ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3xxx L2/08-Xxx

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ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3xxx L2/08-Xxx ISO/IEC JTC1/SC2/WG2 N3xxx L2/08-xxx 2007-08-21 Universal Multiple-Octet Coded Character Set International Organization for Standardization Organisation Internationale de Normalisation Международная организация по стандартизации Nemzetközi Szabványügyi Szervezet Doc Type: Working Group Document Irat típusa: Munkacsoport irat Title: Revised proposal for encoding the Old Hungarian script in the UCS Cím: Javított előterjesztés a rovásírás Egyetemes Betűkészlet-beli kódolására Source/Forrás: Michael Everson & André Szabolcs Szelp Status: Individual Contribution Státusz: Magánelőterjesztés Action: For consideration by JTC1/SC2/WG2 and UTC Intézkedés: JTC1/SC2/WG2 és UTC általi megfontolásra Date/Kelt: 2007-08-21 Ez az irat átveszi az N3483 (2008-08-04), N2134 This document replaces N3483 (2008-08-04), (1999-10-02) és a N1638 (1999-09-18). A szerzők N2134 (1999-10-02), and N1638 (1997-09-18). hálájukat szeretnék kifejezni Joó Ádámnak a The authors are grateful to Ádám Joó for the magyar fordításért. Hungarian translation. 1. Bevezetés. A rovásírás egy rúnajellegű írás a 1. Introduction. The Old Hungarian script is a magyar nyelv lejegyzésére. Magyarul rovásírás, runi form script used to write the Hungarian lan- „rótt írás”, a rovás és írás szavakból. Néhány for- guage. In Hungarian it is called rovásírás ‘incised rás „Hungarian Runic” néven említi, ahol a runic script’, from rovás ‘incision’ and írás ‘writing, az írás rúnás alakjára utal, nem pedig a germán script’. Some sources call it “Hungarian Runic” rúnáktól való leszármazásra (habár a rovásírás és a where runic refers to the script’s runiform character fuþark távoli unokatestvérek). Más források and does not indicate direct descent from the „Szekler script” (székely írás) néven nevezik, Germanic runes (though Old Hungarian and the mások nem fordítják le és „Hungarian Rovás” Fuþark are distant cousins). Other sources call it (magyar rovás)-ként hívják. Ismereteink szerint a “Szekeler script” and a few do not translate and call rovásírás végső soron a Közép-Ázsiában honos it “Hungarian Rovás”. Old Hungarian is thought to ótürk írásból eredeztethető, és feltehetőleg a 9. szá- derive ultimately from the Old Turkic script used in zadban került a magyarok által a Kárpát-medencé- Central Asia, and appears to have been brought by be. Figyelembe véve az ótürkkel való kapcsolatát, the Magyars to the Carpathian Basin in the 9th a rovásírásnak az i. sz. 5-8. század körül kellett century CE. Owing to its link with the Old Turkic kialakulnia; első feljegyzésünk róla a késő 13. szá- script, Old Hungarian must have been developed zadból való. Az első fennmaradt jelsor körülbelül around the 5th–8th century CE; it is first mentioned 1483-ra tehető. Rövid feliratokat találtak a 12–13. in a written account in the late 13th century. The századból; néhány feliratról azt állítják, egész a 10. first surviving alphabetical listing dates to about századig vezethető vissza az eredetük, de e datálás 1483. Short inscriptions are attested from the helyességéről nincs egyetértés. A történelmi kor- 12–13th centuries; some inscriptions are said to pusz viszonylag kicsi, kezdve a rövid kőfeliratok- have been written as early as the 10th century, tól, a korai tudományos munkákon át a késő huma- though there is no consensus on the accuracy of this 1 nista időszakból, egészen a díszítő vagy titkosítás- dating. The historical corpus is relatively small, szerű alkalmazásig. beginning with the short stone-carved inscriptions, and leading to a corpus of early scholarly work from the late humanist period, and subsequently to a body of material where the script was used as a decorative or as a secret cipher script. A rovásírás a 19. század végén és a 20. század első Old Hungarian came to the attention of scientists harmadában keltette fel a tudósok (nyelvészek, (linguists, cultural anthropologists, archaeologists, néprajzkutatók és történészek) érdeklődését, és vált and historians) and became the object of interest of tárgyává komoly tudományos munkának. A rovás- serious scholarly work at the end of the 19th to the írás kutatása a II. világháború és a kommunista first third of the 20th century. Research on Old korszak kultúrpolitkája miatt szakadt félbe, de a Hungarian was cut short by the Second World War század utolsó harmadában ismét figyelmet kezdett and by the cultural politics of the Communist era kelteni – ez alkalommal a nagyközönség részéről. in Hungary, but beginning with the last third of the Népszerű munkák kezdtek megjelenni, az írás kez- 20th century the script began to receive more atten- dett érdeklődést kelteni, kivált a népművészet és a tion—this time from the general public. Popular hagyományos magyar kultúra iránt érdeklődők works began to be published, and the script began körében. Ezek a könyvek bevezetnek néhány to attract interest, particularly in circles interested kiegészítést a betűsorba, a szerzők azon törekvése in folklore and Hungarian traditional culture. jegyében, hogy a régi írást megfeleltessék a These books about the Old Hungarian script fea- magyar modern latin írásának—mindegyikük más ture some non-traditional additions to the character megoldást találva a mássalhangzó-hosszúság jelö- repertoire, based on attempts by their authors to lésére. A modern korpusz (modern alatt értve: a 20. map the old script to the modern Latin orthography századdal kezdve) jelentősen bővült az elmúlt két of Hungarian—each trying in different ways to évtizedben, az írást hagyományőrzők és lelkes find solutions to the representation of vowel rajongók használják. Ennek egy része egyszerű length. The modern corpus (modern defined as díszítő célú, azonban sok könyv, magazin és okta- beginning with the 20th century) has seen a huge tóanyag, többek között mondákat feldolgozó mese- increase in the last two decades, the script being könyv került kiadásra. used by traditionalists and enthusiasts. Some of these uses are simply decorative, but a number of books, magazines, and teaching materials includ- ing folklore story-books for children have been published. 1.1. Elsődleges források. A hagyományos rovás- 1.1. Primary sources. Three primary documents írással, felépítésével és használatával kapcsolatos provide the most valuable information about the tudásunk három fő forráson alapszik, az ezekből Old Hungarian script, its historic usage and struc- levont következtetéseket kevésbé jelentős, rövidebb ture, complemented by a large number of shorter feliratok erősítik meg. A három legfontosabb forrá- inscriptions. These three are the Alphabet of sunk a Nikolsburgi ábécé (1483 előtt), Marsigli Nikolsburg (prior to 1483), the Runic Calendar of rovásnaptára, vagy más néven a Bolognai emlék Marsigli, also known as the Bologna manuscript (egy 15. századi forrás 1690-es másolata), és (1690 copy of a 15th-century source), and the Telegdi János Rudimentája (az 1598-as eredeti kor- Rudimenta by János Telegdi (original 1598, con- társ másolatai). Telegdi kézirata egy korai tudomá- temporary copies). Telegdi’s manuscript is an early nyos munka, és bizonyíthatóan egy olyan összeállí- scholarly work, and is demonstrably a compilation tás vagy másolat, mely több szempontból is hibás, or copy which is corrupted in several ways, such as mint például az u betű alakja, egy korábbi középko- the form of the letter u, the misinterpretation of an ri rövidítés, a tp̃rꝯ félreértelmezése „tpru”-ként, a earlier medieval abbreviation tp̃rꝯ as “tpru” rather helyes temperius, ’korábban’ helyett stb. (lásd Máté than the correct temperius, ‘earlier’, etc. (see Máté 2 1998). Ennek ellenére Telegdi sok szempontból 1998). Nevertheless, Telegdi is in many respects rendkívül értékes, és elsődleges forrásként kezelen- very valuable and it is taken here as a primary dő, bár nem minden kritika nélkül. Két rövid, emlí- source, though not uncritically. Two more minor tésre méltó forrás még az Konstantinápolyi felirat sources worth mentioning are the Istanbul (készült 1515-ben, lemásolva 1553-1555 között) és Inscription (inscribed 1515, copied between a Csíkszentmiklósi felirat (készült 1501-ben, lemá- 1553–1555) and the Csíkszentmiklós Inscription solva 1749-ben és 1751-ben). Néhány kevésbé (inscribed 1501, copied 1749 and 1751). Some less jelentős lelet zárja a sort. significant findings complete the list. A legrégebbi források két kategóriába sorolhatók, The oldest sources can be grouped into two separate melyek általában kor alapján (újabb/régebbi) külö- categories which are usually characterised by age nülnek el, de képviselhetnek területi hatásokat is. (younger/older), but which could represent areal A fő különbség a két csoport között az /ø/ ö és /y/ ü influence alike. The main difference between the two fonémákra alkalmazott betűk. Az első csoport groups being the characters used for the phonemes (amihez a nikolsburgi és a bolgnai forrás tartozik) /ø/ ö and /y/ ü. Group one (to which the Nikolsburg az /ø/-re az ótürkből örökölt ö betűből származó and the Bologna source belongs) represents /ø/ by , betűt használja, és egy újonnan bevezetett betűt the sign inherited from the Old Turkic ö, and uses az /y/-ra. A másik csoport (ide tartozik a Rudi - an innovative sign for /y/. Group two (including menta, a konstantinápolyi és a csíkszentmiklósi the Rudimenta, Istanbul, and Csíkszentmiklós felirat) az eredeti betűt használja a alakkal az /y/- inscriptions) use the original character with the glyph höz és az -t, egy /e/-ből eredő betűt, az /ø/-höz. for /y/ and use , a character derived from /e/, Ez nem meglepő, ugyanis az /ø/ a legfiatalabb
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