs, and to quantify the (Vanoni, 1975). This general model has been challenged by lag times between input and output of sediment, the rates of Church and Slaymaker (1989) as being particularly inappro­ transfer between active and less active reservoirs must be priate in glaciated mountain landscapes because it ignores the determined (Figs. 2, 5 and 6). storage and subsequent reworking of paraglacial sediment. They proposed an alternative model in which sediment yield For a river channel system in a steady state (neither aggrad­ increases downstream (Fig. 1). ing nor degrading; i.e. AS = O), the residence time of sediment in a reach of the valley floor is given by In western Canada, recorded sediment and solute yields 3 -2 -1 range in value from the equivalent of 1 to 500 m km a (or T = S/Q5 Bubnoffs1; Slaymaker, 1987). Modal values for Canada east where T is residence time, S is total storage volume, and Q of the Cordillera are 1-50 B, except in those basins that are s is sediment discharge (for a steady state, Q = I = O). For heavily agriculturally disturbed or where urban
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