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East Contra Costa County Historical Ecology Study

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East Contra Costa County Historical Ecology Study EAST CONTRA COSTA COUNTY HISTORICAL ECOLOGY STUDY NOVEMBER 2011 SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY INSTITUTE Suggested citation: Stanford B, Grossinger RM, Askevold RA, Whipple AW, Leidy RA, Beller EE, Salomon MN, Striplen CJ. 2011. East Contra Costa County Historical Ecology Study. Prepared for Contra Costa County and the Contra Costa Watershed Forum. A Report of SFEI’s Historical Ecology Program, SFEI Publication #648, San Francisco Estuary Institute, Oakland, CA. Report and GIS layers are available on SFEI's website, at www.sfei.org/HEEastContraCosta. Permissions rights for images used in this publication have been specifically acquired for one-time use in this publication only. Further use or reproduction is prohibited without express written permission from the responsible source institution. For permissions and reproductions inquiries, please contact the responsible source institution directly. Front cover: Views of East Contra Costa County through time. Top: View from Fox Ridge west towards Mount Diablo, 2010; Middle: Kellogg Creek, ca. 1920 "In NW 1/4 sec. 3, 2S, 2E, on road slope from hill looking N. along Kellogg Creek"; Bottom: Detail from USGS 1916 (Byron Hot Springs quad). Contemporary photo February 23, 2010 by Abigail Fateman. Historical photo courtesy of the California Historical Society. Title page: View of Kellogg Creek watershed, looking south toward Brushy Peak, ca. 1920. Near present-day Los Vaqueros Reservoir on section 21 (SE quarter) Township 1 South, Range 2 East. Courtesy of the California Historical Society. EAST CONTRA COSTA COUNTY HISTORICAL ECOLOGY STUDY prepared for contra costa county • november 2011 SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY INSTITUTE Prepared by: SAN FRANCISCO ESTUARY INSTITUTE Bronwen Stanford Robin Grossinger Ruth Askevold Alison Whipple Robert Leidy1 Erin Beller Micha Salomon Chuck Striplen 1U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, San Francisco Design and Cartography by Ruth Askevold In Cooperation with: CONTRA COSTA WATERSHED FORUM CONTRA COSTA COUNTY DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION AND DEVELOPMENT Funded by: CALIFORNIA STATE COASTAL CONSERVANCY CONTRA COSTA COUNTY FLOOD CONTROL AND WATER CONSERVATION DISTRICT CALIFORNIA DEPARTMENT OF FISH AND GAME CONTRA COSTA COUNTY GIS Policy Committee Fish and Wildlife Committee iv • east contra costa historical ecology atlas HISTORICAL LAND COVER, mid-1800s WEST PITTSBURG Tidal Marsh, Pond, Slough willow cr and Valley Freshwater Marsh coastal drainages E 10th St. 4 east county delta drainages Wet Meadow PITTSBURG East Antioch Ravine Creek E 18th St 4 West ANTIOCH Alkali Meadow Creek Kirker Rd Lawlor Somersville kirker cr OAKLEY Alkali Sink Scrub Antioch Bailey Rd Creek Alkali Flat Canyon east antioch cr Creek Markley Marsh KNIGHTSEN Alkali Marsh west antioch cr Lone Tree Way Woodland Sunset Rd east county lower marsh cr delta drainages Oak Savanna Sand Creek Sand CLAYTON Irish Creek Canyon Mitchell Creek Mitchell Mount Diablo Chaparral Sellers Ave BRENTWOOD HwyByron Grassland Deer Creek Deer Creek Balfour Rd Creek Dry Creek Interior Dune Scrub mount diablo cr Creek 4 Interior Dune (veg. undefined) Walnut Blvd Walnut DISCOVERY Briones Marsh Creek BAY Briones Rock Outcrops Valley Rd Marsh Creek Rd 4 Marsh Stream mt diablo Creek upper marsh cr Kellogg Creek Kellogg Curry Distributary Canyon BYRON Round ValleyCreek marsh Watershed Boundary Byron Hwy Frisk Creek USDA 2005, courtesy of NAIP Marsh Creek Brushy Hartz Ave. Kellogg Creek Creek kellogg cr brushy cr Rd Vasco This map reconstructsDANVILLE characteristics of East Contra Costa County prior to significant Euro-American modification (mid-1800s). Some upland features are more reflective of 1930s conditions. Present-day road and city locations are provided for context. BrushyCreek Also mapped but not visible at this scale due to their relatively small size are the following wetland features: perennial freshwater ponds, perennial alkali ponds, seasonal lakes, and seep wetlands. Valley freshwater marshes may also be difficult to see. For 2 miles n these features, see the larger scale maps in the Map Section. 1: 1 25,000 Creek Upper Kellogg Tassajara CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS viii Riparian Analysis 38 Summary of Findings 70 Historical Presence of Beaver 41 Management Implications and Next Steps 70 INTRODUCTION 1 Discussion 41 Transformation of the Drainage Network 41 GENERAL METHODS 5 DRYLAND HABITATS 71 Pools and Perennial Reaches 41 Dryland Habitats 71 Data Collection 5 Riparian Cover 42 Interpretation of Historical Documents 7 Contemporary Reservoirs and Stock Ponds 43 Methods 72 Mapping Methodology 10 Role of Semi-Arid Streams 43 Reconciling Wieslander Vegetation Type Mapping 73 1) Collection of Historical Spatial Data 10 Historical Condition of Marsh Creek 43 Summarizing General Land Office survey data 75 2) Addition of Historical Data to the GIS 10 Native Fish Assemblages 44 Integrating Additional Data Sources 75 3) Synthesis into a Composite Map 10 Summary of Findings 50 Results 76 Analysis and Comparison to Present-Day Conditions 10 Management Implications and Next Steps 50 Grassland 79 Technical Advice and Review 12 Woodland and Savanna 80 WETLAND HABITATS 51 Chaparral/Scrub 87 LAND USE AND CLIMATE HISTORY 13 Wetland Habitats 51 Interior Dune Habitats 90 Land Use 13 Chipps Island 52 Discussion 93 First Human Settlement 13 Methods 52 Vegetation Patterns and Local Land Use History 93 Spanish Contact (1772-1835) 15 Tidal Marsh 52 Implications for Restoration 95 Rancho Period (1835-1848) 15 Alkali Habitats 53 Next Steps 96 Early American Settlement and Agriculture (1848-1930s) 16 Palustrine Wetlands 55 Summary of Findings 97 Industrial Development and Mining (1853 - present) 18 Results 56 Management Implications and Next Steps 97 Irrigated Crops (1860s- present) 20 Regional Spatial Patterns 56 MAP SECTION 98 Urban Development, Water Management, and Protection 21 Tidal Marsh 58 Climate History 24 Alkali Wetlands 60 REFERENCES 110 Palustrine Wetlands 64 STREAMS AND RIPARIAN HABITATS 27 Habitat Changes 66 APPENDIX: DETAILED METHODS 116 Methods 28 Discussion 67 Channel Network 28 Tidal Marsh-Upland Transition Zones 67 Wetland Chapter 116 Dry Season Flow 28 Pittsburg-Antioch ‘Lagunas’ 67 Mapping Tidal Marsh 116 Riparian Cover 28 “Point of Timber” Pond 67 Mapping Alkali Extent 116 Results 29 Alkali Wetlands 68 Alkali Classification Crosswalk 117 Discontinuous Streams 29 Wet Meadows and Discontinuous Creeks 69 Dryland Chapter 117 Changes in the Drainage Network 30 Stock Ponds and Perennial Wetlands 69 Density Estimations 117 Dry Season Water Resources 36 Historical Red-Legged Frog Habitat 69 Density Change Detection Using Raster Analysis 117 vi • east contra costa county historical ecology study FIGURES Figure 1.1. Historical ecology of East Contra Costa County......................................................................... 1 Figure 4.16. Historical intermittent and perennial flow by watershed ..................................................36 Figure 5.26. Red-legged frog ................................................................................................................................69 Figure 1.2. ECCC, urban and rural.......................................................................................................................... 2 Figure 4.17. Dry season water ..............................................................................................................................37 Figure 5.27. Alkali vernal pool ..............................................................................................................................70 Figure 1.3. Study area and geographic locator map ...................................................................................... 3 Figure 4.18. Change in riparian cover by creek ..............................................................................................38 Figure 6.1. Views of dryland habitats: montane, foothill, and plain .......................................................71 Figure 1.4. Map and field work by the California Geological Survey. ....................................................... 4 Figure 4.19. Historical riparian cover along Kellogg Creek ........................................................................39 Figure 6.2. Blue oak at Chaparral Spring ..........................................................................................................72 Figure 1.5. Trees on the former oak savanna near Discovery Bay ............................................................. 4 Figure 4.20. Change in riparian cover by geomorphic unit ......................................................................39 Figure 6.3. VTM map ................................................................................................................................................73 Figure 2.1. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) .......................................................................................................... 5 Figure 4.21. Increase in contemporary riparian cover density along Marsh Creek ...........................39 Figure 6.4. Adjusting VTM polygons ..................................................................................................................74 Figure 2.2. Rancho de Los Meganos, J. E. Whitcher, 1853(a) ....................................................................... 6 Figure 4.22. GLO riparian trees by geomorphic unit ....................................................................................40 Figure 6.5. The challenge of detecting chaparral boundary
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