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148-14 8-RS.-2018.Pdf See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/341452586 URBAN PONDS AND LAKES: Exploring urban ecology as a part Natural Heritage Conference Paper · December 2018 CITATIONS READS 0 166 2 authors, including: Rahul Shukla Nirma University 6 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Rahul Shukla on 18 May 2020. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. URBAN PONDS AND LAKES: Exploring urban ecology as a part Natural Heritage Bulbul Shukla1, Rahul Shukla2 Assistant Professor, NIRMA University ABSTRACT Many of the present cities previously emerged as settlements, along water bodies. The relation between settlements and water is important and unique. Urban Water bodies are the inherent part of natural as well as cultural ecosystem. The water bodies in an urban set up includes rivers, stream, ponds, lakes, nalas, wells etc. Apart from these functions, urban water bodies are also known to recharge ground water, channelize water flow to prevent water logging and flooding. In urban ecosystems, urban water bodies like especially lakes and ponds has social, cultural and historic significance like since ages, it has also traditionally served the function of meeting water requirements of the populace for drinking, , household uses like washing, for agriculture, fishing, transportation and religious purposes in ancient civilizations. It also acts as stabilizer for microclimate of urban area. With the growing pressure from urban activities like industrialization, reclamation for urban infrastructure, anthropogenic activities etc. there is exploitation of urban water bodies, leading to degradation in their quality as well as quantity. Talking particularly in Indian context, most of the civilizations have been evolved around the water bodies within certain socio cultural context. But with changing urban dynamics, in last few decades, urban lakes and ponds have undergone deterioration due to various human interventions. So, this paper aims at investigating role of ponds (stagnant water bodies) in Indian culture and also tried to explore its image as part of natural heritage. To study culture around urban ponds, we have selected two Indian cities i.e. Raipur and Mumbai, very different from each other geographically and socio-culturally as one is amongst the developing and other developed city respectively. In Raipur, set of ponds defines the urban culture and ancient social hierarchy on the basis of occupation in its walled city and in Mumbai, a fresh water pond (banganga tank) in Malabar hills at southern Mumbai serving religiously as well as culturally to the different ethnic groups around it. To study the culture around the water body, narrations in the form of semi structured interviews of ethnic groups around the ponds and references from historical literatures and archives have been taken as primary and secondary data collections respectively. Further, the data collected are examined with the help of deductive method, wherein compatible and non compatible activities around these ponds as per culture have been extracted out. The research findings indicate that the ponds are playing important role in retaining traditional culture in both the cities, inspite of their socio cultural differences but with the urban growth, it is at the vanishing state, which inturn has become the danger for traditional settlement and culture around it. Finally, the study concludes with the suggestive laws and policies to be made for conserving the urban ponds and lakes inside the dense urban fabric of the city and also urges to declare this stagnant water bodies as natural heritage to preserve socio cultural context around it. This research also shows various potential layers and sub layers of the lost spaces around these urban water bodies. Keywords: Urban water bodies, ponds and lakes, socio cultural, natural heritage, urbanization 1 Introduction Cities are both complex ecological entities, which have their own unique internal rules of behavior, growth, and evolution, and important global ecological forcing functions and are evolve as the outcome of myriad interactions between the urban ecosystem and actions of many human agents (e.g., households, businesses, developers, and governments) and biophysical agents such as local geomorphology, climate, and natural disturbance regimes. In particular, ecological system of the Indian cities, lakes and ponds are considered vital parts of freshwater ecosystems are an inherent part of it. Lakes have traditionally served the function of meeting, water requirements of the populace for drinking, household uses like washing, for agriculture, fishing and also for religious and cultural purposes and became the part of natural and cultural heritage of the many Indian cities. Socio cultural history of water bodies in India is very rich. Tanks (tankas), ponds (johads, taalab) and lakes (taal) have always proved to be vital for irrigation, supplying drinking water, ecology, tourism/culture and domestic use. In every change of era, people India have used local techniques and skills to develop a wide variety of techniques to meet their water needs. With passage of time, there has been a shift away from traditional knowledge system in water management practices in both rural and urban areas. In countries where poverty and inequality are rampant such as developing and least developing countries, people are more directly dependent on ecosystem services as their lives are more intimately related to nature and natural resources. Such a scenario makes them highly vulnerable when natural ecosystems are degraded [1]. Increased water stress has a profound impact on food production and India is already struggling to be food secure. In such a scenario there is a pressing need to revive traditional water management systems to reduce social vulnerabilities and safeguard agricultural and environmental cycles. To achieve this, restoration of streams in urban areas and study and management of such designed ecosystems as unique ecosystems are advocated, with the aim of optimizing services to urban populations [2] Apart from these functions, which involve direct use of the lake water, lakes are also known to recharge ground water, channelize water flow to prevent water logging and flooding. Lakes are also host to a wide variety of flora and fauna, especially birds. Despite this crucial dependence on these lakes/ponds and wells, India has witnessed the destruction, negligence and reclamation of thousands of these water bodies and gross misuse of water bodies. Ponds and lakes being successful approach to water management since ancient times, needs to be emphasized and considered as part of natural heritage legal framework. Many efforts in the form of water laws, policies and decisions were made by the government. First government policies that came during British era in 1866 [3], focused more on the commercial aspect rather than social. The British government classified agricultural works as commercial and non-commercial. In another act by the Government of India Act 1935, the act transferred the subject of irrigation from the control of the center to the states. After Bengal famine in 1947, the era of planned development marked the era of development in the 2 irrigation facility. In 1986, the umbrella body for the management of water in the country was constituted. It was chaired by the prime minister of India and called the National Water Resource Council (NWRC). This document was a comprehensive statement of various policy issues considering the opinion of the states. Till 1999, National water policy was modified and many other sectors like finance got involved. And in 2002, National Water Policy 2002 has graduated from the National Policy on Water 1987. The main change was the incorporation of the integrated water resource management (IWRM). River basin management was emphasized. The Policy has been reviewed and updated in response to the number of new issues that have emerged over a period of time since its formulation in 1987. It emphasizes developing management strategies for the conservation of water keeping in view the socio- economic aspects and the needs of the states [4]. The policy concludes on the remark that the depending on the specific situation, private participation in building, owning and operating, leasing and transforming water facilities may be considered. Another perspective of looking at the water rights is participatory approach. Since traditionally lakes and ponds in India have been regulated through the community resource management systems and has related customary rights and laws, which take into account institutional and social structure around ponds and lakes to recognize the characteristics of it and device customary methods of its water management . Customary Rights over water were enjoyed by user communities for centuries and have evolved over a long period of time. It has juristic aspect associated with ponds/lakes and local communities around it, which relates to the political economy of the country. The rise of modern state, which seeks centralized control over resources and the dependency on the state or capitalistic authorities, would naturally not be in favor of the technologies, or resource distribution which would oppose it. If we are to follow constitutional mandate of economy and social justice, it is extremely important to utilize resource in a manner, which leads to equity and freedom from dependency on others [5][6]. What is a Pond? There is a lot of debate about how to best define a water body such as ponds and lakes. Any depression in the ground which collects and retains adequate precipitation can be considered as a lake or pond based on the size of the water body. Both ponds and lakes catch and conserve rainwater, which can percolate into the soil and help in recharging the groundwater level. The water from ponds and lakes can be used for a variety of purposes for both human and animal consumption, for irrigation, recreational purposes etc. Water bodies can be formed due to geological and ecological events of different varieties.
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