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Reservoir Compensation Releases and the Ecology of the River Derwent, Northumberland

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Reservoir Compensation Releases and the Ecology of the River Derwent, Northumberland Durham E-Theses Reservoir compensation releases and the ecology of the River Derwent, Northumberland. MAYNARD, CARLY,MARIE How to cite: MAYNARD, CARLY,MARIE (2010) Reservoir compensation releases and the ecology of the River Derwent, Northumberland., Durham theses, Durham University. Available at Durham E-Theses Online: http://etheses.dur.ac.uk/263/ Use policy The full-text may be used and/or reproduced, and given to third parties in any format or medium, without prior permission or charge, for personal research or study, educational, or not-for-prot purposes provided that: • a full bibliographic reference is made to the original source • a link is made to the metadata record in Durham E-Theses • the full-text is not changed in any way The full-text must not be sold in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. Please consult the full Durham E-Theses policy for further details. Academic Support Oce, Durham University, University Oce, Old Elvet, Durham DH1 3HP e-mail: [email protected] Tel: +44 0191 334 6107 http://etheses.dur.ac.uk 2 Declaration of Copyright I confirm that no part of the material presented in this thesis has previously been submitted by me or any other person for a degree in this or any other university. In all cases, where it is relevant, material from the work of others has been acknowledged. The copyright of this thesis rests with the author. No quotation from it should be published without prior written consent and information derived from it should be acknowledged. Carly Marie Maynard Department of Geography University of Durham April 2010 i Abstract River regulation is commonplace in England and much of the UK. Regulation for the purposes of public water supply causes flows downstream of a reservoir to be attenuated and the flow regime of the channel to be altered. The impact of channel impoundment on a small, upland UK river, has been assessed and methods for mitigation of ecological impacts explored. The method utilised a unique macroinvertebrate data set for pre‐ and post‐impoundment periods to quantify the impact of Derwent Reservoir and the steady, continuous compensation release into the River Derwent, Northumberland. Impacts on the hydrological regime were also investigated and links drawn between changes in flow regime and changes in macroinvertebrate richness and diversity as a result of impoundment. In response to the claim that the impoundment has caused a change in flow regime and had deleterious effects on fish and macroinvertebrates, a compensation redesign tool (CRAB: Compensation Release Assessment at the Broad scale) was employed to design new compensation release regimes from the reservoir which account for the seasonal flow requirements of a number of key fish species. The impact of impoundment on the current flow regime was modelled and the impacts of predicted new regimes were predicted, using a 1D hydrodynamic model (HEC‐RAS), as part of a modelling process known as CRAM (Compensation Release Assessment at the Meso‐scale). Depth and velocity were the foci of the analysis as they are the two habitat requirements most well documented for the fish species in question, they could be modelled using HEC‐RAS and they can act as surrogates for other habitat parameters such as temperature and substrate. The suitability of the depth and velocity combinations predicted using the HEC‐RAS model were assessed using fuzzy rule‐based modelling, which allowed the habitat quality of a given parameter combination to be quantified. Based on the results of the investigation it was concluded that there has been a change in flow regime and in ecological community structure since impoundment. The flow regime of the River Derwent has become less flashy with fewer extreme events, while macroinvertebrate richness and diversity have increased. The new flow regimes that were designed by CRAB, based on the depth and velocity requirements of brown trout, grayling and Atlantic salmon were predicted through CRAM to have minimal benefits for the fish populations of the River Derwent and it was concluded that no changes to flow regime should be made based solely on the assessment of habitat for fish. Impacts for the macroinvertebrate communities must also be considered as well as the impacts on other aspects of fish habitat including temperature, substrate and cover. A more detailed, micro‐scale investigation into the effects of changing flow regime would be required to warrant a change in compensation release regime from Derwent Reservoir. ii Acknowledgements I would like to express my thanks to Professor Stuart Lane and Dr Richard Hardy for the invaluable support and advice offered for both the project and wider academic interests. Their encouragement has been unwavering and greatly appreciated. Many thanks to all at the Environment Agency, but particularly Jon Shelley and Russ Barber for supporting me with time, expertise and data, and for initiating and funding the investigation. A special thank you to Ian Pattison for his constant support and patience and to all of the friends and colleagues in the department who have given support and advice. Time and assistance was offered by a number of friends who helped in the field – thanks to Ali, David, Emma, Jonah and Vicky for standing in a river for hours and also to Philip, Gabriela, Emma, Nick and many others for many hours spent drinking coffee and offering encouragement. Finally, many thanks to my family: Maria, Ray, Dave and Angela, who have, as always supported my decisions and my work. iii Contents Chapter One: Introduction 1 1.1 Aim and research questions 2 1.2 Context 2 1.3 Explanation of research questions 4 1.4 Case study site and justification 5 1.5 Summary 6 Chapter Two: Study site characteristics 7 2.1 Catchment characteristics 8 2.1.1 Hydrology 8 2.1.2 Geomorphology 10 2.1.3 Ecology 12 2.1.4 Land Use and History 14 2.2 River regulation and catchment management 15 2.3 Summary 17 Chapter Three: Assessing the impacts of impoundment on downstream hydrology 18 3.1 Introduction 19 3.2 Overview of current literature 19 3.2.1 Introduction 19 3.2.2 Flow 20 3.2.3 Morphology 20 iv 3.2.4 Temperature 21 3.3 Methods 22 3.3.1 Data available 22 3.3.2 Data analysis methods 22 3.4 Results 24 3.4.1 Long term hydrograph 24 3.4.2 Flow Duration Curves 25 3.4.3 Statistical analysis 28 3.4.4 Flashiness index 29 3.4.5 Annual maximum and minimum flow rates 30 3.5 Discussion 32 3.6 Conclusion 34 Chapter Four: Assessing the impacts of channel impoundment on ecology 35 4.1 Introduction 36 4.2 Current understanding of the impacts of regulation on ecology 36 4.2.1 Introduction 36 4.2.2 Macroinvertebrates 36 4.2.3 Fish 40 4.3 Methodology used to assess impact of river impoundment on ecology in the River Derwent 48 4.3.1 Data available 48 4.3.2 Data analysis methods 50 4.4 Results 56 v 4.4.1 Ecology 56 4.4.2 Flow and ecology 63 4.4.3 Fish 68 4.5 Discussion 69 4.5.1 Macroinvertebrates 69 4.5.2 Fish 76 4.6 Conclusion 77 Chapter Five: Redesigning compensation flows 78 5.1 Introduction 79 5.2 Compensation Release Assessment at the Broad Scale (CRAB) 79 5.2.1 Theoretical basis of CRAB 79 5.3 Literature review – flow requirements 83 5.3.1 Brown trout 83 5.3.2 Grayling 84 5.3.3 Atlantic salmon 85 5.3.4 Summary of depth and velocity requirements 86 5.4 Application of CRAB and results 87 5.4.1 Other data requirements in CRAB 87 5.4.2 Model runs and outputs 89 5.4.3 Sensitivity analysis 97 5.5 Discussion and conclusions 99 5.5.1 General observations 99 5.5.2 Variation in seasonal requirements 99 vi 5.5.3 Shortfalls in required flows and the role of CRAB 102 5.6 Conclusions 105 Chapter six: Hydrodynamic modelling of the River Derwent 106 6.1 Introduction 107 6.2 Approach to modelling 107 6.3 Methodology 109 6.3.1 Introduction 109 6.3.2 Model choice and set‐up 111 6.3.3 Hydrological boundary conditions 114 6.3.4 Calibration 120 6.3.5 Verification and validation 125 6.3.6 Application 127 6.4 Results 133 6.4.1 Introduction 133 6.4.2 Steady state, hypothetical low, median and high flows 133 6.4.3 Unsteady simulations: annual hydrograph – 2002‐2003 146 6.5 Discussion 165 6.5.1 Pre and post‐impoundment effects 165 6.5.2 Application of new regimes 165 6.5.3 Implications for ecology 169 6.6 Conclusion 173 vii Chapter Seven: Fuzzy modelling of effect of new flow regimes on habitat 174 7.1 Introduction 175 7.2 Introduction to habitat modelling 175 7.2.1 Methods of assessing habitat quality 175 7.2.2 Fuzzy modelling approach 176 7.2.3 Multivariate analyses 177 7.2.4 Fuzzy modelling approach 180 7.2.5 Limitations 182 7.2.6 Applications 182 7.3 Methodology and fuzzy rules used 183 7.3.1 Fuzzy‐rule theory 183 7.3.2 Fuzzy rules used and simulations applied 186 7.3.3 Precision settings and Sensitivity analysis 192 7.4 Results 193 7.4.1 Effects of impoundment 193 7.4.2 Effects of new flow regimes – steady analysis 194 7.4.3 Effects of new flow regimes – unsteady annual hydrograph 201 7.5 Discussion and recommendations 203 7.5.1 Trends found in habitat suitability predictions 203 7.5.2 Evaluation of the fuzzy model 203 7.5.3 Implications of fuzzy model results for fish species 205 7.6 Conclusion 208 viii Chapter Eight: Conclusions 209 8.1 Impact of regulation regimes on the ecohydraulic characteristics of the River Derwent 210 8.2 Core findings 212 8.3 Recommendations for future work and applications 213 Bibliography 215 Appendix One: Revised BMWP scores used in calculation of BMWP and ASPT scores for macroinvertebrate analysis 239 Appendix Two: Flow LIFE Scores assigned
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