A Revision of the Labrid Fish, Genus Bodianus: With Descriptions of Eight New Species, , ISSN 0812-7387, Martin F. Gomon, Australian Museum Scientific Publications, 2006, 0975047663, 9780975047668, . .

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The genus Bodianus (family Labridae), distributed in tropical and warm temperate waters of the three major oceans, comprises at least 43 species, eight of which are described here as new. On the basis of phylogenetic analysis, 10 subgenera are recognized, three taking new names. The subgenera include: the Western Pacific Priobodianus n.subgen. with the two species B. cylindriatus and B. thoracotaeniatus; the Indo-West Pacific Trochocopus with the eight species B. bimaculatus, B. izuensis, B. masudai, B. neopercularis n.sp. (Marshall Islands), B. opercularis, B. sanguineus, B. sepiacaudus n.sp. (Indonesia and Pacific Line Islands) and B. tanyokidus; the monotypic Eastern Atlantic Pseudolepidaplois with B. scrofa; the antitropical Verreo with the six Pacific species B. bathycapros n.sp. (Hawaiian Islands), B. flavifrons, B. flavipinnis, B. frenchii, B. oxycephalus and B. unimaculatus, and the southwestern Australian B. vulpinus; the Indo-West Pacific Peneverreo n.subgen. with the four species B. leucosticticus, B. paraleucosticticus n.sp. (Papua New Guinea, New Caledonia and Rarotonga), B. rubrisos n.sp. (Japan, Taiwan and Indonesia) and B. trilineatus; the Indo-Pacific Paralepidaplois n.subgen. with the three allopatric species B. diana (Indian Ocean), B. dictynna n.sp. (Western Pacific) and B. prognathus; the Indo-Pacific Lepidaplois with the three species B. axillaris, B. mesothorax and B. neilli; the monotypic Indo-Pacific Euhypsocara with B. anthioides; Diastodon with the eight Indo-Pacific species B. albotaeniatus, B. bilunulatus, B. busellatus n.sp. (south central Pacific), B. loxozonus, B. macrognathos, B. macrourus, B. perditio, and B. solatus n.sp. (western Australia), and the Eastern Atlantic B. speciosus; and, Bodianus with the Atlantic B. insularis, B. pulchellus and B. rufus, and the Eastern Pacific B. diplotaenia and B. eclancheri. Separate keys to species occurring in the Indo-Pacific and Atlantic-eastern Pacific regions are provided.

Last P.R., Gomon M.F. & D.C. Gledhill. 1999. Australian spotted catsharks of the genus Asymbolus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). Part 2: Descriptions of three new, dark-spotted species, p 19-35. In: Last (Ed.) Australian catsharks of the genus Asymbolus (Carcharhiniformes: Scyliorhinidae). CSIRO Marine Laboratories Report 239 (Dec. 1999): 1-35.

Until described in 2006, the Sunburnt Pigfish was thought to be the Western Australian form of Goldspot Pigfish Bodianus perditio. The former usually has 16 rays in the pectoral fin, rather than the 17 of the latter. It is occasionally caught by commercial trawlers and line fishers working on the middle of the continental shelf.

Found in the tropical western Pacific from the eastern coasts of the Indo-Malaysian Archipelago to Japan, Palau, western Micronesia, Samoa, Tonga and southeastern Australia. It is excluded from the Indian Ocean, except for offshore islands of northwestern Western Australia and the southern coasts of eastern Indonesia, west to about Java.

Juveniles are brown with numerous small to irregular white spots on the head and snout above the level of the mouth; spots behind the eye are usually distinct, and often aligned in rows. Males (Terminal phase adults) lack prominent black spots on the rear of the dorsal fin, and on the middle of the anal fin and on the pelvic fin.

The Family Labridae - Fish in this family are often referred to as "Wrasses" and "Hogfishes", and are among the most abundant and conspicuous fishes on the coral reef according to Thresher, 1984. With approximately 500 species, they range from dwarf to giant with shape diversity ranging from long and thin to short and compressed to stocky and massive. Maximum length about 2.3 m, many are less than 15 cm, the shortest being 4.5 cm. Medium to large species are important food fishes.

Most species change color and sex with growth, from an initial phase (IP) of both males and females, the latter able to change sex into an often brilliantly colored terminal male phase (TP). Males dominate several females; all Indo-Pacific species are pelagic spawners. Most small species do well in aquaria.

Among hermaphrodite wrasses, two types of male wrasse are described: Primary males, which are apparently male from the start, and secondary males, which start out as a functioning female, that later changes to male. Species with two types of males are referred to as biandric, or diandric , and a species with only one type of male is referred to as monandric (still hermaphrodites). Physical differences between primary and secondary male wrasses are found in the structure of the testes, indicating a physiological difference without a functional difference.

In Labroides dimidiatus, a.k.a. cleaner wrasse, a monandric species, maleness is correlated with social status, and subordinates are all females. Harems form, in which a large male excludes other males and dominates three to six females. Size determines dominance with the male superior and the largest female dominating other females and cohabitating with the male.

If there are other large males available, and the dominant male dies or is removed, the largest male may take over the harem. Otherwise, the head female will begin immediately to assume the male role. Within 2 to 4 days, the previous head female, now a behavioral male, will attempt to spawn with the next highest ranking female. By 14 days, she/he may successfully fertilize while spawning takes place. In Thalassoma bifasciatum, the process is accelerated, and fertilization can occur in 8 days (Warner et al).

In Halichoeres garnoti, a monandric Carribean species, size, rather than social order is suspected to be responsible for the change from female to male. These fish are socially organized into broadly overlapping home ranges with few limited aggressive interactions, no territoriality, and no conspicuous dominance relationships. Males and females act similarly. Larger fish tend to be male. Similar species include: Halichoeres bivittatus, H. poeyi, H. maculipinna, Thalassoma lunare.

In the tropical oceans, wrasses are known to spawn year round. In temperate waters, spawning mainly occurs during the warmer months, and in some cases spawning activity may be observed, but egg production is only when it is warm. For Labrides dimidiatus, at the southern and northern limits of the range, spawning activity without egg production is thought to help maintain the male dominated social hierarchy.

For some labridae, spawning occurs at an outcropping of the reef and timing may depend upon the occurrence of the outgoing tide. This behavior is thought to disperse the eggs away from the reef. Tidal control is absent in many species, however, which consistently spawn at a particular time of day regardless of current. Examples include:

This type of spawning is characteristic of groups of initial phase males and females. Initial phase fish are females that can, but have not yet changed to males, and males that were once females, but have already changed to males. (This in contrast to terminal phase fishes, that are created male or female, and are unable to change, i.e. non-hermaphrodites.)

Spawning begins with the arrival of large numbers of initial phase fish, 10:1 male to female, that begin to aggregate into an active ball of fish. Several of these fish balls will collect along an outcropping of the reef within a few meters of one another. Some fish may drop out of their initial aggregation only to join another nearby ball. More fish are attracted to, and join the fish balls making them larger. The intensity of activity increases and the balls become more tightly compacted. The ball begins to move as a unit with a lone female at the apex of the ball and several males surrounding her. The ball accelerates, often in a series of hesitating movements, then dashes 0.1 to 2 meters up into the water column. At the peak of the ascent, the fish reverse direction, and dash back to the reef as individuals, leaving behind a white cloud of milt and eggs that quickly disperse. One ascent leads to the rest of the balls on the reef making their ascent, spawn, and dispersement of fish and fertilized eggs. The duration of time between initial formation of the ball of fish to their ultimate return can be as short as a second. Labridae known to group spawn include: Thalassoma, Halichoeres, and Stethojulis interrupta.

Females initiate spawning in most paired events. She ascends slightly off the bottom, head up, sometimes with an S shaped curvature to exaggerate her egg-laden belly. Her color may become pale. The male moves into position beside and slightly below her. The pair ascends together, and at the apex of their ascent, release their gametes and dash back to the reef.

Nearby, initial phase males may try to horn in on this process, release sperm at the height of the trio’s ascent, and may fertilize some of the eggs. He is chased for punishment by the terminal phase male, and quickly resumes coloration similar to the females of the harem, and dives in amongst them for camouflage. In small harems he is quickly found out, and removed by the dominant male. http://edufb.net/706.pdf http://edufb.net/329.pdf