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RIVERINE EROSION HAZARD AREAS Mapping Feasibility Study

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RIVERINE EROSION HAZARD AREAS Mapping Feasibility Study FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY TECHNICAL SERVICES DIVISION HAZARDS STUDY BRANCH RIVERINE EROSION HAZARD AREAS Mapping Feasibility Study September 1999 FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY TECHNICAL SERVICES DIVISION HAZARDS STUDY BRANCH RIVERINE EROSION HAZARD AREAS Mapping Feasibility Study September 1999 Cover: House hanging 18 feet over the Clark Fork River in Sanders County, Montana, after the river eroded its bank in May 1997. Photograph by Michael Gallacher. Table of Contents Report Preparation........................................................................................xi Acknowledgments.........................................................................................xii Executive Summary......................................................................................xiv 1. Introduction........................................................................................1 1.1. Description of the Problem...........................................................................................................1 1.2. Legislative History.........................................................................................................................1 1.2.1. National Flood Insurance Act (NFIA), 1968 .......................................................................3 1.2.2. Flood Disaster Act of 1973 ...............................................................................................4 1.2.3. Upton-Jones Amendment, 1988........................................................................................4 1.2.4. National Flood Insurance Reform Act (NFIRA), 1994........................................................7 1.3. Extent of the Problem...................................................................................................................7 1.4. Purpose and Scope of the Study...............................................................................................10 1.4.1. Purpose..........................................................................................................................10 1.4.2. Scope.............................................................................................................................11 1.5. Mapping of Riverine Erosion Hazard Areas..............................................................................12 2. Background of Riverine Erosion......................................................14 2.1. Fluvial Systems ...........................................................................................................................14 2.2. Factors Affecting Alluvial Channels...........................................................................................15 2.3. Channel Types ............................................................................................................................16 2.4. Channel Form and Processes....................................................................................................19 2.4.1. Definitions........................................................................................................................19 2.4.2. Geomorphic Characteristics............................................................................................20 2.4.3. Planforms........................................................................................................................22 2.4.4. Cross Section.................................................................................................................25 2.4.5. Slope ..............................................................................................................................26 2.4.6. Roughness and Bed Configuration..................................................................................27 2.4.7. Mechanics of Sediment Transport...................................................................................29 i 2.5. Evaluation Methods for Channel Response to Imposed Changes.........................................30 2.5.1. Equilibrium Approaches...................................................................................................31 2.5.2. Fluvial Hydraulics.............................................................................................................32 2.5.3. Streambank Stability .......................................................................................................34 2.6. Computational Models................................................................................................................36 2.6.1. Modeling Approach.........................................................................................................37 2.6.2. Hydraulics .......................................................................................................................38 2.6.3. Sediment Transport ........................................................................................................39 2.6.4. Stability of Streambanks .................................................................................................39 2.6.5. Future Directions.............................................................................................................41 3. Literature Review..............................................................................43 3.1. Research Sources and Search ..................................................................................................43 3.2. Literature Summary....................................................................................................................43 3.3. Selected Documents...................................................................................................................43 4. Analysis of Case Studies..................................................................44 4.1. AMAFCA Sediment and Erosion Design Guide........................................................................46 4.1.1. Overview.........................................................................................................................46 4.1.2. Detailed Description........................................................................................................46 4.1.2.1. Level 1 -- Geomorphic and Other Qualitative Analysis..........................................47 4.1.2.2. Level 2 – Quantitative Geomorphic and Basic Engineering Analysis .....................48 4.1.2.3. Level 3 – Quantitative Analysis Using Numerical Models.......................................51 4.1.2.4. Prudent Line Analysis ...........................................................................................51 4.1.3. Applicability .....................................................................................................................52 4.1.4. Limitations.......................................................................................................................53 4.1.5. Relevant References.......................................................................................................53 4.1.6. Mappability......................................................................................................................54 4.1.7. Cost................................................................................................................................54 4.1.8. Regulatory Potential........................................................................................................54 4.1.9. Summary........................................................................................................................55 4.2. Inventory and Analysis of Stream Meander Problems in Minnesota......................................56 4.2.1. Overview.........................................................................................................................56 4.2.2. Detailed Description........................................................................................................56 4.2.2.1. Data Collection and Preparation...........................................................................57 4.2.2.2. Shift Measurement ...............................................................................................57 4.2.2.3. Results Summary.................................................................................................58 4.2.2.4. Relationships Between Stream Parameters and Measured Results.....................58 4.2.3. Applicability .....................................................................................................................58 ii 4.2.4. Limitations.......................................................................................................................58 4.2.5. Relevant References.......................................................................................................58 4.2.6. Mappability......................................................................................................................59 4.2.7. Cost................................................................................................................................59 4.2.8. Regulatory Potential........................................................................................................59 4.2.9. Summary........................................................................................................................59 4.3. Probabilistic Spatial Assessment of River Channel Instability.................................................60
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