21sr CENTURY' SCIENCE & TECHNOLOG¥ Vol. 13, No.2 Summer 2000

Features News

SPECIAL REPORT SOl Revisited: In Defense of Strategy 18 13 AIDS and Infectious Diseases Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. Declared Threat to U.S. In order that society might enjoy the benefits of discovered National Security universal physical principles, it is essential to engage cooperation Colin Lowry among the higher, cognitive processes of individual persons. The modern concept of "information," embedded in today's educational IN MEMORIAM and scientific practice, makes such further advancement of 16 Giuliano Preparata (1942-2000): cognition, and therefore of science, impossible. Such are the kind A Physicist in Dialogue of underlying matters which must be addressed, to grasp the flaw in With Nature the arguments surrounding today's missile-defense debate. Emilio del Giudice, Ph.D.

ENVIRONMENT 44 It's Time to Tell the Truth About the 60 Yes, the Ocean Has Warmed; Health Benefits of Low-Dose Radiation No, It's Not 'Global Warming' James Muckerheide Dr. Robert E. Stevenson Low-dose radiation is documented to be beneficial for human health but, for political reasons, radiation is assumed to be harmful at any dose. Radiation-protection scientists, and others, who cover De artments up the data that contradict present policy should be investigated for p 2 EDITORIAL misconduct. Science Vs. The Human Genome Hype 56 Russian Discovery Challenges Existence of I Absolute Time' 3 LETTERS Jonathan Tennenbaum 4 RESEARCH COMMUNICATIONS Russian scientists discover unexpected regularities in radioactive Cascade Mountain Uplift May decay, linked to astronomical cycles Explain Strengthening Ice Age Cycle Jack Sauers Fruitsof Genetic Tinkering 8 NEWS BRIEFS Are Headedfor U.S. Tables 10 VIEWPOINT Genetically Engineered Crops Can Feed the Wo rld! Genetically engineered Dr. Channaputra S. Prakash crops can help fe ed the world, and, as Dr. C.S. 66 BOOKS Prakash states bluntly in On the cover: A strategic flank that the Viewpoint (p . 70), it is changed the world: Washington Crossing irresponsible and immoral the Delaware, Christmas Day, 1776, as fo r the well-fed to spear­ depicted by Emanuel Gottlieb Leutze, head fe ar-based cam­ Courtesy of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York City. Cover design by Alan paigns against the tech­ Yue . nology. EDITORIAL STAFF EDITORIAL Edltor-in;Chief

Laurence Hecht Managing Editor Marjarie Mazel Hecht Science vs. Associate Editors

Elijah C, Boyd David CherrY The' Human Genome Hype Marsha Freeman Calin M. Lawry 90 Ragelia A. Madura he sequencing of approximately ever, this approach runs into an insolu­ Elisabeth Pascali Tpercent of the human genome has ble problem in accounting for the regu­ Charles B. Stevens been hailed by President Clinton as a lation of gene activity, by creating an Books great breakthrough of our time, and has endless string of kinetic events of

David Cherry been compared to the discovery of a enzymes binding to DNA sequences,

Art Director "Book of Life" by most of the popular and DNA being transcribed into press. Well, the President could have Rasemary Maak enzymes. By this logic, the cell is called a press conference a few years reduced to a complex series of chemi­ Advertising Manager ago, saying we had sequenced 60 per­ cal reactions, that in principle are no Marsha Free'nlan cent of the genome, so what has changed, different from a machine. The Human SCIENTIFIC ADVISORY BOARD why now is it a "breakthrough"? Genome Project is dominated by this Francesco.Celani, Ph.D. The Human Genome Project is not a type of linear assumption, which then Hugh W, Ellsaesser, Ph.D. scientific breakthrough at all. Lost in all asserts itself onto the intrinsically non­ Bertha Farfan, M.D. James Frazer, Ph.D. the hype, is the reality that we don't linear living process, mentally blocking John Grauerholz, M.D. know what 97 percent of the DNA off the chance for real discoveries about Emmanuel Grenier already sequenced means. A break­ what makes living processes unique. Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr. through in science signifies that a new Although it will be useful to have a Wolfgang Ljllge, M.D. principle has been discovered that two-dimensional map of the sequence Ramtanu Maitra B.A. Saldano, Ph.D. changes our previous assumptions. The of the genome, it doesn't tell us any­ Robert E. Steyel'lson, Ph.D. sequencing of the DNA of the genome thing about the function of any of the Jonathan Te nnenbaum, Ph.D. has been going on for decades, yet no genes. What a gene actually does can Daniel R. Wells, Ph.D. new principle about living systems has only be learned from real experiments, 21st Century Science & Te chnology been learned from it alone. The identi­ examining the activity of the gene in a (ISSN 0895-6820) is published 4 times a year in 2000, every third month, by 21st Cen­ fication of gene sequences that are living cel l. tury Science Associates, 60 Sycolin Road, invo lved in inherited diseases has 3-D Structure, for Example Suite 203, Leesburg, Va . 201 75. Te l. (703) been usefu l for early screening and One example of how limited is the 777-7473. · . Address all correspandence to.21 st Cen­ treatment of people at risk, although usefu lness of the linear sequencing that tury, P.O. Box 16285, Washington, D.C. the development of treatments has has been accomplished, can be seen by 20041 . Second-class postage is paid at Lees­ come from entirely different areas of considering the problem of three­ burg, Va . and additional mailing offices. research. The Human Genome Project dimensional position. The activity of a 21st Century is dedicated to the pramo­ is baSically a brute-force application of gene is controlled first by its three­ tion of unending scientific progress, all directed to.serve the proper common aims of automated DNA sequencing tech­ dimensional structure and location mankind. niques, which have become quicker within a chromosome. The familiar Opinions expressed in articles are nat nec­ essarily those of 21 st Century Science Asso­ and more sophisticated over the years. double-helix structure of a single DNA ciates or the scientific advisory board. Behind the hype is a more devastat­ strand is actually wound around myriad We are not responsible far unsalicited ing error of method, associated with the protei ns, and packed and reshaped at manuscripts. . '... . Subscriptions by mail are $25 for 6.issues reductionist assumptions of Information several levels of organization within a ar $48 for 12 issues in the USA and Canada. Theory that dominate nearly all scien­ chromosome. DNA can be wound up Airmail subscriptions to. other countries are $50 for 6 issues. Back issues are $5 each tific thinking today. Just as Information into loops, or structures resembling an ($6 foreign). Payments must be in U.S. cur­ Theory applied to the human mind can electrical solenoid. When DNA is pack­ rency. never describe the generation of a new aged very tightly, it is in an inactive POSTMASTER: Send address changes to.21st CenturY, P.O. Box 16285, Washing­ thought, the sequencing of the so-called state, and cannot be transcribed by ton, D.C. 200'41 .0285. DNA code can never describe life. The enzymes into messenger RNA, the first

Website' radical reductionist view of the Human step toward making a protein based on www.21stcenturysciencetech.com Genome Project rests on genetic deter­ the gene sequence. None of the gene's minism: whatever happens in the cell is activity, or three-dimensional structure Copyright © 2000 21 st Century Science Associates said to be "all in the genes." can be known from the linear sequence.

. This view turns living processes A classic example of the importance Printed in the USA ISSN 0895-682 upside down, and views the cell as of the three-dimensional structure regu­ existing fo r the sake of the DNA. How- lating gene activity comes from the

2 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY EDITORIAL hemoglobin gene fa mily, which is would give us the kinds of break­ the field fooling themselves into think­ developmentally regulated. In human throughs that may make the DNA ing that this type of "speculative" beings, the genes that code for the pro­ sequence information usefu l. For exam­ research will lead to a breakthrough, tein are found in the same region of the ple, how many researchers are looking which even if fo und, will ever be used chromosome. Looking at the DNA in a at the electromagnetic characteristics of for the benefit of the health of the pub­ linear way, scientists assumed that the living systems, or the potential of three­ lic? The next time someone tries to sel l regulatory region of the DNA for the dimensional DNA structure to act as an you a "Book of Life," it would be wise hemog lobin family would be in close electromagnetic transmitter and to ask who the author is. proximity to the gene sequences, but it receiver? Where is the research looking For clarity, we should add that we do was not found there. for the fundamental diffe rences between not in any way endorse the argument After research revealed that the three­ living and non-living processes? Most of that because advanced genetic research dimensional structure and location of it has been sidelined, while private could be used for extremely evil pur­ the hemoglobin family was crucial to its research efforts, like that of Celera, are poses, it should therefore be stopped. regulation, researchers discovered that conducted for the purpose of "privatiz­ Horror scenarios could be, and are, con­ the DNA region that regu lates the pat­ ing" the use of the ,human genome, ceived in connection with nearly all tern of expression of the genes was very through patents and other means. The areas of science-nuclear research, far away in the two-dimensional privatization efforts have gotten so out space, and so forth. The quickest way to sequence, but was actually in a position of control that many biotech companies make such scenarios a reality is to stop three-d imensionally that exerted control recently were submitting patents for the progress of science. over the entire structure of the hemoglo­ fragments of human gene sequences, for Yes, the genome sequences could be bin gene region. which they had no clue as to their func­ useful as a first step toward medical The Basics: What Is Life? tion! breakthroughs, but only if other research The sad part of the genome issue is It may play on Wa ll Street or the NAS­ does not suffer from the same I i near, that all of the attention and fu nding of DAQ marketplace, where the much reductionist view of living systems that the human genome project, has overvalued speculative bubble thrives plagues the Human Genome Project. detracted from the very research which on such hype. But are any scientists in -Colin Lowry

immediately came into confl ict with Now comes Marmet and spoils all known laws of physics. Those had to be that. What a killjoy! It turns out-as any boldly set aside in favor of another schoolboy should know and most hypothes is known as "inflation." And physics professors don't-that molecu­ so on. Hypotheses built on failed lar hydrogen (unlike atomic hydrogen) Letters hypotheses. Nothing could be pre­ is electromagnetically practically unde­ dicted, only postul ated and thence tectable: It is the perfect prototype of retrodicted. Such attempted predictions "dark" (transparent) matter, and it is fi ll­ An Elegant Solution to as that of the degree of anisotropy of ing space by the bushel and peck, in the cosmic background radiation fa iled consequence of its being formed Two Basic Problems: repeatedly clear down to levels of a exothermally (semi-irreversibly) when Dark Matter and Redshift part in 105, where the perpetrators of two H-atoms meet under the right con­ this kind of "physics" are doubtless still ditions ...and H-atoms have been To the Editor: busily hypothesizing. meeting and mating in space for billions Congratulations to 27st Century Sci­ The second problem area was that of of years. ence and Te chnology for calling atten­ galactic dynamics, which observably What's more, long before the pres­ tion to Professor Paul Marmet's elegant confli cted with macro-mechanics, as ence of all this "dark" transparent mat­ solution to two basic problems that have known since Newton, unless a lot of ter in space was recognized, Marmet plagued physics during most of the past invisible mass were present. So, it was had the temerity to predict its exis­ century ("Discovery of H 2 in Space hypothesis time again, and all sorts of tence on the basis of his own spoil­ Explains Dark Matter and Redshift," weird ad hoc inventions were promptly sport hypothes is: that photons travel­ Spring 2000, p. 5). forthcoming to account for the neces­ ling long distances through tenuous The first arose from the discovery by sary "dark matter," such as WIMPs, mas­ transparent matter are accurately for­ Hubble that there is a redshift of light sive photons or neutrinos, and quark ward-scattered, so that stellar images from astronom i ca I objects that McNuggets. (In a few more years our are not distorted, but are slightly "red­ increases proportionally to their dis­ politically correct breast-beaters and dened" because of a tiny loss of energy tance from the Earth. This was immedi­ Chicken Littles wi ll doubtless be blam­ in each scattering event. This agreed ately hypothesized to mean that all visi­ ing NASA space garbage.) In this new with the classical optics of transparent ble objects are rushing away from any Disney World of Science all it takes is media. point of observation, so the redshift is a an hypothesis and, voila, instant profes­ Marmet calculated how much Doppler effect. This in turn spawned sorship for life and world med ia acclaim hydrogen had to be in space to the Big Bang model of creation, which for 15 minutes. Continued on page 7

EDITORIAL 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 3 We suspect that the increasing height of this Western mountain range contributes Cascade Mountain Uplift to the changes in atmospheric circula­ tion that perm it the southward move­ ment of glacial masses down the North May Explain Strengthening American continent during Ice Ages. The Milankovitch Cycles Long-term climatic change is driven Ice Age Cycle by three solar astronomic cycles: the precession of the equinox (rv 20,000 An examination of the Cascade Mountain concordant summit elevated years, when adjusted for advance of the Pliocene peneplain at 6,000 feet as an uplifted erosion surface, perihelion), variation in the axial tilt, known as obliquity (rv 40,000 years), produced by Pleistocene uplift since 800,000 years before present. and change in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit (rv10 0,000 years). These by Jack Sauers relationships and their correlation with a recurring cycle of Ice Ages, over eep-sea core data over the past uplift which we have detected in the Cas­ approximately the last 1.6 million years D 800,000 years show a strengthening cade Mountain range (and which extends (known as the Pleistocene epoch), were of the recurrent cycle of Ice Ages, pro­ north to Alaska and south into Oregon fi rst worked out by Alfred Wegener and voked approximately every 100,000 and California), over that time frame. Milutin Milankovitch in the first decades years by the Milankovitch eccentricity The observed uplift of glacial terraces of the 20th century. cycle of the Earth's orbit. Our field geo­ is strongest in the last fo ur glaciations: For reasons not completely under­ logic studies suggest that the strengthen­ about 400 feet for three of the last four stood, the variation in eccentricity has ing of glaciation in recent cycles, is very cycles, with the last one, over the past been the dominant cycle, producing peri­ likely a result of the major neotectonic 100,000 years, far exceeding all others. ods of extensive Northern Hemisphere

4 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY RESEARCH COMMUN ICATIONS GLACIAL TERRACES FROM THE LATE PLEISTOCENE (up the West Side of Table Mountain Liberty Area, NE of Cle Elum, Wash.) Major glacial terraces in the Liberty area of the Cascade Mountains in Washing­ ton state are fo und uplifted at roughly 400-foot intervals of elevation, corre­ sponding to the lOO,OOO-year Ice Age glaciation cycle, caused by change in the eccentricity of the Earth's orbit.

Source: Composite from U.S. Geological Survey 7.5 Minute Tapa Quadrangles of Blewett Pass and Ub­ erty. Contour Interval 40 feet, 1 :24,000 scale on the originals.

tem, which has been present more than 90 percent of the time during the past 800,000 years. Interglacials, like the present one, have occurred over only 10 percent of the time period. Conditions of deterio­ rating Little Ice Ages, as we have experi­ enced over the past 650 years, indicate that the current Interglacial has been over for some time. These Little Ice Ages have come in even-numbered centuries (in the 1200s, the 1400s, the 1600s, and the 1800s), and will be producing great climatic weather extremes in the 2000s. The 2000s will be more severe, because the longer climatic cycles will add to the effects in the terminal Holocene. One can also see from analysis of sea glaciation and global cooling known as the west side of the mountain from the cores that the last 1 OO,OOO-year cycle an Ice Age. Periods of glaciation cover­ 5,600-foot elevation to the 2,500- to was the most extreme of all the Pleis­ i ng most of the northern parts of the 2,600-foot elevation.) tocene glaciations, reaching a maxi­ United States, Western Europe, and Asia, The 400-foot-stepped glacial terraces mum at around 18,000 years before the of approximately 1 OO,OOO-year duration, are related to the 100,000-year present (YBP). Contin ued uplift at the have been followed by a thaw of about Milankovitch eccentricity cycle driving above rate during the Holocene will 10,000 years duration, known as an the cycle of glacial advance and retreat. cause even greater global cooling over Interglacial. We are approximately This gives a rate of uplift of 400 the decades ahead, from the added oro­ 10,800 years into the present Interglacial feet/l 00,000 years, or 40 feet/l 0,000 graphic (mountainous) effect on atmo­ (known as the Holocene), leading years, which corresponds to the 40-foot spheric circulation; this will add to the informed climatologists to suspect that contour interval on the 7.5 minute topo­ blocking high effect of the atmospheric the Earth is entering a new Ice Age. graphical quads of the U.S. Geological circulation, which is already like that of Glacial Terraces on the Peneplain Survey, which reveal the terraces quite the last Little Ice Age. Eight glacial terraces are developed well. This also amounts to 0.4 feet/l 00 Western Side Uplift along the west side of Table Mountain at years, as produced by the glacial ice ero­ Along the western side of the Cascade the old gold-mining Swauk Creek Mining sion of the Ice Distributive Glacial Sys- Mountain fault block range, the neo­ District northeast of Cle Elum, Wash. The tectonic uplift is more than 1,600 feet, summit of the peneplain (an area reduced "Continued uplift . . . will running across the Mt. Si fault zone almost to a plain by erosion), at around cause even greater global between the 2,600- to 2,500-foot eleva-­ 6,000 feet, is likely present on the top cooling over the decades tion and the 1,000- to 800-foot eleva­ layer. However, magnetic polarities of the tion of the rivers of the Puget Lowland, ahead, from the added wind-blown loess on the top may be the such as the South Fork Snoqualmie reverse of today, because uplift has taken orographic (mountainous) River, coming down off the Snoqualmie place over the past 800,000 years, as can effect on atmospheric Pass which is at the 3,000-foot eleva­ be seen from the increasingly strong gla­ circulation. " tion developed back in time 200,000 cial terraces visible every 400 feet down years before present. That fault zone,

RESEARCH COMMUNICAT IONS 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 5 visible on aerial side-scan photo mosaics, runs also as a Pleistocene Vo l­ cano Line from Mt. Baker volcano to Mt. Si's fault scarp east of Seattle, to Mt. Rainier, and thence to Mt. Hood.1 Similar uplift relations also exist in the Leavenworth area, west of Wenatchee, with uplift of the Pliocene (the epoch pre­ ceding the Pleistocene glacial age) concor­ dant surfaces to 6,000 feet in elevation from the 1,200- to 1,000- to 800-foot ele­ vation of the valleys, over the past 800,000 years. The largest nested, U-shaped cross valley profile is the largest there is in the area for the last 100,000 years. Similar ones are found across the Mt. Si fault zone on the west side of the Cascade range; the val­ leys of the Snoqualmie River, North, South and Middle Forks; and, the Skykomish River Va lleys, Sillaguamisth Forks, and Bob Symonds/U.S. Geological Survey Skagit and Nookscack River Va lleys. Mt. Baker volcano in the Cascades range, with a tent in the fo reground. At Leavenworth, the 6,OOO-foot eleva­ tion residual peneplain is present on the Columbia Basin Plateau Basalts, so exten­ with quake epicenters located on it. west side of the Leavenworth Fault, as sive over Eastern Washington. I place the rate of uplift at 400 well, although there were hills and low Uplifton the Mt. Stuart Block feet/1 00,000 years on the Mt. Stuart mountains above it to more than 3,000 On each side, and south of the Mt. Stu­ block, except for the last glaciation, feet in elevation that were not bevelled by art quartz-diorite granitic block or massif, which I estimate at about four times peneplanation, but were subjected to one finds a zone of serpentines (hydrous that. Beautiful terraces developed along­ early Pleistocene glaciation before magnesium silicate) around the granitic side both the Wenatchee and Columbia 800,000 YBP. That is in Mt. Stuart and block. There is a graben on the west side Rivers as those rivers downcut through peaks going to the north in the Pre-Ter­ of the Mt. Stuart block, and uplift over the the Pleistocene, and the fault blocks tiary root zone of the central Cascades. In past 800,000 years has occurred mostly rose in the Cascades, and are still rising, some cases, there may have been regen­ outside the serpentines on a northerly as we go into this next major glaciation eration of thrusting to Mid-Cretaceous trending neotectonic fault in the position of the Pleistocene, driven by the thrusts in the early Pleistocene, such as of an earlier Te rtiary fault along the east Milankovich orbital cycles, whose the Jack Mount and Shuksan thrusts that side of which it has also brought up the effects have been increased by tectonic happened in the Himalayas. Mt. Stuart block, shedding granitic sedi­ uplift over the past 1.6 million years. That holds for areas west of the Chi­ ments into that graben. I'm preparing for an Ice Age. waukum graben (a lowered portion of On the south side of the Mt. Stuart block, Jack Sa uers (6240 5th NW, Seattle, the Earth's crust bounded by faults), although there is a basal nonconformity WA 981 07-2 727) is a retired fi eld geol­ boun ded by the Leavenworth Fault, with a relic magnetite laterite on the ser­ ogist with 50 years experience explor­ where concordant summits are present pentines, evidence of a thrust fault is seen ing in the Cascade range. His article at 6,000 feet in elevation over huge from overturning to the north in Swauk for­ "New Ice Age Looms" appeared in 21 st areas, which can be seen on innumer­ mation sed iments that overlie the basal Century, Winter 7997- 7 998, p. 4. able U.S. Geological Survey quads that I nonconformity which trends in an east­

have studied over the past 50 years. west direction. Though thrust to the north Notes ------The Chiwaukum graben is bounded on in Te rtiary times, there is also an indication 1. That fault zone might have geothermal power on it. (However, in view of the "Save the Earth" preser­ the east by the Entiat Fault zone. East of that the northern side had upward normal vationist syndrome, I doubt that much geothermal that, the Entiat Fault Block includes the faulting in the later Pleistocene. exploration will be done on it until the Ice Age 6,OOO-foot concordant summits of an old The North-South Leavenworth fault becomes more acute.) Another locus for geother­ mal power would be the right-lateral Mt. st. 8/Mt. peneplain that slopes to the east towards a likely may have had the serpentines Hood Fault zone striking N 23° W.This is the zone North-South fault going down the Colum­ lying on the granitic block, dipping to which showed explosive activity in 1980, which bia River, and is still seismically active (like the east originally with normal faulting may also correlate with the 150-year solar retro­ grade cycle of Utile Ice Ages, as suggested by evi­ the Leavenworth and Mt. Si fault zones), on it. But later compression from the dence from GISP2 ice cores, and oxygen-isotope as uplift still proceeds on these fault zones. west may have overturned the fault to data from tree rings in Califomia. the east, giving a high-angle reverse My extensive research reports on Mt. St. 8 are The Columbia River is incised into the in the archives of the MI. SI. 8 Collection, North­ North-South Columbia River fault zone thrust fault dipping steeply westward . west Collection, University of Washington visible on photos; it is both antecedent to Uplift on it was at least 4,500 feet in the Library; the archives of the U.S. Geological Sur­ vey, Geophysics Laboratory, Division of Geol­ rising structures across it, and superposed last neotectonic uplift of the past ogy, Olympia, Wash.; and the Foundation for from old basalts of Miocene Age-the 800,000 years, and is still continuing the Study of Cycles.

6 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY RESEARCH COMMUNICAT IONS Letters tary motion, by which Johannes Kepler Continued from page 3 first showed the lawful ordering of our account for the Hubble redshift. The Sun's Solar System. Specifically, for figure was about 10 time more than planets B and C (Upsilon Andromedae), astrophysicists at the time wanted to the ratio of the cubes of their distances believe in ...but now it turns out to from the star, and the ratio of the be about right, when interpreted in squares of their orbital periods, are both terms of the molecular hydrogen den­ approximately 1/2,600. For planets C sities needed to account for galactic and 0 (Upsilon Andromedae), the ratio dynamics sans WIMPs, and for redshift of distances cubed, and the ratio of sans Bang. periods squared, are both approxi­ What's more, I have a private suspi­ mately 1/28. cion that this new "tired light" mecha­ No doubt the planet-hunters are nism may account for Halton Arp's aware of this, and are using these Kep­ widely ignored observations which lerian constraints in calculating the make it plain that quasars are not in orbital distances of the new planets in general situated at cosmic distances the Upsilon Andromedae system. But but are much closer, hence less impos­ perhaps it should remind them, that the sibly energetic, than has been sup­ mass-ratios among Earth, Mars, Jupiter, posed on the basis of the assumed Saturn are less essential characteristics Doppler-redshift mechanism; and that of a solar system, than are Kepler's laws quasars are physically associated with European Space Agency of the orbits of those planets. The fault galaxies, as he says, wherein they may New da ta fro m the Infrared Space we're finding with these newly discov­ be surrounded locally by higher-than­ Observatory (ISO) show huge amounts ered planets, may lie "not in our stars, average-density clouds of molecular of molecular hydrogen in space, as but in ourselves." hydrogen-which impart anomalous predicted by Pa ul Marmet, a decade Paul Gallagher redshifts as a result of localized light­ ago. Here, an artist's drawing of the Leesburg, Va. tiring. ISO. Physicists have come to depend on these two major problem areas for mathematician "cannot be trusted out Marsha Freeman Replies everything from theses to tenure to of equal roots" (referring to quadratic The real challenge to astronomers, Hawaiian junkets. How tragic, to have equations). with the discovery of these extrasolar to say Aloha to both simultaneously. Thomas E. Phipps, Jr. planets, are their large masses and And what turns the knife in the wound Urbana, III. unusual orbital positions, which cannot is that Marmet has used only such ele­ be explained through conventional mentary physics that the WIMPers and planet-formation theories. quarkers, far from being in a position to Kepler's Laws and do their customary architectural fix-it Extrasolar Planets thing, by building more stately hypothe­ Dr. Alan Boss Replies ses, now have to reckon with the To the Editor: Mr. Gallagher notes that the orbital hypotheses they have long since As reported in the very good article periods and distances for the three plan­ accepted as gospel, going back to by Marsha Freeman on the compelling ets in the Upsilon Andromedae system Maxwell's equations and beyond. search for planets around other stars obey Kepler's third law. This does not Before they can justify making shiny ("The Growing Evidence of Planets constitute independent confirmation of new postulates, they have to show that Beyond Our Solar System," Spring Kepler's third law in another planetary their grubby old ones do not suffice. But 2000, p. 46), the astronomers now dis­ system, however, because Kepler's third will the Professors accept this? I think covering these new planets are law was used to convert the observed not. It is against their scholarly religion focussing on their very unexpected orbital periods into the orbital distances. to solve problems, rather than perpetu­ mass. The planets are as large as The radial velocity technique used to ate them. Jupiter or larger, gaseous, yet rela­ detect these planets yields only their In the kingdom of the self-blinded, tively very close to their stars; this orbital periods, not their orbital dis­ the one-eyed man is ignored. anomaly preoccupies the planet­ tances, and astronomers are so confi­ P. S. By the way, your editorial in the hunters. dent that Kepler's third law will apply in Spring 2000 issue quotes Leibniz as In another way, however, these very other systems that it is routinely used to referring to "mere mathematicians." anomalous planets are quite lawful. In convert orbital periods to orbital dis­ You might be interested that Edgar the Upsilon Andromedae system, the tances. Allan Poe, in "The Purloined Letter," only star-with-multiple-planets con­ Or. Alan P. Boss, the author of Look­ uses the same phrase. I think some­ firmed so far, it is evident that the orbits ing for Earths: The Race to Find New where near the end of that tale, he says of the three planets around this star, Solar Systems, is a theoretician at the something to the effect that the mere obey the Keplerian constraints of plane- Ca rnegie Institution of Washington.

LETTERS 21st CENTURY Summer 2000 7 NEWS BRIEFS

SOUTH AFRICAN PRESIDENT ON AIDS: 'THEY DIE BECAUSE THEY ARE POOR' South African President Thabo Mbeki shook up the 13th International AIDS con­ ference by stressing in his welcoming speech that "the world's biggest killer and the greatest cause of ill-health and suffering across the globe, including South Africa, is extreme poverty." In reviewing the AIDS crisis in Africa, along with other killer dis­ eases, Mbeki told the 11,000 delegates on July 9 that one of the consequences of this [health] crisis is the deeply disturbing phenomenon of the collapse of immune systems among millions of our people, such that their bodies have no natural defence against attack by many viruses and bacteria .. ..I came to conclude that we have a desperate and pressing need to wage a war on all fronts to guarantee and realize the human right of all our people to good health."

UNSCEAR CHAIRMAN CHASTISES U.N. FOR SCARE REPORT ON CHERNOBYl Dr. Lars-Erik Holm, the chairman of the United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR), sent a detailed letter to U.N. Secretary­ General Kofi Annan June 6, protesting the lying report on Chernobyl issued by the U.N. Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA). The report, titled "Chernobyl-A Continuing Catastrophe," he said, "is full of unsubstantiated state­ South African President Mbeki: "Every ments that have no support in scientific assessments." Dr. Holm, who is also the year in the developing world 12.2 mil­ Director-General of the Swedish Radiation Protection Institute, tells Annan that lion children under 5 years die, most of there are only about 1,800 cases of childhood thyroid cancers, not the more than them from causes which could be pre­ 11,000 stated in the OCHA report. He also reiterates the statement in the UNSCEAR vented fo r just a fe w U.S. cents per report released this week that apart from the increase in thyroid cancer in children, child. Th ey die largely because of world "there is no evidence of a major public health impact attributable to radiation expo­ indifference, but most of all, they die sure 14 years after the Chernobyl accident." As for other assertions by OCHA, Dr. because they are poor. " Holm writes, "It is highly remarkable that an organization in the United Nations system can publish such scientifically unfounded statements."

PLASMA ROCKET, UNDER DEVELOPMENT, COULD CUT MARS TRAVEl TIME The Advanced Space Propulsion Laboratory at NASA's Johnson Space Center signed a contract with MSE Te chnology Applications, Inc., of Butte, Montana, in June to develop technologies for a plasma rocket, which could be the precursor to a fusion rocket. The laboratory director, Franklin Chang-Diaz, is a NASA astronaut with a doctorate in applied plasma physics and fusion technology, who has enthu­ Siastically supported the concept since 1979. The Variable Specific Impulse Magnetoplasma Rocket (VAS IMR) "provides a power-rich, fast-propulsion architec­ ture," Chang-Diaz said, and would cut in half the time required to reach Mars (three months instead of seven to eight months). Unlike chemical rockets, which can only produce thrust at a constant rate for a NASA short amount of burn time, the VASIMR technology has the capability of modulat­ THE VA SIMR ROCKET CONCEPT ing the plasma exhaust to maintain a constant but variable thrust. Among the new The VA SIMR engine consists of three technologies being developed for the concept, are magnets that are superconduct­ linked magnetic cells, the fi rst of which ing at space temperatures, compact power-generation equipment, and compact ionizes the main injection of a propel­ radio-frequency systems for plasma generation and heating. lant gas, such as hydrogen, creating a In its first-generation application, VASIMR would require a 1 a-megawatt nuclear plasma. The middle cell acts as an ampli­ reactor to produce the radiowave heating of the plasma. The ultimate goal is to use fier to fu rther heat the plasma, using ion the plasma in a fusion reactor directly. cyclotron resonance heating. In this process, radiowa ves heat the plasma. SIX NEW EXTRASOLAR PLANETS DISCOVERED BY EUROPEAN ASTRONOMERS The rear cell is a magnetic nozzle, which A cache of six newly discovered planets outside our Solar System was announced converts the energy of the plasma into on May 4 by a European team of astronomers working at the Southern Observa­ directed fl ow which is then magnetically tory's facility in La Silla, Chile. The leaders of the group, Michel Mayor and Didier exhausted to provide thrust. Queloz, announced the first discovery of an extrasolar planet in 1995. Since then,

8 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY NEWS BRIEFS more than 30 such bodies have been found, most of them by the American team led by Paul Butler and Geoffrey Marcy. Because of the limits of the detection meth­ ods used, most of the extrasolar planets that have been discovered so far are at least the mass of the planet Jupiter. But the European team has found one planet, in orbit around star HD 168746, that is estimated to have a mass of only 80 percent that of Saturn-only the third star to have such a relatively small-mass planet. (See the Spring 2000 issue of 27 st Century for background.)

NEW DANISH BRIDGE CONN ECTS SCANDINAVIA TO CONTINENTAL EUROPE The 1 O-mile long 0resund Fixed Link, a bridge, tunnel, and artificial island, opened July 7, linking Copenhagen, Denmark, with Malmoe, the largest city in southern Sweden. The $3-billion bridge project has two levels, a four-lane highway on top and a rail link below, which run S miles over the 0resund sound, descend onto a 2.S-mile artificially made island, and then into a 2.3-mile tunnel, at the Dan­ ish end. For residents of southern Sweden, Brussels is now nearer than the Swedish capital, Stockholm. The bridge is one of the three major infrastructure projects Denmark planned in the beginning of the 1990s. The first to be completed was the Great Belt Fixed Link, which connects the eastern and western parts of the country. The third project, still Jan Kofod Winther/PhotoArchives of the 0resund in the planning stage, is an 18 km-Iong rai I and road bridge in the western part of the Baltic Sea, connecting southern Denmark with northern Germany. The 76 km-Iong bridge over the 0re­ sund, the narrow strip of water separat­ ECO-TERRORISTS ESCALATE VIOLENCE ON THE U.S. WEST COAST ing Denmark and Sweden. Two bombs were discovered in Eugene, Oregon, on May 30, at the Ty ree Oil Company, that could have wiped out a four-city-block area and killed hundreds of people, had they not been defused by police. The bombs had been placed on top of the gas tanks of two large tanker trucks, and were discovered when a bomb fell off one of the tankers as it started to move. According to private investigator Barry Clausen, the two devices were identical to the bombs used by the Earth Liberation Front in the firebombing of a ski resort under construction in Va il, Colorado, and at the Monmouth, Oregon, arson fire at Boise Cascades, which destroyed a factory on Christmas Day 1999. Blueprints for building these type of bombs can be found at the web sites of both the Earth First! Journal and the Animal Liberation Front (ALF). According to Clausen, the FBI has imposed a complete blackout of news of this attempted bombing.

ElECTRICITY DEREGULATION CAUSES EARLY BLACK- AND BROWN-OUTS The increasing deregulation of the electric util ity industry is leading to a shortage of generating and transmission capacity, which is now endangering the reliability of the nation's electricity supply. Even before this summer began, supply shortages in California caused interruptions of service, while the combination of aging equip­ ment and lack of sufficient capacity in New York forced Con Edison to shut off elec­ tric power to entire neighborhoods in the city. In response to the shortage, prices for a megawatt-hour of electricity have zoomed from $30 to more than $3,000 in some instances, as speculators in the spot market hold consumers hostage to their profit making. This chaotic state of affairs has driven some statewide Independent System Operators, responsible for operat­ ing the electric grid, to appeal to state and federal agencies to place a cap on the price that can be charged for reserve peaki ng power. The U.S. Senate recently passed a bill to mandate rules to ensure the integrity of the interconnected grid sys­ tem, because the utility industry has warned that full-scale collapse of fragile sys­ tems is not out of the question, as utilities "compete" for business, rather than coop­ "Now, where did I put that ad fo r erate to ensure reliabil ity. choosing a cheaper power company?"

NEWS BRIEFS 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 9 VIEWPOINT

Genetically Engineered Crops Can Feed the World!

nti-technology activists accuse cor­ insights into the dynamics of biodiver­ Aporations of "playing God" by sity in crop plants, and thus helping genetically improving crops, but it is our efforts to understand crop evolu­ these so-called environmentalists who tion and relatedness between different are really playing God, not with genes varieties, thus enabling the intelligent but with the lives of poor and hungry use of the available biodiversity. people. Wh i Ie activist organ izations The anti-biotech activists incorrectly spend hundreds of thousands of dollars suggest that the integration of chemical to promote fear through anti-science pesticides and seed-use has led to newspaper ads, 1.3 billion people, who lower returns for farmers. To support I ive on less than $1 a day, care only that argument, they point to one about finding their next day's meal. obscure study, while ignoring other, far Biotechnology is one of the best more comprehensive and respected hopes for solving the food needs of studies that report increased net returns the poor today, when we have 6 bil­ by Dr. Channaputra S. Prakash and reduced chemical use. lion people in the world, and cer­ To take one example of lowered tainly in the next 30 to 50 years, nical issues that could be addressed costs: Improved production econom­ when there will be 9 billion on the through appropriate research, and not ics, the introduction of crops spliced globe. . through emotional debates or militant with a gene that causes them to pro­ Products from biotechnology are no activism. But public perception is duce a natural insecticide (Bt), and less safe than traditionally bred crops. being manipulated by fringe groups herbicide-resistant crops, have forced In fact, they may be even safer, because opposed to progress and being taken tremendous competition in the herbi­ they represent small, precise alterations advantage of by politicians. cide and insecticide markets. Prices of with the introduction of genes whose The Real Benefits many herbicides and insecticides have biology is well understood. Often these People, who battle weather, pests, been slashed by more than 50 percent genes are derived from other food and plant disease to try to raise enough in these markets. Such price reduc­ crops. Further, genetically improved for their families, can benefit tremen­ tions have led to sign ificant discount­ products are subjected to intensive test­ dously from biotechnology, and not ing of weed and insect control pro­ ing, while conventional varieties have just from products created by large cor­ grams and have even benefitted never been subjected to any such regu­ porations. For example, publ ic-sector farmers who have not yet adopted lation for food safety or environmental institutions are conducting work on biotechnology crops. impact. high-yield rice, virus-resistant sweet None of these benefits will be real­ Trad itional methods of developing potato, and more healthful strains of ized, however, if Western-generated crops involve wild crosses with cassava, crops that are staples in devel­ fears about biotechnology halt research weedy relatives of crop plants, and oping countries. many characteristics, such as resist­ Biotechnology improvements are in Dr. C.S. Pra kash is a Professor of Pl ant ance to disease and pests, have been development that would allow hybrid Molecular Genetics and the Director of routinely introduced into crop plants rice to be colonized by bacteria that the Center fo r Pl ant Biotechnology from their weedy and distant relatives fix nitrogen from the atmosphere. Research at Tuskegee University. He over hundreds of years. Hundreds of Plants that are able to fix nitrogen oversees the research of fo od crops of unknown genes, of whose traits we improve productivity in the absence of importance to developing countries, have little knowledge, are also intro­ synthetic fertilizers (which are typi­ and the tra ining of postdoctoral scien­ duced into these food crops through cally unavailable to poor farmers). Fur­ tists, graduate students, and undergrad­ these conventional plant breeding ther, improved tools such as cryop­ uate students in plant biotechnology. methods. reservation, developed by bio­ The fo under of AgBioWorld (see This cross-breeding has posed no technologists, will help in the ex situ http:// www.agbioworld. com). which serious threat to the environment in preservation of biodiversity, while cre­ has been active in promoting the terms of crop invasiveness, gene flow ative techniques, such as gene shuf­ benefits of bio-engineering and to weeds, or biodiversity. Yet, these fling, will help create more biodiver­ countering the lies of overzealous fears are invoked for genetically sity and, perhaps, wi II even re-create environmentalists, Dr. Prakash improved crops, which possess similar extinct crop traits. recently orga nized more than 2, 000 traits but which are developed through Molecular biology techniques, such scientists to sign a statement support­ rapid genetic-modification processes. as the use of DNA markers and ing agricultural biotechnology (s ee Many of these "concerns" are tech- genomics, are providing valuable box, p. 12).

10 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY VIEWPOINT funding and close borders to exported all genetically modified organisms biotech products. Anti-biotechnology must undergo a rigorous review and activists argue against Western-style safety assessment prior to their import, capitalism and for boutique markets field testing, or release. The govern­ that sell organically grown, biotech­ ment should also enhance its legal sys­ free foods. But their arguments are not tem by instituting penalties for those relevant to the issue of meeting human who do not follow the regu lations, needs or developing a sustainable and strengthen and enforce its anti-trust diverse ecology. laws to prevent monopolies, and The Right Way to Biodiversity impose product-liabil ity laws to force The preservation of biodiversity will corporate responsibility. be critical to the sustained success of Scientists and companies involved in agriculture. Contrary to the hysteria of genetically improved crop develop­ the elitist environmentalists, we must ment, on their part, have an obligation develop a healthy working relation­ to be transparent about their affairs and ship among governments of develop­ make efforts to communicate with ing nations, scientists, and multina­ farmers and the public about the nature tionals. of their products and any inherent risks For example, in the case of India, they pose. Multinational companies the government's Department of have vast resources, with a huge edge Biotechnology, and other scientific in their knowledge base, and can play agencies, have done admirable work a constructive role in India's progress. More nutritious rice is expected from to deal with safety issues of genetically Few Indian companies have such the descendants of these plants, whose improved crops by developing a resources or a willingness to invest in ancestors were grown by Gideon strong, reliable, and trustworthy regu­ long-term projects, with I ittle hope of Schaeffe r fro m tissue-cultured cells spe­ latory mechanism to meet the rightful immediate revenues, in the face of cially selected fo r their high lysine con­ concerns of the Indian public about political and economic uncertainty. tent. the possible impact of genetically 'Royalty Free' Licensing improved crops on the environment The multinational biotech compa­ providing "royalty free" licensing of and human health. The existing nies, on their part, should soften their their core technologies for use by pub­ biosafety framework now requires that position on intellectual property by lic institutions such as ICAR (the Indian Council for Agricultural Research) on noncommercial and orphan crops of importance to Indian farmers and con­ sumers such as bajra, thur dal, horseg­ ram, and ragi. Further, these compa­ nies should consider voluntarily establishing a trust fund from the prof­ its generated by genetically improved crops, to promote biodiversity conser­ vation and public awareness of biotechnology. There is also a need to foster research into the social, ethical, eco­ nomic, and environmental impact of emerging technologies in agriculture as this will not only help predict any neg­ ative ramifications of such interven­ tions, but also evolve strategies to deal with them. The Real Hysteria A frequent fear invoked against the Corn that can combat anemia is in the works. Here, geneticist Vi ctor Raboy use of genetically improved crops is examines a plant from a new line of corn he developed, which may help the their possible impact on the environ­ body to better absorb and use iron. Th e gra in from the new corn isdesi gned to be ment. But what can be more environ­ 95 percent lower in phytic acid, a compound that reduces nutrient absoption mentally friend Iy than a crop variety . during human digestion. that requires little or no pesticide? How

VIEWPOINT 21st CENTURY Summer 2000 11 can a crop variety that is three times as practiced for eons. Suman Sahai of the around the world plotting ways to dis­ productive-a nd thus decreases the Gene Campaign, New Delhi, has rightly rupt the technology, they cannot, or will pressure to cut down forest lands for reminded us that we should harvest the not, see the conditions of millions who agricultural expansion-be against power of science and technology to are at grave risk of starvation. These nature? Yet, one hears that "biotechnol­ improve the living conditions of our activists resist development of longer­ ogy is incompatible with nature" and is people, and our most ethical drive is in lasting fru its and vegetables, at the "not natura!''' alleviating poverty, hunger, and starva­ expense of Third World people who We need to remember that agriculture tion death. have no refrigeration to preserve their is inherently an "unnatural" activity! The full weight of scientific research foods. Human beings, since the dawn of civ­ supports the safety of biotechnology. Critics of biotechnology invoke the ilization, have been meddling with David Aaron of the U.S. Commerce trite argument that the shortage of food is nature to provide the needed food, fiber, Department recently told the Senate caused by unequal distribution. There's and shelter for the sustenance of Finance Committee that "1 3 years of plenty of food, they declare; we just need humankind. None of our present-day U.S. experience with biotech products to distribute it evenly. That's like saying crops resemble their weedy relatives. have produced no evidence of food there is plenty of money in the world so Nor would they survive in the wild, as safety risks; not one rash, not one cough, let's just solve the problem of poverty in they have all been altered substantially not one sore throat, not one headache." Ethiopia by redistributing the wealth of through selection by farmers over thou­ Also recently, a panel of entomology Switzerland (or maybe the United King­ sands of years to be more adaptable and experts has questioned the only seem­ dom, where the heir to the throne is par­ productive. ingly legitimate (and certainly most ticularly opposed to companies "playing A similar situation exists with live­ media-hyped) environmental issue God" with biotechnology). stock and poultry and, for that matter, raised to date-the alleged threat to Agricultural Development Key even our pets-dogs and cats. Geneti­ monarch butterflies. The development of local and ca lly improved crops are a logical exten­ Yet, activists continue to look for a regional agriculture is the key to sion of this human activity, and thus are new cause, a new evil in this technol­ addressing both hunger and low no more unnatural than what has been ogy. Wh ile these wel l-fed folks jet Continued on page 7 5

Scientists in Support of Agricultural Biotechnology

This statement was initiated by relative to the modification of organ­ eration of products promises to provide Dr. Prakash and circulated by isms by more traditional methods, and even greater benefits to consumers, the organization AgBioWorld (http: the relative safety of marketed prod­ such as enhanced nutrition, healthier Il www. agbioworld. com) in March. to ucts is further ensured by current reg­ oils, enhanced vitamin content, longer coincide with Bi02000, an interna­ ulations intended to safeguard the shelf life and improved medicines. tional biotechnology conference held food supply. The novel genetic tools Through judicious deployment, in Boston. More than 2,000 scientists offer greater flexibility and precision biotechnology can also address envi­ have signed the statement. in the modification of crop plants. ronmental degradation, hunger, and No food products, whether pro­ poverty in the developing world by e, the undersigned members of duced with recombinant DNA tech­ providing improved agricultural pro­ Wthe scientific community, niques or with more traditional meth­ ductivity and greater nutritional secu­ believe that recombinant DNA tech­ ods, are totally without risk. The risks rity. Scientists at the international agri­ niques constitute powerful and safe posed by foods are a function of the cultural centers, universities, public means for the modification of organ­ biological characteristics of those research institutions, and elsewhere isms and can contribute substantially foods and the specific genes that have are already experimenting with prod­ in enhanCing quality of life by improv­ been used, not of the processes ucts intended specifically for use in ing agriculture, health care, and the employed in their development. Our the developing world. environment. goal as scientists is to ensure that any We hereby express our support for The responsible genetic modifica­ new foods produced from recombi­ the use of recombinant DNA as a tion of plants is neither new nor dan­ nant DNA are as safe or safer than potent tool for the achievement of a gerous. Many characteristics, such as foods already being consumed. productive and sustainable agricul­ pest and disease resistance, have been Current methods of regulation and tural system. We also urge policy mak­ routinely introduced into crop plants development have worked well. ers to use sound scientific principles by traditional methods of sexual Recombinant DNA techniques have in the regulation of products produced reproduction or cell culture proce­ already been used to develop "environ­ with recombinant DNA, and to base dures. The addition of new or different mentally-friendly" crop plants with evaluations of those products upon genes into an organism by recombi­ traits that preserve yields and allow the characteristics of those products, nant DNA techniques does not inher­ farmers to reduce their use of synthetic rather than on the processes used in ently pose new or heightened risks pesticides and herbicides. The next gen- their development.

1 2 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY VIEWPOINT SPECIAL REPORT

AIDS and Infectious Diseases Declared Threat to u.S. National Security by Colin Lowry

inally, more than a decade Fafter being warned that the AIDS epidemic would threaten the existence of entire nations if left unchecked, the u.S. National Security Council has recogn ized that AI DS and other infectious diseases pose a threat to the security of the United States. The announcement fol lowed the public release, at the end of April 2000, of a report by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agency, estimating the dev­ astating impact of infectious diseases, particular'ly in Africa, Asia, and the states of the fo rmer Soviet Union.' ADULTS AND CHILDREN ESTIMATED TO BE This admission is a wel- LIVING WITH AIDS, AS OF END OF 1999 come sign of reality, but now the question is whether the A total of33. 6 million people worldwide are living with AIDS, a number that is expected United States will take the to explode internationally in the next decade. By the year 2070, the CIA estimates that appropriate actions to stem Asia will surpass Africa in the total number of HIV infections. the crisis, and face the fact Source: UNAIDS, World Health Or anization that this government should have listened to voices of sanity long gists, including Dr. Mark Whiteside, of World nations, with the thesis that those before the world reached this crisis Florida, and Dr. John Seale, of England, austerity policies would lead to a resur­ point. who recognized that AIDS was not sim­ gence of old epidemics and the emer­ In 1985, Lyndon LaRouche, Jr., ply a sexually transmitted disease. (Dr. gence of new diseases. The report of this declared his candidacy for the 1988 Whiteside's documentation that AIDS task force concluded that the continued Democratic Presidential nomination, was spreading among migrant workers destruction of adequate levels of nutri­ stating that he was starting his campaign via biting insects, earned him dismissal tion, sanitation, and medical care would two years earlier than normal, because from the Centers for Disease Control.) lead to a "biological holocaust," seen of his concern about AIDS becoming a When the EIR report on AIDS was sent first in the eruption of old epidemics global pandemic. Later, during 1988, he to the Centers for Disease Control, warn­ such as tuberculosis and malaria, partic­ produced a half-hour documentary on ing that the epidemic was a global ularly in Africa. Also, the task force pro­ the AIDS epidemic and the potential threat, comparable to the bubonic jected that by the mid-1 980s, new dis­ directions for a crash research program plague of the 14th century, that agency eases would emerge in the Third World to cure the disease. This program was responded officially that AIDS "repre­ and spread rapidly into the industrial- broadcast nationally on network televi­ sented no such threat." ized nations. /" sion in June 1988. More than a decade earlier, in 1974, The current CIA report confirms what Also in 1988, the Executive Intelli­ LaRouche had proposed that an inter­ LaRouche has been warning, since gence Review publ ished a special report diSCiplinary scientific task force exam­ 1974, would happen if the appropriate which is sti ll valid today as a roadmap ine the effects of the continuation of changes in policy were not adopted. for fi nding a cure for AIDS. At the time, austerity policies of the World Bank and The report contains some frightening EIR worked with leading epidemiolo- International Monetary Fund upon Third estimates and scenarios: For example: it

SPECIAL REPORT 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 13 says that one-quarter of the higher percentages in agricul­ entire population of Southern tura l and lower skil led work. Africa will die of AIDS over the Now, a new report by the next decade, and projects that International Labor Organiza­ by 201 0, Asia will likely sur­ tion2 projects a catastrophe pass Africa (which currently has not seen before for countries 23 million infected persons) in with high HIV infection rates. the total number of HIV infec­ The ILO report forecasts a loss tions. Add to this the lack of of 61 million people from the response to the epidemic so far, workforce, by 2015, as a the increasing incidence of result of death or sickness drug-resistance among other from AIDS. This would be pathogens, such as tubercu 1 0- accompanied by a drop in sis, malaria, and pneumonia, economic output by at least and you have a situation where 25 percent. the control of infectious disease In South Africa, 1 in 5 may become impossible. workers in the mining sector A Rapidly Spreading is HIV infected. In many Pandemic countries, companies are hir­ The AI DS epidemic today ing and training two or three has surpassed all previous offi­ employees for one job, cial estimates in its rapid spread expecting only one to survive. globally. The United Nations Projections for South Africa group UNAIDS reports that for the year 2020 are that 17 there were 33.6 million people percent of the workforce wi II UNICEF/93·BOU0494/Andrew infected with HIV at the end of be eliminated, with a heavy 1999, and that deaths caused An AIDS orphan in northern Malawi, does his homework impact on companies with by AIDS were 2.6 million for at his grandmother'S home, accompanied by two younger experienced and highly the year. The World Health brothers. UNA IDS projects that 42 million children in skilled employees, who will Organization/World Bank esti­ Africa will become orphans in the next decade, because of be difficult to replace. mates made in 1996, predicted the death of parents from AIDS. Also, costs of health care, that AIDS deaths would peak in funerals, training of new 2006 at 1.7 million, a figure that was also infected with HIV. In Dar Es workers, and loss of workers who have already surpassed by 1998. Salaam, Ta nzania, AIDS is responsible to care for sick family members cannot Sub-Saharan Africa has been the for 48 percent of women's deaths. In even be adequately calculated by any hardest hit by AIDS. Since the epidemic South Africa, young women of chi Id­ model. According to a study by Harvard began, nearly 13 mill.ion people have bearing age between 15 and 25 years University, referenced by the CIA report, died. In the nine countries of southern old account for 60 percent of new H IV the direct and indirect costs of the AIDS Africa, infection rates range from 10 to infections, and at least half of these epidemic worldwide have already 26 percent of the total population. In are expected to die before age 35; reached $500 billion. most of these countries, young people therefore, an entire generation may be A Looming 'Dark Age' under the age of 25 account for 60 per­ lost. In addition to the picture of the AIDS cent of new infections. The loss of parents from AIDS is cre­ epidemic, the CIA report looks at the Life expectancy has been slashed by ating a huge number of orphans, and threat from re-emerging diseases, such 20 to 30 years as a result of the impact there are at least 10 million orphans as tuberculosis and malaria. of AIDS. For example, life expectancy in currently in Africa alone. In some coun­ Since 1973, at least 30 previously Zimbabwe, without AIDS, would be 69 tries, 20 to 25 percent of all children are unknown diseases have been idellti­ years, but is now only 39 years, because orphans, because of AIDS. Zimbabwe is fied, for which no cure is available, of the epidemic. Infant mortality rates in expected to have 1.1 million orphans including HIV, Ebola, hepatitis C, and all of the countries with a high HIV by 2005, out of a total population of Nipah encephalitis virus. Over the prevalence have doubled or tripled in only 12 million. Within the next decade, same period, 20 known diseases, the last decade. UNAIDS projects that 42 million chil­ including tuberculosis, malaria, and The prospects for the next genera­ dren in Africa will become orphans, cholera, have re-emerged and spread, tion's health are dim, as the number of because of the death of parents from often in new and more virulent drug­ infected women has now surpassed AIDS. resistant forms. that of men in Africa. In Zimbabwe, A Workforce Catastrophe Tu berculosis is now the number one 40 percent of pregnant women are The impact of the AIDS epidemic on killer of HIV-infected persons in the HIV infected according to studies from the struggling economies of Africa world. Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis pre-natal clinics. In Kenya, 21 percent already is killing off up to 10 percent of infections are increasing along with a of pregnant girls 15-1 9 years old are the workforce in skil led jobs, and much growing epidemic worldwide, concen-

14 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY SPECIAL REPORT trated in Africa, Asia, and the states of ing number of orphaned children, and the former Soviet Union. Russia is esti­ a downward economic spiral of at least Viewpoint mated to have 1 million tuberculosis 25 percent. Continued fr om page 12 cases, with possibly 10 percent of those India currently has the largest num­ income. Genetically improved food is multi-drug-resistant, which is lethal in ber of HIV cases in Asia, and the epi­ "scale neutra l," in that a poor rice 90 percent of patients there. Drug­ demic is booming. A study in a city in farmer with one acre in Bangladesh can resistant strains of tuberculosis have southern India found that 30 percent of benefit as much as a large farmer in Cal­ been spreading rapidly since 1993, and street children were HIV infected. In ifornia. And that farmer doesn't have to are now found in more than 100 coun­ Ta mil Nadu state, 11 percent of the learn a sophisticated new system; he tries. Tu berculosis killed more than 1 women tested at clinics for sexually only has to plant a seed. New rice million in Asia alone in 1998. transmitted diseases were also HIV pos­ strains being developed through Malaria was eliminated from many itive. Thailand, Cambodia, and Viet­ biotechnology can increase yields by parts of the world, and was well con­ nam have serious epidemics, with high 30 to 40 percent. Another rice strain trolled in the developing sector nations HIV prevalence in the militaries. The has the potential to prevent blindness in by 1970. However, since then, largely HIV epidemic in China is growing at a millions of children whose diets are as a result of the unwarranted ban on rate of 30 percent per year, and there DDT by the United States in 1972, are estimates of at least 600,000 cases "For the well-fed to malaria infection rates have increased by the end of this year. The CIA esti­ spearhead fear-based by 40 percent in sub-Saharan Africa. mates that by 201 0, Asia will surpass campaigns and suppress Drug resistance is also a problem, and Africa in the total number of HIV infec­ in some African countries, 40 percent tions. research for ideological and to 60 percent of malaria parasites are The report also mentions the prob­ pseudo-science reasons is resistant to the two standard treatments. lem of increased drug resistance, and irresponsible and immoral." Malaria still infects up to 300 million the fact that the development of new people worldwide, with 1.1 million medicines and vaccines has not kept deficient in vitamin A. deaths from the disease in 1998. up with the mutating microbes. Edible vaccines, delivered in locally Hepatitis B, and the more deadly WHO Estimates More Frightening grown crops, could do more to eliminate hepatitis C virus, caused at least The Wo rld Health Organization's disease than the Red Cross, missionaries 600,000 deaths in 1997. The World annual report on infectious disease,3 and United Nations task forces com­ Health Organization estimates that 170 released in June 2000, after the CIA bined, at a fraction of the cost. These are million people were infected with hep­ report, paints an even more frightening some of the benefits that the Church of atitis C by the end of 1997, and that 25 picture of microbial drug-resistance. England saw when church leaders percent of those infected would die of The WHO warns that the world may recently issued a position statement on cirrhosis and liver cancer within 20 soon lose the valuable drugs and our "playing God" through biotechnology: years. opportunity to control many infectious "Human discovery and invention can be Diarrheal diseases are sti II a major diseases because of increasingly drug­ thought of as resulting from the exercise killer, especiall y in the developing resistant pathogens. For example, Thai­ of God-given powers of mind and rea­ sector nations, with cholera, rotavirus, land has completely lost the use of three son; in this respect, genetic engineering and E. Coli killing 2.2 million people of the most common anti-malaria drugs does not seem very different from other in 1998. Considering that 3 billion as a result of resistance. In India, 60 forms of scientific advance." people lack adequate sanitation, and percent of cases of leishmaniasis are More recently, the Vatican director on 1 billion still have no access to clean resistant to first-line drugs. In New bioethics, Bishop Elio Sgreccia, criti­ drinking water, conditions are ripe for Delhi, three drugs that were effective cized the "catastrophic sensationalism a sharp increase in infectious disease against typhoid 10 years ago, today are with which the press reports on biotech­ deaths. useless. For the small percentage of the nology" and he rejected the "idea of Catastrophes population of India that can even get conceiving scientific progress as some­ The two scenarios the CIA report the drug AZT to treat AIDS, a growing thing that should be feared." lays out as the most likely for the next number are showing primary resistance. So, if scientists who are developing 20 years, are both estimates for a Even in the United States, a small per­ biotechnology are not "playing God" in "demographic catastrophe," and centage of patients who were given the the eyes of these religious leaders, what "social upheaval" for Africa, India, "triple cocktail" treatment including are we to think of those self-appointed and most of Asia. The report warns of protease inhibitors to fight HIV, show guardians who would deny its benefits the impending destabilization of gov­ resistance to the drugs after three years . to those who need it most? We have the ernments and militaries in countries Responses to the Pandemic means to end hunger on this planet and suffering from the impact of AIDS and Since the release of the CIA report, to feed the world's 6 billion-or even 9 other diseases. some officials in the United States have billion-people. For the well -fed to For Africa, the estimates are for 25 made some strong statements showing spearhead fear-based campaigns and percent of the population to die off that they understand the severity of the suppress research for ideological and from AIDS and other diseases for the health crisis they now find themselves pseudo-science reasons is irresponsible next 20 years, coupled with an increas- Continued on page 79 and immoral.

SPECIAL REPORT 21st CENTURY Summer 2000 15 IN MEMORIAM

GIULIANO PREPARATA (1 942-2000)

A Physicist in Dialogue with Nature

by Emilio del Giudice, Ph.D.

n April 24, 2000, the Italian physi­ an essential part of its ontology, Ocist Giuliano Preparata, one of the whereas a classical object can be leading physical theorists of our day, deprived completely of its movement died in Frascati, Italy, where he was and still be conceived and measured. A directing a broad research effort to quantum object has an inherent horror understand and unravel the mysteries of vacui, and this property is shared both cold fusion, and thus to make a new by particles and force fields, which find source of energy available to humanity. a unifying principle in the quantum He was still young, only 58 years old; fi eld. he had been combatti ng cancer for sev­ A quantum field is an object eral months. extended in space and time, endowed The name of Giuliano Preparata, a with an inner rhythm, called a phase, member of the Scientific Advisory and able to exchange energy and Board of 21st Century Science and momentum with other systems in a dis­ Te chnology magazine, was connected continuous way, through packets with many branches of physics. He called quanta. However these features started his career in the 1960s by mak­ are complementary, in the sense that ing an important contribution to the the reduction of the field to a definite understanding of the dynamics of number of quanta, disturbs the internal hadrons, a field which was emerging rhythm so much as to spoil the notion from the study of deep inelastic scatter­ of phase. Also, vice versa, the determi­ ing of electrons off protons. This nation of the phase of the system, dynamics originated from the strange namely the danCing to the inner and elusive physical objects, the rhythm of the system, cancels out its Stuart Lewis/EIRNS quarks, which were clearly visible depiction as a bunch of tiny balls, the inside the protons, but were absolutely Giuliano Preparata at the offi ces of quanta. not extractable from there. 21 st Century Science & Technology in The mechanistic attitude of most sci­ This bizarre phenomenon struck Giu­ 1990. entists puts a premium on the physical liano deeply. Physics had discovered an system as an ensemble of balls, so that object, the quark, which was unable to deeper, inner secret. the alternate states of the system, where appear on the physical playground as an The Quantum Field the phase is well defined, are generally individual! Atoms can be split into Giuliano had a classical education, neglected, except in particular cases nuclei and electrons, nuclei can be split trained in Greek and Latin at the Lyceum such as lasers. into protons and neutrons, which are in Rome. He tried always to engage in a This is what happens in the systems then shown, by interaction with elec­ dialogue with Nature, and never made up of quarks: People are unable to trons produced in modern accelerators, allowed a hint from Nature to pass by give up the concept of quarks as classi­ to be made of quarks; however, quarks unnoticed. The problem of quark con­ cal particles. cannot be separated ! finement became an obsession for Giu­ The achievement of Giuliano was pre­ The physics community at large was liano for 15 years, until, in 1986, he cisely to understand that quarks were not deeply impressed by this fact. The found the solution, which struck deep allowed to settle only in those physical large majority of scientists have been into the heart of modern quantum educated to play with numbers and fo l­ physics. low the rules of the game without ques­ Quantum physics differs from classi­ Dr. Emilio del Giudice, a member of tioning when confronted with a new, cal physics in that it cannot conceive of the Physics Department of the Univer­ strange and unusual fact, through which an object at rest! A quantum object sity of Milan, was a long-time fr iend and Nature tries to tell us about some always fluctuates, its fluctuations being collaborator of Dr. Preparata.

16 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY IN MEMORIAM states where they were able to oscil­ late in phase with their interaction field, which had in turn a well-defined phase. In these states an enormous amount of energy would be necessary to liberate the quarks! The understanding of the puzzle of quark confi nement has opened the way to understanding the onset of the condensed states of matter, starti ng from the gaseous state. In the last 10 years, this problem has been carefully analyzed, and its solution emerges from the same pathway as in the quark case. When the density of particles in the system exceeds a threshold, it takes a smaller amount of energy to cause a common dance of all the par­ ticles in the same rhythm as a self-pro­ .. Courtesy NOVA Resources Group, Inc. duced interaction (electro magnetic) field, than to have particles existing as Giuliano Preparata (center) with electrochemist Martin Fleischmann (right) and estranged individuals in a vanishing physicist Peter Hagelstein at the 2nd International Conference on Cold Fusion, Lake field. (The latter is exactly the picture Como, Italy, in 1991. of an ideal gas, whose name is derived from a corruption of the word Work on Cold Fusion and with us by posing this same ques­ "chaos.") The concept of coherence was used tion again and again. The above result can be put in the by Giuliano to analyze the hotly frame of quantum concepts as follows. debated phenomenon of "cold fusion," In the gaseous state, we have the namely, fusion at room temperature of EDITOR'S NOTE energy allocated to the separated and nuclei that are usually kept apart by I fi rst met Or. Giuliano Preparata 10 independent fluctuations of both parti­ very high electrostatic barriers. In this years ago, while he was on a visit to cles and electromagnetic field. In the case, the goal (fusion) is also achieved the United States, accompanied by his condensed state these fluctuations by the collective and coherent work of colleague from the Physics Depart­ tune together, there is a unique com­ very large ensembles of particles: Bil­ ment of the University of Milan, Or. mon fluctuation, where the motion of lions of electrons, by tuning their oscil­ Emilio del Giudice. A small incident each component is simultaneously the lations, create the situation where a that occurred the first day we met, cause and the consequence of the nuclear reaction can become possible. showed me that here was a true man motion of all the other components. In Giuliano was just working at the task of science, and caused me to embrace the condensed state, the individual of making this nuclear reaction a safe Giuliano as a friend. fades away, because it becomes ally of humanity when he died. In the entry way to my house was a unable to fluctuate independently of While in the hospital, he was explor­ small fra med reproduction of Rafael others, and its own fluctuation is a part ing the possibility that a fraction of the Sanzio's The School of Athens. The of a general fluctuation; whereas in nuclear fusion occurring in the stars painting depicts the great thinkers of the gas, the other particle is perceived might be "cold fusion-like." This could the classical world in their characteris­ as an obstacle to its own motion, as a explain the anomaly that the detected tic activities. On seeing it as he stranger. neutrinos in solar radiation (which are entered, Giuliano immediately expos­ Following the above lines, the prob­ produced in hot fusion) are many fewer tulated: "A h, Rafaello-you know that lem of the formation of solids and liq­ than expected. Giuliano completed a painting had a great effect on my life. u ids has been successfu lIy tackled in paper on the subject in his hospital bed, As a boy in Rome, my fa ther used to recent years, and the resu Its are sum­ just before entering surgery. "What take me to the Va tican Museum, where marized in Preparata's book, QED hides at the center of the Sun?" was the I would look a long time at that scene. Coherence in Matter, published by question Giuliano was wrestling with, I decided at that time, that what I saw Wo rld Scientific in 1995 (ISBN while faCing the end of his life. them doing there-that was what I 981 0222491). The word "coherence" "What hides at the heart of Nature?" wanted to do with my life. " means, in the jargon of physicists, is the question he was always posing to Th e world needs more Giuliano movement in unison with the same his colleagues, disciples, and friends. Preparatas. We deeply miss him. rhythm. We will keep Giuliano Preparata alive -L.H.

IN MEMORIAM 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 17 President Reagan, as he delivers his televised speech announcing the Strategic Defense Initiative, March 23, 7983.

SOl REVISITED In Defense

by Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr.

In order that society might enjoy the benefits of discovered universa l physical principles, it is essential to engage cooperation among the higher, cognitive processes of individual persons. Th e

modern concept of "information, II embedded in today's educational and scientific practice, makes such fu rther advancement of cognition, and therefore of science, impossible. Such are the kind . of underlying matters which must be addressed, to grasp the fla w in the arguments surrounding today's missile­ defense debate.

Lyndon LaRouche.3ddressing a Fusion Energy Founda­ tion conference on his concept of strategic anti-ballistic­ missile defense in Wa shington, D. C., April 73, 7983. Beginning in 7977, LaRouche played a leading interna­ tional role in developing what President Reagan pre­ sented as his Strategic Defense Initiative. Stuart Lewis/EIRNS

18 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY A demonstration supporting beam weapon defense, on the steps of the Capitol building in Wa shington, D.c., April 13, 1983, sponsored by National Democratic Policy Committee-the "LaRouche Democrats. " of Strategy

President Bill Clinton's recent proposals on missile related fact is, that on evidence of performance, the leading U • S • defense, were delivered in Moscow slightly more news media currently prefer to mislead public opinion into than seventeen years after the March 23, 1983, announcement believing that such a relatively less known stratum of compe­ of the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). I focus upon certa in tence, with its morality, and its opinion, does not exist.1 crucial, current strategic issues of physical science posed by Despite the fa lse appearances created by government and those U.S. proposals. the major media, the good news, which I wish to convey For reasons I shall explain, I shall relegate the core of my here, is, that were we to supply our less-heralded, competent treatment of those scientific issues, to the closing portion of this specialists with the quality of leadership they require, leaders report. I must fi rst situate those issues of science itself, that at in the tradition of Abraham Lincoln or Franklin Roosevelt, the some unavoidable length, within the relevant political-strategic world has the chance-if no more than a good chance-to domain: the fo rm of strategic defense specific to the need to pull together the team needed to solve the most deadly threats preserve the institution of the modern sovereign nation-state. menacing us now, thus to survive the present, global, eco­ If we limit attention to the appearance presented by the list nomic and strategic crisis. of usual suspects from the precincts of the New York Council On this present occasion, as it happened to the little boy on Foreign Relations, the current crop of putative leading U.S. from Hans Christian Andersen's fable, "The Emperor's New Suit professional strategists, might be judged, as a whole, as worse of Clothes," it has fallen to me to take the personal risk, of mak­ than merely incompetent, even seemingly mentally and ing the important, necessary, leading statements, such as that morally deranged. Fortunately, contrary to that general little boy's "But, he has nothing on": statements which, other­ appearance, we should recognize, from other evidence, that wise, were not likely to be said publicly. As now, on the subject the general situation is not quite that disastrous-not yet! of strategic ballistic-missile defense, as in most among the rele­ Behind the scenes, usually overlooked in the accounts of vant subjects in which I qualify as expert, I bridge what Britain's the leading news media, there are, among leading military c.P. Snow described, several decades ago, as the gulf of separa­ and other professionals, Significant numbers, in the U.S.A. tion between physical science and culture, which has been and other nations, who, aside from their accustomed lack of adopted by our badly mistaken, current, all-too-credulous willingness to risk taking controversial leading positions on the public record, can not only think, but are otherwise sane, 1. To a citizen who denies the rumor that the Moon is made of green cheese, a The Wa shington Post, essentially well-informed, morally sound, and competent, at relevant mass-media reporter, perhaps from might snarl, "But, don't you realize that none of your neighbors ag'ree with you?" In least within the bounds of their areas of specialization. The many instances of a similar type, the neighbors in question chiefly do.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 19 public opinion.2 In this report, I bridge that division once again. closely, none of these are consistent with the SOl policy Specifically, beginning 1977, I came to play a leading inter­ announced by President Reagan's March 23, 1983, address. It national role in developing and proposing what President is merely indicative, that some among the most energetic pro­ Ronald Reagan presented as his "Strategic Defense Initiative," ponents of current schemes, are on record as having been in his televised address of March 23, 1983. It should be opponents of the original SOl proposal back then. To day, recalled here, that the Fusion Energy Foundation (FEF), of much is heard through the major news media, as proposals which I had been the leading co-founder, played a key part in for the early production and sale of the military hardware rec­ those matters. During the past decade, 27st Century Science ommended. None among the voices generally recorded by & Te chnology has continued aspects of that work of FEF, as those accounts, seems to be seriously concerned to show also the weekly Executive Intelligence Review (EIR).3 Then whether any of these expensive toys might actually work, or and now, all competent statements on the subject of missile whether those proposed systems, whether they work or not, defense, bridge the conventional, misguided separations of would actually accomplish any worthwhile purpose. physical science from Classical culture. The present incompetence of both U.S. strategy, and NATO Unfortunately, today, seventeen years after the March 1983 policy in general, is no less than systemic.s To those who say, announcement, only a few among the leading, currently "Give us a chance, and, within five years, we will develop active political and military professionals, in any part of the technologies which satisfy our requirements," our answer to world, choose to remember what President Reagan actually such statements should be, that, even on bare scientific said. The voices in the world's mass media which are usually grounds, axiomatic grounds, there is no technology of that heard from among the spokesmen of today's U.S. Congress, form, which could ever be discovered and developed, to the Bush campaign, and the Administration, thus find a credu­ meet the net performance requirements for the specific kinds lous audience among an ill-informed, easily and readily of system which current Washington proposals outline.6 duped public opinion, a public opinion which, so far, lacks We must take into account the fact, that there is also a large any visible competence in judging the strategic and scientific amount of witting fraud behind the kind of missile-defense issues posed by the subject of strategic defense. proposals which the United States has currently proposed, Thus, what is being currently proposed on the subject of mis­ allegedly only against "rogue states." Behind such proposals sile defense, from official Washington, is, in fact, medicine for dealing "only with rogue states," there is the stated, geopo­ more dangerous than the disease it proposes to remedy. Among litical intent of some, such as that wild-eyed utopian the large amount of evidence to support my characterization, Zbigniew Brzezinski and his associates, to bring about a mili­ there is little which could better demonstrate the childish tary conflict in the Central Asia region adjoining the Caspian incompetence of today's official Washington's missile-defense Sea,? not with some "rogue states," but between NATO and a policy as simply and clearly, as the combined ignorance and turpitude with which today's major media establishment 5. This author's use of the term "systemic," signifies an axiomatically determined equates those current concoctions in the name of missile­ characteristic of the inherent design of the system as a whole. This signifies the use of "characteristic" in the sense of Bernhard Riemann's 1854 habilita­ defense, falsely, with the original SOl policy of March 23, 1983. tion dissertation, [" Uber die Hypothesen, welche der Geometrie zu Grunde Seventeen years after President Reagan's announcement, liegen, "in Bernhard Riemann's Gesammelte Mathematische Werke, H. today's currently popularized official delusions on this sub­ Weber, ed. (1 902): (New Yo rk: Dover Publications [reprint], 1953), or (Vaduz, Liechtenstein: Saendig Reprint Verlag, Hans R. Wohlend)], and of Riemann's ject, reflect an utter disregard for the actual history of modern consequent definition of what Gottfried Leibniz defined as Analysis Situs. warfare. I mean "modern" in the sense of the history dating 6. Notably, the destruction of President Reagan's SOl policy, from the inside, was from the time since the mid-Fifteenth-Century recovery of done chiefly through the late Lt.-Gen. (ret.) Daniel Graham, who insisted that 4 only "kinetic" interception systems, essentially of "off-the-shelf' designs, be Europe from a mid-Fourteenth Century "New Dark Age." allowed. The current proposals are based chiefly on that same, "double dip­ Current U.S. officials usually show a corresponding, and pers' " Heritage Foundation dogma. Notably, the destruction of President related, and frankly utopian ignorance of, and indifference to, Reagan's SOl policy, from the inside, was done chiefly through the late Lt.­ Gen. (ret.) Daniel Graham, who insisted that only "kinetic" interception sys­ the elementary features of the history of progress of what tems, essentially of "off-the-shelf' designs, be allowed. The current proposals actual missile-defense requirements underscore as being the are based chiefly on that same, "double dippers' " Heritage Foundation dogma. strategically relevant features of modern physical science. 7. Zbigniew Brzezinski, The Grand Chess Board: American Primacy and Its Consider the increasing numbers, both from the Republican Geostra tegic Imperatives (New York: Basic Books, 1997). In this book, Party's side, and in the Administration, who are presently pro­ Brzezinski specifically revived British geopolitical theorist Halford posing schemes and devices for missile defense. Examined Mackinder's 1905 "Geographical Pivot of History" and his 1919 Democratic Ideals and Reality. In his 1997 book, Brzezinski referred to the Trans­ Caucasus region as the "Eurasian Balkans," which he envisioned as the flash point for conflicts that WOUld, ultimately, lead to the break up of Russia, 2. C.P. Snow, Two Cultures and the Scientific Revolution (London and New and the grabbing up of the petroleum and other strategic raw material Yo rk: Cambridge University Press, 1993 reprint). reserves of Central Asia by Western cartels. 3. During March 1973, I wrote a memorandum to a circle of my associates. These very same lunatic ideas are being aggressively promoted by a This memorandum, which underscored such matters as Soviet Academi­ newly created Mackinder Forum, reviving the writings of the early 20th cen­ cian Vernadsky's argument concerning the relationship between living and tury geopolitician. On June 30, 2000, a conference was held at Oxford Uni­ non-living processes, defined the mission assigned to what was then versity, launching the Mackinder Forum. In preparation for the event, two named "the science file" of our news service. Two multiply-connected spe­ prominent Mackinder advocates, Geoffrey Sloan and Colin S. Gray, pub­ cial topics were set into motion by that memorandum: the economics­ lished an edition of Halford Mackinder's core writings, under the title driven threat of a long-term global biological holocaust, and the need for Geopolitics, Geography and Strategy. The essays they selected focused on accelerated research aimed at the mastery of controlled thermonuclear the Russian landmass as the "fulcrum" of Eurasia. The editors echoed fusion. The subsequent founding of the Fusion Energy Foundation (FEF) Brzezinski's focus on Russia, and particularly the Trans-Caucasus region, was a direct outgrowth of those combined initiatives. 21st Century Science reaching to the Caspian Sea, as the central point of conflict on the Eurasian & Te chnology has continued the legacy of the FEF on these accounts. land mass. All of this highly provocative gibberish, targetting Russia for 4. Cf. Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous Fourteenth Century break-up, ignores one fundamental reality: Russia's nuclear ballistic-missile (New Yo rk: Alfred A. Knopf, 1978) arsenal could still overwhelm the existing defenses of the U.S.A. 20 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY President Reagan's SOl proposal intended to free the world from the grip of "revenge weapons, " by cooperative scientific research to develop technologies which would end the terrifying age of Mutually Assured Destruction; it was premised on a strategic proposal advanced by LaRouche. Inset: Among the relevant documents are the 7 982 pam­ phlet authored by LaRouche, "Only Beam-Weapons Could Bring to an End the Kissingerian Age of Mutual Th ermonu­ clear Te rror, " and the 7 977 pamphlet, put out under LaRouche's guidance by the U.S. Labor Party, "Sputnik of the Seventies:The Science Behind the Soviets' Beam We apon. " The illustration is of an X-ray laser, a beam­ defense weapon based on new physical principles.

IIIsore roucy o"ce,,,., "'�O"'NOU" 1.

OnlyBeam-Weapons The Treaty of Westphalia Could Bringto an End The KissingerianAge of The crucial issue posed by today's discussion of missile Mutual ThennonuclearTerro r: defense, is the following.

A ltapos,d,A"lod,m Military Fbliq The history of European civilization since Charlemagne, of lilt U" iud Slam has been hammered into shape by wars and other catastro­ By Lyndo�Hennyle LaRouche,Jr. phes caused by the recurring efforts of the would-be "global­ izers," such as imperialist Venice's Thirteenth-Century Guelph League, which were intended either to prevent the emergence of the modern nation-state, or, as today, to destroy it. 8 After more than a century of religious and related warfare, over the Russia which is still a real, if badly tattered nuclear super­ interval 1513-1 648, the adoption of the 1648 Treaty of West­ power. At that level of the Anglo-American establishment, the phalia, established those agreements on which all issues of proposals for missile-defense systems, are predominantly, strategy, and related matters of statecraft, had been centered, even wildly dishonest. Nonetheless, it is important and other­ until such Twentieth-Century catastrophes as Ku Klux Klan wise useful to examine the proposed schemes as if they had fanatic Woodrow Wi lson's Versailles Treaty, and U.S. Presi­ been sincere, if foolishly mistaken proposals. That I do, as dent Harry Truman's folly in ordering the militari ly unneces­ much as facts permit, in the fo llowing pages. sary, August 1945 nuclear bombing of an already defeated Japan.9 The Fusion Energy Founda­ So, with the collapse tion, of which LaRouche was of the Soviet system, a leading fo under, played a beginning during 1989, key role in orga nizing fo r the principal three occu­ beam defense, from the late pying powers with con­ 7970s on. Here, one day after tinued authority over President Reagan's televised Germany-Thatcher's SOl address, the Foundation's Britain, Mitterrand's executive director, Paul Galla­ France, and Bush's gher, appears on CBS evening U.S.A.-launched the news, to explain the concept imposition of a neo-feu­ of beam weapons. He is dal, imperial, "new pointing to a painting of a world order," called chemical laser beam defense "globalization," based weapon, produced fo r the upon the stated goals of Foundation by Christopher "free trade" and "world Sloan. government." This latter

8. Venice's Fourth-Crusade conquest of Byzantium, was a crucial part 9. The fairy-tale, that that bombing "saved a million U.S. lives," is simply an out­ of its rise to imperial power during the early Thirteenth Century. right lie woven into the litany of standard, hyperinflated utterances ever Venice's launching of the Guelph League campaign to destroy the since. Absent Truman's folly, U.S. strategy had been based upon earlier Holy Roman Empire of Emperor Frederick II, and Charles of Anjou's negotiations from Japan, through the Vatican; the policy was to wait out the bestial occupation of Sicily, typify the Venice operations leading into effects of a highly successful U.S. naval and aerial blockade, until Japan's the mid-Fourteenth-Century collapse of Europe into a New Dark recalcitrant generals were compelled to bend to the Emperor's desire for Age. peace. No U.S. forced invasion of Japan was required.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 21 l-k'\"1U\..(.I. UVU V l L1J(; C<1' �U. has been, in effect, an attempt to return to not only the state of One thing that the prescnt warfare has brought about, is that European civilization prior to the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, but there can never be secure peace on this planet anywhere, while to return, in spirit, to those Guelph League policies of the Thir­ any single power has the .ability to prepare, more or less secretly, teenth and Fourteenth Century, the which had collapsed the an air attack upon its neighbours. Whatever else this war may bring about, it will bring' ho abiding peace, 1m less all .tile world number of parishes and population of Europe by approximately (Olltrives to set liP one sitlgle, permal�e1�t, world air cOlllmission, one-half. That latter was the greatest catastrophe experienced by navillg absolute . authority over civil, private and public aviatioll, western Europe since the collapse of the Latin Roman Empire, the over all air-port�, over tile maliufactllre of aircraft of all sorts, Fourteenth Century's so-called "New Dark Age." This much of federation thcre must !:le, ana given · a united de­ mand only from America' and Russia that this should be so, it Thus, the crucial issue of strategic defense, as I have posed is an entirely practkabJe thing to set up-a united ' demand from it, and as President Reagan's March 23, 1983, address did, is America and Russia, if that can be brought about. If this war, not a matter of pure and simple military countermeasures, rod the exhaustion of the belligerent countries, goes on at its but, rather, is the issue of the choice between military "bal­ present pace, and if these two powers keep their strength intact, they will be in a position to dictate the conditions of the ultimate ance of power"-style countermeasures, in the sense of feudal iTIllistice and they will be able to establish peace in the air for ever. warfare, on the one side, and defense of the continuation and It will be far easier for the combatant countries to consent to further development of the institution of the sovereign nation­ state, on the opposi ng side.' 0 To refresh your memories: In the simplest terms, the essence of what President Reagan announced as SOl, was a proposal, as directed to the Soviet government, as also to by an in­ our own nation and its allies, with the intent simply to free arid the like. the world from the grip of "revenge weapons." He proposed, the air, then the that science, aided by cooperative efforts among nations, also be federalised. could develop technologies which would save the world drugs and poisons be far casier for from a situation in which thermonuclear ballistic-missile over the whole barrages were the virtual ultimate weapon, a purely terrorist to monopolise weapon, which held the politics of the world hostage to its to arrange that threat. may of any sort In effect, what the President thus proposed, was a commit­ such things in ment to return the practice of statecraft to a saner time prior to the 1945 nuclear bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, and thus return world politics and strategy to the President Franklin Roosevelt standard of the pre-August 1945 domain of rational behavior. The hard kernel of President Reagan's Marc h 23, 1983, announcement, was, in effect, the intent to undo that terrible Secretary of State Madeleine Albright, speaking at the Institute threat to civilization as whole, which was represented by the of International Education in New York, Oct. 14, 1999, identi­ policy set forth in the doctrine of nuclear-terrorist Bertrand fied her roots in the "one world" government fa ction of Russell's Sept. 1946 issue of The Bulletin of the Atomic Scien­ Bertrand Russell and H. C. We lls. In the background is a page tists. Mr. Reagan's clearly implied argument, as delivered from We lls's utopian conclusion to his Outline of History, directly to the Soviet government during those weeks, was where he argues fo r a world fe dera tion government, to rep lace that if we can cooperate to bring "revenge weapons" under the republican conception of a "community of principle" control, we may be able to find that pathway back to rational­ among sovereign nation-states. ity, in which peaceful solutions to leading strategic issues could be negotiated and adopted. However, since 1983, especially since the close of 1989, The first thing to consider, in studying any among the cur­ the world has changed radically. Then, in 1983, President rent U.S. proposals for missile defense, is the fact, that Presi­ Reagan, as typical of one who had been, politically, an ordi­ dent Reagan's proposal then, was directly and plainly oppo­ nary patriotic veteran during the course of time of the Great site in purpose, in the deepest sense, to everything which is Depression and World War II, typified thus a generation presently being proposed by the current advocates of missile whose views of U.S. strategic interest were still based upon defense as an instrument of "globalization." the conception of the United States as a perfectly sovereign nation-state republ ic. Now, since the 1989-1 991 process of disintegration of the 10. Had Wallentstein and Gustavus Adolphus been allowed to continue their Soviet system, a new era, which President George Bush efforts for peaceful solutions, what became the later, most ruinous phases of the 1618-1648 Thirty Years War, would have been prevented. The dubbed "a new world order," has been declared by many assassination of Wallenstein, by those determined to prevent the alterna­ voices of the AnglO-American establishment, as the allegedly tive offered by Wallenstein and Gustavus Adolphus, unleashed the pre­ ventable full horror of the assassins' strategic folly. It is the establishment inevitable and irreversible overturning of the age of the sover­ of stable and peaceful relations among sovereign nation-states, which has eign nation-state, establishing a radically new age of "free been, since 1618, the primary objective of modern civilized warfare. In trade," "globalization," and the rule of "supranational" institu­ other words, the proper object of war is durable peace; the sovereign nation-state, and its defense as an institution is an essential pre-condition tions of radically positivist, and capricious forms of imperial for such peace, and is therefore that principle which warfare must defend. law.

22 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY Unlike the Reagan of 1983, and, rather, like the Bush Repub­ the U.S. Congress. To appreciate the sheer lunacy of the more licans, and the Carter-Mondale Democrats, who had opposed popular variety of current versions of efforts to abolish the SOl in 1983,11 the Bush Republicans moved, in 1989-1992, to sovereignty of nations such as the U.S.A., it is convenient to avow their intent to destroy the institution of the sovereign focus upon the coincidence of the policies of Mrs. Albright nation-state. Thus, the present advocates of missile-defense and Vice-President AI Gore. Focussing upon this side of the are, in fact, like former Carter National Security Advisor Zbig­ matter, also clarifies the same utopian tendency, expressed niew Brzezinski, demanding a return to the state of affairs under different trade-marks, as the policies of certain of the which ought to be remembered from the Thirty Years War, or, caretakers for Republican pre-candidate George W. Bush, Jr. earlier, the so-called Fourteenth Century New Dark Age. On this account, Mrs. Albright exposed herself most fla­ What has been clearly intended by such circles, since grantly, in an address she delivered, on October 14, 1999, in 1989, and what is said with ever more shameless openness New York City, to an organization known as the Institute of today, is a commitment to what Bertrand Russell's nuclear­ International Education (lIE).1 2 Not only did she identify the weapons policy intended, the eradication of the sovereign roots of her policy, as those of utopian fa natic and Bertrand nation-state, to make way for what Russell termed plainly, Russell confederate Herbert George Wells, but the organiza­ and repeatedly, "world government." tion before which she chose to unbutton herself in this fash­ Thus, to restate and summarize the crucial point: where Pres­ ion, the liE, had been founded, in 1919, as an habituated, key ident Reagan's SOl proposal was intended to save the form of promoter of policies such as those of Wells and Russell inside civil ized relations among sovereign nation-states, as the 1648 the U.S.A.1 3 On that same occasion, she identified her U.S. Treaty of Westphalia defines such relations, the current draft career, and that of her father, former Central European diplo­ proposals for limited ballistic-missile defense, are premised mat Joseph Korbel, as a notable beneficiary of the liE's sup­ upon the directly opposite purpose. There, in blurring that fun­ port, both for her and for those views of We lls. 1 4 damental difference in purpose, lies the kernel of confusion These policies of We lls identified by Albright in that underlying all current proposals for missile defense. The pres­ address, are fairly summed up in two typical Wells locations, ent proposals express a determination to impose "world gov­ his The Outline of History1 5 and his famous, 1928 The Open ernment" by aid of the Roman-empire-style police-force of the Conspiracy: Blueprints fo r a Wo rld Revolution.16 There is no "new NATO": a return of the world to that century of catastro­ part of the policies attributable to the personal influence of phe known as the Guelph League's plunge of European civi­ 12. In her address to the liE, Albright defended the very "public diplomacy" pro­ lization into the Fourteenth Century's "New Dark Age." gram of the State Department and other U.S. government agencies, that had caused such a proliferation of warfare, and the spread of illegal drugs Albright and the Wells of Doom and weapons, during the George Bush/Oliver North Iran-Contra fiasco. What is worse, she defended those criminal policies by invoking the name In contrast to the Reagan SOl of March 1983, the opposing of H.G. Wells, one of Britain's leading social engineers of the late 19th and missile-defense strategies of today's Governor George W. 20th centuries, who advocated a world government based on a scientific Bush, Vice-President AI Gore, and U.S. Secretary of State dictatorship. Albright told the audience, "About the time the liE was founded, British author H.G. Wells wrote that 'history [is] a race between Madeleine Albright, reflect a different generation's pol itical education and catastrophe.' Helping people to value democratic prinCiples base than that of Presidents Kennedy, Johnson, Ford, and Rea­ of tolerance and openness is a good way to aid us all in winning that race." gan. Since Reagan's 1984 re-election, our governments have Albright singled out non-governmental organizations (NGOs) for special praise, in her speech, providing the audience with a laundry list of recent fo und their new political base chiefly in a shrinking ration of instances where her State Department backed NGOs in efforts to destabi­ the population, constituted chiefly of social strata "Iikely to lize sovereign, nation-state governments all around the world. vote," which are representative of a class of persons harking 13. liE was founded in 1919 by Nicholas Murray Butler, the President of Colum­ bia University; Elihu Root, the former Secretary of State; and Stephen Dug­ back to the ultra-decadent "flapper" ideology of the Coolidge gan, head of the Carnegie International Institute for Peace, ostensibly to 1920s, who are vicious opponents of the American intellec­ foster international educational exchange programs. Prior to President tual tradition. In fact, political figures such as Governor Franklin Roosevelt establishing diplomatiC relations with the Soviet Union, the liE was one of the most prominent "back-channels" between the Wall George Bush, Vice-President Gore, and U.S. Secretary of State Street and State Department circles and Moscow. Working with The New Madeleine Albright, represent, axiomatically, the peculiar Republics Michael Straight, liE was behind John Dewey's lengthy trip to interest of a species alien to our own. the Soviet Union in 1926, from which he published a series of glowing reports about the high quality of Soviet education. In the 1930s, the liE Secretary Madeleine Albright is by no means the author of formed the Emergency Committee for Displaced German Scholars, through this state of affairs, but she typifies the currently leading, which, the entire Frankfurt School apparatus of social revolutionaries and subversives was brought to the United States, and placed in American uni­ implicitly treasonous threat to the sovereignty of the U.S.A. versities and research centers. The Emergency Committee was run by Perhaps, she does not intend to be treasonous; but, perhaps, John Dewey and Egbert Roscoe Murrow (later known to the world as "treasonous" is not a choice of term strong enough to express Edward R. Murrow), and was modelled on an earlier agency established in Britain, called the Academic Assistance Council, headed by one of H.G. the depravity of her folly. Perhaps, there are extenuating cir­ Wells's leading proteges, and world government fanatics, Leo Szilard. In cumstances for her case. Perhaps, for reasons of fa mily the 1940s, Stephen Duggan was replaced, as head of the liE by his son upbringing, and related influences, she simply knows no bet­ Laurence, who was later exposed as a member of the extended Anglo­ Soviet espionage apparatus of Noel Field and H. Kim Philby. ter; perhaps, speaking clinically, she is incurable on this 14. Joseph Korbel, a former official of the Eduard Benes government of account. Czechoslovakia, served as the academic godfather of George W. Bush She typifies that utopian concert of efforts to establish world advisor Condoleezza Rice. Sometime Albright political godfather Zbginiew Brzezinski, is a son-in-law of the same Benes. To gether, the Korbels and government, as that current is also found among all too many Brzezinskis represent outgrowths of the pro-feudalist bureaucracy of deca­ of today's spokesmen for both the present Administration and dent and fallen Central European states, a species steeped in the same quality of cultural pessimism out of which Twentieth Century European fas­ cist currents were spawned. Albright is redolent with that specific type of 11. For example, Vice-President George Bush's circles. cultural peSSimism.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 23 4 minutes to midnight

Th e "Doomsday Clock" logo of the Bulletin of the Atomic Sci­ entists, which was set at seven minutes to midnight in june 1947. The one-world-governmentPugwash group moved it fo rward or backward according to its estimation of "interna­ tional tensions"-the Mutually Assured Destruction concept of Lord Russell. Here, the clock is shown at fo ur minutes to midnight in 1981, when, the Bulletin stated, "both superpow­ ers develop more weapons fo r fighting a nuclear war. "

George W. Bush's present pre-candidacy, and those of Albright and Gore, there are secondary differences in matters of style, but not in ultimately implied goals. On these and rel ated matters, as Russell wrote in 1928, there are no important differences between the "Open Con­ © Bettmann/Corbis spiracy" policies of Wells and Russell, on the one hand, and America-hater Bertrand Russell (7 872- 1 970) used the threat of those of such present-day fo llowers of President Theodore nuclear arsenals to promote his plan fo r world government. Roosevelt, President Woodrow Wilson, We lls, and Wa lter Through his proxies, such as Leo Szilard, Lord Russell Lippmann, as AI Gore and Albright. The genetic heritage is authored the U.S. development of the nuclear bomb, and the same axiomatically; the differences aggregated by effectively directed nuclear-arms-control policies, into his processes of mutation over successively intervening genera­ 90s. Here Russell addresses a world disarmament ra lly in Lon­ tions and degenerations, are essentially slight; the differences don, in September 1959. are merely stylistic, and the novelties chiefly psychedelic. ., :., . In addressing the matter of ballistic-mis'sile defense, we are Mrs. Albright, inside the Clinton Administration, nor those of obliged to emphasize the role in which reports of British Vice-President AI Gore, which are riot coherent with the most Empire scientists Rutherford's and Soddy's work on nuclear disgusting elements of the policies which Wells and Russell fission, led We lls, in 1913. 1 9 It is from that standpoint, that adopted in common, as their schemes for eliminating the sov­

ereign nation-state and establishing world government. 17. T.W. Adorno et aI., The Authoritarian Personality (New York: Harper, 1950). Nor is there anything inconsistent between those We lls poli­ All of these Frankfurt School followers of Georg Lukacs were, like Nazi cies and the impact of the liE in U.S. life since its founding. Philosopher Martin Heidegger and Karl Jaspers, fanatical advocates of the policy that truth does not exist, only existentialist forms of opinion. Merely Nor are there truly significant points of difference between the typical of this moral degeneracy is Hannah Arendt's series of books on political philosophy of liE-sponsored Albright and such IIE­ totalitarianism. 18. 11, 1990. sponsored, existentialist, avowed haters of the American patri­ President Bush spoke to Congress Sept. He gloated over the then-onrushing collapse of the Soviet Union, which removed any hin­ otic intellectual tradition, as systemic irrationalists Max drance to "concerted United Nations action" so that the "crisis in the Per­ Horkheimer, Theodore Adorno, and Hannah Arendt.17 sian Gulf . . . offers a rare opportunity to move toward . . . a new world order.. . . " (Washington Post, Sept. 12, 1990). Nor should anyone be astonished by the fact that the views 19. See, Frederick Soddy, The Interpretation of Radium and the Structure of attributed to George W. Bush, Jr.'s pre-candidacy, are consis­ the Atom (New York: G.P. Putnam & Sons, 1922), and H.G. Wells, Th e tent, like candidate Gore's, with that commitment to a We ll­ World Set Free (London: Macmillan, 1914), dedicated to Soddy. Publicist sian form of world government, as expressed by former Presi­ Wells is the putative inventor of the term "atomic bomb." Notably, although Wells had publicly acknowledged this debt to Soddy in his own 1914 The dent George Bush's proclamation of "world government," as a World Set Free, no suitable reference to a mailer so important appears in "new world order."1 8 Between the policies of Governor his own 1934 autobiography. Soddy, whose most significant apprentice­ ship, in study of the disintegration of radioactive elements, occurred under Ernest Rutherford at Montreal's McGill University, is among the first known, 15. H.G. Wells, The Out/ine of History: Being A Plain History of Life and during 1908-1914, to have proposed the feasibility, and prospective power Mankind (Garden City, N.Y.: Garden City Publishing Co., 1920, 1931 , of fission weaponry. After Soddy had received his 1921 Nobel Prize in 1940). chemistry for related discoveries, his 1908 lectures, on which Wells had 16. H.G. Wells, The Open Conspiracy: Blueprints for a World Revolution (Lon­ relied chiefly for his 1914 proposal of a nuclear balance of power, were don: Victor Gollancz, 1928) published as a book.

24 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY We lls, already in 1913, was able to foresee the development U.S.A. nuclear-weapons and nuclear-arms-control policies of weapons based upon nuclear-fission principles, as suffi­ throughout the entirety of his life thereafter. ciently terrible to force existing nations to capitulate to a It was, for example, the Russell-Wells policy of world-gov­ return to the intended kinds of world government, forms of ernment, as established through the threat of nuclear arsenals, world government which we might remember from ancient which prompted the nuclear bombing of Japan by President Babylon, Rome, and European feudalism. Truman, and which guided Arms Control and Disarmament As We lls himself, from 1928 on, situated the combined Agency (ACDA) chief John J. McCloy and such McCloy clones work of the world-wide confederates of himself and Russell, and Golems as McGeorge Bundy and Henry A. Kissinger. It he conceived of this role of nuclear terror as a second phase was the same Russell who had demanded, publicly and of the Fabian conspiracy from the pre-World War I decades, repeatedly, a preparation for nuclear attack upon the Soviet which he identified by his choice of title for his manifesto: Union, beginning 1946, who opened the mid-1 950s channel The Open Conspiracy. It was under Wells crony Russell's to Stalin successor N.S. Khrushchev, leading to the establish­ political direction, that the development of nuclear-fission ment of the Pugwash Conference and to the Cuba Missiles weapons occurred, and it was through the policies of Russell Crisis of 1962. It was the sequence of developments marked and such Russell devotees as Leo Szilard, John J. McCloy, by Russell's role in mediating between Moscow and Washing­ McGeorge Bundy, Henry Kissinger, et aI., that the diplomatic ton during the Missiles Crisis, and the assassination of Presi­ architecture of today's drive for a world government modelled dent John F. Kennedy, which locked London, Washington, upon the tradition of pagan Rome, has been launched. and Moscow, into the "detente" track of Kissinger's 1972 I have documented elsewhere the leading features of the negotiations of SALT f and the Russell-designed Anti-Ballistic­ development of the Wells-Russell doctrine of nuclear Missile (ABM) treaties. weapons, as a means for abolishing the sovereign nation-state The long drive toward world government, came proximate and establishing a neo-Roman Empire of world government.20 to its goal, with the collapse of the Soviet system, over the Therefore, here, I need but summarize the crucial, relevant interval 1989-1 991 . The virtual elimination of the chief mili­ points of that development. tary challenge; that of the Warsaw Pact alliance, to the com­ Fabian Society figures Wells and Russell had both been key bined powers ot the NATO forces, was taken by the London figures of Lord Alfred Milner's Coefficients (for example, and New Yo rk backers of this, the then-deceased Russell's Round Table) organization, the association which contributed design, as the occasion for brushing aside most among the a key role in the British monarchy's planning of what became pre-1 989 allies of London and New York, such as continental World War I. Russell had walked out of the Coefficients in a Europe's NATO members, and establishing a form of world petulant aristocrat's temperamental fit, whereas plebeian government, representing rentier-fi nancier interests, since We lls remained with King Edward VII's Lord Cecil, Milner, then run, jointly, and more or less exclusively, by the Anglo­ Mackinder, et aI., and became a leading political-intell igence American powers. Thus, President George Bush proclaimed a figure of the British imperial establishment for that war. Roman imperial style in Anglo-American world government: Later, during the 1920s, Wells and Russell patched up their his, rather than Adolf Hitler's "new world order." The fi nal war-time differences, consolidating their not inconsiderable assessment of the actual differences between the two schemes world-wide political-i ntell igence resources, in support of has yet to be made.21 what Wells's defined as "The Open Conspiracy." The larger As a lapsed-time portrait would help us to see clearly the portion of the general naughtiness and nastiness of the recent result of this drive toward world government through nuclear century, can be put to the account, directly or indirectly, of terror, over the span of the past fifty years -especially since the included, leading contributions of this pair and their the untimely death of President Franklin Roosevelt, the char­ accomplices. At the center of that business, was the We lls­ acteristic feature of the efforts of those behind the Anglo­ Russell plot to bring about world government through the American domination of the world today, is nothing different development of nuclear arsenals, a policy which Russell con­ than what We lls set forth in his 1928 Th e Open Conspiracy. tinued to the end of his wretched existence. Read We lls's frankly satanic program from that book, and America-hating, British aristocrat Russell, using such among weep for today's imperilled mankind:. his acquired devotees and lackeys as physicists Leo Szilard and Eugene Wigner, actually authored the U.S. development 1. The complete assertion, practical as well as of the nuclear bomb, and effectively directed British and theoretical, of the provisional nature of existing . governments and our acquiescence to them;

20. Lyndon H. LaRouche .. Jr. "On The Subject of Strategic Method," (Bad 2. The resolve to minimize by all available means the Schwalbach, Germany, address of May 26, 2000) Ex ecutive Intelligence conflicts of these governments their militant use of Review, June 2, 2000, pp. 20-35. See also, Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., ''The Becoming Death of Systems Analysis, Executive Intelligence Review, individuals and property and their interference with the March 31 , 2000, pp. 10-73; LaRouche, "When Andropov Played Hamlet," Executive Intelligence Review, April 21, 2000, pp. 14-31, and LaRouche, "Information Society: A Doomed Empire of Evil," Executive Intelligence 21 . It should be emphasized, that it was President George Bush's father, and Review, April 28, 2000, pp. 36·55 Govemor George W. Bush's grandfather, Prescott Bush, who played a key On this subject of the Wells-Russell collaboration, see a book produced role in funding Adolf Hitler's appointment as Chancellor of Germany. See, under my design and direction during the last years of the 1970s. Although Anton Chaitkin and Webster Ta rpley, Th e Unauthorized Biography of I set forth the thesis and mapped the principal features of the book, the George Bush, (Washington, D.C.: Executive Intelligence Review, 1992). detailed work was done by a rather large number of my associates, and None of those connections to Hitler's regime are merely coincidental for published as Carol White, The New Dark Ages Conspiracy (New York: the understanding of the history of the U.S.A. and the world during the cur­ New Benjamin Franklin Publishing House, 1980). rent year and the next.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 25 establishment of a world economic system; Secretary Albright's perverse performance, "in service of democracy," on record, as in Africa and South America, rep­ 3. The determination to replace local or national resents to date; that is precisely what is represented by those ownership of at least credit, transport, and staple who deploy her on behalf of such policies .. production by a responsible world directorate serving the This is what Secretary Albright, and her policies, represent. common ends of the race; With declarations such as her October 14, 1999, New Yo rk 4. The practical recognition of the necessity for world address, she has placed herself on the public record, as con­ biological controls, for example, of population and sciously motivated by a passion, not only to wipe the sover­ disease; eign nation-state permanently from the world's map, but to sink all of civilization into the kind of doom prescribed by the 5. The support of a minimum standard of individual wildly Romantic utopians Wells and Russell. The fault for this freedom and welfare in the world; lies less with what she herself does, than with those in govern­ 6. The supreme duty of subordinating the personal life ment who wittingly, and revealingly, tolerate or even encour­ to the creation of a world directorate capable of these age her song and dance. tasks and to the general advancement of human knowledge, capacity, and power. 2.

If one assesses those six points against the background of Science, Society, We lls's strongly argued social theories, before and after that 1928 publication, We lls and his proposals, and avowed We lls And Strategy follower Albright, are to be regarded as a form of universal Since the exemplary reforms of Solon of Athens, the princi­ fascist dictatorship containing, axiomatically, all of the evil ples of strategy associated with the history of globally features of Hitler's regime, and much more besides. This is extended European civil ization, have reduced the essential precisely what Russell himself had proposed, independently issues of statecraft, including warfare, to an axiomatic differ­ of We lls, earlier, and later. This is the pedigree of the "Third ence between two axiomatically incompatible notions of Way" policies of London's new Mussolini To ny Blair, today, society.22 The one, the Classical republican notion, express­ and his leading U.S. devotee AI Gore. This is precisely what ing the Classical Greek tradition in science and art, has been the policy of promoting a truthful and just promotion of the general welfare of all persons and their posterity, that by means of mankind's increased power over nature.23 The opposing, so-called Romantic view in statecraft and art, that of ancient Babylon, Ty re, the Delphi cult of the Pythian Apollo, and pagan Rome, has been the rule of a relative few, an oligarchy and its attached retinues of lackeys, over a majority of a mankind degraded to the status of virtual human cattle. The modern sovereign nation-state repul;>lic, as typified by the 1776 U.S. Declaration of Independence and the 1789 Preamble of the Federa l Constitution, belongs to the fi rst type; the British Empire since the accession of George I, has typified the second. The effort, typified by the We lls-Russell The Open Conspiracy, to bring world government and "glob­ alization" into being, is the inevitable yearning for a return of the world to the idea of world empire of the fi gure which London opinion then regarded as the leading Ve netian of late Eighteenth Century Britain, Lord Shelburne. Shelburne, the British East India Company's chief controller and sponsor of the careers of Adam Smith, Edward Gibbon, and Jeremy Ben­ tham, and many other British notables of the time, led in causing this imperial perspective to be adopted by the British monarchy. This created the imperial model, continued by the British monarchy to this day, adopted out of the British East

//Iustration by Christopher Sloan 22. LaRouche, op. cit. "The fu nctionally defined difference between mankind and 23. "Truthful and jusf' signifies the use of agape in Plato's The Republic, and the beasts, is that ours is the only species of living creature the Apostle Paul's I Corinthians 13. This is in direct opposition to the denial of the existence of truth by the empiricists, Immanuel Kant's Critiques, and which is capable of willfully increasing its specific potential such neo-Kantian existentialists as Adorno, Jaspers, Arendt, and some­ relative population-density. " Without a Classical humanistic time Arendt intimate and Nazi philosopher, Martin Heidegger. The denial of education, as LaRouche demonstra tes, society produces peo­ truthfl:llness, as Kant, Jaspers, and liE's Frankfurt School existentialists militantly denounced truthfulness, is key to understanding the mind-set of ple who think like beasts. Secretary Albright and her confederates today.

26 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY India Company's envy of the example of ancient pagan Rome.24 That low-comedy, music-hall spectacle, the 1989 capture of President George "Trilby" Bush by Prime Min­ ister Margaret "Svengali" Thatcher, illustrates the point. That 1989-1 991 capture of the U.S. government, under circumstances of the fall of the Warsaw Pact system, as a . virtual "free trade" lackey of the London financial cen­ ter, was used, as Bush himself described this, to establish a "new world order." This was intended to become a Romantic world empire, implicitly modelled upon that of pagan Rome, and based upon a symbiotic condo­ minium of the tattered military power of the U.S.A. and the decadent fi nancial and political power of the British Commonwealth. Under this post-1 989 arrangement, the other nations and peoples of the world, including those of continental Europe and the United Nations Organization generally, have been degraded since to the status of either mere auxiliaries, or simply hapless victims, of an overreach­ ing, Roman-style, Anglo-American imperial overlord. Since then, like the Roman arena under the Claud ian emperors, this has become a global farce turned grue­ some. Th is state of affairs, brought into being over decades, chiefly by aid of the Wells-Russell use of nuclear arse­ nals to bring world government into being, identifies the crucial change which underlies the difference between President Reagan's original proposal of 501, and the lunatic fo llies of the U.S. missile-defense proposals of today. The former, Reagan's SDI, appears to have been the last attempt, from the U.S.A., to save that system of sovereign nation-states which the United States had been founded to establish. The latter is a nakedly geopo­ www.arttoday.com litical attempt, to enforce the total rule over all of this planet, by an AnglO-American financier oligarchy's The American System ofpolitical economy, which ensured that the "new Roman Empire." United States would become an industrial, science-based culture, The best way in which to demonstrate the fo llies was based on the Classical, anti-empirical notion of "action, " as inhering in both Mrs. Albright's and kindred bestiali­ understood and practiced by Benjamin Franklin, Alexander Hamil­ ties, is to examine the matter from the standpoint of a ton, Abraham Lincoln, and Lincoln's economic advisors, Mathew rational, republican view of the same strategic issues. and Henry C. Carey. Here, a depiction by Theodore R. Davis of the To that purpose, we can not avoid summarizing the Corliss engine exhibit at the 7876 Centennial Exh ibition in Philadel­ most crucial issue separating the Classical republican phia, which celebrated America's emergence from a colony to a view of man, society, and nature, from that of to­ leading world economy. day's "globalizing" apostles of the fi nancier­ 2 oligarchical imperialism, as expressed by creatures such as science for modern republican strategy. 5 Mrs. Albright, her Vice-President Gore, the caretakers of Governor George W. Bush, and Britain's Mussolini-Iookalike Science and Culture To ny Blair. From the experimental standpoint of animal ecology, the This brings into focus the crucial relevancies of physical fu nctionally defined difference between mankind and the beasts, is that ours is the only species of living creature which is capable of willfully increasing its specific, potential relative 24. The conflict between the Classical and Romantic traditions, is the central feature of Eighteenth Century European politics and art. It was the Classi· population-density. The exemplary expression of this specific cal faction. as typified for Germany by Leibniz and Bach defenders Abra­ capability, is the way in which individual members of our ham Kastner, Gotthold Lessing, and Moses Mendelssohn, who rallied for species are capable of generating, not deductively, but cogni- the cause of the independence of the U.S. republic. It was the Romantic tradition, typified by the so-called British and French Enlightenment, who formed the hard-core of the pro-British faction. Thus, followers of the Clas­ 25. The term "republican," as used in the Classical Greek sense here, is equiv­ sical faction of Lessing and Mendelssohn, such as Goethe, Schiller, and alent to "American Whig." This signifies the Carey-Clay-Quincy Adams­ the Humboldts, like Keats and Shelley for England, typify the pro-American Lincoln legacy, and the revival of the American Whig legacy by President faction, whereas the Romantic current formed the hard core of the pro­ Franklin Roosevelt. To day, and since 1976, the present writer is the lead­ British faction in late Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Europe. ing political representation of that legacy inside the U.S.A.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 27 tively, as individuals, experimentally validatable, original dis­ both known universal physical principles, and also the Classi­ coveries, and rediscoveries, of universal physical principles.26 cal artistic principles associated with Classical forms of artistic Primari ly, it is through the application of such experimentally composition. We must include, under Classical artistic com­ demonstrable universal physical principles, as new technolo­ position, the mastery of history and statecraft from the stand­ gies, to the effect of transforming mankind's relationship to point provided by broad and deep education and experience the physical universe, that mankind's power in and over the in both Classical forms of science education and also Classi­ universe, is increased, as measurable per capita, and per cal forms of artistic composition. Otherwise, the student can square kilometer of the Earth's surface area. not become literate in either science or history and statecraft. This explicitly physical expression of our species' unique­ The essential form of republican education of the citizen, is ness, has an essential, cognitive complement. The ability to not mere learning, but, rather, the cultivation and refi nement replicate the cognitive action of experimentally validatable of the individual's cognitive powers for generating and va li­ discoveries of universal physical principles, requires a similar, dating universal discoveries of principle, either as original dis­ cognitive, mode of discovery for those also validatable, uni­ coveries, or, more often, as replications of earlier original dis­ versal principles which we associate with Classical artistic coveries. modes of composition. The latter are typified by Classical From these and related evidence, we derive a functional Greek tragedy, the revolution in painting by Leonardo da notion of the existence of man within the universe, a notion of Vi nci and Raphael Sanzio, and the revolution in musical com­ man's specific, unique nature, as a living creature which has position and performance by J. S. Bach and such fol lowers of the essential self-interest, and also the means, to increase its his anti-Romantic, polyphonic method, as Haydn, Mozart, power with in and over that universe willfully, and to transmit Beethoven, and Brahms. Under Classical artistic composition, that increased power to future generations. It is from this we must include related forms of study of the principles of standpoint, so just described, that the essential axioms of history and of the rel ated practice of statecraft. The latter Classical strategy are derived. It is from this standpoint, that include modern Classical military strategy as a combined we are able to show the absolute differences setting the product of Classical methods in science and artistic composi­ tion. To day's public opinion has been brainwashed into belief in "My proposal to shift the approach to an axiomatically irrationalist, hermetk sepabtion of science strategic defense, to the forced-draft from art, as that separation was decreed by the empiricists, realization of revolutionary physica/­ the existentialists, and by the similarly avowed pathological breakthroughs along known liars Immanuel Kant and Karl Savigny. Against that induced, economic popular delusion, the multiply-connected integrity of Classi­ pathways, proffered a solution to a problem cal science and art must be emphasized here. which was axiomatically insoluble within the In order that society might cooperate to enjoy the benefits characteristic curvature of then presently of discovered universal physical principles, it is not sufficient to bring individual persons into merely deductively logical accepted definitions of the problem." forms of cooperation. It is essential to engage cooperation among the higher, cognitive processes of individual persons. The methods of Classical humanistic education, typify the March 23, 1983, 501 policy into total and irreconcilable cultivation of such higher forms of functional literacy. Such opposition to the fo lly of that pathetic parody of 501 which methods are opposed to the inherently stultifying mere learn­ President CI i nton recently presented to Russia's President ing of so-called "information." Vladimir Putin. It is not the competent educational practice of civil ized societies, to train the majority of individual persons as if they Economy and Strategy were merely a sub-human form of life. We must despise, as In contrast to Mr. Clinton's recent blunders in Moscow, my bestialized, an educational policy which emphasizes the own 1977-1 983 development of the case for what President conditioning of the victim to repeat a learned procedure, or Reagan presented as SOl, was pivoted, upon my preceding derive theorems, as if at the blackboard, only by formalists' original discoveries within that branch of physical science deductive methods. The essential superiority of the human known, since Gottfried Leibniz's work of 1671-1 71 6, as that being to the lower living species, is demonstrated clearly, science of physical economy upon which Benjamin Franklin only when the individual mind is prompted to reenact, suc­ et al. premised the American System of political-economy. cessively, the cognitive processes by means of which The only meaning of that term, American System, among lit­ mankind earlier had generated each among its existing accu­ erate persons world-wide, sti II today, is the usage employed mulation of experimentally validatable discoveries of univer­ by U.S. Treasury Secretary Alexander Hamilton, Mathew and sal principles. Henry C. Carey, and Friedrich List. The principles which the individual must rediscover, are This is the same anti-British "free trade" system, the Ameri­ can System adopted extensively in Germany, Russia, Japan, the Americas, and elsewhere fo llowing the gathering of inter­ 26. That is to emphasize the difference between reductionist methods of mere deduction and induction, and cognition, otherwise fairly described as the national admirers at Philadelphia's 1876 Centennial Exposi­ difference between mere logic, which can be performed by a digital com­ tion. This is the American System which the circles of pre­ puter, and actual human reason, of which a digital computer is axiomati­ cally incapable. candidates Bush and Gore, for example, are fanatically

28 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY Gottfried Leibniz (7646- 7776) Bernhard Riemann (7826- 7 866) Vladimir Ve rnadsky (7863-7 945)

"What makes a truly creative scientist, is not the accumulation of what he or she has learned. Rather our concern should be, what will he be able to discover when fa ced with the challege of the unknown?" LaRouche contrasts the Leibnizian approach to science, exemplified by Riemann and Ve rnadsky, to the "fanatically empiricist" approach of Russell. committed to suppressing and eradicating, not only inside the Field Marshal Graf von Schlieffen.28 U.S.A., but throughout the world. On the level of physical science as customarily defined, the My own original discoveries within this branch of science, solution to the problem of ballistic missile defense, was made use of the work of Bernhard Riemann, although I went implied by Bernhard Riemann's revolution in physics, as an far beyond Riemann in a relevant, crucial feature. This incor­ application of what is known as his principle of multiply-con­ poration of Riemann's work as a way of situating my own ear­ nected manifolds.29 Yet it was indispensable to carry these lier original discoveries, is, with an eye cast toward a crucial considerations to a still higher level, the level of "psychol­ observation by Russia's great, polymathic physical chemist ogy," as the science of physical economy defines "psychol­ Ve rnadsky, the key to understanding my extensive crucial ogy." This means psychology as defined and ruled by the contribution to what became the original SDI proffer, and to same principle of cognition expressed by valid discoveries of defining the continuing relevance of the March 23, 1983, universal physical principles, and also associated with Classi­ announcement for today.27 cal artistic metaphor. It was that higher appreciation of the The resu lt of my part in shaping that initiative, was the use strategically relevant implications of Riemann's work, which of certain critical features of modern physical science, to defined my approach to the problem. I shall make the signifi­ define a method fo r out-flanking a strategic scale of ther­ cance of those terms clearer at the proper stages of discussion monuclear ballistic-missile salvoes. This was the kernel of my below. published work on the subject of strategic ballistic-missile Contrary to what British imperial political geographer Hal­ defense, over the interval 1977-1 983 and beyond. ford Mackinder et al. termed "geopolitics," geography as such It is indispensable that I now put a certain technical point is not the pivot of history, but only its animal environment. on the record, even if the significance of those terms is not yet The famous, commonplace point of military doctrine, respect­ fu lly clear to most readers at this stage of the report. The point ing the ability to dispose forces to control terrain with rela­ I now introduce is sophisticated, but crucial. It is more than tively greater efficiency, is important for animals and for the well worth the added, continuing effort required to under­ animal side of military behavior, but, for human affairs, is a stand it. subordinate issue, not the primary one. To address the challenge of thermonuclear barrages, it was, For example: The way in which Alexander the Great and is necessary to introduce a certain shift in the conception defeated the Persian Empire at Issus, in Cyrenaica, at Ty re, of the so-called principle of the flank, as that had been previ­ and on the plains outside Arbela, anticipated the celebrated ously defined, for example, by the Classical work of General actions of Hannibal against the Romans at Cannae. In all the great flanking actions of history, including Gaugamela, Can­ 27. Vernadsky's rebuttal of those who proposed to derive the existence of liv­ nae, Lazare Carnot's transforming inevitable defeat into ing processes from the chemistry of non-living processes, was thai life represented a higher order of existence in the universe than non-living absolute victory during 1792-1 794, von Schlieffen's example processes as such. To this I agreed; but, I added, that, similarly, cognitive processes are of a higher order than can be adduced from living processes other than mankind. My argument is consistent with that of 28. Alfred von Schlieffen, Th e Th eory of the Fla nk (Leavenworth, U.S. Army Nicholas of Cusa, that inferior species may participate in higher orders, as translation). Also, Generalfeldmarschall Graf von Schlieffen: Die taktisch­ a dog participates in a child's life through a common play-drive, but that strategischen Aufgaben aus den Jahren 1891-1905 (Berlin: Siegfried Mit­ the existence of the higher order is not to be deduced from the principles tler und Sohn, 1937). The extensive collection of maps included in the lat­ which are apparently sufficient to explain the internal dynamics of the ter work is of notable interest. lower. 29. Gp. cit.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 29 of the victory of Frederick over the Austrians at Leuthen, von relevant notion of a strategy of "action" appears. Wo lzogen's historically researched design for the successful Ask yourself: What is the fo rm of action upon the universe, defeat of Napoleon in Russia, the vast superiority of General by means of which mankind increases qualitatively our MacArthur's performance as a theater commander during species' potential relative population-density? How does that Wo rld War II, and President Franklin Roosevelt's relatively notion of action differ from the commonplace use of the same awesome strategic genius as Commander in Chief, the higher term, action, by the ideological followers of empiricists such principle of the strategic flank, is to be fo und, not in the ter­ as Galileo and Newton? What do the successive contributions rain, but only within the domain of the sovereign cognitive of Gauss and Riemann show respecting Leibniz's notion of a powers of the individual mind. principle of universal least action?3 ! It could not be otherwise. The proof lies in the characteris­ In terms of the usages of Riemann, the increase of tic feature of the human species' unique relationship to all mankind's potential relative population-density, occurs solely "geography," man's functional, not simply geographic rela­ through the validatable discovery of a new universal physical tionship to the physical universe. That relationship is not one principle. This discovery generates a new physical space-time of "action at a distance," but the way in which man's fo rm of manifold, n + 1, superseding manifold n (of n universal physi­ action upon the universe may be transformed to such effects cal principles).32 The result of the practice of such a discov­ as nullifying what have seemed to have been tried and true, ery, in the experimentally derived form of technology, changes conventional ways of acting. the nature of man's generalized action upon the universe; this The crucial point is, as already stated here, that only the change is expressible as a change in the characteristic curva­ human species is capable of willfully increasing its character­ ture of the relevant physical-space-time of practice.33 Thus, istic potential relative population-density. The key to defining within this framework, the notion of a universal principle of the principle of the strategic flank for the nuclear age, is, action-such as Leibniz's notion of a universal principle of therefore, man's capability of "outwitting," for example, a least action-signifies such a physically measurable change threatened strategic salvo by flotillas of thermonuclear-armed in characteristic curvature, as Riemann defined this problem ballistic missiles. The term "outwitting" as used here, has the of experimental physics.34 That is the deeper physical mean­ same essential connotations as in Alexander outwitting the ing of the way in which valid discoveries of new universal Persians, and Frederick as outwitting the Austrians at Leuthen. physical principles lead to an increase of mankind's potential The "wit" in such "outwitting," is located in changing what relative population-density. Riemann's work defines as physical dimensions: not as geog­ This notion of the proper definition of the term action, raphy defines dimensions, but as a Riemannian geometry implicitly defines a strategic flanking action, as I applied such redefines the meaning of physical dimensions. One outfla nks a notion to the problem of defeating a threat of a strategic bal­ the problem, by appropriately redefining the physical dimen­ listic-missile salvo. It means, as it does implicitly in Riemann's sions of the apparent problem posed fo r a plan of action. posing of the problem of characteristic curvatures, that instead For this purpose, we must focus upon the issue of the need of acting within a physical space-time of a fixed curvature to redefine radically the meaning of the word "action," getting overall, we act to change the universe (that is, multiply­ beyond the silly but popular notions associated with usages connected manifold) to such effect that the characteristic cur­ such as "action at a distance." Instead of asking what the text­ vature in which the task is situated, is radically changed.35 book teaches us on the use of this term, ask, what should the word "action" signify, not for the empiricists and kindred 31. For reference of those who might consider themselves, mistakenly, as crit­ mathematical formalists, but for the experimental physicist ics of my statements respecting least action: The modem chain of develop­ engaged in the discovery and validation of universal physical ments, which resulted in the validation of the work of Kepler by Gauss, Rie­ 30 mann, et aI., is customarily traced from Fermat's discovery of a principle of principles? "least time," thus refuting Kepler opponent Galileo's concoction of the arbi­ If we were to accept a naive, but widely taught and popular trary notion of "action at a distance." The issues of isochronicity, especially as associated with the development of the refutation of Newton's false misconception of Euclidean geometry, such as those of the views on light by Fresnel, Arago, et aI., lead into those notions of electrody­ typical empiricists Galileo and Newton, for example, or namics which present us a Riemannian universe, rather than a universe Descartes, then the universe we inhabit is for us a fixed uni­ which might be supposed to be "Euclidean in the infiniteSimally small." Leib­ niz's reflections on the work of Leonardo da Vinci, Kepler, Fermat, Pascal, verse, in which "action" is defined by the belief in a fixed set Huyghens, et aI., led him from the simple notion of "shortest time," to a of simply linear dimensions according to aprioristic notions of more adequate appreciation of a principle of universal least action. extension in space and time. Such, for example, is the notion 32. For example, Wilhelm Weber's proof of the existence of the electrody­ namic principle of the Ampere "angular force," an addition which revolu­ of "action" employed by Galileo, and, later, by Leonhard tionizes electrodynamics otherwise defined. Euler's factional ally, the celebrated hoaxster Maupertuis. 33. "Experiment," in this case, does not mean a mere classroom demonstration From the stand poi nt of Riemann's elaboration of a Gauss­ experiment. To prove a universal physical prinCiple, one must show, by measurement, that the principle is indispensable to accounting for crucial Riemann multiply-connected manifold, a very clear alterna­ behavior within a manifold within which that principle is considered to tive presents itself. Add my additional qualification, and the reside. 34. Op. cit. 35. Typical is, once again, the case of Wilhelm Weber's experimental proof, of 30. The question, posed in that form, was not original to Bernhard Riemann; the "angular force" principle of electrodynamics-as Weber was encour­ Gottfried Leibniz's unique definition of a universal principle of least action aged and advised in this success by Gauss and assisted by Riemann. The had already posed the problem to followers such as Lazare Carnot and deeper significance of this is made clear by recognizing the nature of the Carl Gauss. Riemann's revolution in the definition of physical geometry, collaboration among those, Fresnel, Arago, and Ampere, who disproved simply posed the question afresh, in the needed way. I had come to this absolutely Newton's foolish presumptions respecting the propagation of matter of defining "action" years before I considered Riemann's work, led light. The essential point here, is to recognize the common, Leibnizian con­ to that conception as an adolescent student of the work of Leibniz on this ception of physical geometry which subsumes under a single conception, account. Fresnel's discovery for light, and Ampere's for electrodynamiCS.

30 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY That fundamental progress in science, out-flanks the problems tion-density, places living processes categorically into the it solves. The same applies, in a cohering way, with the need same position, relative to human cognition, in which the to flank the technological challenges of a military strategic sit­ hylozoic view places non-living processes. The fact, that uation. whereas mankind obeys the universe's known laws, in one So, my proposal to shift the approach to strategic defense, case, but is also able to command the universe to change its to the forced-draft realization of revolutionary physical-eco­ lawful response to human intervention, as through validation nomic breakthroughs along known pathways, proffered a of newly discovered universal principles, indicates, that cog­ solution to a problem which was otherwise axiomatically nition is not an epiphenomenon of living processes in gen­ insoluble within the characteristic curvature of then presently eral, but is a functionally higher, therefore more elementary accepted definitions of the problem. form of existence, than merely living processes as such. (That is, of course, to put this profoundly important point of all sci­ Physical Economy Was Crucial entific method, in terms as relatively simple as possible, but The crucial test of validity of a proposed strategic ballistic not in error.)37 missile defense, had to be based on those principles of physi­ By the standards of experimental method, this higher func­ cal economy which are banned from all those classrooms tion of cognition can be conclusively demonstrated in but one which are devoted to apologies for so-called "free trade" doc­ way: within the domain of the science of physical economy. trines, systems analysis, and so on. The test of the valid ity of Thus, it was necessary to pose the issues of ballistic missile any proposed such defense was: Is the effective cost of pro­ defense within the relevant terms of that science.38 ducing and deploying countermeasures less than that of The answer provided by this approach produced answers expanding the assault against the "defensive screen"-super­ on two successively higher levels. saturating the defense? This is not, as some misguided fe llows On the relatively lower, simpler level, the question took proposed, a matter of financial accounting; it is the type of two forms of successive approximation. Can the method problem of policy-shaping which can be competently elected for proposing to neutralize a ballistic missile salvo, addressed only within the province of a science of physical effectively "kill" the warhead's function more cheaply, as economy. measured in physical-economic terms, than the cost of Therefore, the definition of physical space-time curvature deploying increments of the attacking system, that latter in the applicable to this problem, can not be situated competently effort to overwhelm ("supersaturate") the defense? Second, we within the narrower phase-space of physics as ordinari ly must also factor in the effects ("cost"-human and other defined in today's classroom. The definition of curvature must losses) of every failure to prevent an attacking warhead from be situated within the domain of physical economy as such. completing the function assigned to its mission. A crucial point must be stated again, at this specific junc­ On the relatively higher level, I shifted the emphasis, to the ture. impact of the ongoing process of continued, evolutionary Many of the most important problems of policy confronting development of the respective attacking and defensive sys­ mankind, reflect the popular delusion, that living processes tems. That aspect of the study became meaningfu l, if and are, in the worst view of this matter, epiphenomena of physi­ when we abandoned the proposal to develop a fixed design cal processes, as today's conventional mathematical physics of defense, in favor of a "crash program" of forced-draft, suc­ usually views this topic. In other words, the currently conven­ cessive scientific discovery of principles. In this latter case, tional doctrine is, that, ultimately, we must justify the exis­ the "spill-over effect," from experimental validation of a con­ tence of life at the blackboard, so to speak. This means, to tinuing generation of newly discovered physical principles, advocates of that view, that we must discover the mechanisms reached, relatively soon, a level at which the superiority of by which living processes are generated entirely from non-liv­ the defense would emerge as absolute. ing ones. The analogy is the increasing popular, tabloid-style Why should the Soviet Union have accepted that proposi­ delusion, that digital computer techniques are leading to the tion, as stated to it, by me, during the period of approximately replacement of the human individual by robots with "artificial a year of U.S.-Soviet back-channel discussions, between Feb­ intell igence." ruary 1982 and February 1983? My poi nt was, that on the One contrary view, the Classical Greek view adopted in a condition that the United States and others viewed such a modern form by Vernadsky, is the so-called hylozoic view: process of rendering MAD obsolete, as a science-driver for that the universe already contained a principle of life from the raising the standard of productivity and physical income in outset, as from whatever might be assumed to be "the begin­ and among the developing nations, through spill-overs of ning," and that non-living processes are, in effect, subsumed technological by-products, both the U.S. and Soviet economy, by those superior, more universal processes, which corre­ among others, would undergo a revolutionary technological spond to the general characteristic of living organisms.36 upshift in their internal technological composition of employ­ It was the central feature of my original discoveries, ment, production, and related foreign trade. decades ago, that I had taken this same issue a step further. In other words, the benefits to the people and economy of The fact, that only the human species, among living species, the Soviet Union, would include a unique solution for an is capable of willfully increasing its potential relative popula-

37. This agrees with strong Christian theology, but, having noted that fact so, we may rnoveon. 36. Hence the axiomatic differences in definition of physical principles as such, 38. This means that the physical universe, otherwise defined, is axiomatically a among biophysicists such as Chicago's Rashevsky, Russia's Oparin, and sub·phase·space of the inclusive, higher, living dornain, and that that living Vernadsky. domain is a sub-phase-space of the cognitive domain.

21st CENTURY Summer 2000 31 increasingly deadly internal problem of physical economy Most elementary: since it is only through the valid discover­ which that state was otherwise unlikely to overcome. Peace ies of universal physical principle, that mankind is able to must always be conceived as of great advantage to each and change his species' relationship to the physical universe, it is all among the participating nations. The advantage from the only the manifestly successfu l such qualitative-for example, non-military, spill-over features of SOl, as originally proposed, Riemannian-changes which can be regarded as efficiently would have been earth-shaking, and would not become avail­ expressing universal physical laws.39 It is only those forms of able in any other available way. action, which defi ne a new such conception of a manifold of The only influence which could effectively prevent the such laws, which deserve the name of action. As I have thermonuclear missiles from flying, would be the overriding emphasized above, the nature of human existence requires, common interest in the benefits of cooperation in such a pro­ that the measurement of that action, that change of curvature, gram for effectively freeing mankind from the continued must be located in the terms of physical economy. threat of MAD. We would, in due course, reach the break­ The notion of physical lawfulness then becomes the fo l­ even point, at which new systems of defense would be able to lowing. From this vantage-point, discoveries of universal overwhelm the threat of MAD. However, it was my expressed physical principle cease to be regarded as isolated individual belief then, as now, that the shift of relations among the discoveries. Instead, we must proceed in a way specifically nations of NATO and the Warsaw Pact, by replacing the insti­ contrary to the central sophistry of Kant's series of Critiques. tutions of MAD established since approximately 1962-1963, From close examination of the way in which students, as in a wou ld generate a political-economic factor which would pre­ well-arranged Classical-humanist education, re-experience, vent nuclear warfare, by uprooting the issues which might successively, original acts of past discoveries of va l idated prompt it, and that this happier state of affairs would be universal physical principles, we should become aware of already in effect years before the desired mode of strategic the existence of an attainable, well defined, "synthetic" ballistic missile defense had been perfected. method of cognitive action, which underlies such an order­ This confidence is reenforced in an elementary way, by not­ ing of successive educational and analogous experiences. ing that the British monarchy's motive for orchestrating what Directly contrary to the avowed enemy of truthfulness, became Wo rld War I, was to set the 1877-1 901 admirers and Immanuel Kant, for example, we recognize that such quali­ partners of the Lincoln-Carey American System at one ties of education bring forth in the student a qualified cogni­ another's throat. It was a war, launched by the British monar­ tive, "synthetic-geometric," rather than deductive, "alge­ chy, to prevent a global coal ition of Eurasian and Americas braic," way of thinking about the way in which successive admirers of that Lincoln-Carey model, from becoming the such discoveries of universal principle are ordered with securely hegemonic determinant of general relations among respect to one another.40 the peoples of the world. The British monarchy acted to What makes a truly creative scientist, for example, is not organize Wo rld War I, because, had it not succeeded in caus­ the accumulation of what he or she has learned. Rather, our ing that war to occur in that way, the impact of the American concern should be, not what has he learned, but what will he System would have led, as President Franklin Roosevelt had be able to discover when faced with the challenge of the later intended, to eradicate the last vestiges of Portuguese, unknown? In other words, by taking this approach, the issue Dutch, British, and French imperialism from this planet. is transformed from the simplistic notion of valid individual The style of American republican model associated with discoveries of principle, to the discovery and mastery of a the Lincoln Whig legacy, was and is, the historically defined, reliable "synthetic" method for generating an ensuing series of model precondition for realizing a general exit of the planet valid discoveries of new universal prinCiples. This "synthetic" to peace under conditions of modern times. The additional method is a method of "change," in the ontological sense of reason for this optimistic view is supplied at a later point, the use of the notion of "change" by both Heraclitus and in below. Plato's Parmenides. For which of two different qualities of Look at this same matter of physical economy, from the such graduates, the pedantic formalist (Kantian) or the cogni­ standard of the fanatical faith which a typical dupe of tive thinker, such as Leonardo, Kepler, Leibniz, Gauss, Galileo's empiricism, applies to the notion of laws operating Wi lhelm Weber, and Riemann, would you choose to employ within a physical universe which is everywhere assumed to a person to solve the need for a yet-undiscovered universal be simply Euclidean in its fixed (a priori- "ivory tower") defi­ physical principle?41 nitions of space and time. The misguided, anti-Leibniz fanatic It is the same in matters of education in Classical artistic Leonhard Euler, for example, looked at the universe in this pathetic, empiricist's way. In such an imaginary universe as 39. This signifies an ontological definition of "change," a definition consistent that of the empiricists, the universe is run under the regulation with both the famous aphorism of Heracleitus, and the crucial ontological Parmenides of fixed laws, governing both percussive interactions, and also paradox of Plato's dialogue. 40. "Synthetic geometry," as employed in connection with Gauss's work on the action at a distance. In such an empiricist's perverted state of notions of general principles of curvature, and Riemannian geometry, has mind, the definitions of both "action" and of "physical laws" the connotations of "anti-Euclidean geometry," rather than "non-Euclid­ ean," as this distinction was emphasized by Gauss's teacher Kastner. This are congruently misdefined in common. is, of course, closely related to the work of Gaspard Monge, as well as Rie­ However, once we recognize that a valid discovery of a new mann's geometry teacher Jakob Steiner. universal physical principle, changes the curvature of our 41 . The difference between the pedant and the creative personality is most action within the universe, as such curvature defines "action," commonly expressed as the latter'S wont for a certain, almostcompulsive type of playfulness. This playfulness, expressed in a cognitive form, is the we must assign an entirely new meaning to not only the term mode of human individual creativity. Thus, stodgy "professionalism" often "action," but also the connotations of the term "physical law." proves to be a cloak of relative intellectual sterility.

32 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY composition and performance. A recent set of conference presentations on the subject of the method of composition represented by J. 5. Bach's The Art of the Fugue, is appropri­ ate reference.42 It is by reliving the discover­ ies of principle, as these permeate and underlie the compositions of the greatest Classical composers, notably Bach and such successors as Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, et al., that, through years of maturing experi­ ence, the greatest performers move closer to the ability to replicate the intent embedded within such works. Thus, rather than interpreting the notes of the score, they perform that music for which the score serves merely as a mnemonic device for the aid of the literate musician. It is not simply a matter of getting the notes right, in a pedant's sense of the matter; it is a matter of discovering the ideas lurking among the law­ ful contrapuntal "dissonances"-the Classical metaphors-of the heard chorus of polyphony. It is a matter of hearing the ideas which are The Massachusetts Institute of Te chnology there, but wou Id be otherwise lost from the Mind in the very small: Empiricists like Russell and his information-theorist performance, without breaking free of the stul­ fo llowers, John von Neumann and Norbert Wiener, insist that there can be no tifyinghabits of feigned, grumpy "seriousness" existing physical principle that could not be constructed at the blackboard, by of all entrenched overtone-eavesdroppers and deductive methods, or on a computer. For them the universe is linear in the kindred Romantic formalists. very small. Here, Norbert Wiener studies the record of his own brain waves, These Classical, cognitive appr.oaches, emerging from a newly developed "a uto-correlator" computer, in 7 955. define the specifically anti-Kantian, anti­ empiricist, Classical humanist methods in science and art, the term action, and Russell's fanatically empiricist misdefinition same methods of education employed, in combination, for of the same term, is classic. competent education in history, and in military science as other arts of statecraft. What such methods accompl ish, is a Russell's Mind in the Very Small relatively high rate of cultivation of those creative (non­ By his nature, Bertrand Russell, for example, would have deductive, cognitive) powers of mind, by means of which val­ denied, with the kind of hysteria typical of him, even the sci­ idatable original discoveries of universal principle are fos­ entific possibility of what President Reagan introduced as tered within the affected population. 501. Russell would have shuddered with nervous embarrass­ These methods of study and education typify the method ment at the crude 1976-1 983 anti-SOl ravings of the former of education and general practice appropriate for a society u.S. Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) chief, the Heritage with a mission-orientation toward scientific and rel ated Foundation's Lt.Gen. (ret.) Daniel Graham; but the gist of progress. The more immediate military implication of such their arguments was common.43 The so-called scientific issue a mission-orientation, is that such a society has a relatively was Russell's hysterical defense of his thesis, that physics high rate of potential for being mobil ized for great, even could and must be created by formalist mathematicians, as if peri lous, but often successful, otherwise impossible under­ at the blackboard, the same view adopted-variously, explic­ takings. itly or implicitly-by such Russell devotees and hoaxsters as My emphasis on the proper definitions of "action" and information theory'S Norbert Wiener and systems analysis's "physical law" here, is to be considered as a way of concep­ John von Neumann.44 If we discount the crude defense-con- tualizing the development of such a mission-orientation potential. This itself, is a crucial military-strategic potential, 43. Graham had opposed the idea of a ballistic missile defense based on under appropriate circumstances; it is also the standpoint new physical principles already during the mid-1 970s. Later, during the summer of 1982, he launched a nationwide campaign of personal venom from which to conceptualize the principle underlying what against me, and then also against Dr. Edward Te ller, on this same matter. President Reagan presented as an 501 task-orientation, in his After President Reagan's announcement of SOl, Graham switched posi­ tions, pretending to support SOl, on the condition that it be limited to sim­ March 23, 1983, address. plistic "kinematic" systems which could be purchased off the shelf of Ironically, but not accidentally, this deep and fundamental existing Wall Street-owned defense contractors. Graham's role was key philosophical difference between my Leibnizian use of the in turning the SOl program into a double-dipper's boondoggle. 44. Both Wiener and von Neumann, were expelled from David Hilbert's Goltin­ gen University on charges ranging from incompetence to fraud. In von Neumann's case, there was a charge of plagiarism involved, but the scien­ 42. The referenced speeches from the Bad Schwalbach, Germany, conference tific issues of the expulsion involved Wiener's and von Neumann's stUb­ of the Schiller Institute are transcribed in "Cognition vs. Information, Panel I bornly fanatical adherence to the radical conceptions and method they had and II," Executive Intelligence Review, June 23, 2000, pp. 5-52. adopted under Russell's influence.

21st CENTURY Summer 2000 33 tractor-style greed permeating Graham's rhetoric, the whole ciples must be implicitly derivable at the blackboard, that crew of the defenders of the notion of "the exclusive primacy according to the arbitrary, "ivory tower" assumption, that the of kinetic interception," can be efficiently characterized as universe is "Euclidean in the very small." All of the products impassioned foes of the very idea of the existence of those of Russell's devious mind, like those of his devotees, are creative powers of mind -those powers of ontological reducible to a mentality which is itself "Euclidean in the very "change"-by means of which validatable new discoveries small." Indeed, in all of his published writings on science and of universal physical principle are generated. mathematics, Russell himself, like his acolytes Wiener and In other words, the common stand of the empiricists, was von Neumann, insisted on that point.48 their insistence that, axiomatically, there is no quality of the The deductive-inductive method of all empiricists, Russell human individual which sets our species apart from and above notably, is based implicitly upon the fata lly vul nerable pre­ the beasts. They insisted, that no physical principle could exist sumption, that existence is limited, in effect, to objects which could not, and should not be constructed, by deductive which are, in and of themselves, echoes of human sense­ methods, at the blackboard-or, as so-called virtual real ity, on perception. today's digital computer. Russell's, Wiener's and von As Galileo's mathematics pupil Thomas Hobbes empha­ Neumann's argument to this effect, can be reduced to Russell's sized, in his proposal to ban the existence of metaphor, the insistence that nothing existed in this universe which could not dogma of the empiricist does not wear well when compared be explained, if but ultimately, as the product of a universe with what is, in fact, human experience as a whole. Hence, which is "euclidean in the very small." That was Wiener's Hobbes proposed to outlaw metaphor, thus to suppress the axiomatic premise for "information theory, " and von Neu­ evidence that such uncomfortable ontological paradoxes man's for his hatred against Kurt Gtidel's 1930 demolition of existed. the central thesis of Russell's Principia Mathematica.45 There are certain kinds of experiences, whose efficient exis­ In the history of today's globally extended European civi­ tence can not be denied, but which reflect conditions which lization, the issue of this quarrel with impassioned hoaxsters do not conform to the empiricists' and materialists' definitions like Russell, is very old. Ta ke the case of Plato's Timaeus, for of sense-phenomena as such. Such troublesome evidence example. includes the non-trivial distinction between living and dead Not only had Plato's Academy at Athens shown, that only persons, the subtleties of astronomy,49 and those controllable five fu lly regular solids could be generated by action within a processes, reaching even beyond the microscope, which, by spherical universe. The fact that the Golden Section so deter­ their nature, are beyond the direct reach of the senses. It is not mined, is characteristic of living processes, pointed, inclu­ sense-perceptions as such which define reality, but rather the sively, to the fact, that a universe containing living processes power of the mind to impose willful choices of new orderings ,, could not be "Euclidean in the very small. 46 upon the domain reflected by sense-perception, especially as This argument formed the kernel of the founding of modern the new orderings represent the validation of a discovered experimental physical science, by Nicholas of Cusa and his universal physical principle. Man's certainty of knowledge successors Luca Pacioli and Leonardo da Vi nci. The same lies not in his observation of nature, but his increase of his conception was central to the founding and initial develop­ power to master it. ment of astrophysics by Johannes Kepler. The work of Fermat, Most important of all, are experimentally val idatable con­ in discovering a principle of least time, rather than least dis­ ceptions generated by individual cognition, cognition being a tance, underlying the refraction of light, led to the work of process lying entirely beyond the control of mere deductive Huyghens and Leibniz on light, isochronism, and Leibniz's operations. Hence, the empiricist's efforts either to ban principle of universal least action. metaphor, or to degrade it to the intellectually inert quality of The work of Abraham Kastner's pupil Carl Gauss, in prov­ mere symbol-mindedness. ing Kepler's thesis for a missing planet located between Mars Despite those pro-empiricist hysterics by both the empiri­ and Jupiter, and the refutations of Newton by Fresnel, Arago, cists and the Kantians, the evidence is, that val idatable new and Ampere, among others, pointed to the mounting evi­ discoveries of universal physical principles do occur, as will­ dence, that not only was it impossible to derive universal ful productions of individual human cognitive processes. I physical principles by deductive methods at the blackboard, think it important to repeat the point, that, as Riemann insisted but, as Riemann insisted, that it is mathematics which must upon the implications of Leibniz's and Gauss's discoveries, in adapt itself to experimental physics, rather than the other way Riemann's 1854 habilitation dissertation, and in his additional around.47 work on Leibniz's (and Abel's) posing of the challenge of Despite this ev idence, various mathematicians, including Analysis Situs, it is deductive mathematics which must adapt Helmholtz, Rayleigh, and Russell, insisted, that physical prin- itself to the implications of such experimental demonstrations, not the other way around.50 45. See Kurt G6del's 1930-1 931 works "On Formally Undecidable Propositions At root, on this point, the source of energy expressed in the of Principia Mathematica and Related Systems" and Discussion on Pro­ viding a Foundation for Ma thematics, Collected Works, Vol. I (New Yo rk: hysterical outbursts by Russell and such devotees as Wiener Oxford University Press, 1986). This is also the formal axiomatic presump­ tion underlying the interrelated, currently popular lunacies of "artificial intel­ 48. Sometimes, after the publication of his Principia Mathematica, Russell ligence" and "information economy." Axiomatically, both fads depend upon made evasive concessions to physicists on the matter of Leibniz's notion blind faith in the dogma that the physical universe is mathematically euclid­ of an Analysis Situs existing in physical reality outside the domain of math­ ean in the infinitesimally small. ematical analysis, but never actually confessed his own error on this point. 46. Note, respecting the account of these solids within Euclid's Elements, that 49. For example, the altogether anomalous Crab Nebula and its apparent role Euclidean geometry itself was created by the mind of a living creature. as the source of Earth's receipt of cosmic-ray showers. 47. Bernhard Riemann, op. cit. 50. Bernhard Riemann, op. cit.

34 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY The oliga rchical view of mankind, expressed by Russell, We lls, and their modern co­ thinkers, is that human beings are cattle, to be herded and culled like beasts, and that sci­ ence exists to assist in herd management. Here, H. G. We lls, shown with some stills from his 1936 film, "Things to Come. " The fi lm, based on his book The Shape of Things to Come, portrays a future world at war, with pestilence raging. The world is later rescued by the "Great Air Dictator, " who arrives in a modern airp lane from the "World Co uncil" at Basra, to demand an end to national sover­ eignty and submission to the international fo rce.

Library of Congress and von Neumann, lies not within the practice of science, but, rather, as Wiener emphasized in his The Human Use of Human Beings,51 in the insistence that the defi nition of science must be limited by the view adopted by the oligarch and his lack­ eys, that the purpose of science is to assist in managing the generality of the human herd in the Mrs. Albright's pro-genocidal poli cies toward sub-Sahara same sense that a farmer breeds, uses, and culls herds of cat­ Africa and elsewhere. 54 tle. The idea that mere "human cattle," the mere subjects of Once we take into account the fact that the universe is oligarchical rule over the human herd, might have a quality obliged to obey commands expressed as validatable discover­ which sets each person above the beasts, is anathema to an ies of universal physical principles, the significance of the dis­ 01 igarch such as Russell, or mere 01 igarch's lackeys: such tinction in definition of the two qualities of action comes more Leporellos as H.G. We lls, Wiener, or von Neumann. H.G. clearly into view. The cognitive action which enables man to We lls's 1896 Th e Island of Dr. Moreau, already typfies that increase our species' power in and over the universe, through lackey's view of humanity in general which he continues to discovery of a new universal principle (for example, Leibniz's the end of his miserable life.52 The promotion of psychedelic principle of universal least action), is to be distinguished from practices by such Theosophy-I inked cronies of Aleister Crow­ the lower quality of action expressed by applying previously ley, H.G. We lls, and Russell, as Aldous Huxley, and the established principles as if mechanically, deductively. The lat­ related role of the circles of Russell acolytes Gregory Bateson ter expresses the curvature of physical space-time in terms of a and Margaret Mead, typify this satanic view of people as deductive view of previously known universal principles; the merely human cattle. former represents the action of generating a new principle, The question is: is humanity created to exert dominion within, and over the universe, or, on the contrary, as Adam 54. See, for example, Bertrand Russell, Th e Prospects ofIndustrial Civilization (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1923), p. 273: Smith argues, is man assigned a more modest place, the "Socialism, especially international socialism, is only possible as a sta­ administration of the many human cattle by the fe w?53 Rus­ ble system if the population is stationary or nearly so. A slow increase sell's 1931 and 1951 published utterances on policies for might be coped with by improvement in agricultural methods, but a rapid increase must in the end reduce the whole population to penury . . . the culling the undesirably intelligent specimens of the lower white population of the world will soon cease to increase. The Asiatic races common herd, are blatant, and express exactly the root of will be longer, and the negroes still longer, before their birth rate falls suffi­ ciently to make their numbers stable without help of war and pestilence .... Until that happens, the benefits aimed at by socialism can only be partially realized, and the less prolific races will have to defend themselves against 51 . Norbert Wiener, The Human Use of Human Beings (Boston: Houghton Mif­ the more prolific by methods which are disgusting even if they are neces­ flin Co., 1950). sary." 52. New Yo rk: Berkeley Publishing Co., 1973. See also, Bertrand Russell, The Impact of Science on Society (New Th e Th eory of the Moral Sentiments 53. Adam Smith, (1759). Yo rk: Simon and Schuster, 1953), pp. 102-104.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 35 resulting in a change in the effective physical-space-time cur­ of society to that degree of development of socialized cogni­ vature within our action upon the universe. tive relations, that the cognitive processes of discovery of Consider the March 23, 1983, SOl annou ncement in these principle are themselves efficiently engaged as the primary terms. In terms of the principle of the flank, as viewed fr om this form of social relations. This condition can be realized only higher standpoint, can' the discoveiy of an unending series of through those modes of cognitive relations associated with new universal physical principles, enable us to attack the Classical forms of artistic composition, and with those studies essential principles of strategic thermonuclear ballistic salvoes of the principles of history and statecraft which are, in fact, fr om the fla nk of a higher order of physical space-time? the natural extensions of valid forms of Classical artistic com­ Such questions typify the difference between mere rhyme, position and performance. and metaphor-driven Classical poetry, the diffe rence between a silly Rameau and a genius such as J. S. Bach. Such, as a matter 3. of cognitive principle, was the difference between the Roman generals commanding a physically superior military force The Legitimate against Hannibal, at Cannae, and Hannibal's virtual oblitera­ tion of the Roman force by his double-flanking assault, or, the Object of War way in which Frederick the Great, with vastly inferior numbers, It used to be elementary competency in the training of doubly outflanked an attempted double-flanking operation by modern civilization's higher military ranks, as typified by the Austrians at Leuthen. Hannibal, as Frederick at Leuthen, General Douglas MacArthur, that the object of warfare, is to outflanked the minds of the opposing commanders. produce and offer to one's opponent the circumstances in In the case of my proposal for the SOl, our flanking attack, which his own moral conception of his self-interest efficiently for which Reagan and I sought the cooperation of the Soviet requires him to cease war-fighting. Such, as I have already leadership, was against the scientific bankrutpcy of Bertrand stated, once again, in this report, were among the crucial les­ Russell and his world-government policy. Our proposed line sons which modern, pre-Versailles Treaty Europe had learned of march-our action-was, like Hannibal's double-flanking from the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia. Such had been, earlier, of the foolish, ram-like deployment of the doomed Roman the practical implication of the Augustinian principle of justi­ forces, through dimensions of physical space-time which our fied warfare. adversary, Russell and his accomplices, could not bring them­ However, there has never been a known instance of a selves to admit existed. durable application of this principle under any form of society To summarize the crucial point made thus far: corresponding to what "globalization" represented under the The action by means of which the human species is enabled ancient Babylonian and Roman empires, European feudalism, to increase its potential relative population-density willfully, is or a region of the world under the hegemony of the Anglo­ the higher form of action, that corresponding to Leibniz's Dutch imperial model of modern financier-oligarchical rule, notion of a universal principle of least action. This notion is up to the present time. specifically distinct from the action taken according to a pre­ Therefore, it is the proper leading concern of the strategist, existing manifold: cognitive actions, as distinct from, and to ask himself: Under what conditions, is there no likelihood superior to action according to a deductive form. of willingness on the side of the attacker, to relent, or his tar­ In this view of the subject-matter of physical science, the get to submit? Such expressed conditions, either in a distinctly principal fe.atures of universal action are, in descending order, military form, or otherwise, are the circumstances under first, the cognitive powers of action associated with the which the existing society will probably destroy itself through human mind; second, the superiority of the principle of living either continuing or recurring warfare, rather than that the processes over the non-living (as Ve rnadsky argued for this); war be concluded by that society. third, and lowest in rank, non-living processes. The cognitive Such were the perpetual wars of the ancient Mesopotamian power of the human mind, is the only means by which man is dynasties, the Roman Empire, European feudalism, the lunatic enabled to cause the universe to submit increasingly to the prolongation of the U.S. war in Indochina, the continuing human will. Thus, there, in cognition, lies the highest known genocidal warfare against the people of Iraq, and the con­ expression of lawfu lness. For reasons ably identified by Ve r­ temptible folly of To ny Blair's and Madeleine Albright's-in nadsky, the universe of living creatures is, as some notable fact-continuing warfare against the Balkans as a whole. Such ancient Greeks insisted, hylozoic. It is a universe in which the is the implied outcome of the present strategic and related principle of life reigns over non-living processes, rather than "globalist" dogmas and strategies of the currently reigning being an epiphenomenon of non-living processes. The evi­ Anglo-American power. dence on these accounts, is elementary; only self-blinding On the one side, the fact that the object of warfare should hysteria, such as empiricism, denies such evidence. be an early exit to a durable peace, should be clear to any In this configuration, what we are accustomed to regard as rational, literate, and intelligent person, especially to those physical science, corresponds to those forms of universal who have studied the history of such matters. The evidence, action corresponding to validatable universal physical princi­ that powerfu l civilizations, such as those of Mesopotamia and ples: man's mastery over nature, as implicitly measurable in Rome, have preferred to destroy themselves, and much of demographic characteristics of populations, per capita and mankind as well, rather than enjoy available benefits of per square ki lometer of the Earth's surface. peace, poses the kind of issue of strategic policy-making However, in order to share and apply this knowledge, we which is of the utmost, overriding importance today. Pax must bring the individual cognitive processes of the members Romana always meant endless war, as long as that policy per-

36 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY sisted . Comparing those cases to the way in which Alexander press the effects of the Fifteenth Century Golden Renaissance, the Great established, so suddenly, a new system, ending the and to prevent the rise of modern forms of sovereign nation­ millennial nightmare of chronic warfare specific to states, such as those which had been established provisionally Mesopotamian imperialism, is a case in point. under Louis XI in France and Henry VII in England. The reli­ The starting-point for such comparative studies, should gious wars which erupted, at the instigation of Ve nice and emphasize the notable successes of the modern European civ­ Padua, in the wake of the defeat of the League of Cambrai, ilization on this account, as during the period 1648 to 1901 , religious wars which thereafter dominated all of Europe until in contrast to the general failure, on the same account, of all the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia, were nothing but products of civilization prior to the Fifteenth Century emergence of the the same impulse which the Ve nice-modelled fi nancier oli­ fi rst modern sovereign nation-states, the conclusion of the garchy of London and the Netherlands launched, in their Hundred Years War by Louis Xl's France, and conclusion of effort to abolish technologically progressive forms of modern the Wars of the Roses by England's Henry VII. nation-states, such as the wars launched from William of Why, on balance, has the modern sovereign nation-state Orange's and Marlborough's Netherlands and Britain during been, relatively speaking, a successful institution in its search the late Seventeenth and early Eighteenth centuries. for durable peace, relative to all known earlier forms experi­ The latter was a pattern of imperial warfare conducted at enced by the recent 2,500 years of globally extended Euro­ the instigation of the Anglo-Dutch-centered financier oli­ pean civilization? Why, in contrast, despite that superiority of garchy, a pattern extended over the entire span of time follow­ the modern sovereign nation-state on this account, have such ing, up to the presently escalating, genocidal campaigns for horrors as Portuguese, Dutch, British, and French colonialism looting and recolonization of the territories of the former Por­ persisted-actually, recently escalated in the name of "global­ tuguese, Dutch, British, and French colonies, today. ization" and "rule of law," up to the present moment of writ­ As I have summarized the matter in my recent Bad Schwal­ ing; and why did European civilization allow itself to become bach address, "On the Subject of Strategic Method," since the enmired in the plot of Britain's Edward VII to drown much of Roman subjugation of the higher form of Hellen istic civiliza­ civilization in World War I? Why, after the lessons of 1914- tion, at the outset of the Second Century B.C., until the pres­ 1917, did the 20th Century continue to be the kind of recur­ ent, the only factor which ever lifted globally extended Euro­ ring nightmare which World War I typified, as characteristic pean civilization up, from the plunging cultural degeneration of the history of that century as a whole? represented by the Babylonian tradition of pagan Rome, was To restate the same point in the most relevant terms, it is a the so-called "neo-Platonic" current defined by the Christian fla t lie, if also popular fo ols' babble, to say that the existence Apostles' adoption of the legacy of Plato's Athens Academy, of the sovereign nation-state is the root of the impulse toward as an integral part of the cultural resources adopted by Christ­ wa r. It is the opposition to the sovereign nation-state, which ian civilization. The murder of the Apostles Peter and Paul by has been the principal cause of warfare and related pesti­ pagan imperial Rome, like the earlier crucifixion of Jesus lence, throughout the history of globally extended European Christ under the order of the Capri-based Emperor Tiberius's civilization. son-in-law Pontius Pilate, typifies the central issue of all Euro­ For example, the history of globally extended European civ­ pean civilization and its legacy, the conflict between the ilization, during approximately 2,500 years to date, shows respective Classical and the Romantic legacies of pagan that the mere existence of those impulses associated with the Rome and the latter's corrupting principle of vox populi-the post-1 945 drives toward what Russell et al. defined as "world degenerate Walter Lippmann's public opinion, from then to government," represents a condition which ensures the per­ the present day. petuation of forms of warfare, such as the continued, sense­ The crucial feature of strategy which provides for a durable less, genocidal bombing of Iraq, and the recent NATO war form of exit from war to peace, is the same principle against Yugoslavia. That pattern of conditions, unless over­ enthroned in the opening paragraphs of the 1776 U.S. Decla­ turned, as the 1648 Treaty of Westphalia did, can have no ration of Independence and the Preamble of the Federal Con­ ultimate outcome but a "new dark age," such as the collapse stitution. The appearance of that principle in the U.S. struggle of the Roman Empire in the West, the Fourteenth Century against the force of evil represented by the British monarchy "New Dark Age," and the 1618-1 648 Thirty Years War. then, was a product and reflection of a long struggle rooted in That is precisely the pattern of doom which looms as an the work of the early Christian Apostles. It was an expression immediate menace before this planet as a whole, unless the of the revolutionary policy introduced by France's Louis XI current fads of "globalization" are now abruptly obliterated. and copied by England's Henry VII; it appeared in the Decl'l­ Indeed, because of the new kinds of epidemiological and ration of Independence as a perfected expression of the same related conditions existing world-wide today, the eruption of motive which inspired the architects of the 1648 Treaty of a "new dark age" as the result of the kinds of policies cur­ Westphalia to bring to an end more than a century of reP.gious rently advocated by Prime Minister To ny Blair's United King­ warfare. Just as the United States was conceived as a re'public, dom, or the U.S. candidacies of Governor George W. Bush to promote the general welfare of all of its people a.nd their and Vice-President AI Gore, typifies the greatest potential posterity, so the principle of the general welfare ha:d exerted threat to mankind since at least the beginning of modern civi­ its rightful higher authority over factitious religious 'issues, and lization in ancient Classical Greece. over the claims of supranational governments' int'erests, in the Notably, all of the major European wars of the Sixteenth Treaty of Westphalia. and early Seventeenth centuries, were wars organized by The only durable b?sis for peace, is the commitment of vic­ Ve nice's finanCier-oligarchy and its allies, in the effort to sup- tor and vanquished to the common purpos,e, of the general

21st CENTURY Summer 2000 37 "The currently ruling politi­ cal authority in the United States today, despite its wide­ spread, fa shionable, and baldy hypocritical 'a nti­ nuclear' and kindred protes­ ta tions against so-called 'weapons of mass destruc­ tion, ' does not desire, either to end the reign of the nuclear-missile threat, or to secure a peaceful state of relations among all, or any, of the existing nation states. " Here, some examples of the ruling "generalized warfare fa ction, " past and present. Stuart Lewis/EIRNS Stuart Lewis/EIRNS Stuart Lewis/EIRNS McGeorge Bundy Henry Kissinger Zbigniew Brzezinski welfare of each and all equally. Thus, according to that princi­ will never exist, until we defeat its opposition; that fight for ple, President Abraham Lincoln, at the conclusion of an awfu l peace, against the continuation of oligarchical rule; that is the civil war, in his final public address, shortly before his assassi­ only legitimate pretext for justified warfare. nation by a British intelligence service's operation, pro­ That opposition, which is to be defeated, is represented by claimed that each and all of states briefly associated with the the oligarchical forces-chiefly, today, the London-Wall cause of the treasonous Confederacy, should be returned to Street-centered financier oligarchy-rallied behind the neo­ the union as if they had never left it. 55 imperial cause called variously, "global ization," "free trade," In contrast to the nobility of Lincoln's stated "exit" from "rule of law," and "world government" today. We can not warfare, consider the morally degraded, hate-brimming poli­ have peace anywhere on this planet, until we remove from tics of revenge of the victor, of reparations and retribution, power those specific types of oligarchical forces, merely typi­ such as the legacies of Versailles; the recent NATO war against fied by the fo llowers of H. G. Wel ls and Bertrand Russell, Yugoslavia, and the genocidal measures against the popula­ which remain fervently dedicated to imposing the institutions tion of Iraq still continued by the U.S.A. and the United King­ of a "New Age" of world government, even at any cost to dom, are the marks of governments of victor-nations which, humanity as a whole. among their other offenses, are neither Christian nor civilized Locate the solution to this paradox in the domain of in any meaningful sense. science-driven strategic thinking. The policy of the founders of the U.S. republic, the policy of my fe llow American Whig Abraham Lincoln, was not an Science: The Power for Peace inclination peculiar to some U.S. patriots. It was the aspira­ From a moral standpoint, it were virtually impossible, to tion of all of the greatest souls of modern Europe, notably repeat the fo llowing point too often: those figures from all Europe's nations, who have contributed The essential folly underlying all official U.S. discussion of what they might to bring forth in North America, the kind of missi le defense today, is that the currently ruling political republic, committed to the general welfare, which they authority in the United States today, despite its widespread, desi red to spread back into achi ng, 01 igarchy-oppressed fashionable, and baldly hypocritical "anti-nuclear" and kin­ Europe. The basis for durable peace lies within the victor's dred protestations against so-called "weapons of mass commitment to the freedom and general welfare of the van­ destruction," does not desire, either to end the reign of the quished, that as much as fo r himself. That was Wo lfgang nuclear-missile threat, or to secure a peaceful state of rela­ Mozart's reworking of the script for his Th e Abduction from tions among all, or any of the existing nation-states. Quite the the Seraglio, and is also the implicit lesson of the Treaty of contrary, the current policy of the United States is, still today, Westphalia. that announced by Governor George W. Bush's father nearly The problem is, that the legacy of our republic's deadly a decade ago, and avowed by Vice-President AI Gore today: a adversaries, is a powerfu l force of anti-republican financier neo-Romantic's new world order. olig

38 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY Stuart Lewis/EIRNS Christopher Lewis Stuart Lewis/EIRNS George Bush and Margaret Thatcher To ny Blair AI Gore

As we have seen above: in the proposals for missi'le-defense had been Tiberius lurking on Capri. So, the pattern unfolds. against a threat to peace from alleged "rogue states," what the The cry is often different; but the evil is the same. authors of that rhetoric intend, as Zbigniew Brzezinski and Let us end the reign of ideology over the empty minds of other present-day Mackinders have insisted, is to settle the the sightless crowd of what Wells follower Wa lter Lippman last obstacle to permanent Anglo-American imperial power, defined as manufacturable public opinion. It is time to trash by preparing to go to, or beyond the brink of geopolitical war, that glitter of cheap tinsel called today's popular opinion. over the issue of their lust for control of the raw materials in People should cease cheering for slogans, and examine the region of Central Asia bordering the Caspian Sea. Just as instead, the issue of what those slogans mean in practice. Adolf Hitler cried "Peace!" when he intended to seize When we speak of security, whose security do we mean? Czechoslovakia on the road to an intended world war, so What kind of security do we mean, provided by whom, and today's would-be Anglo-American Caesars cry "Peace," or for whom? "rule of law, " or "missile defense," when their intentions What, then, are the essential elements which must be could have no outcome but generalized warfare. brought together for the sake of peace? Nor are these presently hegemonic oligarchical circles First, there must be the desire fo r true peace, a desire which motivated by concern for the welfare of the population of is stronger than other motives. ' even the USA. itself. As we see from the consistently worsen­ Peace requires not merely the bare desire for peace from ing secular trend in the welfare of the lower eighty percent of both the prospective victor and vanquished alike. It requires U.S. fa mily-income brackets, since the time of President an efficient fo rm of such desire. There exists no efficient Jimmy Carter's 1977 inauguration, there is no intent on the desire for peace among any of the leading powers of the part of the presently reigning Anglo-American financier oli­ world today; there will be no peace, until that condition is garchy, to satisfy the welfare of the general populations of radical ly, and suddenly, changed. The very early resignations even the imperial U.S.A. and United Kingdom themselves. of Mrs. Albright, Vice-President Gore, and To ny Blair, might Indeed, as the U.S.A. itself plunges toward the deepest world be merely a suitable, token fi rst step in that blessed direction. depression in more than a century, the current Congress and The state of mind of both victor and vanquished, which ele­ Administration are seized by an obscene zeal to remove all of vates "peace" above the level of self-righteous hypocrisy, is a those protections of our people, such as the Glass-Steagall belief, by both parties, especially the victor, in the general Act, which were adopted, under President Franklin Roosevelt, welfare of all mankind. It means, therefore, a state of mind as lessons in law learned from the brutish debacle of the last which has rejected what the modern Engl ish-speaking tradi­ depression. tion recognizes as the Hobbesian conceptions of human These would-be mad mass-murderers of today and tomor­ nature, power, and conflict. Unless those preconditions are row, are like the modern Caesars, Napoleon Bonaparte, Ben­ satisfied, peace will come, if at all, fa lse ly, like hyenas at ito Mussolini, and Adolf Hitler before them, or To ny Blair night, like Christians being slaughtered in the Roman arena, today. They are the old pagan ruling class of Rome in modern solely as the death-like subjugation which those too powerfu l plebeian disguise. To day's Blairs and their like, are the impose upon those too vul nerable. Caesars who proclaim themselves, once again, as Hitler did, Granted, my subject here is the role of science in strategic the humble-as-Uriah-Heep, dutiful servants of the popular defense; but, only a fool could avoid the challenge of asking will, of inevitable, remorselessly unstoppable current trends and answering the question: who will bring such peace, by in public opin ion, as innocent instruments of the Zeitgeist, what means, and, above all, out of what personal motivation? We ltgeist, and Vo lksgeist, of the fatefu l spirit of the age: Th e Peace could never come, except to the degree that the rule New Age. "We, who are about to die, salute you!" "Duce! by oligarchy is outlawed, as the opening paragraphs of our Heil Hitler!" Nietszche hailed the Anti-Christ, who, perhaps, 1776 Declaration of Independence and the 1789 Preamble of

21st CENTURY Summer 2000 39 Library of Congress President Franklin Roosevelt in 7947, looking at a Nor­ man Rockwell illustration of the Four Freedoms. "Even if Library of Congress great public works, and so fo rth, were not otherwise Lincoln at Gettysburg. liThe truepeacema kers do not merely act; needed, we must provide them, even if no other reason they act to raise mankind to a higher state of relationship to the fo r that effort were proposed, but the uplifting moral universe at large. II effect of constructing them. II our Federa l Constitution prescribe. As long as oligarchy's surely endure in some efficient way, even after all of the pleas­ claims are tolerated-whether Babylonian, Spartan, Roman, ures of sense-perception have vanished into one's grave. So far, feudal, or financier, there is no peace on this planet, and can in the known history of cultures, only a tiny fraction of the indi­ be no peace, except that of the grave. vidual members of society has grown to the moral maturity of Second, therefore, .there must be the all-too-rare individual that point of view. It is upon such sti ll rare individual leaders, peace-makers. that the effective leadership of society for times of great peril View this matter of motive from the vantage-point of what has always depended. These, sometimes described by Plato as Plato defined as agape, as this is presented in I Corinthians 13. our "philosopher kings," are the only true peacemakers for Peace is not the artefact of a legal contract. Peace is not a times of great peril to entire cultures, or mankind in general. utopian's set of rules. Peace exists only to the degree it is The fate of mankind, in such moments, depends not upon brought into being, over the opposition of a corrupt popular the blind instinct of masses, but upon the heretofore excep­ will, by those rare persons rightly known as the peacemakers. tional existence of such individual, usually egregious peace­ The study of history should have informed the literate, that, makers, and the role they attempt, and are permitted to play contrary to popular, foolish paeans to the empyreal delights of in opposition to such creatures of Mephistophelian evil as "democracy," the true peacemakers are not popular opinion, Bertrand Russell and Madeleine Albright's H.G. We lls. but the still rare individuals of each relevant time of crisis. These Such is personal motive of the truly great and moral physi­ peacemakers are, like our memory of the officially martyred cal scientist, for example. The peace-makers are those, who, Rev. Martin Luther King,56 the egregious personalities of their above everything else find the meaning of their personal mor­ time, who act, not out of what they enjoy from the immediate tal lives in their contribution to the future peace and welfare fruits of mortal life, but what will satisfy them about their having of humanity as a whole. They are what are sometimes lived, when they think of one's future identity as one deceased. described as men and women "of Providence," as the great These exceptional individuals, the peacemakers, express a natu­ Classical tragedian Friedrich Schiller presents the case of the ral quality of human nature, a quality which appears only when Jeanne d'Arc who made Lou is Xl's reconstitution of France a certain maturity has taken over their being. possible. Only such leaders of society, the Solons and Platos So far in history, instances of such individual moral matu­ of their time, are to be entrusted by the people with making rity have been relatively rare. the policies which, in times of greatest crisis, will prejudge That heretofore rare, but only normal concern of a morally the future welfare of mankind. matured, redeemed member of our species, is that defined by These true peacemakers have an additional distinction. the nature of our species, as distinct from that of the lower Their moral maturity enables them to see that the true form of forms of life. action, is that which raises the human condition to a higher Moral maturity means to reconcile the fact of individual mor­ level of power within the universe, as valid discoveries of uni­ tality with some special sort of joyful reward which might versal physical principle do. The true peacemakers do not merely act; they act to raise mankind to a higher state of rela­ tionship to the universe at large. Murder In Th e Cathedral 56. The echo of comes to mind among those who Th ird, the peacemakers must bring what is called an "exit have studied the still-continuing record of official complicity in the case of Reverend King's assassination. strategy" from wa rfare.

40 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY Martin Luther King 1. It has the general effect of tending to shift the in Arlington axiomatic world outlook of increasing portions of all Cemetery. "It is, those nations, and their benefactors, too, from a thus, if and when pathetically Romantic, Nietzschean-like bestiality, mankind acts deeply imbued with murderous, vengeful cultural according to that pessimism, into an opposite direction, that of pro­ perceived immorta l Classical cultural optimism. self-interest of the The post-war moral decline of the populations of that mortal individual, region, relative to the earlier moods, even during the heat of that recognized those wars, is sickening; but, it is merely a lawfu l expression self-interest impels of the consequences which the NATO allies have imposed us to embrace the upon each and all of the nations of both the Balkans and the general welfare of immediately adjoining regions of the Danube and eastern mankind as the Mediterranean. The promotion of Hobbesian-like conflicts most intimate and among nations, ethnic groups, and so forth, tends to transform compelling interest men and woman so affected, into feral beasts, beasts whose of each and all every reference to "my interests" resonates like the cry of a among us. " ©The Wa shington Post. reprinted by predatory hyena. Washington. D.C .. Public Library 2. The most general consideration, in adopting the For example: several times, but in one ironically notable kind of "exit strategy" which President Clinton had advo­ moment, President Bill Clinton has attempted to play the part cated prior to his reversal of that policy, is located in the of a peacemaker. Unfortunately, he failed to live up to that effect of two contrasting forms of labor upon the mind of promise. the individuals and households engaged in that labor. As This Classically tragic failure of U.S. President Clinton, was we in the United States should have learned from expressed, and typified by his failure to adhere to the exit observing the American family farmer and the industrial strategy he had outl i ned a few weeks prior to the close of operative, when a spirit of technological progress, and NATO's war against Yugoslavia. This case aptly illustrates the increased physical productivity of the economy arises, point. What Mr. Clinton had proposed, from the time of his the cognitive factors tend to predominate. notable address on this subject, to a group of West Coast jour­ First, the operative whose work calls upon his or her cogni­ nalists, had been a wel l-considered "exit strategy" for that tive potentials, rather than merely repetitive, cattle-like labor, war, a policy which was in accord with the 1648 Treaty of is more culturally optimistic, more moral, less likely to beat Westphalia. Suddenly, at the close of the bombing, he his wife and children routinely. Second, even if the form of changed: disaster! Ve ngeance and retribution transformed the labor does not produce significant tangible benefits for the cessation of ill-conceived and bungled NATO hosti lities, into individual operative, the fact that the society is visibly on an a farce which threatens, a year later, to ignite the tinder upward track, fosters optimism about each individual's partic­ remaining in the war-torn underbelly of Europe, into a spread­ ipation in the work which promises a better future for coming ing holocaust worse than the recent Balkan wars themselves. generations. What was required, instead of that tragic turnabout, was, as 3. Great public works, as typified by the effects of the the President had strongly implied, a "Marshall Plan" style of Te nnessee Va lley Authority upon the population of that generalized reconstruction for the Balkan region as a whole. region of Te nnessee and Alabama, have an important, The physical means for such an undertaking existed, in fact, if most positive philosophical impact upon the culture of all not in the will of the NATO member-nations as a whole. What affected. These kinds of enterprises, hold up the mirror to had been done in war-torn post-World War II Europe, notably mankind, reflecting an optimistic image of man in the in France, the western part of Germany, and Italy, under the universe. the net result, is the tendency of the individual provisions of the 1945-1 958 Bretton Woods system, could to think, less of what he or she is acquiring, than as the have been repeated, promptly, in the Balkans as a whole. importance his or her existence assumes as a contribution Consider, as an example of the point about strategic defense to the benefits enjoyed by a larger humanity, that of the we are developing here, the way in which such an "exit strat­ course of generations yet to come. egy" could have produced, rather quickly, a condition through­ out the Balkan region better, for each and all, than had existed Thus, even if great public works, and so forth, were not oth­ since the war there had first been provoked and unleashed by erwise needed, we must provide them, even if no other reason the Anglo-American circles associated with the preceding for that effort were proposed, but the uplifting moral effect of "Desert Storm" adventure. Look at this example, first, and then constructing them. It is as Benjamin Franklin's early mentor, the compare the implications of that example with both what I great American patriot Cotton Mather, once warned, the and President Reagan had proposed as SOl cooperation with axiomatic root of remedies for nearly all human affl ictions, is the Soviet Union, and the contrasting farce of the missile­ the simple passion "to do good."s7 Science, as I have defined it defense proposals being emitted from the U.S.A. today. Essays to Do Good Consider three aspects of the implementation of such an 57. Cotton Mather, (171 0), as cited by H. Graham Lowry. How Th e Nation Wa s Won: America 's Untold Story (Washington, D.C.: "exit strategy." Executive Intelligence Review, 1988).

21st CENTURY Summer 2000 41 in this report so far, is the appropriate example of the motiva­ composition which expresses the essence of cognitive rela­ tion otherwise to be described as the commitment to do good. tions among human beings. Fourth, the commitment to do good must be defined not In this connection, the very nature of science, so correctly as commitment to take a specific action, but as a principle defined, demands the primacy of the role of the perfectly sov­ of continuing action. Here, on this point, we touch the core ereign form of nation-state republic. Since the relations of the issue, the issue of the role, and the correspondi ng, among cognitive individuals are primarily, axiomatically of a corrected definition of science. We must supply a relevant Classical-artistic form, the role of language, in the most gen­ correction for the popularized misdefinition of science. eral sense of the development and use of language, has the For reasons already given above, today's customary defini­ dominant role of the medium through which cognitive rela­ tion conflicts with two sets of facts. First, in the relatively tions are developed and maintained. Hence, a language, lesser degree, it conflicts with the hylozoic view, as echoed defined and viewed more or less as Dante Alghieri specified by Vernadsky. Second, it ignores the fact that so-called physi­ the necessity of nation- states premised upon a literate devel­ cal science itself, to the extent it has any experimental valid­ opment in popular language, becomes the foundation fo r the ity, is a product of human cognition. moral existence of political society. On this latter account, it should be acknowledged, that the The essential feature of a literate language, has nothing in categorical separation of knowledge from a standard of truth common with mathematical or related forms of symbolic is false, and, similarly, that the separation of so-called physi­ deduction. The essence of the cognitive function of language, cal science from Classical forms of artistic composition, is the as expressed typically by great Classical poetry, or by the common fraud of such Romantics as the empiricists and Kan­ paintings of a Leonardo da Vi nci and Raphael Sanzio, is Clas­ tians. Thus, to summarize this point: the required functional sical metaphor. It is the posing of ontological parqdoxes, by redefinition of science, subordinates what present convention means of Classical forms of language-in the broadest defini­ terms "physical science" to the higher authority of Classical tion of language-and the sharing, similarly, of the discover­ artistic composition. ies of principle which overcome those paradoxes, which is Once science is so properly redefined, then we are able to the essentially, specifically human, cognitive quality of lan­ say that science, and scientific progress, are the form of action guage, to which Dante's imperatives refer. which constitutes the essence of human nature, the essence of Hence, the sovereign nation-state does not separate human­ the distinction between mankind and lower forms of life. ity as much as it is an essential instrument for uniting peoples. This has crucial implications for defining appropriate poli­ It is in the translation, for practice, of the metaphors posed cies respecting war and peace. and shared within one language, with the speakers of another, From this corrected view of science, it fo llows, that morality, that the common efforts of humanity are united in a specifi­ as I Corinthians 13, for example, rather than a set of shibbo­ cally human way. Thus sovereignty does not divide humanity, leths, defines morality, requires the individual, and society, to but, rather, is the only efficient way to unite it, through the act in all matters in a specifically human way. By human, one medium of the interstices among its sovereignties. should signify scientific progress, as I have corrected the defini­ Thus, to dissolve the sovereignty of the nation-state, is to tion of science here. That is to say, that morality is to practice bring on a descent into the barbarism of a Tower of Babel, scientific progress, as I have corrected the definition from the such as those of "information society." Such has always been, standpoint of a science of physical economy, for its own sake. and will always be the case. In other words, mankind must follow its own nature, this It is for the cultivated state of affa irs among the sovereign nature, as I have just defined it. It is to the degree that this is nations of mankind, and that alone, that we are allowed, and done, that mankind progresses, and that present genera­ sometimes compe lled, not only to make, but to win war, tions find in the future they help to bring forth in a fu lly when war were necessary, that with nothing but that goal, that practical way, the immortal importance of their individual "exit strategy," in view. mortal lives. Thus, on that account, strategic ballistic missile defense, as It is, thus, if and when mankind acts according to that per­ I have defined it, as President Reagan proposed on March 23, ceived immortal self-interest of the mortal individual, that rec­ 1983, is essentially nothing differing from the most natural ognized self-interest impels us to embrace the general welfare expression of a properly cultivated, mora l way of life. The of mankind as the most intimate and compelling interest of proper motive for all important policies, is not limited to a each and all among us. It is to the extent, that we respond to specific calculable proximate outcome; the proper motive for all problems of society by a scientific imperative of the quality every policy, for action, is to affi rm, constantly, continuously, I have identified here, that the natural compulsion for peace being a person, and part of a society, acting in accord with the will assert itself in a most durable way. special moral nature of a member of the human species. It is by practicing that scientific way of life, that we embrace Lyndon LaRouche is the leading exponent of the American the moral impulse called agape, the impulse accessible to us. System of physical economy in the world today, and author of If we reject the impulse, or simply fail to nurture it, we lose a the policy known as Strategic Defense Initiative, which was practical sense of that which sets us apart from inferior forms briefly adopted by the Reagan Administration. A member of of life. If we affirm that impulse in practice, we affi rm our true the 21 st Century Science & Technology scientific advisory nature, affirm the immortal, universal interest of our mortal board, he submitted this article on June 5, 2000. LaRouche, individual selves. We may then take joy in being ourselves, currently a candidate-fo r the Democratic Presidential nomina­ joy in experiencing the discoveries of universal physical prin­ tion, won 22 percent of the Democratic vote in the recent ciple, and their application, and joy in that Classical artistic Arkansas primary.

42 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY It's Time to Tell the Tru th About the Health Benefits of Low-Dose Radiation

Low-dose radiation is documented to be beneficial fo r human health but, fo r political reasons, ra diation is assumed to be harmful at any dose. Radiation-protection scientists, and others, who cover up the data that contra dict present policy should be investigated fo r misconduct. by James Muckerheide

ow-dose radiation has been shown to enhance biological responses for immune systems, enzymatic repair, physio­ L logical functions, and the removal of cellular damage, including prevention and removal of cancers and other dis­ eases. Research on low-level radiation has also shown it to have no adverse effects. Yet, current radiation protection pol­ icy and practice fail to consider these valid data, instead rely­ ing on data that are poor, ambiguous, misrepresented, and manipulated. With no regard for the cost to scientific truth, and to taxpay­ ers, radiation policy is based on the linear no-threshold (LNT) concept, that holds that radiation at any levels above zero is deleterious. In the LNT view, the known damaging effects of high-dose radiation are linearly extrapolated down the dose Metropolitan Edison scale. LNT contradicts the scientific evidence, which shows The myth that ra diation is dangerous no matter how low the that there is a radiation threshold, below which there is no dose, has scared people about all things nuclear. Here, a tour harm and, in fact, there is benefit for human health, a process of the Three Mile Island nuclear plant. known as hormesis. In defiance of this evidence, radiation­ protection policy relies on falsification of the actual science research and data assessments must be conducted by inde­ research and reporting. Such malfeasance warrants scientific pendent researchers and organizations that are not dependent misconduct investigations for the results promulgated by on radiation-protection-controlled fu nd i ng, directed to some radiation protection-funded scientists. address the health and medical science. If we are to contribute to the health of the world's popula­ In particular, the u.S. National Institutes of Health Study tion, we need to apply the data on the benefits of low-dose Section on Radiation Research reviews, and therefore con­ radiation in clinical settings. Unfortunately, the research trols, most of the Federal radiation-related research, instead of funded by the u.S. Department of Energy (DOE), and other relevant research being controlled by the specific diSCiplines, research in the area of radiation-protection fail to address for example, immuno logy, genetics, and so on. Since this these essential biology and medicine objectives. Therefore, Study Section is made up of current radiation, protection-

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 43 oriented researchers, it has substantially rejected research that fa irly late in the game. It wasn't until 1958 that I was pursues the relevant topics on the role of radiation in medi­ working with the laboratory [Oak Ridge National Labora­ cine, biology, and health. It must be disbanded. Biological tory] situation where we were doing experiments with and health research on radiation should be considered in the below background levels of radiation, taking the relevant biology and medicine research areas. It is necessary potassium-40 out and seeing what the effects would be to have organizations doing radiation research whose primary on the cellular level when we saw that the cells looked interest is in the health and successfu l treatment of real good but they didn't function. So we couldn't publish the patients. Further, independent assessment of the data must results, another ill effect of the paradigm about the linear incorporate the scientists and analysts who have documented hypothesis. fo r decades that radiation health effects data cannot be linear. Rule-makings by government agencies must be conducted Potassium is an element that is essential to I ife. However, where conclusions on radiation health effects can be account­ about 0.01 2 percent of natural potassium is a radioactive iso­ able, instead of hidden in unaccountable proceedings that fail tope, potassium-40. Potassium was processed to separate the even to respond to critical science and scientists; such rule­ potassium-40 from natural potassium at Oak Ridge to conduct making must also be subject to formal appeals for "arbitrary radiobiology experiments in the 1950s. Dr. Willis confirms and capricious" agency decisions. that radiation research, funded for radiation-protection objec­ The beneficial results of low-level radiation can be readily tives, supported the linear no-threshold concept by suppress­ confirmed by researchers committed to understanding the ing contrary scientific data, and that this activity dates back underlying role of radiation in health and medicine. But radi­ more than 40 years, to the 1950s. At that time, animal studies ation research journals and their peer-reviewers, dominated using separated potassium were also conducted. The animals by radiation-protection-funded scientists, constrain publica­ were stated to have "done poorly," but they recovered when tion of results that contradict radiation protection objectives. the extracted potassium-40 or natural potassium was added. Such potential bias in radiation protection-based research Scientific Data Biased by Early Health Physics Goals and results should be confirmed or refuted, if we are serious The bias against recognition of the benefits of low-dose about putting to use the benefits of low-dose radiation for radiation is not new. In a March 1996 meeting at the U.S. human health. The organisms placed in the potassium with­ Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC), Charles Wi llis of the out potassium-40 were biologically deficient. This finding is NRC stated, as reported in the transcript: 1 consistent with those of a numerous and wide variety of experiments with organisms that have been shielded from . . . [l]t's clear to many of us that we are not seeing the background radiation. For example, organisms grown on glass predicted ill effects at low doses, as has been pOinted out slides were repeatedly found to grow differently. It was even­ to you. I personally came to this hormesis observation tually found that those grown on slides that had lower tho- rium content, and hence lower radiation, were deficient. The LNT precludes this "accident" from being known. But, it will be known. And those who suppressed the knowledge will also be known. It has been extensively and consistently confirmed that supplemental radiation, above the natural background level, stim­ ulates organisms, enhancing their growth and increasing their mean lifespans. These experiments confirm that any data that contradict the LNT have not been adequately considered by radiation pro­ tection agencies and scientists. In addi­ tion, many scientists who have been interested in conducting such research, and in publishing such results, were con­ strained in their efforts. Such experience was reported by Dr. Jake Spalding of Los Alamos National Laboratory to Senator Pete Domenici in 1999.2 Such experi­ ence was also reported by Prof. Dr. Gun­ nar Wa linder, the pre-eminent Swedish Oak Ridge National Laboralory radiation scientist, about the United At an early point in radiation research, some policy-makers began to suppress Nations Scientific Committee on the the data on low-dose radiation. Here, health physicists at Oak Ridge National Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) in Laboratory in the early 7950s, stamping out smear tabs from a strip of filter his 1995 book.3 Wa linder stated .bluntly: paper. The tabs were used to collect samples of radioactivity. "I do not hesitate to say that the LNT is

44 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY ,, the greatest scientific scandal of the 20th Century. 4 Among the many experiments showing the benefits of low­ dose irradiation were those with laboratory animals that had whole immune systems; it was found that at doses below tens of rads, to doses of thousands of rads, the animals had increased average lifespan and no adverse effects. For exam­ ple, Dr. Egon Lorenz of the National Cancer Institute reported in Manhattan Project records that mice

were irradiated with 4.4, 1.1, 0.11, and 0.044 [rads] per 24-hr day. . . . Male mice conceived and living continuously under exposure to 4.4 r/24-hr day up to total doses of over 2,000 r are comparable with non-irradiated mice as far as weight, coat, and activity are concerned. Mammary tumor incidence is not significantly changed in mice exposed for 10-1 5 months to doses ranging from 4.4 to 0.44 r per 24-hr day. . . . ©Corbis The mice that lied? Whether deliberate or not, the control Subsequent generations, Lorenz said, living "under expo­ group data on ra diation and mice were tampered with. Here, sure of 1.1 and 0.11 r per 24-hr day show no damage to chro­ mice from the experimental colony at Oak Ridge National mosomes as evidenced by the raisi ng of 5 to 6 generations Laboratory in the 19505, used fo r examining the long-term with normal litter size and an apparently normal life span."s hereditary effects of radiation. Notwithstanding this reality, by 1950, Dr. Lorenz states: "It is well-known that absorption of ionizing radiation by tissues animal studies that had hormetic effects from internal doses, is connected with damage, no matter how small the dose," in for example, for uranium and plutonium injections, and feed­ a study that showed that whole mice had longer lifespans ing of uranium compounds, and for external (gamma and X­ than controls in research that exposed the mice to chronic radiation). Life-lengthening was regu larly found, and radiolo­ radiation at O. 11 r/day, or about 40 r/year.6 gists and others with relatively high doses had no adverse Marshall Brucer, M.D., states with respect to the Manhattan health effects. Henry concludes: Projectl The preponderance of data better supports the hypothe­ Their fi rst experiment, raising mice in an atmosphere of sis that low chronic exposures result in an increased uranium dust, showed exposed mice lived longer than longevity than it supports the opposite hypothesis of controls. They set up an arbitrary Maximum Permissible decreased longevity.. ..Incr eased vitality at low Dose (MPD) after proving that mice in radiation fields 10 exposures to materials that are toxic at high exposures is a times the MPD lived longer than controls. well-recognized phenomenon.

After World War II, Brucer writes, about 20 articles per year Vo luminous, credible peer-reviewed scientific literature mentioned hormetic effects but: data exist. Dr. T. D. Luckey, Professor Emeritus of the Univer­ sity of Missouri School of Medicine, presents a great deal of Health Physicists soon learned that their livelihood that literature, with more than 2,000 references.9, 10 Yet, the depended on scaring the pants off Congress. Every Genetics regulatory agencies ignore this evidence. budget meeting opened its request for funds with an anti­ nuclear litany. During the 1960s and 1970s about 40 How the lNT Myth Was Supported articles/year described hormesis. In 1963, the AEC [Atomic In 1996, the Department of Energy investigated allegations Energy Commission] repeatedly confirmed lower mortality about the now-accepted fact that the Oak Ridge National in guinea pigs, rats, and mice irradiated at low dose. In Laboratory mega-mouse studies presented false data on 1964, the cows exposed to about 150 rads after the Tr inity genetic effects, starting in 1951. The lab under-reported the A-bomb in 1946 were quietly euthanized because of numbers of mutations in the control animals. International extreme old age. In 1981, TD. Luckey revived a very programs have now abandoned the mouse data, and are obvious radiation hormesis. No experimental evidence of assessing the potential effects of radiation for genetic dis­ damage at low doses existed; self-servingextra polations eases-something that was never before indicated. from high dose-data dominated health physics'? An Oak Ridge geneticist and statistician, who is a member of UNSCEAR, and who had access to the original data and the In the May 1961 Journal of the American Medical Associa­ expertise to analyze them, identified these deficiencies. This tion (JAMA), Dr. Hugh Henry, then at Oak Ridge, reported on geneticist also alleged that the misrepresentations of the data all low-dose studies (defined as "to about 1 rad per day"!), seemed to have been intentional. This allegation was rejected saying that the results show consistent life-lengthening vs. nei­ by Oak Ridge. However, the other instances of fai ling to ther life-shortening, nor genetic effects.8 He reports on early report scientific data indicate possible confirmation of prac-

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 45 tices of misrepresenting research in the 1950s. The U.S. ground radiation conSistently report the lack of health effects, Nuclear Regulatory Commission, the Department of Energy, and even the existence of beneficial effects, in high-back­ and the Congress, should formally inquire about these allega­ ground exposed populations. The high-background whole­ tions, and whether contrary data were adequately considered body radiation doses show no adverse health effects, to take in reviews, research results, and support for research. just one example, in a stable Chinese peasant population of In 1971 , after the Federal Appeals Court "Calvert Cliffs more than 70,000, living for generations in high radiation decision," that found the Atomic Energy Commission (AEC) areas. The natural radioactivity source in high background Environmental Impact Statement to be inadequate, the AEC areas is millions of times greater, it should be noted, than the contracted for the "Argonne Radiological Impact Program," to radioactivity allowed to be released from nuclear facilities or improve the basis for assessing low-level radiation health nuclear waste sites. The cost to the public for this "overpro­ effects. Dr. Norman Frigerio analyzed U.S. cancer rates by tection," is massive. average background radiation doses for each state, applying the linear no-threshold models. His results were found to con­ Radon: Misrepresenting the Data tradict the LNT: There were consistently lower cancer rates in In the 1980s, Dr. Bernard Cohen, at the University of Pitts­ high-background-radiation states. This finding has since been burgh, personally undertook natural background radiation consistently confirmed." studies similar to those terminated by the Atomic Energy In 1973, although Dr. Frigerio had been contracted by the Commission in 1973 (and by AEC's successors, ERDA and AEC itself to address the regulatory issues of low-level radia­ later DOE, and the NRC). He tested the LNT using the signifi­ tion effects-in response to a court action-AEC and radiation cant lung cancer data compared with variations in residential science policy interests terminated the study, and the results radon. Initially, he found that lung cancer incidence in the were not published. This study was presented at a 1976 con­ high-radon area of Cumberland County, Pennsylvania, was ference on natural radioactivity, sponsored by the Interna­ lower than the Pennsylvania average.13 Many other studies tional Atomic Energy Agency (lAEA). 1 2 But, Dr. Wa linder found similar results. reports, these results were suppressed in the 1977 UNSCEAR Because radon data did not exist at the county level, Dr. report. The same results were similarly arbitrarily dismissed in Cohen obtained at least 100 radon measurements in the 16 the report of the Biological Effects of Ionizing Radiations large counties with the lowest lung-cancer rates, and the 25 Committee (BEIR III) in 1980, with no scientific inquiry. counties with the highest rates.1 4 He also found identical The AEC termination of the Argonne National Laboratory's results in the various random counties in which 450 univer­ radiation program should be investigated. The program plan sity physics professors at 101 universities supported his effort was to continue, to obtain more accurate radiation dose data, to obtain residential radon measurements. to apply the analysis at the more definitive correlation at the Dr. Cohen then succeeded in a private effort to do, for county level. The result was expected to confirm the prelimi­ radon and lung cancer, what the U.S. government had termi­ nary inverse correlation results. Dr. Frigerio and others stated nated with the Frigerio study-measuring radon in 272,000 that it was because of the nature of the results, contradicting homes in the most populated U.S. counties. These data also the LNT, that the study was terminated. Total populations with consistently fo und inverse results, in dozens of independent significant dose differences are the ideal test of the LNT, but studies of, for example, "all-rural" counties, "all urban" coun­ here, again, we see that analysis is suppressed. ties, and so on.15 Dr. Graham Colditz of Harvard University, a The results of the Argonne study, however, have been con­ world renowned epidemiologist, contributed to an interim fi rmed in analysis of EPA radiation data of high versus low analysis of the data by counties. He confirmed the validity of background radiation states. Conferences on natural back- the epidemiological analysis of these data.16 Dr. Cohen also acquired all Environmental Protection Agency and state radon data. These data showed an inverse relationship: the higher the radon levels, the lower the inci­ How Radiation Is Measured dence of lung cancer. In the full data set, the inverse correla­ Radiation "dose," or "exposure," is a measure of tion exceeds 20 standard deviations, compared with the pre­ energy absorbed per unit of mass. There are two sets of dictions of BEIR IV.. The chance of error is equivalent to one in units used, the older units having been renamed. all the electrons in the universe! Any confounding factor must For equivalent tissue damage from different types of be: (1 ) much greater than smoking, (2) inversely correlated radiation, the rem was defined as "rad equivalent with radon, and (3) unrecognized. This is inconceivable­ man"-or rad times a quality factor. For gamma and except for one postulate: Radon doses at the range of normal beta radiation, the quality factor for most significant background levels stimulate lung tissue fu nctions to protect energies is 1, so "rad" and "rem" are taken as equal in against lung cancer. these cases. For alpha rays and neutrons, the quality Radiation-protection interests ignore the confirmed results factor is greater, indicating that there is more damage of Cohen et al. by alleging simply that "they are ecological from the same absorbed energy. studies"; these critics provide no scientific basis to refute the data. In fact, there is no documented scientific criticism of Dr. New unit Old unit Equivalent used here Cohen's results, just general rationalizations of highly unlikely 1 gray (Gy) = 100 rad = 100 cGy (centi-gray) reasons why one study might not be valid. In fact, Dr. Cohen 1 sievert (Sv) = 100 rem = 100 cSv (centi-sievert) as produced dozens of separate studies that are consistent. Nevertheless, radiation protection interests use unfounded

46 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY statements to misrepresent to the public that Dr. Cohen's data have shown that a "dose-response model" specifying "con­ have been refuted. founding factors" is necessary to determine a risk (for exam­ Dr. Kenneth Bogen at Lawrence Livermore National Labo­ ple, the lung cancer risk from radon). In that case, a "model" ratory independently compared 1950-1 954 lung cancer mor­ with any "confounding factors" must correct for systemic tality for women of ages 40 to 80 and 60 to 80 (who had errors in applying the specific small-population data to the smoked little), by county, with EPA county environmental (not whole population. However, Seiler and Alvarez demonstrate residential) radon data. He also confirmed the inverse correla­ that Cohen's results, as confirmed by others, show the actual tion between lung cancer and radon. Dr. Bogen's biological relationship for the whole U.S. population. Therefore, a pre­ model applies cellular response data to show that the inverse cise "model" and any "confounding factors" are irrelevant to relationship is consistent with known biological responsesY "predict" the relationship to the whole population. Prof. Dr. We rner Schuttmann, of the former East Germany, EPA, and BEIR IV and VI, substantially misrepresent the and Prof. Dr. Klaus Becker of Berlin, Germany, both docu­ data on the risk of residential radon for lung cancer in the mented research results that show that women in the very United States and the world. high radon uranium mining areas of Saxony, Germany, who have negligible smoking, have significantly lower lung cancer The Case of the Radium Dial Painters rates than women in lower radon areas.18 The Health Physics In 1974, the pre-eminent radium health effects researcher, Journaldenied publication of the Schuttmann and Becker arti­ Dr. Robley Evans of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, cle, however, as a resu lt of comments by reviewers that con­ rigorously demonstrated in an article in the Health Physics tained such non-scientific statements as, "this is just another Journal, that BEIR in 197220 had misrepresented the data on ecological study," and "everyone knows that Dr. Cohen's the health effects of radium in order to produce a linear no­ studies are erroneous."19 threshold result from extremely non-linear data.21 On Evans's LNT supporters erroneously claim that "case-control" stud­ retirement in 1970, the Center for Human Radiobiology ies are "better." However, the accuracy of such studies is (CHR) was established at the Argonne National Laboratory. completely dependent on the abil ity to know individual In 1981 , Dr. Evans gave the "Invited Summary" at an inter­ doses. This is true in most case-control studies where national conference in which it was reported that in thou­ doses/exposures are measured and controlled. However, in sands of cases of radium dial painters worldwide, there were most radon case-control studies, individual doses are poorly sti ll no occurrences of bone cancer or nasal carcinoma in known. Residential radon measurements are used. Therefore, individuals who had ingested less than 250 microcuries of "dose groups" are only statistical estimates, without knowing radium-226, which produced an estimated dose of 1,000 rad individual doses. Further, with the small numbers in the sam­ to the bone. A report on these data was published in 1983. ple, combined with the uncertainty of the correlation, there Dr. Evans told the conference:22 are wide errors. Unlike large population studies, case-control cannot produce accurate or replicable dose-response results. The studies of the radium cases during the past dozen In fact, in contrast, the nature of statistics provides statistical years . . . have continued to show no radiogenic tumors, power in large ecological studies, because these apply rigor­ or other effects, in hundreds of persons whose effective ous statistics that more accurately represent mean doses com­ initial body burden was less than about 50 microcuries of pared with lung cancer rates. Ra-226, and whose cumulative skeletal average dose is In addition, the uncertain doses in most radon case-control less than about 1,000 rad. studies produce much greater bias in the higher-dose region. The high-dose group is likely to include persons who have In 1983, DOE initiated termination of this program, which low-doses, while it is unlikely that the low-dose group will had been established for the life of the dial painters, while have persons with high-doses. Therefore, the high-dose group more than 1,000 individuals were sti ll alive. It may be that will have a bias toward excess cancers that will seem to be this message was received by the Radiation Effects Research shown to result from low radon exposures. In addition, case­ Foundation (RERF), which was established to follow the control studies do not adequately address cases in the very Japanese A-bomb survivors for I ife. The reports of the RERF low-radon regions, where the well-documented effects in Dr. produce consistently biased data. Cohen's data (as well as those in other, more definitive popu­ It is significant that systemic intake of 50 microcuries of lation studies), demonstrate that increased lung cancer is radium-226 is about 125,000 times the annual ingestion of 5 expressed. However, despite all the problems with case­ picocuries/liter allowed by the EPA in its drinking water limits. control studies, it has been shown that they do not contradict The EPA is even proposing reductions in these limits, which the results reported by Dr. Cohen and others. will require even greater public water supply expenditures When using a small representative population to produce a under EPA program control. If, instead, the EPA were to man­ substantive basis to apply it to a large population, there can date a moderate revision in its limit by a factor of 4, this be a reason, or reasons, why the small population does not would essentially eliminate the need fo r monitoring for accurately represent the whole population. This is a "con­ radium in drinking water, and eliminate significant unneces­ founding factor." For example, the age distribution of the sary costs, while stili providing a safety margin of 30,000 small population might be different from that of the whole (times 50 picocuries) to a person who drinks 1.1 liters per day population. If the difference can be quantified, such as in pro­ of that water. ducing an "age-adjusted" analysis, the "confounding factor" In the 1990s, follow-up after "another decade" confirmed can be taken into account. Drs. Fritz Seiler and Joe Alvarez the original radium dial-painter health effects results. Dr.

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 47 Robert Thomas, a long-time radiobiol­ Breast cancer deaths per 1,000,000 person-year ogy researcher at Los Alamos National Laboratory, a program manager at DOE, and the last Program Director of the 1,600 Center for Human Radiobiology at the Argonne National Laboratory, showed that the log-normal distribution of can­ cers projected a threshold of 400 rad 1,200 without even considering the total Error bar absence of cancers in the large popula­ tion with doses below 1,000 rad.23 / Data point Work by Dr. Evans, and Dr. Constantine 800 •__ __ ------_ - _ �������::��- - :���_:_�_:���:-:-�:�'LNT - __ - Maletskos and others, similarly estab­ -__ lished that such a threshold was valid.24 Further analysis by Dr. Robert Rowland, 400 fo rmer Director of the Center for Human Note: Data points are actual data. Radiobiology, has more conclusively determined that a threshold exists. Row­ land states:25 o o 0.25 0.50 0.75 1.00 1.25 1.50 1.75 To day we have a population of Breast dose (grays) 2,383 cases for whom we have CANADIAN TB FLUOROSCOPY STUDY: reliable body content measurements. HOW THE DATA ARE 'LINEARIZED' TO SUPPORT THE LNT . . . All 64 bone sarcoma cases occurred in the 264 cases with more The dots show the actual breast cancer data fo r each dose group in the Miller than 10 Gy, while no sarcomas et al. 7989 study. Although there is reduced breast cancer fo r the low-dose appeared in the 2,1 19 radium cases groups (lower left of graph), the paper by Miller et al. nevertheless reports with less than 10 Gy. that the dose response is linear, represented by the stra ight line from the high dose range to zero, fa r outside the error bars of the actual data. To contradict these objective results, The paper states that a dose of 7 centi-gray would produce 60 excess can­ in an analysis used in BEIR IV to misrep­ cers in 7 million women. The data point at 75 centi-gray, however, represents resent the actual data, Drs. Charles a reduction of 70,000 cancers in 7 million women actually exposed, com­ Mays and Raymond Lloyd selected, first, pared with the linear conclusion that 900 excess cancers would be expected. a wide low-dose group range that In the later report by Howe and McLaughlin (7996), the data are reported as included no cancers, and, second, a a single dose group from 7 to 49 centi-gray, in order to obfuscate the reality. wide dose-group range that included Source: Adapted from Miller et aI., 1989 the lowest dose with cancer; from this, they manufactured a "Iinear" result. In the Federal Register in 1991, the EPA explicitly favored sis led to removal of his jaw and other interventions that put a duplicity in the matter, by responding to a recommendation gruesome image on the radiation effects. The FDA did not by its Science Advisory Board (SAB) that the radium dial then assess the dose effects to the thousands of persons who painter data be used to establish the radium limits in water, as had also used radium and other radiation sources in more follows:26 moderate amounts; or acknowledge that Byers had been the victim of the equivalent of a drug overdose. EPA policy is to assess cancer risks from ionizing The amount of radium that Eben Byers ingested daily is radiation as a linear response. Therefore, use of the dial about 2,000,000 times the current EPA limits, based on drink­ painter data requires either deriving a linear risk ing 1 liter/day at 5 picocuries per liter (pCi/I). The threshold coefficient from significantly non-linear exposure­ for latent bone cancers from ingesting radium by the dial response data, or abandoning EPA policy. painters is more than 125,000 times the annual limits from drinking water at 5 pCi/1. Simply put, science is irrelevant in this campaign to mis­ After the Byers case, Dr. Edna Johnson, and others, sup­ lead the public about the hazards of radium, and radiation pressed well-known data on the stimulatory effects of low generally. doses of ionizing radiation, especially, a 1936 report for the It was after a notorious radium poisoning case in 1932, that National Research Council, to claim that "radiation is harmful the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) achieved control of at low doses." radiation from Congress. We ll-known Philadelphia industrial­ ist and socialite Eben Byers, died from a massive overdose of Occupational Studies Show No Adverse Effects radium ingested in large quantities over three years. The Byers One of the largest and most thorough studies of the effects case had great publicity and created great public fear of radia­ of low-level radiation on nuclear industry workers is the tion. The truth is that Byers did not die of cancer. Bone necro- Nuclear Shipyard Workers Study, funded by DOE but never

48 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY Congress, the shipyard workers, radiation protec­ tion agencies, or to the public. There is substantial concern about the integrity of the data, which have been kept under wraps. Further, this most definitive nuclear workers study was not included in a study of "all" U.S., U.K., and Canadian nuclear workers, contracted by DOE with the International Associa­ tion for Research on Cancer (lARC).29 The IARC study included only 95,000 U.S., U.K., and Canadian nuclear workers, and suppressed the more definitive nuclear shipyard workers study. IARC even misrepresents its own data to claim that its results support the LNT. This IARC study, using only the weaker, early nuclear worker data, was then proclaimed as a "definitive study," and a pub­ lic relations campaign was launched, before the data were publ ished, to claim that the IARC study is the "best evidence of the linear dose-response to low doses." (ironically, this may be true, to the extent that the study shows, yet again, that no evi- National Archives dence exists for a low-dose linear dose-response!) Nuclear Navy nurses examine a radiation survey instrument, used to The IARC claim rests on data for one cancer, measure the presence of ra dioactivity in the 1950s. leukemia (absent chronic lymphocytic leukemia) with 119 deaths in a total of 15,825 deaths in the published. This lO-year, $lO-miliion study of 39,004 nuclear study. One data point in the small highest-dose group at workers, carefully matched with 33,352 non-nuclear workers, "more than 40 cSv" (centi-sieverts) shows 6 observed deaths from a population of 108,000 nuclear workers in a total pop­ vs. 2.3 expected deaths. The 116 leukemia deaths in the six ulation of about 700,000 workers, was completed in 1987.27 dose groups below 40 cSv show no excess leukemia. The After pressure on the DOE, which had chosen not to publish IARC "analysis" discounts data points in the four data groups the data and conclusions, the Department finally, in 1991 , that are below the controls. This enables the IARC analysts issued a contractor's report on the study, with a two-page to produce a "trend analysis" in which the 6 vs. 2.3 deaths press release. data point alone causes a positive slope.3o The radiation workers in the study were exposed to external These data are then made to seem statistically valid by cobalt-60. They had good radiation dosimetry and records in applying Monte Carlo modelling of 5,000 trials. The manipu­ the Nuclear Navy program controlled by Admiral Hyman lated data are then used to support the LNT. This is highly Rickover. They had limited confounding work experience. questionable as science, as policy-making, or as ethics. The Nevertheless, these data were kept out of BEIR V, even though IARC, along with the international (lRCP) and national (NRCP) the Te chnical Advisory Panel Chairman for the Nuclear Ship­ committees on radiation protection, and other radiation pro­ yard Workers Study and the Chairman of BEIR V were the tection organizations, then mounted a public relations cam­ same person, Dr. Arthur Upton. Instead, BEIR V used other paign to widely disseminate these conclusions, before the non-published sources, just as such sources have been used actual data were published. Once the report was published, in the 1998 draftNational Committee on Radiation Protection reviewers fo und that the data do not support the claims. The and Measurements (NCRP) SC1 -6 report, also chaired by Dr. NCRP and others know this fact. Actually, as Dr. Don Luckey Upton.28 has shown, the full data of the workers in this study demon­ In the summary, the Nuclear Shipyard Wo rkers Study strate a hormetic effect, consistent with many other nuclear reports that the high-dose mortality rate of the nuclear work­ worker vs. non-nuclear worker dose-response studies.31 ers was 0.76 that of the non-nuclear workers in the control With small numbers of cases in dozens of specific cancers, group. Of special significance is the fact that the summary it is more surprising that no other cancers reflect the 1 in 20 report did not include "all cancer," mortality, which is a most possibility of exceeding the normal range of statistical signifi­ common factor, and of most interest in any such study. How­ cance. Dr. Warren Sinclair, President Emeritus of the NCRP ever, Myron Pollycove, M.D., of the Nuclear Regulatory Com­ and a controlling influence in NCRP, ICRP, UNSCEAR, and mission, documented that the "all cancer" mortality in the the National Research Council/Board of Radiation Effects detailed tables is also statistically significantly lower among Research (BRER), however, misrepresents the IARC report as nuclear workers than among the non-nuclear workers. "vindicating" the LNT hypothesis. Not only does this misrep­ After long negotiations, Dr. Genevieve Matanoski, Principal resent the data, but such a conclusion is contradicted by the Investigator for the shipyard worker study, received another lack of health effects in millions of people (1) exposed to substantial contract from DOE in 1994, and retired as Head of moderate radiation doses, which are often much more well Epidemiology at Johns Hopkins University. Now, more than 5 defined, especially from medical workers and patients, and years later (and about 12 years since the completion of the (2) to high-dose natural background radiation sources. How­ study), no papers have been publ ished. There is no report to ever, the NCRP and radiation protection interests claim that

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 49 this is "the best study" to con­ fi rm that the LNT is valid. The Japanese Survivors Study ICRP/NCRP/BRER group would The Radiation Effects Re­ not use it so consistently if there search Foundation (RERF) studies were any obviously better stud­ of Japanese atomic bomb sur­ ies to support the LNT hypothe­ vivor data at low doses have sis. On that basis alone, the LNT been substantially questioned, can be seen as refuted. without resolution. This is espe­ Dr. Luckey summa rized the cially true since the Department major nuclear worker vs. non­ of Energy's arbitrary reassignment nuclear-worker studies. He of the RERF from the National shows that the nuclear workers Academy of Sciences to a DOE­ have 52 percent of the cancer recruited and selected investiga­ rate in comparable non-exposed tor at Columbia University. Many workers, in 7 million person­ independent studies of the RERF years of exposure!32 data contradict the RERF analy­ Dr. Luckey notes that, as with ses, even when limited to using other natural nutrients (for the RERF's own processed data example, vitamins and miner­ in the absence of the abil ity to als), supplementation is war­ access the raw data. Even BEIR V ranted to provide for deficien­ consultants were unable to cies that affect human health. In obtain the data to undertake an this case, supplementation of a independent analysis. "radiation deficiency" is war­ Some of the RERF data show ranted.3 1 These data further more evidence of hormetic indicate the need to confirm the effects than adverse effects at beneficial effects of low-dose low doses. However, critical radiation. Unfortunately, such analyses are not considered by research objectives are not sup­ radiation protection interests in ported, and in fact, are con­ BEIR V or NCRP SCl -6. Cer­ strained, by the radiation­ tainly however, in the fi rst protection interests. instance, the conditions of doses U.S. Navy to persons exposed directly to The Case of BEIR V, 1990 Nuclear workers have lower cancer rates than non­ an atomic bomb, and confound­ It is important to consider that nuclear workers, as documented in the suppressed i ng factors of su rvivors, both BEIR V primarily relies on the Nuclear Shipyard Wo rkers Study. Here, shipyard work­ before and after the bombing, Radiation Effects Research ers put the finishing touches on the nuclear submarine are of no significance to the Foundation Japanese survivor Nautilus at the Electric Boat Division of the General assessment of the health effects studies.33 Six other primary Dynamics Corporation at Groton, Conn. of chronic low-dose exposures studies are identified as "used to environmental contamina­ for model fitting" (pp. 162-3), and these studies are claimed to tion. Use of the RERF results for the assessment of health support the LNT. However, even these few studies have sub­ effects is wel l known to be inappropriate, because the expo­ stantial contradictory evidence that BEIR V does not address. sure does not apply to radiation protection for workers or for Some have internal contrary data. Some are criticized in the the public exposed to chronic and highly fractionated and literature. For some, other equivalent populations show con­ low dose-rate radiation, especially for extreme costly cleanup tradictory results, and stronger studies of other populations and decommissioning standards. produce contrary results. In some cases, arbitrary non­ Virtually all analysts, including the RERF researchers (as scientific statements dismiss contradictory data without justifi­ expressed at the November 1997 International Atomic Energy cation. Some populations, especially medically exposed per­ Agency conference in Seville, Spain), have stated that the sons, have greater doses than those that BEIR V identifies as instantaneous gamma and neutron atomic-bomb-exposed "data sets used for model fitting," but they are not included in population is not relevant to the assessment of effects for low­ the BEIR analysis, as they are now not included in the draft dose rate and low-dose exposures. In his book mentioned NCRP SCl -6 report. Many do not have high-dose effects to above, Dr. Gunnar Wa linder also reports on the "expectation" project a straight line to zero dose. of UNSCEAR members that the RERF data would be manipu­ Finally, some Significantly exposed populations, especially lated to produce "expected" results that support the LNT.3 medically exposed populations, of potential significance to It is also common knowledge that BEIR V states that there assessing radiation health effects, are not studied by the are no adverse effects below a high dose, but then presumes a radiation-protection interests; for example, populations who straight line from the high dose to zero. For example, for live in areas of high natural background radiation, and per­ colon cancer, BEIR states that: In the atomic-bomb survivors sons who use and work at radium and radon spas. there is no excess cancer "evident in doses below about 1.0

50 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY Gy." Nevertheless, BEIR applies the linear model down to zero. This presumes effects of radiation to doses of less than 0.0001 Gy, with a radiation protection policy specifying that even 0.00001 Gy should not be ignored in assessing collec­ tive dose and regulatory controls (for example, as in the NCRP Report 121). Relative to significant populations with good dosimetry and relatively unconfounded results-for example, among med­ ical patients and practitioners-the Japanese survivor results are both highly questionable and largely meaningless to the assessment of low-dose, low-dose-rate radiation health effects for radiation-protection policies. They do indicate some agreement with high-dose rate exposure results in animals and humans, which have demonstrated beneficial effects at low to moderate doses.

More Misrepresentation: Fluoroscopy of Women with TB The individuals in the Canadian fluoroscopy study of breast cancer in women with tuberculosis, by Miller et aI., 34 is the second largest exposed group listed in the BEIR V data sets as © Hulton·Deutsch Collection/CORB/S the set "used for fitting the data." As noted, this study explic­ The billions of dollars that are spent on unnecessary cleanup itly misrepresents its own data to report a linear dose-response of nuclear sites, or overprotection from nonexistent radiation in the literature and BEIR V. A plot of this data was presented "dangers, " could be channelled into programs to make use of to the NCRP annual meeting by Dr. E.W. Webster in April the benefits of low-dose radiation, including treatment of dis­ 1992. It has been published elsewhere in the literature, and is ease. Here, a 7944 experimental program in Glasgow, using contained in the Radiation, Science, & Health "Data Docu­ chest X-rays to make an early diagnosis of tuberculosis. ment,"34 and in the 1995 Nuclear News article,35 both of which are referenced in the draft NCRP report. Below about cGy, and from the 30-39 cGy, and 40-59 cGy groups. When 30 cGy (centi-grays) there is a highly statistically significant challenged on this conclusion at a meeting at the National reduction in breast cancer. This reduction is by one-third . in Academy of Sciences in 1997, Dr. Howe stated only that the the largest group with a mean dose of 15 cGy, which is 2.7 low-dose groups were "not informative." He responded simi­ standard deviations below zero risk. This equates to 10,000 larly at a meeting at Chalk River, Canada. However, the low­ fewer cancers in 1 million women at 15 cGy, instead of the dose groups in the Canadian study had the largest number of false statement that 900 excess cancers are expected. (This is cases, with the smallest errors. The draft NCRP SC 1-6 report consistent with other evidence of reduced breast cancer from states that the later paper by Howe "refutes" the 1989 study. It low-dose radiation exposure, for example, in the studies by also states that this is confirmed by a yet later paper by Howe Makinodan.36) (cited as "1998, in press"), but the report does not provide an In the Canadian study, a straight line is projected from the explanation or scientific basis for this statement. It was later high-dose data through zero. This forces a linear relationship, determined that the paper was never published and was never despite the data-a consistent way data have been misrepre­ "in press." sented in many studies. (See figure, page 48.) Nevertheless, The NCRP report makes this uninformative, dismissive BEIR V also applies this false straight line in its report, which comment to this most significant study (judged so even by is presumably the reason to use the Canadian study at all. BEIR V, which has the same person as chairman as the NCRP BEIR does not include more substantial studies that fail to SC 1-6), which has been extensively assessed and referenced show any adverse effects that can be claimed to support the by scientists who question the LNT, and who introduced it LNT. explicitly to the NCRP Committee. NCRP members continued to claim that this study supports The 1989 Miller study is even actively suppressed in the the LNT in 1995 and 1996, using this widely known fa lse 1994 UNSCEAR Report, Appendix B, as described by Dr. straight line to zero. An inquiry is needed to establish whether Pollycove in an NRC transcript. However, the NCRP report is the authors intended to report the data inaccurately. fi lled with voluminous data of limited, or no applicability to In 1996, an "update" of the study was published by Dr. assess adverse health effects, or even biological effects in Geoffrey Howe, the second author of the original Canad ian whole organisms-all data, of course, to support the LNT. studyY (DOE recruited Dr. Howe to Columbia University, Note also that Dr. Howe published an analysis of lung can­ and reassigned the Radiation Effects Research Foundation cer in these women.38 They have significantly lower lung study to him from the National Academy of Sciences.) Howe cancer at doses below about 2 Gy (200 rad) than the low­ then claimed that the data now fail to show the hormetic dose group, consistent with many other studies, as presented effect. However, in Howe's analysis, the large low-dose by Drs. Harald Rossi, a member of the BEIR III committees groups are collapsed to one low-dose group of 1 to 49 cGy. and ICRP, and Marco Zaider, who reviewed all relevant data, This effectively obfuscates the data from the largest groups at fi nding that lung cancer is lower with exposure to low to 15 cGy (10 to 19 cGy) and 25 cGy (20 to 29 cGy) and 0-9 moderate doses, from X-rays and other sources.39

21st CENTURY Summer 2000 51 using low-dose radiation (both alone and in combination with 100 traditional high-dose cancer therapy). Such results have been 41 rtiJ.'\-_---, reported by Dr. Sadao Hattori from the work of Drs. f0- ",�. 84% 42 43 ..� 84% Sakamoto and Miyamot0 and Dr. Ta kai in Japan, and oth­ r ers. As noted by Dr. Hattori, fu nding for this research is con­ strained by radiation-protection interests that prevent such ;;g '\" ... _, e.... --...... \ government support of medical research.44 Private investment Q) ""I't co 65% ��50% in research is constrained by the lack of potential profits in ---,..... _ ...... 50 medical applications that would potentially provide health i> .� care, and even cancer cures, by low-cost low-dose radiation ::l en treatments vs. pharmaceuticals, for example, for chemother­ apy, "genetic research," and so on. These research opportuni­ ties can also produce highly successful research careers, r whether or not there are successful and cost-effective treat­ 0 ments of real patients. 0 5 10 Low-dose total body irradiation and half-body irradiation Years has successfully treated and prevented some cancers, as doc­ umented in Japan and elsewhere. That breast cancer and With total-body or half-body low-dose other cancers have been prevented or treated should be data irradiation to be investigated, not suppressed. It is costing the public .-.---- Without low-dose irradiation hundreds of billions of dollars in environmental cleanup alone, to control radioactivity sources that are far below natu­ SURVIVAL RATES OF NON-HODGKIN'S ral background radioactivity. But this "radiation protection" LYMPHOMA PATIENTS WITH AND WITHOUT pol icy may have even greater costs to women with breast TOTAL- OR HALF-BODY LOW-DOSE IRRADIATION cancer, and to millions of others with cancers and other dis­ These are the 9-year survival data reported by Sakamoto eases that may be readily preventable or treatable at low cost, et al. of 23 low-dose radiation patients and 94 control with inconsequential "side effects," by low-dose radiation patients with similar histological tumor grades. The sur­ treatment. There is also substantial reason to believe that low vival rate of the low-dose radiation patients is 84 per­ dose radiation treatments will be effective against HIV/A IDS. cent, compared with 50 percent survival of the control In addition, research is constrained on the millions of per­ patients. The 12-year survival rate of the low-dose sons who have used radium and radon balneology for health patients remains at 84 percent. and medical applications throughout the world. Such research that has been performed is not considered in establishing Adapted from Sakamoto et aI., 1997, J. Jpn. Soc. Th er. Radial. Oncol. , radiation-protection policy, as with the radium dial-painters Vol. 9, pp. 161-175. and others with high radium burdens. The positive medical results of such practices are also not considered-at great cost and to the detriment of the public in resolving the role of radi­ Evidence of Beneficial Effects Ignored or Suppressed ation and health. The data on the beneficial effects of low-dose radiation, including uses of radiation in the first half of the century, have Stimulating Health Benefits on the Cellular Level not been studied or considered by the regulatory bodies The biological justification claimed for the LNT model is charged with radiation policy making. The health and med­ that a single ionizing photon or particle can damage DNA in ical benefits to patients who receive significant low and mod­ a cell, and that this damage can lead to cancer. But an adult erate diagnostic exposures are not considered, as with the body is impacted by about 15,000 nuclear rays or particles Canadian fluoroscopy breast cancer study. In order to prop­ every second-there are more than a billion such events erly assess low-dose effects, all studies should analyze the every day-from natural sources. And each day, the DNA in dose range below the level at wh i ch adverse effects are each cell loses approximately 5,000 purine bases, because demonstrated. the body's normal heat breaks their linkages to deoxyribose. The biological evidence that organisms in below-normal More damage is caused by normal cell division and DNA radiation background have demonstrated adverse health replication. But the most damage-a million DNA nucleotides effects has also not been considered, or even confirmed and in each cell damaged each day-iS caused by free radicals evaluated. But more important, the data on many organisms created in the normal process of metabolism, resulting from that have demonstrated beneficial effects from supplemental routine eating and breathing and the stress of heat and exer­ radiation, including the prevention and elimination of cancer cise.46 and other diseases, are not considered. Radiation causes more double breaks per event in the DNA The extensive evidence that low-dose radiation stimulates than normal metabolism does, and these are harder to repair immune responses is not considered, including the many doc­ than single breaks. But even given this difference, the muta­ umented sources in the UNSCEAR 1994 report.40 Such tions (unrepaired or misrepaired damage) from metabolism research has indicated the mechanisms of successful treat­ outnumber those caused by natural radiation by 10-million­ ment of some cancers by stimulating the immune system fold.47 There are a large variety of anti-oxidants that prevent

52 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY establish the levels and conditions at which human exposure "Hundreds of billions of dollars are now can be considered safe. But those levels are at least many being uselessly expended, solely on the basis multiples of average natural background radiation for chronic of LNT-justified radiation protection exposure. policies, while the public is misled to believe Time for Extreme Corrective Action that these expenditures are protecting Hundreds of credible scientific studies, reported in the public health." peer-reviewed literature, during the 50 years since the Man­ hattan Project studies, demonstrate beneficial responses to damage, enzymes that continually repair damaged low-level radiation. With more than 2,000 studies going back nucleotides in DNA, and removal processes to eliminate more than 100 years, research has consistently demonstrated those it cannot repair.48 Even high-level radiation adds only a beneficial health effects and biological responses. 50 The LNT few more mutations to the millions that are occurring from has been substantially contradicted. However, these data are metabolism. shown to be systematically ignored and actively suppressed, The effect of low-level radiation, which is not strong and their research terminated, by the radiation-protection enough to degrade the body's tissue repair capacity, is sug­ interests that control radiation science policy and scientific gested by how the body reacts to low levels of other potential reviews. To the contrary, no evidence of adverse effects for toxins. When small quantities of disease bacteria or toxic met­ human beings exists in hundreds of studies in low-, moderate, als are taken into the body, the result is to stimulate the and even high-radiation-dose populations that in any way immune system. One effect is that subsequent attacks by this confirm the LNT premise. toxin, in larger amounts, are more effectively countered. Radi­ The LNT hypothesis is a fiction, maintained by a closed, ation works in an equivalent way. Numerous studies have biased, interest group at massive cost to the taxpayers, electric shown that low-dose radiation enhances immune fu nctions, ratepayers, and medically insured public. Its cost will be even enzymatic repair capabilities, and cell removal functions, and higher for future generations, because of the resultant con­ stimulates cellular and DNA repair mechanisms. This straints on the human benefits of nuclear technologies. Hun­ improved immune response affects the entire spectrum of dreds of billions of dollars are now being uselessly expended, metabolic damage. Therefore, if and when the body's solely on the basis of LNT-j ustified radiation protection poli­ defenses are degraded, low-dose radiation improves the gen­ cies, while the public is misled to believe that these expendi­ eral protection, repair, and removal of damaged DNA and tures are protecting public health.

cells. . . As discussed above, organisms and animals at low-level natural background radiation or sub-ambient radiation levels, Research Needed on consistently show higher cancer rates and other physiological deficiencies. They recover when returned to normal back­ Low-dose Radiation ground radiation levels or when they are provided supple­ mental radiation from external sources. As a Treatment for AIDS Therapeutically, the work in Japan, and in the United States, has shown that 10 to 15 cGy fu ll-body or half-body There is every indication that low-do�e radiation X-ray doses, delivered in 1 to 2 minutes, several days could be successfully used to treat HIV/AIDS. Because apart, stimulate the body's defense mechanisms. Specific AIDS is an irnmune deficiency disease, and because immune responses were sufficiently definitive in animal strong and enhanced immune response has succeeded studies to justify clinical trials for cancer suppression in in preventing fu ll-blown AIDS in persons with HIV, it human beings, by Dr. Sakamoto and associates. The can be expected that the stimulating effect of low-dose patients were generally far-advanced cases, therefore not radiation will suppress the development of AIDS in per­ ideal candidates for immune fu nction stimulation. How­ sons whose immune systems are degrading. ever, individual cases were successfu l, and a long-term It is known that low-dose radiation, in conjunction clinical trial on non-Hodgkin's lymphoma patients has with small amounts of inactivated tumor cell antigen, confirmed that the group that received low-dose radiation have dramatic successes in preventing and retarding substantially outl ived the control group at 5 years and 10 tumor development. Such an effect can be reasonably 9 years.4 (See figure, page 52.) anticipated, and should be researched, for use with HIV New initiatives are under way to establish the role of radia­ vaccines. tion in health, rather than to maintain the constraints of com­ Another indication of success with immune system mittees and research committed solely to radiation protection. stimulation comes from a case in California, where a More is needed. However, existing voluminous radiobiology transplant patient received a low radiation dose to help and epidemiology data provide sufficient bases to refute the prevent rejection of a transplanted organ from a baboon. LNT, and to find that low-dose radiation does not constitute a Although the transplant failed, the patient was in remis­ public health hazard, and to determine that it is beneficial. sion for an extended period ef time, which was hypothe­ Directed research is necessary to better understand the pre­ sized to be in response to the low-dose irradiation stimu­ cise mechanisms, to quantify the various levels and condi­ lation. tions at which these benefits exist, and to more precisely

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 53 Appropriate extreme corrective actions are needed : This article is adapted from a paper he presented at the 8th (1) There must be an immediate deferral of the massive International Conference on Nuclear Engineering, held in Bal­ expenditures of the site "cleanup" programs, pending an timore, April 2-6, 2000. urgent preliminary scientific review, which must be led by Notes ------persons who are not committed to, or who do not have con­ 1. ACRS/ACNW, 1996. U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, Advisory Com­ flicts of interest in, the funds that support the LNT. mittee on Reactor Safeguards and Advisory Committee on Nuclear Waste (2) The numerous cases of "scientific misconduct" must be Joint Subcommittee: First Meeting, Rockville, Maryland, March 26, 1996. documented, and formal allegations made for adjudication. 2. J. Spalding, 1999. personal communication. 3. Gunnar Walinder, 1995. Has Radiation Pro tection Become a Health Haz­ SC (3) BEIR VII must be terminated, along with the NCRP ard? (Nykoping, Sweden: Karnkraitsakerhet & Utbildning AB, Swedish 1-6 biased radiation protection policy reviews, and the NIH Nuclear Training and Safety Center). Radiation Research Study Section, and the Board of Radia­ 4. , 1996. personal correspondence. tion Effects Research of the National Research Council. 5. E. Lorenz, 1954. Biological Effects of Ex ternal Gamma Radiation, Part I, Ed. R.E. Zirkle (New York: McGraw-Hili), p. 24. Reviews and research must be conducted by experts within 6. � 1950. "Some Biologic Effects of Long-Continued Irradiation," Am. applicable specialized disciplines, in accordance with cur­ J. Roentgenol., Vol. 63, p. 176. rent epidemiological, medical, and biological knowledge 7. M. Brucer, 1990. A Chronology of Nuclear Medicine (St. Louis: Heritage and applications. Publications). (4) The evidence exists to justify the conduct of low-dose 8. H.F. Henry, 1961 . "Is All Nuclear Radiation Harmfu l?," J. Am. Med. Assoc., Vol. 176, p. 671. radiation clinical trials, which should include HIV/A IDS appli­ 9. T.D. Luckey, 1990. Hormesis with Ionizing Radiation (Boca Raton, Fla.: cations; and research must be conducted to optimize medical CRC Press). Also in Japanese (Tokyo: Soft Science, Inc., 1980). treatment modalities and radiation doses. 10. , 1991 . Radiation Hormesis (Boca Raton, Fla.: CRC Press). (5) For radiation protection purposes, radiation "risks" must 11. N. Frigerio, K. Eckerman, and R. Stowe, 1973. "Carcinogenic Hazard from be objectively quantified, considering the fact that, like vita­ Low-Level, Low-Rate Radiation, Part I," Rep. ANLlES-26. Argonne National Laboratory. mins and minerals, ionizing radiation is essential to life, and 12. N. Frigerio, and R. Stowe, 1976. "Carcinogenic and Genetic Hazard from that we live in radiation-deficiency conditions. Background Radiation," IAEA Symposium, Biological and Environmental (6) Engineering design and operations must be revised to Effects of Low Level Radiation, Vol. 2, pp. 285-289, (Vienna). produce cost-effective and, therefore, highly economically 13. B.L. Cohen, 1987. "Tests of the Linear, No-Threshold Dose-Response Relationship for High-Let Radiation," Health Phys., Vo l. 52, p. 629. competitive nuclear technologies, for energy (with heat, 14. ______, 1989. "Expected Indoor 222Rn Levels in Counties with Very desalination, and other applications), and for medicine, indus­ High and Very Low Lung Cancer Rates," Health Phys., Vol. 57, p. 897. try, agriculture, space, and other applications, with special 15. � 1995. "Test of the Linear-No Threshold Theory of Radiation Car­ consideration for expedited applications fo r China and Cinogenesis for Inhaled Radon Decay Products," Health Phys., Vol. 68, pp. 157-1 74. Second- and Third-World countries. 16. B.L. Cohen, and GA Colditz, 1994. "Tests of the Linear-No Threshold The­ The indirect costs of constraints on nuclear energy, food ory for Lung Cancer Induced by Exposure to Radon," Environmental Res., irradiation, nuclear medicine, and other nuclear technologies Vol. 64, p. 65. essential to development of a sustainable world economy, 17. K. Bogen, 1996. "A Cytodynamic Two-Stage Model That Predicts Radon Hormesis (Decreased, then Increased Lung-Cancer Risk vs. Exposure)" including the suppression of health and medical benefits, are (Livermore, Calif.: Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory), Preprint greater than the direct costs-that are estimated at greater UCRL-JC-123219, (40 pp. with 150 references). than $2 trillion worldwide. The benefits of rad iation technolo­ 18. W. Schuttmann and K. Becker, 1997. "Another Test for the LNT Hypothe- gies can substantially alleviate pending conflicts over oil, sis: Residential Radon in Saxony," to be published. 19. K. Becker, 1998. Personal communication. food, water, and other resources. Such benefits can also 20. R. D. Evans, 1974. "Radium in Man," Health Physics, Vol. 27, pp 497-510. reduce environmental degradation in a wo rld population that 21 . BEIR, 1972. "The Effects on Populations of Exposure to Low Levels of Ion­ is growing at the rate of the total U.S. population every three izing Radiation." Report of the Advisory Committee on the Biological years, and can help fulfill the growing expectations for indi­ Effects of Ionizing Radiations (BEIR Committee). Washington, D.C.: National Academy of Sciences-National Research Council. viduals in the developing world. 22. R.D. Evans,-1983. "Highlights of the Meeting-Invited Summary," In Radio­ Knowledgeable scientists and analysts are providing the biology of Radium and the Actinides In Man, Proc. of an Int'I Conf., Health extensive evidence on the data and questioning the process of Phys., Vol. 44 (Supp 1). pp. 571 -573. controlling research and results, and scientific reviews. Radia­ 23. R. Thomas, 1994. "The U. S. Radium Luminisers: A Case for a Policy of 'Below Regulatory Concern: "J. Radiol. Prot., Vol. 14, No. 2, pp. 141-153. tion health effects and radiobiology expertise and technologies 24. C.J. Maletskos, 1994. "Radium in Man-20 Years Later," ANS Tra nsac­ must be reoriented to develop the enormous opportunities to tions, Vol. 71 , p. 33. provide the cost-effective health benefits and environmental 25. R. Rowland, 1997. "Bone Sarcoma in Humans Induced by Radium: A and energy capabilities, and to reduce potential world con­ Threshold Response?" in Proc. of the 27th Ann. Meeting, European Society for Radiation Biology, Radioprotection colloquies, Vol. 32CI, pp. 331-338. flicts, for the world our grandchildren will inherit. 26. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1991. Federal Register, Vol. 56, No. Jim Muckerheide, the State Nuclear Engineer fo r the state of 138, pp. 33050-127. Massachusetts, is a fo under and President of Radiation, Sci­ 27. J.R. Cameron, 1992. "The Good News about Low Level Radiation Expo­ ence, & Health, which is committed to establishing a radia­ sure: Health Effects of Low Level Radiation in Shipyard Workers," Health Phys. Soc. Newsletter, tion policy based on science. He is also Co-director of the Vol. 20, p. 9. 28. BEIR V, 1990. "Health Effects of Exposure to Low Levels of Ionizing Radia­ Center fo r Nuclear Te chnology and Society at Wo rcester Poly­ tion," Report of the AdviSOry Committee on the Biological Effects of Ioniz­ technic Institute in Massachusetts, which is working to estab­ ing Radiations (BEIR Committee) (Washington, D. C.: National Academy lish a "level playing field" fo r decisions on the costs and bene­ of Sciences-National Research Council). fits of nuclear technologies that are essentia l to human 29. E. Cardis, et aI., 1996. "Effects of Low Doses and Low Dose Rates of External Ionizing Radiation: Cancer Mortality Among Nuclear Industry prosperity in the 27 stcen tury. Workers in Three Countries," Radial. Res. , Vol. 145, p. 647.

54 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY 30. M. Pollycove, 1997. 'The Rise and Fall of the Linear No-Threshold (LNT) 41 . S. Hattori, 1997. "State of Research and Perspective on Adaptive Theory of Radiation Carcinogenesis," American Physical Society Meeting, Response to Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation in Japan," in Low Doses of Physics and Society Forum (April). Ionizing Radiation: Biological Effects and Regulatory Control, IAEA-TEC­ DOC-976, IAEA-CN-67/1 26, pp. 402-405. 31. T. D. Luckey, 1997a, "Ionizing Radiation Decreases Human Cancer Mortal­ ity Rates," in Low Doses of Ionizing Radiation, Biological Effects and Reg­ 42. K. Sakamoto, 1987. "The Effect of Low-Dose To tal Body Irradiation on ulatory Control, IAEA-TECDOC-976, IAEA-CN-67/64, pp. 227-230. Tumor Control," Jap. J. Ca ncer Clin., Vol. 33, No. 13, pp. 1633-1 638; Jap. J. Cancer Chemother. , Vol. 14, No. 5, pp. 1545-1 549. 32. ___, 1997b. "Estimation of a Minimum Yearly Radiation Allowance (MYRA)," J. Clean Te chnol., Environ. To xicol. and Occup. Med., Vol. 6, No. 43. ___, 1996. "Fundamental and Clinical Studies on Tumor Control," 3, pp. 239-252. ANS Trans., Vol. 75, p. 404. 33. M. Pollycove, 1994. "Positive Health Effects of Low Level Radiation in 44. M. Miyamoto and K. Sakamoto, 1987. "Anti-Tumor Effect ol Total Body Irra­ Human Populations," in Biological Effects of Low-Level Exposures diation of Low Doses on WHT/Ht Mice," Jap. J. Cancer Clin., Vol. 33, No. (BELLE) Ed. E. Calabrese (Boca Raton, Fla.: Lewis Publishers). 10, pp. 1211-1220. 34. Radiation, Science, & Health, 1998. Low-Level Radiation Health Effects: 45. Y. Ta kai, 1990. "Direct Anti-Tumor Effect of Low Dose To tal (or Half) Body Compiling the Data, ed., J. Muckerheide (Needham, Mass.: Radiation, Sci­ Irradiation and Changes of the Functional Subset of Peripheral Blood Lym­ ence, and Health). phocytes in Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Patients after TBI (HBI)," J. Jpn. Soc. Ther. Radiol. Oncol., Vol. 3, pp. 9-18. 35. J. Muckerheide, 1995. "The Health Effects of Low Level Radiation: Sci­ Molecular Biology of the Cell, ence, Data, and Corrective Actions," Nuclear News, Vol. 38, p. 11 (Sept.). 46. M. Bishop, 1989. "Cancer," in eds. Bruce Alberts, et aI., Chap. 21, pp. 1187-1 218 (Garland Pub.). 36. T. Makinodan, 1992. "Cellular and Subcellular Alterations in Immune Cells Induced by Chronic, Intermittent Exposure in Vivo to Very Low Doses of 47. D. Billen, 1990. "Spontaneous DNA Damage and Its Significance for the Radiation Ionizing Radiation and Its Ameliorating Effects on Progression of Autoim­ 'Negligible Dose' Controversy in Radiation Protection," Research, mune Disease and Mammary Tumor Growth," in Low Dose Irradiation and Vol. 124, pp. 242-245. Biological Defense Mechanisms, eds. T. Sugahara, L.A. Sagan, and T. 48. H. Varmus, and R.A. Weinberg, 1993. "Genes and the Biology of Cancer," Aoyama (Amsterdam: Elsevier Science Publishers,) pp. 233-237. Scientific American Library, Vol. 153. 37. G. Howe and J. McLaughlin, 1996. "Breast Cancer Mortality Between 1950 49. Interview with Sadao Hattori, "Using Low-dose Radiation for Cancer Sup­ And 1987 After Exposure to Fractionated Moderate-Dose-Rate Ionizing pression and Revitalization," 21st Century Science & Te chnology, Summer Radiation in the Canadian. Fluoroscopy Cohort Study," Radial. Res., Vol. 1997. 145, p. 694. 50. J. Muckerheide, Ed., 1998, 1999, 2000. "Low-level radiation health effects: 38. G. Howe, 1995. "Lung Cancer Mortality Between 1950 and 1987 after Compiling the data." Radiation, Science, and Health, Box 843, Needham, Exposure to Fractionated Moderate-Dose-Rate Ionizing Radiation in the Mass. 02494. Canadian Fluoroscopy Cohort Study, and a Comparison with Mortality in 51. E. Calabrese and L. Baldwin, 2000. "Radiation hormesis: Its historical foun­ the Atomic Bomb Survivors Study," Radial. Res., Vol. 142, pp. 295-304. dations as a biological hypothesis," Human and Exp . Toxicol. , Vol. 19, No. 39. H.H. Rossi, 1997. "Radiogenic Lung Cancer: The Effects of Low Doses of 1 (Jan.) pp. 41-75. Low Linear Energy Transfer (LET) Radiation," Radial. Environ. Biophys. 52. � 2000. "Radiation hormesis: The demise of a legitimate hypothe­ Vo l. 36, pp. 85-88. . .. sis." Human and Exp. To xicol. , Vol. 19, No. 1 (Jan.), pp. 76-84. 40. UNSCEAR, 1994. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of 53. , 2000. "Tales of two similar hypotheses: The rise and fall of Atomic Radiation, Annex B: "Adaptive Responses to Radiation in Cells and chemical and radiation hormesis," Human and Exp . To xicol. , Vol. 19, No. 1 Organisms," Document AlAC. 82JR. 542 (March 11). . (Jan.), pp. 85-97.

ARTICLES ON 21st CENTURY RADIATION SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY and HORMESIS,

• Dr. Theodore Rockwell, assumptions of the ranging program of research into the "Radiation Protection Policy: A radiation regulatory agencies. health effects of low-dose radiation. Primer," Summer 1999 • Jim Muckerheide and Te d Rockwell, • T. D. Luckey, "The Evidence for The current U.S. policy of a "The Hazards of u.S. Policy on Low­ Radiation Hormesis," Fall 1996 "linear no-threshold" approach to level Radiation," Fall 1997 A comprehensive· review of the ra diation damage has no science Radiation experts argue that evidence of the beneficial effects of behind it. current U.S. policy of a "linear no­ health of low-dose radiation. • Zbigniew Jaworowski, "A Realistic threshold" approach to radiation • Zbigniew Jaworowski, "Hormesis: Assessment of Chernobyl's Health damage has no science behind it and The Beneficial Effects of Radiation," Effects," Spring 1998 is wasting billions of government Fall 1994 Fear of radiation, reinforced by dollars in clean-up that could be In 7994, the United Nations press scare stories and unwise spent on real health benefits. Scientific Committee on the Effects policies, has created a shocking • Sadao Hattori (interview), "Using of Atomic Radiation, after 72 years number of psychosomatic illnesses Low-dose Radiation for Cancer of deliberation, published a report in the Chernobyl region. A leading Suppression and Revitalization," on radiation hormesis, dispelling the ra diation expert reviews the Summer 1997 notion that even the smallest dose of situation, and scores the fa ulty A discussion ofJap an's wide- radiation is harmful.

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21st CENTURY Summer 2000 55 Russian Discovery Challenges Existence of

I Absolute Time' by Jonathan Te nnenbaum

Russian scientists discover unexpected regularities in ra dioactive decay, linked to astronomical cycles

Prof. Simon Shnoll giving a presentation on his work at Second InternationalA.G . Gurwitsch Conference, held in Moscow in September 1999.

wo years ago, nearly unnoticed in the West, the Russ­ major astronomical cycles, including the day, month, and ian biophysicist S.E. Shnoll published a paper in the year. The implication is, that many phenomena which until Tprominent Russian physics journal Uspekhi Fisich­ now have been regarded as purely statistical in character­ eskikh Nauk1 summing up the results of more than three such as the distribution of fluctuations in the momentary rates decades of investigations of anomalous statistical regularities of radioactivity measured in a sample-are somehow con­ in a wide range of physical, chemical, and biological trolled or at least strongly influenced by an astrophysical fac­ processes, from radioactive decay to the rates of biochemical tor, which varies in time in the same way at all points on the reactions. Earth. The evidence points unambiguously to the existence of a Vladimir Voeikov, a colleague of Shnoll, comments in the previously unknown relationship between fl uctuations in the Spring 2000 issue of 21st Century: "Shnoll's work shows that rates of radioactive and other processes in the laboratory, and time is heterogeneous. It is not a Newtonian time. Each

56 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY moment in time is different from another, and this can be seen in any physical process that you study." Albert Einstein, who rejected claims by Niels Bohr and oth­ ers that the fundamental microphysical processes are essen­ tially, irreducibly random in character, liked to say that "God When the 'Scientific does not play dice." Einstein and others pointed to the arbi­ trary nature of Bohr's argument: Just because physicists in Method' Obstructs Science Bohr's time could not penetrate beyond the apparent random­ ness of radioactive decay and other microscopic processes, to Excerpts from the IIConclusion" of Shnoll et al'l find a deeper lawfulness and regu larity underlying such "Realization of discrete states during fluctuations in processes, does not mean that science is doomed to remain in macroscopic processesl " in Uspekhi Fisicheskikh Nauk, that state of ignorance forever! Vo l. 471 No. 701 pp. 1025- 1 035. By demonstrating the existence of a universal, astronomical factor influencing the fine structure of supposedly random oncluding this brief account of studies performed fluctuations, Shnoll et al. have opened up an entirely new Cat our laboratory, we would like to anticipate some field of scientific investigation which is not supposed to exist, naturally arising questions. Forty years have passed according to Bohr. since our first publication in 1958. Why then have there been no results from other laboratories? We A Simple Experiment believe that the main reason is that other researchers We now give a very brief description of the basic phenome­ are too well aware of the "principles of science." We non discovered by Shnoll and his collaborators. The phenom­ are talking of the "spread of readings" of measure­ enon itself is so astonishingly simple, that it is amazing that it ments. The "spread of readings" is something to be has not attracted more attention until now. eliminated rather than studied. When physicists or The simplest case is the measurement of radioactive chemists get a scatter of data greater than anticipated decay, where Shnoll has conducted thousands of experi­ on account of inaccuracies of individual stages of ments of the following simple type. We take a radioactive investigations, the physicist will reach out for his sol­ sample, and place it in front of a suitable detector (such as dering iron and screwdriver, and the chemist will a Geiger counter), which counts the individual acts of check the purity of reactants and the quality of distil led radioactive decay of nuclei in the sample by detecting the water. emitted particles. Assuming the half-life of the radioactive Another reason is that the accepted methods of statis­ element involved is relatively long, the count-rate of the tical data processing based on the central limit theo­ detector, in counts per second or per minute, will fluctuate rems are not suited for analysis of the fine structure of around a certain average value, which is related to the the distributions. The criteria of conformity of hypothe­ number of radioactive atoms in the sample and their half­ ses just "overlook" this fine structure. The distributions life. are averaged and smoothed .. ..Moreover , the major­ This phenomenon of continual fluctuations in the number ity of problems do not require knowledge of the fine of counts per unit time, around a relatively fixed average structure of the distributions. value, is normally accounted for by assuming that the A third reason is a lack of confidence that this phemo­ radioactive decay of any given atom is a random event, and menon is at all possible. The scatter of data is associated the assumption that decay of a given atom occurs independ­ with the concept of "error." We have spent many years ently of the other atoms in the sample. Thus, each atom looking for possible artifacts. Our main task therefore which has not yet decayed up to a certain moment in time, consisted in proving the "theorem of existence." This has a certain probability of decaying during the next task may be deemed completed. The acceptance of the minute-a probability which is fixed for any given isotope phenomenon itself-the realization of the discrete spec­ by the character of that isotope, and virtually independent of trum of allowed states, which at any given time is simi­ the temperature, chemical environment, and activity of lar for processes of entirely different nature, and which neighboring atoms. is attributable to to cosmophysical forces-requires An extraordinary phenomenon emerges, however, when some psychological effort. . . . we examine the fluctuations more carefully, with the help There are many interesting problems that have to be of a histogram: We fix a certain period of time (10 seconds, studied. A number of theorems need to be proved, and or a minute for example), and record the number of counts new computer techniques developed. Experiments during each of a series of consecutive intervals of the given must be performed on satellites and space stations. A length. This gives us a sequence of whole numbers. We network for simultaneous measurements at different construct a histogram, by plotting the number of times a geographcial locations ought to be organized. Finally, given whole number appears in the sequence, as a function and most importantly, we need to develop a theory that of the number. will explain the nature of this phenomenon. All this is Now, from the standpoint of simple statistics we would to be done in the future. The task of this paper is accom­ expect the histogram curve to have a simple bell shape, plished-we have introduced the obj ect of future with a maximum around the number corresponding to the research. overall average number of counts, and then declining grad-

21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 57 ually on both sides. Naturally, if the number of measure­ peaks, which we can see emerging more and more clearly ments is small, the histogram will look more irregular, as we fo llow the cumulative results of the first 100, 200, owing to the effect of random fluctuations; but we would 300, and so on, measurements as "layers" under the main expect that as we increase the total time of measurement, curve (Figure 1). the curve would become closer and closer to the ideal mathematical bell curve. Change in Shape over Time However, real measurements of radioactivity and many The histograms, made from more than two days from four other processes, carried out by Shnoll and others over successive 12-hour-long series of measurements, show many years, give a completely diffe rent result! The his­ another typical phenomenon discovered by Shnoll: The tograms typically show several clearly defi ned peaks, shapes of the histograms change over time (Figu re 2). Most which do not "smooth out" as we increase the number of remarkably, the shapes of histograms for independent meas­ measurements, but which actually become more and more urements taken over the same time period, tend to be very pronounced ! similar. In four histograms, each plotting the results of 1,200 con­ For example, simultaneous measurement of the reaction secutive measurements of the radioactivity of a sample of rate of ascorbic acid, dichlorophenolindophenol (DCPIP), and the iron isotope Fe-55, over 36-second intervals, the largest beta activity of carbon-1 4 show histograms of very similar peak corresponds to the average cou nt, of about 31 ,500 shape. pulses per 36 seconds; but there are a number of other These and a large number of other experiments carried out by Shnoll and his col laborators over many years, point unam-

N a b

100

50

o d

100

50

0 -""""'=::::....----..=....:::...=- 31000 32000 31000 32000 pulses/36 s pulses/36 s

Figure 1 ILLUSTRATION OF NON-RANDOMNESS OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF MEASUREMENTS OF RADIOACTIVITY Results of 7,200 consecutive measurements of an Fe-55 preparation show the non-randomness of the radioac­ tivity. Layer lines are dra wn after each 700 measure­ ments. Instead of the expected bell-shaped curve, sharp peaks are fo und at certain pulse rates of the scintillation Figure 2 counter. The mean activity is about 37,500 pulses per JUXTAPOSITION OF CERTAIN HISTOGRAMS second, but peaks are seen at other activity levels in the Juxtaposition of certain histograms in a series of meas­ fo ur separate trials of 7,200 consecutive measurements urements of the ra dioactivity of a Pu-239 sample, shows shown here. the similarity of certain patterns.

Source: Courtesy of Shnoll et at.. 199B. Uspekhi Fisicheskikh Nauk. Vat. 41. No. 1 O. Source: Courtesy of Shnoll et at.. 199B. Uspekhi Fisicheskikh Nauk. Vat. 41. No. 10.

58 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY Sun. 60 ,------, Shnoll concludes: "From the data presented above, it follows that the 'idea of shape'-the fine structure of distri­ N butions of results of measurements of processes of diverse nature-is determined by cosmological factors." He does 50 not put forward a definite hypothesiS concerning the nature of the these factors, but suggests as a possibi I ity the notion of a global "change of space-time structure," and notes 40 that "a sound analysis of such a hypothesiS will possibly require experiments under different gravitational condi­ tions." 30 Clearly, these results should be intensively followed up by scientists around the world. Jonathan Te nnenbaum, based in Wiesbaden, Germany, is a 20 member of the scientific advisory board of 21 st Century Sci­ ence & Tec hnology magazine. He heads the Fusion Energy Foundation in Europe. 10 Notes ______1. See S.E. Shnoll, V.A. Kolombet, E.V. Pozharskii, T.A. Zenchenko, I.M. Zvereva, and A.A. Konradov, 1998. "Realization of discrete states during Uspekhi Fisicheskikh Nauk, o fluctuations in macroscopic processes: in Vol. 41 , No. 1 0, pp. 1025-1035. A new paper is currently in preparation. 362.8 363.6 364.4 365.2 366.0 366.8 Shnoll's group is based at Moscow State University. Days Figure 3 Postscript DISTRIBUTION OF INTERVALS BETWEEN 0.5. Chernavskii, editor of Physics-Uspekhi, added a post­ RECURRENCE OF HISTOGRAMS script to the article by Shnoll et al., which is excerpted here: SHOWING YEARLY PERIODICITY The paper that you have just read is somewhat out of the Th e distribution of time intervals between recurrence of ordinary. Professor Shnoll is a known biologist, but the paper histograms of similar shape shows periodicities associ­ deals not so much with biology as with pure physics­ ated with the astronomical cycles of day, month, and radioactive decay. Many years of experiments have led to the year. Here, histograms plotted from 60 results of 6- discovery of several (to be more precise, two) new phenom­ second measurements of alpha activity of a Pu-239 ena. preparation show sharp extremes after364. 4, 365.2, and The purpose of this comment is to discuss why these phe­ 366. 6 days. nomena may be of interest to physicists, and what role they

Source: Courtesy of Shnoll et aI., 1998. Uspekhi Fisicheskikh Nauk, Vol. 41, No. 1 O. may play in the development of science .. .. Two conclusions fo llow. 1. The histograms of S.E. Shnoll et al. contain new informa­ biguously to the existence of a universal factor influencing tion about the nature of a random process which until now the shapes of histograms, and which varies in time. Further­ has passed unnoticed. more, the Russian researchers have discovered well-defined 2. The postulate of measurement in quantum mechanics is at periods, over which similar histogram shapes tend to recur least not complete. Indeed, when we say that "alpha decay (Figure 3). occurs at random, so that the probability of detecting ...etc." To do this, they devised a computer-based algorithm for we ought to specify what kind of randomness it is, and what measuring the relative degree of "closeness" or similarity of chaos it is based upon. Otherwise we are not able to predict a histogram shapes, and on this basis carried out a computer number of phenomena observed. . . . analysis of hundreds of histograms taken over a long period. This proves the importance of the first phenomenon Examining the distribution of time intervals between "simi­ described in the paper. The second phenomenon consists in lar" histograms, they found strong peaks at 0 hours (that is, the periodical change of the fine structure of histograms. It is histograms made independently at the same time tend to be demonstrated that the fine structures of histograms for quite similar), at approximately 24 hours, at 27.28 days (probably diverse random processes (physical, chemical, biological, corresponding to the synodic rotation of the Sun), and at etc.) are similar and vary in sympathy. Moreover, these peri­ three time intervals close to a year: 364.4, 365.2 and 366.6 odical changes correlate with the changes in our solar system, days. and possibly in our universe. To evaluate properly this phe­ More recent data, just reported to the author, indicate nomenon we first ought to understand the cause and mecha­ that the "24-hour" period is actually slightly shorter, and nism of the first phenomenon. corresponds quite precisely to a sidereal day! The latter The authors do not suggest any explanation of the phenom­ would suggest, that at least one astronomical factor influ­ ena discussed, and make no hypotheses concerning their pos­ encing histogram shape may originate outside the solar sys­ sible mechanisms, and quite rightly so! The reader must start tem, being associated with the orientation of the measuring thinking on his own, which certainly is the main intent of this station relative to the galaxy, and not only relative to the publication.

21st CENTURY Summer 2000 59 ENVIRONMENT Yes, the Ocean Has Warmed; No, It's Not 'Global Warming' by Dr. Robert E. Stevenson

Contrary to recent press reports that the t a press conference in Washington, D.C., on March 24, oceans hold the still-undetected global A2000, Dr. james Baker, Ad ministrator of the u.s. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), atmospheric warming predicted by announced thatsi nce the late 1940s, there "has been warm­ climate models, ocean wa rming occurs ing to a depth of nearly 1 0,000 feet in the Atlantic, Pacific, in 1 DO-year cycles, independent of both and Indian Oceans." "In each ocean basin, substantial tem­ perature changes are occurring at much deeper depths than radiative and human influences. we previously thought," Dr. Baker said, as indicated by research conducted at NOAA's Ocean Climate Laboratory. He was referring to a paper published in Science magazine that day, prepared by Sydney Levitus, john Antonov, Timothy Boyer, and Cathy Stephens, of the NOAA Center. For 15 years, modellers have tried to explain their lack of success in predict­ ing global warming. The climate mod­ els had predicted a global temperature increase of 1.5°C by the year 2000, six times more than that which has taken place. Not discouraged, the modellers argue that the heat generated by their claimed "greenhouse warming effect" is being stored in the deep oceans, and that it will eventually come back to haunt us. They've needed such a boost to prop up the man-induced greenhouse warming theory, but have had no obser­ vational evidence to support it. The Lev­ itus, et al. article is now cited as the needed support. Science news writer Richard A. Kerr, in his "promo" article to get everyone excited about the new NOAA paper, asserts that "The ocean-induced delay in global warming also suggests to some climatologists that future temperature increases will be toward the top end of MAPPING THE PACIFIC OCEAN, CIRCA 1967 the models' range of pred iction." Greenhouse radiation affects only the top fe w millimeters of the ocean. Here, To complete the surge of enthusiasm, dynamic heights of the winter Pacific Ocean were calculated above 1,000 Dr. james Hansen of the Goddard Insti­ meters depth, by Prof. Joseph Reid, Scripps Institution of Oceanography, tute for Space Studies, argues: "Now the 1968. From these data, Reid determined the Pacific's kinetic and thermal ocean-warming data imply that climate energy, but this was based on the assumption that the ocean was I/stable.1/ sensitivity [to the greenhouse effect] is The black dots mark the location of hydrographic stations in the Pacific at not at the low end of the spectrum." He, that time. and some others of United Nations fame, lean toward a cl imate sensitivity

60 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY ENVIRONMENT of about 3°C or a bit higher, by the end necessary, they note, to construct multi­ The NOAA Conclusions of the century-the next century, that is. year composites of deep-ocean data for The "bottom line" conclusions The levitus, et al. Study multi-year periods, because of the lack claimed by the NOAA study are these: In their paper, Syd Levitus and col­ of deep-ocean observations (Amen, (1) The world ocean has exhibited leagues describe their efforts to quantify Charlie). coherent changes of heat content during the heat content of the world ocean from These time series were made for each the past 50 years, resulting in a net the surface through a depth of 3,000 ocean basin. Both of the Pacific Ocean warming. meters, over the years from 1948 basins (north and south) show quasi­ (2) There is no determination whether through 1998. They calculate that there bidecadal changes in the upper ocean the observed warming is caused by nat­ was an increase of about 2 x 1023 heat content, with the two basins corre­ ural variabil ity or anthropogenic (man­ joules from 1955 to 1995, which com­ lated. During 1997, the Pacific reached induced) forcing. putes into a mean warming of the ocean its maximum heat content (but the time (3) The warming supports the con­ (from surface to 3,000 meters depth) of period isn't noted). tentions of global-climate modellers that 0.06°C. The increased heat content of "In order to place our results in per­ the planetary radiative disequilibrium, the global ocean, they note, indicates a spective," the authors then report, "we for the period of 1979 to 1996, may be warming rate of 0.3 watts/m2 over the compared the range of upper-ocean heat the result of "excess heat accumulating Earth's surface. content with the range of the climato­ in the ocean." The authors conclude that substantial logical annual cycle of heat content for (4) Sea-surface temperatures have had changes in heat content took place in the Northern Hemisphere" (Levitus and two distinct warming periods over the the 300- to 1 ,OOO-meter layers of each Antonov 1997). They determined that past century; from 1920 to 1940, then a ocean, and at depths even greater than "there is relatively little contribution to cooling period until the second warm­ 1,000 meters in the North Atlantic. From the climatological range of heat content ing began in the 1970s. these changes, they determined that in from depths below 300 meters!" (5) In each period of warming, an the upper layer (0-300 meters), the mean It seemed apparent, however, they increase in the ocean's heat content pre­ temperature of the global ocean had write, that "the decadal variabil ity of the ceded the observed warming of the sea­ increased by 0.31 °C during the last half upper-ocean heat content in each basin surface temperatures. The NOAA scien­ century. is a significant percentage of the range tists concluded that it could be the result Explaining the impetus for their study, of the annual cycle for each basin." (This of natural variabil ity, or anthropogenic they write: "[T] he role of the ocean [is] is as noted in the North Pacific by effects, or more likely both. critical to understanding the variability Moisan and Niiler 1998; Nakamura, Lin, (6) It was speculated that the extreme of the Earth's climate system ... and Yamagata 1997; Ta nimoto, Iwasaka, warmth of the world ocean during the because of the high density and specific Hanawa, and To be 1993; and Watanabi mid-1 990s was caused by (a) the multi­ heat of water." As a result, "the world and Mizumo 1994.) decadal warming of the Atlantic and ocean could store large amounts of heat The Levitus group looked particularly Indian oceans, and (b) a positive polar­ and remove this heat from direct contact at the data for the deep waters of the ity in a possible bidecadal oscillation of with the atmosphere for long periods of North Atlantic, choosing to address a the Pacific Ocean heat content. time." depth of 1,750 meters. They learned (7) And a final point, regard ing the Furthermore, Levitus et al. argue, that that ocean had warmed in the large change in Atlantic heat storage at "[T] he Earth system is not in local radia­ period between 1955 and 1974, and depths exceeding 300 meters: The con­ tive balance, and therefore transport of again between 1974 and 1988. The vection in the Labrador Sea, by mixing heat from the tropics to the poles is warming was not uniform, horizontally the ocean through a 2,000-meter-deep required for the Earth system to be in or vertically, but they determined that water column, may keep sea-surface global radiative balance." the changes were not small, and could temperature changes relatively small, To address these processes, Levitus have made appreciable contributions to despite a large heat flux from ocean to and his colleagues began to accumulate the Earth's heat balance on decadal time atmosphere. Such convection must be h istorica I, upper-ocean thermaI data scales. Maximum heat storage was at addressed, especially when anthro­ that were available in NOAA's archives. depths greater than 300 meters. pogenic forcing is being considered. Gridded analyses of the existing data So, we have the added knowledge So, How Does This Play in Hanalei? were prepared for the period of 1960- that the heat content of the North (ConSidering that Hanalei, Hawaii is 1990. They also used the World Ocean Atlantic is substantial at depths below just down the hill from where I write, I Data base to analyze temperature anom­ 300 meters. The temporal variability of thought I'd inject a little local color into aly fields in the ocean. the South Atlantic differs from that in the my comments.) It sometimes seems as if Using techniques of statistical analysis North, the latter responding "to the deep I'm living in a "time-warp" in which that have long been in practice (Ander­ ocean convective processes that occur." some people, and scientists, are sen 1974; Kaylor 1977; Preisendorfer Regarding the World Ocean, they unaware that rational life existed before and Mobley 1988), they prepared five­ reported: "The Pacific and Atlantic have their birth-or before they got out of the year running composites of all historical been warming since the 1950s, and the sixth grade. Yet, we marine scientists did ocean temperatu res from 1948-1996 Indian since the 1960s. The delay in the not enter the second half of the 20th (sic) at standard depths levels, from the Indian. Ocean may be caused by the century without a fair bit of understand­ surface through 3,000 meters. It was sparsity of data before 1960." ing of the thermal ocean.

ENVIRONMENT 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 61 For example, Prof. Hubert H. Lamb, routinely, however, with buckets from shores of the North Sea were deter­ the premier European climatologist of the deck and the sh i p's engi ne-water mined by the adjacent coastal ocean. the 20th century,' wrote in 1977 that intake valve. Most of the thermometers During the year, I visited all of the "there has been a general warming of were ca I ibrated into 1/4-degrees mari ne laboratories and research cen­ sea temperatures, by 0.5-1 .O°C, from Fahrenheit. They came from the U.S. ters in western Europe. 1880 to 1965, defined from widely scat­ Navy. Galvanized iron buckets were It was in Germany, at the Seewetter­ tered points around the oceans of the preferred, mainly because they lasted amt (Marine Branch of the German world." Lamb went on to say that "This longer than the wood and canvas. But, Meteorological Office), where I met and general warming is known from the Gulf they had the disadvantage of cooling began to work with two outstanding of Alaska, the eastern Pacific Ocean, the quickly in the winds, so that the temper­ marine climatologists, Martin Rode­ western Indian Ocean, the eastern and ature readings needed to be taken wald, and Hans Markgraf, and the dir­ northern North Atlantic Ocean, and the quickly. ector, Dr. Hans U. Roll, the premier tropics of both the Atlantic and Indian I wou Id guess that any bucket­ mari ne meteorologist of the time. They oceans." temperature measurement that was were looking at much larger areas than Within those 85 years, Professor Lamb closer to the actual temperature by better I-namely, the North Atlantic and the noted that there were "minima in the than 0.5° was an accident, or a good polar seas-a nd how they influenced periods of 191 5-1 925 and again guess. But then, no one ever knew the climate and weather over northwest between 1940 and 1950"-meaning whether or not it was good or bad. Every­ Europe. It was a great education for me. that the rate of temperature rise went to one always considered whatever reading I learned the processes by which the zero, but temperatures did not decline was made to be precise, and they still do ocean and atmosphere work together. to levels lower than they had already today. The archived data used by Levitus, The basics of these interactions start reached. For the Atlantic Ocean, 55°N and a plethora of other oceanographers, where oceans and atmosphere meet. to 400S, the waters were cooler by 0.8°C were taken by me, and a whole cadre of More than 70 percent of the Earth's sur­ to 1.0°C in 1780-1 850 than in 1950. students, post-docs, and seagoing techni­ face is covered by oceans, seas, and Now, the temperatures that Professor cians around the world. Those of us who lakes, and another 5 percent is covered Lamb provides were certainly not taken obtained the data, are not going to be by glaCiers and ice caps. Just more than as precisely, nor were they as many as snowed by the claims of the great preci­ two thirds of this water area is in the we have acquired in the past half cen­ sion of "historical data fo und stored in Southern Hemisphere, and the oceans tury. But, their existence is not trivial. some musty archives." are 4 to 5 kilometers deep. Sources of 20th Century I am more than a bit curious about The atmosphere cannot warm unti I Ocean Temperatures the great "scavenger" hunt by the folks the underlying surface warms fi rst. The I learned to deploy Nansen water bot­ at NOAA/NESDIS (National Environ­ lower atmosphere is transparent to tles and reversing thermometers for mental Satellite Data Information Sys­ direct solar radiation, preventing it from deep-sea sampling in 1949. I spent the tem). In 1970, with the advent of the being significantly warmed by sunlight rest of the subsequent decade seagoing, International Decade of Ocean Explo­ alone. The surface atmosphere thus gets for the most. I can't remember how ration, all institutions under contract its warmth in three ways: from direct many bottle casts I made, or how many with any governmental agency, and all contact with the oceans; from infrared bathythermographs I deployed. There governmental agencies, were required radiation off the ocean surface; and, had to be thousands in the waters off to send their data to the National Ocean from the removal of latent heat from the coastal California. Other students and Data Center; and that included data ocean by evaporation. Consequently, post-docs were doing the same farther gathered before 1970. They were per­ the temperature of the lower atmo­ offshore in the eastern Pacific, from the mitted a certain "lead time" to do that­ sphere is largely determined by the tem­ E. W. Scripps. In the westernmost Atlan­ about five years, as I recall. Those data perature of the ocean. tic, a similar cadre worked from the were made more accessible by the Inland locations are less restrained by Atlantis. GISST (Global Ice and Sea Surface Te m­ the oceans, so the surface air experi­ In the 1960s, more ships were out at peratu re) data set, put together by Fol­ ences a wider temperature range than it sea: from Fisheries Laboratories, U.S. land and Powell in 1994 from the does over the oceans. Land cannot store Coast and Geodetic Survey (now Hadley Center in England, and the heat for long, which is why hot days are NOAA), and research institutions at bathythermograph data sets (BTs) put quickly followed by cold nights in desert Scripps (La Jolla, Calif.), Woods Hole together by the Scripps Institution. regions. For most of the Earth, however, (Massachusetts), Miami, and Te xas A&M Nearly all of the latter BTs were the more dominant ocean temperatures (in the Gulf of Mexico). The British deployed through programs coordinated fix the air temperature. sailed the new Discovery, the Germans with NOAA, so I'm guessing that no one This happens through several means: the new Meteor, and there were small at NOAA had to look far for those data. (1 ) The oceans transport heat around ships sailing from Denmark, Japan, and Some Basics of Marine Climatology the globe via massive currents which France. Many cruises were dedicated to I wrote my first paper on the ocean's sweep grandly through the various the geophysics of the sea floor, where influence on climate in 1958. The next ocean basins. As a result, the tropics are deep-ocean casts for water and temper­ year I was in England, working for the cooler than they would be otherwise, atures were few and far between. Navy to learn whether or not "micro­ and the lands of the high latitudes are Surface water samples were taken climates," as we called them, along warmer. The global circulation of heat

62 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY ENVIRONMENT in the oceans moderates the air temper­ of studies in which this process has been time was to investigate the "over-turning atures around the whole world. ·addressed (Nakamura 1997; Ta nimoto of surface waters caused by density dif­ (2) Because of the high density/spe­ 1993; Trenberth 1994; Watanabi 1994; ferences." cific heat of sea water, the entire heat in and White 1998). It is clear that solar­ Thermohaline circulation is responsi­ the overlying atmosphere can be con­ related variations in mixed-layer tem­ ble for the formation of the bottom­ tained in the top two meters of the peratures penetrate to between 80 to water masses in the world's oceans: the oceans. This enormous storage capacity 160 meters, the average depth of the North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW) enables the oceans to "buffer" any main pycnocline (density discontinuity) originates basically in the region of the major deviations in temperature, mod­ in the global ocean. Below these depths, Labrador Sea; the Weddell Sea is the erating both heat and cold waves alike. temperature fluctuations become uncor­ source of the deep-water in the circum­ (3) Evaporation is constantly taking related with solar Signals, deeper pene­ polar Southern Ocean; and the Pacific place at the surface of the seas. It is tration being restrained by the stratified Deep Water originates in the Ross Sea. greatest in the tropics and weakest near barrier of the pycnocline. In many other places in the oceans, and the polar regions. The effect of evapora­ Consequently, anomalous heat asso­ seas, as well, surface waters are carried tion is to cool the oceans and, thereby, ciated with changing solar irrad iance is into the depths by thermohaline circula­ the surface atmosphere. stored in the upper 100 meters. The heat tion. How the Oceans Get Warm balance is maintained by heat loss to So, it is not surprising that those mod­ Warming the ocean is not a simple the atmosphere, not to the deep ocean. ellers who "need" to get warm surface matter, not like heating a small glass of What about Thermohaline waters to move into the depths of the water. The first thing to remember is that Circulation? oceans, and remain sequestered there the ocean is not warmed by the overly­ The fact that the surface ocean can for long periods of time, would turn to ing air. become denser than the underlying the physical mechanism of this vertical Let's begin with radiant energy from waters, thereby sinking to depths of circulation system. Their hope (claim) is two sources: sunlight, and infrared radi­ "density equilib rium," has been dis­ that there can be occasions when salin­ ation, the latter emitted from the "green­ cussed since surveys of the physical ity, rather than temperature, is the prime house" gases (water vapor, carbon diox­ ocean began in the second half of the determining factor in the density of the ide, methane, and various others) in the 19th century. Certainly the concept was surface waters. Then, warm water, made lower atmosphere. Sunlight penetrates known before HMS Challenger sailed, dense by an increase in the sea's salt the water surface readily, and directly in 1873, on its famous expedition. One content, would sink. heats the ocean up to a certain depth. of the multitude of suggestions made by It does not happen! Around 3 percent of the radiation from members of the Royal Society at that The primary physical factor in deter- the Sun reaches a depth of about 100 meters. The top layer of the ocean to that 26 depth warms up easily under sunlight. Medieval Climate Optimum Below 100 meters, however, little radi­ ant energy remains. The ocean becomes 2:25 OJ � progressively darker and colder as the :s depth increases. (It is typical for the � Cii 24 ocean temperature in Hawaii to be 26°C a. (78°F) at the surface, and 15°C (59°F) at E a depth of 150 meters. � � 23 The infrared radiation penetrates but ell a few millimeters into the ocean. This 't: (J)::J means that the greenhouse radiation 115 22 from the atmosphere affects only the top (J) few millimeters of the ocean. Water just Little f Ice Age a few centimeters deep receives none of 20 the direct effect of the infrared thermal -1 000 -500 o 500 1000 1500 2000 energy from the atmosphere! Further, it Ye ar is in those top few millimeters in which evaporation takes. places. So whatever SURFACE TEMPERATURES IN THE SARGASSO SEA infrared energy may reach the ocean as (1,000 B.C. TO 2000) a result of the greenhouse effect is soon Surface temperatures in the Sargasso Sea, as determined by isotope ratios of dissipated. marine organism remains in sediment at the bottom of the sea. The horizon­ The concept proposed in some pre­ tal line is the average temperature fo r this 3,000 year period. Note the two dictive models is that any anomalous most recent extended climate departures from the mean, both naturally occur­ heat in the mixed layer ofthe ocean (the ring-The Little Ice Age and the Medieval Climate Optimum. The data are upper 100 meters) might be lost to the from Or. Cesare Emiliani, University of Miami. deep ocean. There have been a number

ENVIRONMENT 21st CENTURY Summer 2000 63 mining the density of sea water is the tem­ No deep lying "thermal lag" is going to ations met in Vienna for their General perature (Sverdrup, Johnson, and Flem­ take place. It is clear that there'll be no Assembly, the presidents and the secre­ ing, 1943). In the open ocean, top or bot­ Phoenix rising as a· haunting specter. taries-general of the four associations tom, salinity differences are measured in The Big, Deep-Blue Sea I've mentioned, discussed the program a few parts per thousand. Thermohaline To one extent or another, I've been we would propose to fo rward to the circulation takes pla"ce where the surface involved with the relationships of the International Commission of Scientific waters become colder than the waters oceans on climates, and vice versa for Unions (lCSU) for consideration at the beneath. The large vertical movements the past 50 years. It was when I became 1992 Rio de Janeiro Conference. We all occur in polar seas, where accelerated Secretary General of IAPSO, in 1987, to decided not to prepare any programs! radiation makes the surface waters greatly work closely with our sister associations In our joint statement, which I para­ colder than the deeper waters. of Meteorology (IAMAP), Hydrology phrase here, we noted that "To single In these waters, surface water temper­ (lAHS), and Vo lcanology (lAVCEI), all out one variable, namely radiation atures are about -1 .9°C, the normal within our "mother union" International through the atmosphere and the associ­ salinity of the water keeping it from Union of Geodesy and Geophysics ated 'greenhouse effect,' as being the freezing into ice. The deep waters, being (lUGG) that I first had to face the claim primary driving force of atmospheric warmer than such surface waters, rise to coming from the United Nations Envi­ and oceanic climate, is a simplistic and the surface, as the upper layers sink ronment Program and Wo rld Meteoro­ absurd way to view the complex inter­ slowly into the dark ocean depths. logical Organization that global warming action of forces between the land, Because only very cold surface water is of the atmosphere was in fu ll swing, ocean, atmosphere, and outer space." able to sink, it is simple to understand induced by the over-enthusiasm of Furthermore, we stated, "cli mate that the deep ocean can never warm up, mankind to travel, keep warm, and feed modelling has been concentrated on the regardless of how warm the surface themselves. By their desire to enhance atmosphere with only a primitive repre­ ocean around the world may become. their lives, human beings were increas­ sentation of the ocean." Actually, some i ng, u ntenably, the of the early models depict the oceans as CO2 content of the nearly stagnant. The logical approach Earth's "greenhouse." would have been to model the oceans I was frankly sur­ first (there were some reasonable ocean prised by this claim, models at the time), then adding the and bel ieved it not atmospheric factors. one whit. We ll, no one in ICSU nor the United As an oceanogra­ Nations Environment Program/World pher, I'd been Meteorological Organization was around the world, ecstatic about our suggestion. Rather, once or twice, and I they simply proceeded to evolve cli­ was rather con­ mate models from early weather mod­ vi nced that I knew els. That has imposed an entirely atmos­ the factors that influ­ pheric perspective on processes which enced the Earth's cI i­ are actually heavily dominated by the mate. The oceans, ocean. by virtue of their So, where does the NOAA paper fit? enormous density I was rather eager to read the article and heat-storage by Syd Levitus, and his colleagues. I capacity, are the was somewhat put-off by the headlines dominant influence about "missing warming," but I figured on our climate. It is that was just the usual hype by the the heat budget and media. the energy that flows Yet, here I sit in the middle of the into and out of the Pacific Ocean, surrounded by papers oceans that basically (peer-reviewed, I guess I shou ld add) determines the mean which conclude: temperature of the (1) For the past two decades at least, global atmosphere. and possibly for the past seven decades, These interactions, the Earth's true surface air temperature plus evaporation, are has likely experienced no net change; quite capable of can­ (2) there should have been a sizable Oceanographer Bob Stevenson, on tour with the B- 1 7G, cel ling the slight ef­ CO2-induced increase in atmospheric "Sentimental Journey" of the Confederate Air Force, in fect of man-produced radiative forcing during that time, but Pocatello, Idaho, August 1998. Dr. Stevenson was an aerial CO2. there wasn't. That must mean that a naviga tor in Wo rld Wa r If and fl ew from Engla nd in B- 17s In 1991, when the suite of compensatory feedbacks over­ with the U.S. 8th Air Force. IUGG and its associ- whelmed the "greenhouse" impetus for

64 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY ENVIRONMENT warming; implying, therefore, pheric Hadley circulation to equatorial anomalies ___, 1998. "Decadal climate variability in the of ocean temperatures," Te l/us, Vo l. 18. North Pacific during recent decades," BUll. Am. (3) that the planet will not warm from C. Deser, and M. Blackman, 1993. "Surface cli­ Met. Soc., Vol. 78. any man-produced increases in CO2; mate variation over the North Atlantic Ocean N.E. Newell, R.E. Newell, J. Hsuing, and W. indicating during winter: 1900-1 999," J. Glim., Vol. 6. Zhongxiang, 1989. "Global marine tempera­ C. Deser, M.A. Alexander, and M.S. Timlin, 1993. ture variation; the solar magnetic cycle," Geo­ (4) any increases in temperature will phys. Res. Lett., "Upper-ocean thermal variations in the North Vol. 16. likely fit the global trend of Pacific during 1970-1991 ," J. Clim., Vol. 9. D.E. Parker, P. D. Jones, C.K. Folland, and A. +0.048°C/decade, that is, about 0.5°C D.K. Folland, D.E. Parker, and F. E. Kates, 1984. Bevan; 1994. "Interdecadal changes of surface this century- the rate of warming that "Worldwide marine temperature fluctuations temperature since the late nineteenth century," J. Geophys. Res. Vol. 99. has existed since the Little Ice Age, cen­ 1856-1 981 ," Nature, Vol. 310. D.K. Folland and D.P. Powell, 1994."The Standard E.S. Posmetier, W.H. Soon, and S.L. Baliunas, tered around 1750 in Europe, South GISST Data Sets: Version 1 and 2," Clim. Res. 1998. "Correlations from Solar Irradiance, in America, and China; suggesting Te ch. Note 56, Bracknell, England: Hadley Global Warming-The Continuing Debate," European Science and Environment Forum. (5) that the heat storage in the upper Center. RW. Preisendorfer, and C.D. Mobley, 1988. Prin­ ocean takes place in the upper 100 P. Foukal, and J. Lean, 1990. "An empirical study of total solar irradiance variation between cipal Component Analysis in Meteorology and meters, and the magnitude provides a 1874-1 988," Science, Vol. 247. Oceanography (New York: Elsevier). rise in temperature at those depths of J.G. Graham, 2000. "The formation and propaga­ A. Sarkisyan, and S. Levitus, 2000. "Ocean Climate 0.5°C in the past 50 years (in those parts tion of North Atlantic heat content anomalies," Characteristics by Amalgamating WOCE-Levitus Eos, Trans. AGU, Vol. 80. Hydrographic Data," Eos, Trans. AGU, Vol. 80. of the ocean for which we have data); N.E. Graham, W. B. White, and A. Pares-Sierra, I.D. Schroeder, B.L. Lipphardt, T. C. Royer, A.D. (6) this global warming (and cooling) 1990. "Low frequency ocean-atmosphere inter­ Kirwan,and C.E. Grosch, 2000. "Normal mode of the ocean occurs on biennial, ENSO, actions in the tropical Pacific, in Air-Sea Inter­ analysis of North Pacific SSTs," Eos, Trans. Air AGU, Vol. 80. decadal and interdecadal period scales; actions in the Tropical Western Pacific," In Sea Interactions in the Tropical Western T.V. Segelstad, 1996. "Carbon Isotope Mass Bal­ thence, Pacific, Eds. C. Jiping and J. Young (Beijing: ance of Atmospheric CO2,'' in Th e Global (7) the ocean thermal changes on cen­ China Ocean Press). Wa rming Debate, Ed. J. Emsley, (London). tennial-period scales, which appear as S.L. Howard, and R. D. Muench, 2000. "Upper R.E. Stevenson, 1962. "Climatic amelioration in ocean stability and water mass formation Southern California, 1955-1 960," J. Applied the warming trend through the past 50 to northwest Weddell Sea winter," Eos, Trans. Met., Vol. 1.

100 years, can be explained by means of AGU, Vol. 80. ___, 1964. "The influence of a ship on the intrinsic internal modes of the Earth going Z. Jaworowski, 1996. "Greenhouse Gases in Polar surrounding air and water temperatures," J. Ice-Artifacts or Atmospheric Reality?," Umseit Applied Met. , Vol. 3. through their normal cycle of warming und Chemie, (Ulm: Gesellschaft Deutscher � 1996. "An oceanographer looks at the and cooling, independent of both radia­ Chemiker, Oct. 7-10). non-science of global warming," 21st Century, tive and anthropogenic influences. Z. Jaworowski, T.V. Segelstad, and V. Hisxdal, Vol. 9. I guess what I'm really wondering is 1992. "Atmospheric CO2 and Global Warm­ R.E. Stevenson, and R.S. Armstrong, 1965. "Heat ing," Oslo Norsk Polarinstitutt, Meddeleiser, "Why did Syd Levitus, and his associ­ loss from the surface waters, northwest Gulf of Vol. 119. Mexico from Hurricane Carla," Geofys. Inter­ ates, write their paper in the first place?" R.E. Kaylor, 1977. "Filtering and decimation of digi­ national, Vol. 5. Te ch. Rep. Note BN Robert E. Stevenson, an oceanogra­ tal time series," 850, Inst. H. Svensmark, and E. Friis-Christensen, 1997. phy consultant based in Hawa ii, trains Phys. Sci. and Te ch. (College Park, Md.: Univ. "Cloud suppression by solar winds," J. Atmos. of Maryland). Sol-Te rrest. Phys, Vol. 59. the NASA astronauts in oceanography L.D. Keigwin, 1996. "The Little Ice Age and H.U. Sverdrup, M.W. Johnson, and R.H. Fleming, and marine meteorology. He was Secre­ Medieval Warm Period in the Sargasso Sea," 1942. Th e Oceans: Th eir Physics, Chemistry tary General of the InternationalAssoci­ Science, Vol. 274. and General Biology (New Yo rk: Prentice Hall). ation fo r the Physical Science of the KA Kelly, 2000. "Interannual-to-decadal variations Y. Tanimoto, N. Iwasaka, K. Kananwa, and Y. To be, in the upper ocean heat budget in the Westem 1993. "ENSO signals in global upper ocean Oceans from 7987 to 7995, and worked Eos, North Pacific," Trans. AGU, Vol. 281 . temperature," J. Clim., Vol. 6. as an oceanographer fo r the U.S. Office y. Kushnir, 1994. "Interdecadal variations in the K.E. Trenberth, and J.W. Hurrell, 1994. "Decadal of Naval Research fo r 20 years. A mem­ North Atlantic sea surface temperature and atmospheric-ocean variations in the Pacific," associated atmospheric conditions," J. Glim., ber of the scientific advisory board of Clim. Dyn., Vol. 9. Vol. 11. F. 21 st Century, he is the author of more Vauclair, and Y. Du-Penhoat, 2000. "Interannual M. Latif, and T.P. Barnett, 1994. "Causes of decadal Variability in the Tropical Atlantic Ocean th an 700 articles and several books, climate variability over the North Pacific and between 1979 and 1999 from a Gridded Data North America," Science, Vol. 266. including the most widely used text­ Set," Eos, Trans. AGU, Vol. 80. J.L. Lean, O.R. White, and A. Skumanich, 1995. book on the natural sciences. T. Watanabe, and K. Mizuno, 1994. "Decadal "The solar ultraviolet irradiance in the Maunder changes in the thermal structure of the North Glob. Biogeochem. Cycles, Minimurn," Vol. 28. Pacific," Int. WOGE Newsl. Vol. 15. Notes ______S. Levitus, J.L. Antonov, T.P. Boyer, and Cathy W.B. White, R. L. Bernstein, G. McNally, R. Dick­ 1. Hubert H. Lamb was Britain's most outstanding Stephens, 2000. "Warming of the world son, and S. Pazan, 1980. "The thermocline meteorologist through and after World War II. SCience, ocean," Vol. 287. response to the transient atmospheric forcing What the British and American air forces M.E. Mann, J. Park, and R.S. Bradley, 1995. in the interior mid-latitude Pacific Ocean," J. accomplished in weather forecasts was the "Global interdecadal and century-scale climate Phys. Ocean., Vol. 10. result of his work. He is the author of numer­ oscillations during the past 5 centuries," ous papers and several exhaustive studies in W.B. White, and D.R. Cayan, 1998. Quasi-perio­ Nature, Vol. 378. historical climatology. dicity and global symmetries in interdecadal A.J. Miller, D.R. Cayan, and W.B. White, 1998. "A upper ocean temperature variability," J. Geo­ decadal change in the North Pacific thermo­ phys., Vol. 103. References ______cline and gyre-scale circulation," J. Phys. N. Andersen, 1974. "On the calculation of filter W.B. White, J. Lean, D.R. Cayan, and M.D. Det­ Ocean., Vol. 27. coefficients for maximum entropy spectral tinger, 1997. "Response of global upper ocean analysis," Geophysics, Vol. 39. S. Minobe, 2000. "Pacific Pentadecadal Oscilla­ temperature to changing solar irradiance," J. tion," Eos, Trans. AGU. Vol. 218. Geophys. Res., J.I. Antonov, et.al., 1998. "World Ocean Data Atlas, Vol. 102. Atlantic Ocean temperature fields," Vol. 1, J.R. Moisan, and P.P. Niiler, 1998. "The seasonal T. Wigley, and P.M. Kelly, 1992. "Solar cycle length, NOAA Atlas, NESDIS 27. heat budget North Pacific; Net heat flux and greenhouse forcing and global climate," storage rates (1950-1990)," J. Phys. Ocean., Nature, J. Bj erknes, 1966. "A possible response of the atmos- Vol. 360 Vol. 28.

ENVIRONMENT 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 65 BOOKS Appreciating Man's Accomplishments in Space

by Philip R. Harris, Ph.D.

Challenges of Human Space grams and photographs, some of which Exploration have never before been published. Marsha Freeman Three short appendices cover the Amer­ Chichester, U.K.: Springer/Praxis Publishing, 2000 ican longer-duration missions on Mir, Paperbound, 272 pp. , $44.95 (E-mail: the psychological support these astro­ . [email protected]) nauts received, and the types of scien­ tific investigations they engaged in while his well-crafted book reviews some aboard the Russian craft. There is a com­ Tof the principal human accomplish­ prehensive bibl iography. ments in outer space during the last half Making Space Understandable of the 20th century. It recounts how fore­ The author is an Associate Editor of sighted people responded to the "lure of 27st Century Science & Te chnology exploration" beyond the Earth's con­ magazine, where she has specialized fines, emphasizing that such exploration in producing excellent articles on is a high-risk enterprise in which 14 many aspects ofthe space program and astronauts and cosmonauts have already its innovators. She also is the author of died. The focus of the book's very How We Got to the Moon: The Story of detailed seven chapters is upon the German Space Pioneers, published "manned" spacefl ight and habitation in 1993. Freeman brings to her current aloft, making a telling case for using the work 18 years experience as a science International Space Station as an orbital writer, which is reflected in precise laboratory. and concise reporting in the Chal­ The book begins with America's Sky­ lenges of Human Sp ace Exploration. over-programmed them. lab, the fi rst real space station in orbit, She has a unique capacity for synthe­ Her account of the Russian station and then examines the Russian experi­ sizing relevant space materials, which saga is balanced, relative to their contri­ ence that climaxed with the Mir station. she gleans from numerous journals and butions and problems, as wel l as to the Special attention is directed to the seven news reports, combining this with the unique resources they offer to ISS. U.S. astronauts who were aboard Mir in results of her personal interviews with Whether about a station or shuttle, Free­ the mid-1 990s, giving them more long­ some of the key players in the space man meticulously tracks the human duration spacefl ight experience (945 drama. story in orbit in terms of its physiologi­ days on Mir), than had been gained on In this book, as in her hundreds of cal, psychological, sociological, and the Space Shuttle during its 17 years of previously published articles, Ms. Free­ operational aspects. operation. The main emphasis of the man provides readers with interesting Critical Issues Explored book is upon the science accomplished historical and techn ical perspectives. Freeman addresses eight critical on these two stations, as well as on The reader is fascinated not only by issues faced by spacefarers: NASA's shuttle fleet. (There is also a her objective reporting of little-known (1) The interface between ground con­ chapter on the lessons learned from the aspects of her subject matter, but the trol and the astronauts/cosmonauts' off­ Russian orbital platform, over more than way she makes complicated scientific world, pointing up the need for team- a decade.) research understandable. These ach i evements i ncl ude the For example, in her opening chapter, Philip R. Harris, Ph.D., is president of biorevolution through tissue engineer­ Freeman looks at Skylab as a prototype Harris International. A management and ing and space crystal manufacturing, of future houses in space, and she looks space psychologist, he has been a con­ laying the foundation for the future at the legacy it contributed. She reviews sultant to NASA fo r more than 30 years. International Space Station (ISS) to the experience of its astronauts in this He is an Associate Fellow of the AAIA, become the 21 st century scientific labo­ isolated, confined environment of and the author of Living and Working in ratory aloft. microgravity, and why they went on Space, published by Praxis in 7992 and There are also 104 interesting dia- "strike" against ground controllers who reissued in 7996.

66 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY BOOKS microgravity environment for living and "There is a danger that the working there, along with the type of new century may usher in research needed to fu rther long-dura­ an age of timidity, in which tion missions and space settlement. fear of risks and the (5) The necessity for international cooperation in space development, and obsession with cost-benefit the implications for Russian/American analysis will dull the spirit of synergistic relations. creativity and the sense of (6) The limited experience during the adventure from which new last 50 years, relative to space habita­ tion, based on the relatively short dura­ knowledge springs." tion missions of elites, and the multi­ discipl inary/multi national imperative -Michael E. DeBakey, M.D. (Director, for future mass migration and coloniza­ DeBake Heart Center, Baylor College tion. of Medicine), in his Foreword to (7) The human spi rit of exploration, The Challenges of Human Space demonstrated in ground analogs and in Exploration. space history to date, which is marked by daring, courage, ingenuity, and cre­ work to counter problems of communi­ ative problem-solving. cations, scheduling of tasks, and lack of (8) The necessity fo r continuous spaceflight experience by most con­ learning about how human beings can A biorevolution in space: Here, a high trollers. cope beyond this planet. Freeman's definition crystal of insulin, grown (2) The psychosocial problems of synopsis lays out some of the space aboard the Space Shuttle. Scientists human groups in orbit, underscoring the challenges facing our species, both hope to design new treatments fo r dia­ need for more behavioral science perils and rewards-such as, provi­ betes, making use of a deta iled map of involvement. sions fo r keeping human beings this complex protein. (3) The physical and medical require­ healthy aloft, growing food in orbit ments of people aloft, and the contribu­ with new technology, using this envi­ is insufficient, relative to commercial tions which life science research can ronment to solve some of humanity's activities and the potential of outer make to satisfying them. age-old problems. space-space is more than a place for (4) The value and advantages in the My one criticism is that her coverage science and scientists. She limits her reporting on many resources available off-world that could benefit humankind, such as on the Moon, and especially lunar solar power. Overall, this is a fascinating read about elegant experimental research aloft, especially through collaborative scientific efforts, that deals with every­ thing from growing food, to women's health, to possibilities for organ replace­ ment. Excluding the record of unmanned missions, Marsha Freeman's book is otherwise a priceless recounting of what humans have achieved so far in the Space Age, so that we may better plan for further accomplishments in the new millennium. Throughout, she touches lightly on the research applica­ tions to Earth of what we have learned in orbit. As a NASA consultant during the Apollo period, I have been involved with an annual publication on space technology spinoffs . I suggest that Astronaut Robert L. Gibson (foreground), mission commander of the Space Shuttle Freeman's next book be devoted to STS-71, offers a handshake to his Russian counterpart, Mir- 7 8's commander, cos­ further reporting on how humanity monaut Vladimir N. Deshurov in July 7985. Gibson made his way through a spe­ benefits from space technology and cial docking tunnel, which linked Atlantis to the Mir. exploration!

BOOKS 21st CENTURY Summer 2000 67 Unnatural Capitalism

by John Hoefle

Natural Capitalism: Creating the Next Natural capital, for those unfamiliar with Industrial Revolution the construct, includes, the book claims, Paul Hawken, Amory Lovins, and "all the familiar resources used by L. Hunter Lovins humankind: water, minerals, oil, trees, New York: Little, Brown and Company, 1999 fish, soil, air, et cetera. But it also encom­ Hardcover, 396 pp., $26.95 passes living systems, which include grasslands, savannas, wetlands, estuar­ eading this book reminds the author ies, oceans, coral reefs, riparian corri­ Rof one of those children's magic dors, tundras, and rainforests. These are books, in which a fantasy world is cre­ deteriorating worldwide at an unprece­ ated with its own set of rules, and where dented rate." power flows to those who ignore the In fact, the book asserts, "since the fundamental precepts of science in favor mid-eighteenth century, more of nature of some mystical force. It appeals to une­ has been destroyed than in all prior his­ ducated emotion, rather than to the tory. While industrial systems have power of reason. reached pinnacles of success, able to The book was called to our attention by muster and accumulate human-made the fo lks at Greenmountain.com, one of capital on vast levels, natural capital, on Cold Fusion Technology, Inc. those alternate energy companies which P.O. Box 2816 - TF purports to solve our nation's energy prob­ Concord, NH 03302-2816 lems by generating "green" electricity. In a Ph: 603-228-4516 Fx: 603-224-5975 ; http://www. infinite-energy.com � letter accompanying the book, Green­ mountain.com claimed that the book sup­ ported the company's contention that "the ideas of Adam Smith and Rachel Carson Searching for not only can come together, but must and a back issue of will come together." One place where the ideas of Adam 21st Smith and Rachel Carson have come Check out together, is the continent of Africa, with the contents Century disastrous, even murderous results. of back ? Smith was not an economist, but a pub­ issues lic relations flack for the British East from / Emm\ India Company, tasked with the job of 1988 to concocting a pseudo-scientific rationale at 2000 ' for the British Empire's savage looting of Natural Capitalism www.21stcenturysciencetech.com its colonies. Carson's lying assault on DDT and other pesticides was a similar P. R. job, laying the groundwork for Areyou looking for today's pagan, anti-science environmen­ an extraordinary translator? tal movement. The combination of the You just found him! colonial looting of Africa, leaving a woe­ which civilization depends to create eco­ fully underdeveloped continent, and the nomic prosperity, is rapidly declining." Richard Sanders, translator banning of pesticides necessary to eradi­ The authors even manage to assign a I translate ideas, not just words! cate the diseases which sweep the conti­ monetary value of "somewhere between More than 15 years experience nent, has devastated Africa and its popu­ $400 and $500 trillion" to the world's translating scientific material. lation. Adam Smith has indeed met natural capital, "assuming the assets 1-540-668-7141 phone 1-540-668-7143 fax Rachel Carson, and the result was yielded 'interest' of $36 trillion annu­ HYPERLINK mail to: [email protected] deadly. ally." Translate from: Dutch, French, German, Italian, and Spanish; also Anglo-Saxon The claim by authors Hawken and the The authors assert: "There is no longer and Middle English Lovinses that "natural capitalism" will any serious scientific dispute that the Translate into: (American) English lead us to the next industrial revolution decline in every living system in the is a similar bit of duplicitous sophistry. world is reaching such levels that an

68 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY BOOKS likewise be applied to computers, cars, VCRs, refrigerators, and almost every other durable product that people now buy, use up, and ultimately throw away." The vision of a society wherein the consumer owns nothing, but must pay a monthly fee for necessities, is not a new concept at all, but a very old one: feu­ dalism. What the authors of Natural Capitalism are pushing is not progress, but a return to the pre-nation-state world, ruled by empires where the peas­ ants are charged a fee for their exis­ tence. As such, the authors, indeed, stand in the tradition of Adam Smith. Looting vs. the American System The authors of Natural Capitalism dis­ play clever sophistry when they compare their model of society to modern indus­ trial capitalism, by deliberately obfuscat­ ing the very real differences between the increasing number of them are starting directly from a local factory, made to globalist looting which goes under the to lose, often at a pace accelerated by order, and delivered to a customer's name "free enterprise," and the Ameri­ the interactions of their decline, their door in a day or two." can System of Economi cs, which led assured ability to sustain the continuity In addition, the authors propose, we large sections of humanity out of the of the life process." should "make parking and driving bear prison of Adam Smith's colonialism. The Best Lies their true costs." Rather than provide That the young United States sur­ There is some truth to the authors' free parking, they propose that employ­ vived the attempts by the empires to claims of environmental crisis, since the ers "instead charge fa ir market value crush it, was due, in large part, to the best lies always contain some truth as a for parking and pay every employee a American System of Economics imple­ hook, to sell the lie. Water is indeed commuting allowance of equal after­ mented by Treasury Secretary Alexan­ becoming scarce in some areas, for tax value." "Drivers must start to pay der Hamilton, with its emphasis on example. Aquifers are drying up, seawa­ the costs they incur," the authors insist, self-sufficiency in agriculture and man­ ter is infi ltrating littoral fresh-water sys­ adding that "charging more to use ufacturing, and a series of internal tems, and expanding populations are roads, tunnels, bridges or parking areas infrastructure projects to aid the pro­ increasingly competing with farmers for when they're most crowded is easy duction and transportation of goods. water in some areas. But the solution to with the kinds of electric passes that Ham i Iton understood that the nation the problem, the authors assert, "is not already debit drivers' accounts as they would progress by increasing the pro­ to try to supply more," but for humanity whiz through tollgates in roughly 20 ductive power of human labor through to cut back on its water use. Rather than states." a system that fostered scientific break­ building nuclear desalination plants and A Metered Existence throughs and deployed the resultant managing water flows through projects With the latter idea, we begin to close technological advances throughout the such as the North American Water and in on one of the authors' key messages, economy as rapidly as possible. Power Alliance, the authors advocate a that of charging fees for "services" It is our failure to follow Hamilton's return to "natural drainage control and which have previously been free. They lead, that has created many of the prob­ water storage." Not only is "letting cite the work of Swiss "industry analyst" lems of which the authors of this book water flow wherever it belongs on the Walter Stahel and German chemist complain. Had we developed nuclear Water Planet a key part of the wisdom Michael Braungart in developing "a fusion, we would have a safe and plen­ of natural capitalism," but natural capi­ new industrial model" in which an tiful supply of electricity, and the capa­ talism "also avoids vast investments in economy where goods are made and bility to desalinate seawater and power storm drains." sold is replaced with "a service econ­ magnetically levitated trains. The authors adopt a similar view of omy wherein consumers obtain services The history of man shows that science the automobile industry, which they by leasing or renting goods rather than and technology, and the mastery of ever­ describe as "arguably the highest buying them outright." higher energy flux densities, are essen­ expression of the Iron Age." They pro­ For example, "Instead of purchasing a tial for mankind to survive and thrive. pose to replace the modern automobile washing machine, consumers would pay This book, with its small-is-beautiful and its "complicated assemblages of a monthly fee to obtain the service of greenie philosophy, is antithetical to real some fifteen thousand parts" with sim­ having their clothes cleaned. The washer science, and as such is a complete fraud. ple and reliable" ultralight "hybrid-elec­ would have a counter on it, just like the John Hoefle is on the economics staff tric hypercars" which "could be ordered office photocopier. ...The concept could of Executive Intelligence Review.

BOOKS 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 69 A Flawed History of Radiation Protection

by John Cameron, Ph.D.

The Angry Genie: One Man's Walk hit each day, and in a year, essentially through the Nuclear Age every cell in our body has been hit. Yet, Karl Z. Morgan and Ken M. Peterson cancer is a comparatively rare disease, Norman, Okla.: University of Oklahoma Press, 1999 except in the aged. If cancer were com­ Hardcover, 240 pp., $24.95 pletely curable, the average lifespan would only increase by three years. r. K.Z. Morgan, the subject and In regard to alpha particles, which D principal author of this biography, Gofman considers so dangerous, it has was a respected radiation protection long been known that most of our back­ scientist (health physicist), who died at ground radiation is from the alpha-parti­ age 92, shortly after this book was pub­ cle dose to the lungs from radon prog­ lished. If his silent co-author had been a eny. If this alpha radiation were a health physicist, instead of "one of the significant cause of lung cancer, we best trial lawyers in America," as the would expect the states with the highest book jacket proclaims, the book would radon levels to have the most lung can­ have had fewer errors. cer. The opposite is the case. The preface indicates that the second A study of lung cancer in three moun­ author, Ken Peterson, served as editor of tain states with radon levels five times the book and contributed most of two higher than in three Gulf States showed chapters, which are not identified. The that the lung cancer death rate was 40 book is largely autobiographical, and percent lower in the mountain states.2 reads as though it came from the pen of Similar data were published by B.L. Dr. Morgan. This review is written, Cohen in 1995.3 therefore, as though Morgan is the only to scare people appears on page 140, Also, Morgan does not mention that author. where Morgan quotes from the testi­ cigarette smokers have much higher K.Z. Morgan (1 907-1 999) was one of mony of radiophobe Dr. John Gofman lung doses from the alpha emitters on a small handfu l of pioneers in radiation in the Kerr-McGee/Karen Silkwood legal the smoke they pull into their lungs. The protection, beginning with the Manhat­ case. Gofman was giving testimony dose to the lungs of smokers is estimated tan Project during World War II. As a about the dangers of 1 nanocurie of plu­ to be 8,000 to 16,000 millirem in a year. leader in the field of radiation protec­ tonium in the body: "Two thousand This is far greater than the lifetime dose tion, he founded the Health Physics times a minute these bullets, alpha par­ of most radiation workers. It should also Society in 1955, and the Health Physics ticles are coming out ...del ivering 5 be compared to the effective annual journal in 1958. He was also the first million of those volts of energy, each dose to the body from all background president of the International Rad iation one. So, it's a fantastic projecti Ie. The radiation, including radon progeny, of Protection Association (lRPA) in 1966. alpha particles in the lungs, it is hitting only 300 millirem. One wonders why For these contributions to the field of right through the cells of the lung with cigarette packages have never had a health physics, he should be honored. 2.5 million times more energy that you warning about their radioactivity. At some point in his career, however, would get from a carbon burning. So The preface indicates that the book is Morgan turned to radiation phobia. you see, expecting that your cells are intended for the general public, "but Scare Tactics not going to be damaged by that would also as a challenge to those who are, or My main concern with this book is its be the about the same expectation when seek to be, health physicists." If it is apparent attempt to frighten the reader somebody might talk to you and say indeed a "challenge" to health physi­ with large numbers about radiation dan­ 'Well, a small amount of this won't hurt . cists, it is inappropriate for the general ger. The author makes no effort to help you.' That is such an absurd nonsense public. Most health physicists have a the reader understand radiation, such as notion that one wonders how anybody background with which to evaluate the by expressing radiation in terms of Back­ could think of it." exaggerated risk statements in this book. ground Equivalent Radiation Ti me The reader is never told that our cells Most of the public will not. (BERT),' which would enable people to are being continuously bombarded by The publ ic is generally unaware that understand how minuscule a radiation high-energy alpha particles in the lungs, most radiation scientists do not believe dose comes from medical X-rays, for and by beta and gamma rays from natu­ that there is any risk from low-level radi­ example, compared to the natural radia­ ral radioactivity throughout our body. ation. They are also unaware that there tion one receives by living at a high-ele­ There are more than a half-million such is no evidence that even high levels of vation. projectiles each minute in a lSO-pound background radiation can cause cancer, An example of the use of big numbers human being. Billions of our cells are and that, in fact, there is evidence that

70 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY BOOKS exposures, has sometimes fallen flat on the grip of the nuclear industry." Appar­ its face .. ..I am convinced that health ently, Morgan would want the nuclear physics in recent decades has sacrificed industry (and even the medical profes­ its integrity. Certainly there remain some sion) to encourage the ICRP and NCRP true professionals who wi II not shade to adopt the policy that even the small­ the truth to appease their employers, but est amount of radiation can cause can­ they are in the minority." cer. I consider this assumption to be Many health physicists wi II read this basically unscientific and contrary to book with interest because of its history the interests of the public, the nuclear of the early days of health physics, and industry, and the medical profession. they will appreciate the contributions of Such a wrong belief-that the smallest the author. But they will disagree with amount of radiation causes cancer-is a the author's index listing, "Health major cause of radiation phobia in the physics, careless scientists." world. The author further demeans the field This reviewer is not happy with the that he pioneered, by predicting many ICRP and NCRP for a different reason: radiation deaths, although the book The pronouncements of these organiza­ describes only a few actual deaths from tions are partly to blame for the present radiation. In fact, as the book does not worldwide radiation phobia. In 1977, chronicle, medical and industrial uses the ICRP adopted the assumption that of radiation and radioactivity have been risk from ionizing radiation is propor­ Oak Ridge National Laboratory exceptionally safe. Radiation accidents tional to the dose, down to zero dose, in K.z. Morgan (1907- 1999) was one of a are so rare, in fact, that they receive a order to simplify radiation protection small handfu l of pioneers in radiation disproportionate amount of publicity administration. This assumption, known protection. At some point midway in when they do occur. For example, the as the linear no-threshold (LNT) model his career, for reasons not made clear in minor criticality accident in Japan, Sept. of radiation risk, has become accepted his biography, he became radiation­ 30, 1999, resulted, eventually, in 2 as dogma, despite contradictory data phobic. deaths, but the day after the accident, now, and at the time it was adopted by news about it occupied high levels of natural radiation stimulate 44 percent of the front the immune system.4 page of The New Yo rk 'Disappointment and Anger' Ti mes. The next day, a The "genie" in the title refers to the commuter train accident release of nuclear power in the first in London resulted in 15 atomic bomb test in July 1945, and is deaths, but was given mentioned only a few times in the text. only 13 percent of the The "angry" part of the title, as the Times front page. reader will become aware, is Morgan Promoting himself, who is angry for being ignored Radiation Phobia by the profession he founded. One can In addition to being sympathize with him, but that does not disappointed with the mean one has to agree with him. health physics profes­ The anti-nuclear community will wel­ sion, Morgan is critical come this book, written by a distin­ of the two major radia­ guished scientist whose dominant tion protection organiza­ theme is the great risk from ionizing tions, which publish radiation. For example, in discussing guidance in the field: the "unsafe" features of nuclear power reac­ International Commis­ tors, Morgan writes in the Preface: sion on Radiological "I am left with a sense of disappoint­ Protection (lCRP) and ment and anger. The once proud profes­ the u.S. National Coun­ sion of health physics that I helped cre­ ci I for Radiation Protec­ ate over fifty years ago and that was tion and Measurement infused with high professional and sci­ (NCRP). He was a mem­ entific stature has sunk to a new low." ber of both organiza­ Oak Ridge National Laboratory Later, in chapter 7, liThe Advance and tions for 21 years, from Oak Ridge workers around 1950, at the time Morgan Decline of Health Physics" he writes: 1950 to 1971 . worked at the lab, are here being checked for radiation "For the past twenty years , health On page 11 7, Morgan contamination. The individual at left is checking him­ physics, in its mission to protect and writes, "Like the NCRP, self with a hand and fo ot monitor, while the other defend persons receiving radiation the ICRP is not free of worker is being frisked by a health physics technician.

BOOKS 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 71 the ICRP. Various other national radia­ tion protection bodies, including the NCRP, followed suit and adopted the LNT model. Both groups, IRCP and NCRP, are pri­ vate organizations, which are not sub­ ject to overview by any other body. They select their own members, who tend to agree with their stated positions. Their fi nancial support comes from research contracts and thus does not always represent the public's interest. For example, they have made few rec­ ommendations to reduce unnecessary radiation from medical X-rays, the largest human-made source of radiation to the public. Bettmann/Corbis From Threshold to No-Threshold In 1943, when Dr. Morgan entered Morgan's co-thinker, Dr. John Cofm'an {second from rightJ, speaking at a Te ach-in the field of radiation protection, he Against Nuclear Power at New Yo rk 's Riverside Church in May 1979. With him on believed the then-accepted philosophy the podium are Barry Commoner (left) and Ralph Nader (second from left). that radiation, like other toxic sub­ stances, was safe up to some threshold higher animals, the p53 gene signals "Health physics owes a debt to Robert dose; this is called the threshold model damaged cells to die. A study of the S. Stone .. ..St one insisted that we of risk. Morgan does not explain why he 90,000 children and grandchildren of implement a conservative approach in reversed this view, and became a firm atomic bomb survivors in Japan found determining accepted levels of exposure believer in the LNT model. no increase in mutations. The genetic and accumulated radiation dose." In the In chapter 2, in a section titled effects of low-level rad iation are not a spring of 1945, Stone entered Morgan's "Research at ORNL: Our Mistaken problem for society.. office and said, "Karl, you remember Belief in a Threshold Hypothesis," one Morgan also mentions the health risk that black truck driver who had multiple might expect him to explain why he to radium dial painters early in the 20th fractures in an accident and we rushed became a believer in the LNT assump­ century. These workers accidentally ate him to the [military] hospital? ... tion. He does not. Instead, he describes small amounts of radium as they Almost all of his bones were broken and some of his research at Oak Ridge touched the paint brush to their mouth, we were surprised that he was still alive National Laboratory, and states merely, to give it a sharper point. He does not when he got to the hospital, we did not "Early on we all accepted the threshold mention, however, that radium dial expect him to be alive the next morning hypothesis." painters did not develop bone cancer so this was a good opportunity we've He then discusses his human radia­ from radium unless they had a very high been waiting for. We gave him large tion experiment, and he describes two skeletal dose-greater than lOGy (200 doses by injection of plutonium-239. instances of carelessness by the ORNL Sv). That is 10,000 times greater than We were anticipating collecting not just staff, but he gives no information related the present recommended annual dose urine and feces but a number of tissues, to the title of the section. Perhaps, at 91, limit for radiation workers! Above that such as the skeleton, liver, and other when the book was completed, his mind threshold, the dial painters had an inci­ organs. This morning when the nurse drifted off. dence of bone cancer of about 28 per­ went into his room, he was gone. We There is a good reason why Morgan cent, independent of the dose.s have no idea what happened, where he cou Id give no evidence to support the Perhaps more remarkable is the fi nd­ is, but we've lost valuable data we were LNT model of risk; it is theoretically ing that no dial painters who started expected to get." impossible to do so! Even the Japanese work after 1925 developed bone can­ Morgan writes a I ittle later, "I heard atomic bomb survivors had a threshold cer. That was the year the radium dial nothing more about this until years later, for the induction of leukemia of about industry forbade the workers to touch when I saw in the Knoxville paper a 0.25 Gy, a dose roughly equal to 100 the brush to their mouths. death notice for the black truck driver, years' accumulation of background radi- Human Radiation Experimentation whose name I remembered." ation. The reader may be upset by the It would appear that little effort was Genetic Effects author's description of human radiation made to locate the missing "terminal" The area Morgan is most concerned experimentation. Morgan recounts an patient loaded with plutonium. My with is the genetic effects of radiation. incident about his colleague, Dr. Robert guess is that, the plutonium did not con­ Certainly, fruit fl ies demonstrate radia­ S. Stone, the associate director of health tribute to his death. tion-induced mutations. However, fruit of the Manhattan Project who had an The author describes other examples fI ies do not have the advantage of the office next to his in Te nnessee. Morgan of inappropriate and unethical studies p53 gene. In human beings and other writes: using radiation and radioactivity. These

72 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY BOOKS ethical problems were not caused by victims died from heat and blast, the ing longer on the average (even includ­ the fictitious "angry genie," but by the same as they would have from conven­ ing these cancer deaths) than similar faulty judgment of human beings who tional bombs. The number of deaths Japanese who were not exposed to the did the research. from radiation was considerably atomic bomb radiation. The large num­ A Question of Dose smaller. The total deaths from the two ber of latent deaths are a fiction. Similar Throughout, the author fa ils to dis­ atomic bombs was between 100,000 examples of exaggeration occur cuss the importance of the dose in judg­ and 200,000-about the same number throughout the book. ing the ethics of radiation research on of casualties there were when the On the positive side, Morgan gives a human beings. Medical science pro­ United States fire-bombed the center of very reasonable recommendation for gresses by research. The only way to To kyo a few months earlier, leaving a storing used nuclear fuel (nuclear evaluate a new medical modality is to million people homeless. waste). He writes (p. 157): li The best do research on human subjects. In such Most Americans don't remember this, move for the present time is to let the cases, it is the size of the dose that deter­ but the Japanese do. I don't see a great fuel assemblies cool in the power reac­ mines if there is a health risk. I doubt difference in the ethics of fire bombing tor 'swimming pools' for at least three that more than a few human experi­ the center of To kyo or the dropping of years to permit radioactive decay of ments described in this book shortened the atomic bombs. Both are wrong. some of the short-lived fission products the life of the subjects. However, inde­ More Exaggeration and then ship them to a temporary and pendent of the dose question, the sub­ Morgan exaggerates the final number retrievable storage facility. Then it ject always has a right to know if she or of fatalities from the atomic bombs. He wou ld be up to a future society to deter­ he is participating in a medical experi­ writes: "If one adds the latent deaths mine the best next step. It is my hope ment. from these two bombs, the total number that 50 or 100 years from now, society In the 1 940s, the attitude of medical of Japanese killed reaches a half a mil­ will have advanced and will have doctors toward using patients for lion." The author fails to mention that arrived at the best long-term solution." research was very different than it is more than 50 years after the atomic Such a procedure is already in use by today. bombs were dropped, the total number Northern States Power for its nuclear The Atomic Bomb Blunder of deaths from radiation-induced cancer power plant in Minnesota. The old fuel The author puts a sad twist on the his­ is only about 400-an average of less is stored in "dry cask storage"-sealed tory of the dropping of the atomic bomb than 10 deaths a year among the in large double walled stainless steel on Hiroshima. Morgan writes: "Atomic roughly 100,000 atomic bomb sur­ containers on site. These are easily mon­ power was used needlessly, I believe, vivors. itored and offer no risk to the public. and in revenge-to take the lives of hun­ An even more important statistic is The State of Minnesota limits radiation dreds of thousands of Japanese men, that the atomic bomb survivors are liv- to the public from dry cask storage each women, and children." He continues this theme in Chapter 2, liThe Truman Administration's Greatest Mistake," where he writes " ...I remain firmly Putting Radiation in Perspective convinced that President Harry S. Tru­ man and Major General Leslie R. In my bone research, in the 1960s, ured the amount of radiation that Groves blundered in their decision to I exposed hundreds of human beings came out the other side. The mass of order atomic bombs to be dropped on to ionizing radiation, including bone can be accurately calculated Hiroshima and Nagasaki." myself and my two daughters. The from the reduction of beam, as a Later, Morgan makes it clear that: amounts of radiation were trivial. result of its absorption in bone. "Both Byrnes [Secretary of State] and Our daughters received a hundred The radiation dose to the subjects Stimson [Secretary of War] strongly times more radiation while camping was rough Iy equal to the dose they favored bombing without warning.. .. a few days in Glacier National Park. receive from nature in a few hours­ Truman's personal journal contains evi­ I had invented the first accurate less than 1 percent of the exposure dence that he favored a warning." The instrument (bone densitometer) in from an X-ray of the arm. These exper­ author suggests that the second atomic 1960 for measuring the amount of iments on human beings were needed bomb, which used plutonium rather bone in the living body. There are to determine the normal range of bone than enriched uranium-23S, was now about 25,000 such instruments mass as a function of age and sex. The deployed because li the u.S. military in the world used for diagnosing and research was approved by the human­ saw Nagasaki as an opportunity to evaluating osteoporosis. use committee of the University of determine how the plutonium weapon The original instrument used a nar­ Wisconsin Medical School. rivaled the uranium device." row beam of monoenergetic photons All subjects (or their parent) had to Perhaps the most disastrous effect of from lead-21 0, a natural radioiso­ sign a form sayi ng they understood the bomb on society was to produce the tope of lead, which was produced the risk and giving permission for the huge amount of radiation phobia today, from old radon seeds. During the study. I have not the slightest feelings which hampers the use of nuclear measurement, we moved the narrow of guilt about these human radiation power and the medical uses of radia­ beam across the forearm and meas- studies. -John Ca meron tion. Most of the initial atomic bomb

BOOKS 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 73 year to 0.05 millirem-much less radia­ most occupational radiation-show a Notes ______tion than they receive from nature in a reduced cancer death rate compared to 1. See the author's article, "A New Radiation Unit for the Public," 21st Century, Spring 1998, p. 5. day or from one jet fl ight. other medical specialists. See also, "Are X-rays Safe?" on the Internet: Overall, an Unbalanced View The public deserves a book that gives http://www. medinfo.ufl.edu/other/cameron/rads. html) In summary, this book has a large a more accurate picture of the benefits 2. J. Jagger, 1998. "Natural Background Radiation amount of interesting historical informa­ of radiation. and Cancer Death in Rocky Mountain States tion on radiation problems relating to John Cameron is a Professor Emeritus and Gulf Coast States," Health Physics (Oct.), the atomic bomb project, However, it at the University of Wisconsin at Madi­ pp. 428-430. 3. B. L. Cohen, 1995. "Test of the LNT Theory of son and a Visiting Professor at the Uni­ greatly exaggerates radiation risk, which Radiation Carcinogenesis in the Low-Dose, will only increase the anxiety of many versity of Florida. An internationally Low-Dose-Rate Region, Health PhYSics, Vol. readers, and may even scare some known radiation scientist, he is consid­ 68, pp. 157-174. patients away from having a needed ered one of the world's pioneers in 4. L.E. Feinendegen, V.P. Bond, and C.A. Sondhaus, 1998. "Low-level Radiation May Protect Against mammogram or other radiation study. medical applications of physics. In the Cancer," Physics and Society News (April). The theoretical or latent radiation deaths 1960s, he developed thermolumines­ 5. R.D. Evans, 1974. "Radium in Man," Health predicted by the authors can never be cent dosimetry, the basic method fo r Physics (Nov.), pp. 495-510. found. Studies of U.K. radiologists-the measuring radiation received by 6. P.G. Smith and R. Doll, 1981 . "Mortality from Cancer of All Causes Among UK Radiologists," occupational group that receives the nuclear workers. British Journal of Radiology (March).

Riemann's Definitive Biography Is Yet to Be Written by Bruce Director

Bernhard Riemann 1826-1866: Turning deliberately perpetrating a fraud. What Points in the Conception of is most disturbing for the state of mod­ Mathematics Bernhard Riemann ern science, is that only a handfu l of Detlef Laugwitz (trans. by Abe Shenitzer) specialists, would recognize this blun­ Boston: Birkauser, 1999 Hardcover, 357 pp ., $79.50 der. The Revolutionary Riemann ernhard Riemann was a revolution­ This reviewer is in the fortunate posi­ Bary thinker, whose discoveries in the tion of having collaborated closely with domains of mathematics, physics, phys­ a modern thinker who has taken the rev­ iology, and philosophy, transformed olutionary approach to understanding human knowledge. It is the unfortunate Riemann's revolution in thought. Hav­ fate of most such thinkers, that the ing made creative breakthroughs of his results of their discoveries become own in the science of physical econ­ widely known and applied, but their omy, Lyndon H. LaRouche, Jr., later rec­ revolutionary origins are stripped away. ognized the parallels of his own discov­ Thus, the original discoveries remain eries to those which Riemann made in dormant, like seeds planted in cold, dry, geometry. It is thus useful to the pur­ earth, until, a new revolutionary thinker poses of this review to briefly reprise comes forward, warms the surrounding LaRouche's fundamental discovery. ' soil, provides new light and nourish­ Seeking the true source of value in ment, and the long sleeping seed can economy, LaRouche identified the sprout to bear productive fruit. increase in potential relative population In short, it takes a revo lutionary density, as the proper measure, and rec­ thinker to understand another revolu­ in the tradition of Newton and Euler, as ognized that the only basis for such tionary thinker. Detlef Laugwitz, opposed to Cusa, Kepler, and Leibniz. increase, also known as economic undoubtedly an admirer of Riemann's Such an error is common among 20th progress, is the individual human mind's genius, is, nevertheless, no revolution­ century academics, who, largely igno­ capacity for discovery of universal prin­ ary. His biography, while fu ll of interest­ rant of history, are familiar with Rie­ ciples. The nature of human creative ing tidbits and summaries of Riemann's mann only through secondary sources. discoveries, LaRouche showed, is akin work, provides little insight into Rie­ For someone, such as Laugwitz, who to a willful change in the axioms, defi ni­ mann's thinking, and, in fact, obscures has made a study of Riemann's original tions, and postulates, of a Euclidean his most crucial contributions, by view­ published and unpublished writings, it geometric system. Such revolutionary ing them through the eyes of Riemann's is inexcusable. Either Laugwitz is discoveries are not achieved by a epistemological enemies. blinded by his own adherence to mod­ process of deduction from the given set Laugwitz insists on casting Riemann ern mathematical fo rmalism, or he is of axioms, definitions, and postulates

74 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY BOOKS Library of Congress Gottfried Leibniz Ca rl Friedrich Gauss (7646-7776) (7777- 7 855)

Bernhard Riemann (7826-7 866) within that system. Rather, such discov­ played a crucial role in the history of sci­ was almost as a branch of philology. For eries are typified by the concepts of anti­ ence. As a professor at Gbttingen Uni­ Riemann, mathematics was the genera­ Eucl idean geometry, as expressed by versity, his students included Gauss, tion of metaphors that enable the human Riemann. Bolyai, albers, and Bartels. It is no coin­ mind to comprehend the paradoxes that Additionally, LaRouche made the cidence that these individuals were the arise, from the investigation of the phys­ unique discovery, that the same princi­ founders, of what later became known ical universe itself. The mathematical ples of human creative discovery apply as "anti-Euclidean" geometry, a subject formalism, in which Riemann's thoughts both to discovery of valid physical prin­ for which Riemann, in his famous habili­ are often cloaked today, was an anath� ciples, and to classical art. Riemann's tation paper, "On the Hypotheses That ema to Riemann. This is recognized concept of a multiply connected mani­ Underlie the Foundations of Geometry," even by Laugwitz, who notes that Rie­ fold, provided LaRouche with the form provided the most thorough concep­ mann's work is free of the reliance on of representation for the relationship tions. Kastner, himself, was the first to calculation and formulas required by between these cognitive processes, and write extensively on the subject, deriv­ today's academics. physical economic development.2 ing his ideas directly from the work of This metaphorical approach to math­ LaRouche's approach is the only com­ Cusa, Kepler, and Leibniz. But, Kastner's ematics was stated by Riemann in his petent one for the study of Riemann's work was broader. His focus was on famous habilitation paper, and, also, in work, as, Riemann must be viewed from expanding the use of the principles of a posthumously published Philosophi­ Riemann's standpoint of continuing classical metaphor in science. He was cal Fragments.3 In the fi rst part of the human creativity, not, as Laugwitz does, deeply involved in a project to make section entitled, "Attempt at a Theory of by revising Riemann's work to fit the German a scientific language, and had a the Fundamental Concepts of Mathe­ acceptable formalism of today's modern productive collaboration with Gotthold matics and Physics as the Foundation classroom mathematics. Laugwitz is Lessing, the great German playwright, for the Explanation of Nature," Riemann quite blatant about this, consistently re­ who, along with Moses Mendelssohn, states: writing Riemann's own conceptions, in led a vigorous defense of Plato and Leib­ "Natural science is the attempt to modern mathematics formalism. Laug­ niz, against the attacks by Euler, Vo ltaire, understand nature by means of exact witz recognizes this, stating in his intro­ and the British-school fo llowers of New­ concepts. duction, "It is remarkable that the views ton. Gauss called Kastner a "Poet among "Accord ing to the concepts through of mathematicians in the early part of mathematicians and a mathematician which we comprehend nature, our per­ the nineteenth century were so different among poets." This Kastner-Lessing­ ceptions are supplemented and fi l led in, from our present conceptions ...." Mendelssohn collaboration created the not simply at each moment, but also The Missing Historical Context foundations for the flowering of the future perceptions are seen as neces­ To apply Riemann's method to the German classical period, that was sary. Or, to the degree that the concep­ study of Riemann, one must first under­ marked by the great accomplishments in tual system is not fu lly sufficient, future stand the historical-epistemological art and science, of which Riemann is perceptions are determined beforehand characteristics of the manifold of ideas exemplary. as probable; according to the concepts, in which he worked and lived. He was, Mathematics as Poetry what is 'possible,' is determined (thus in effect, a second generation student of It is in this light that Riemann's work what is 'necessary' and conversely, Abraham Gotthelf Kastner, the 18th cen­ must be viewed. Like Gauss, Riemann's impossible). And the degree of possibil­ tury's passionate defender of Kepler, youthfu l interest in philology is reflected ity (or 'probabil ity') of each individual Leibniz, and Bach. Kastner, a product of in all his mathematical work. In fact, even which is seen as possible, in light the intellectual circles around Leibniz, Riemann's approach to mathematics, of these concepts, can be mathemati-

BOOKS 21 st CENTURY Summer 2000 75 cally determined, if the concepts are world-those whose origin we can trace lenged the Ptolemaic-Aristotel ian fixed precise enough. neither in history nor in our own devel­ universe, by reviving the ancient "To the extent that what is necessary opment because they are delivered to us Greek/Egyptian knowledge of a helio­ or probable, according to these con­ unnoticed through our language-can centric solar system, and hypothesizing cepts, takes place, then this confirms the be derived from this source, in so far as that planetary motion was characterized concepts, and the trust that we place in they are more than mere forms combin­ by regular, non-constant curvature. these concepts rests on this confirma­ ing simple sense images; and therefore Following Cusa's teachings, Johannes tion through experience. But, if some­ these concepts need not be derived from Kepler sought to determine the exact thing takes place that is unexpected some special constitution of the human nature of that curvature. In his New according to our existing assumptions, mind which precedes all experience Astronomy (1 609), Kepler showed that i.e. that is impossible or improbable (such as Kant's categories). the three radically different systems of according to them, then the task arises "This proof of their origin in our abil­ Ptolemy, Brahe, and Copernicus, while of completing them or, if necessary ity to comprehend that which is given to mathematically equivalent, nevertheless reworking the axioms, so that what is us by sense perception, is important for deviated from the actual observed perceived ceases to be impossible or, us, because it is only in this way that motions of the planets. Through a improbable. The completion or their meaning can by determined in a detailed study of this discrepancy with improvement of the conceptual system manner satisfactory for science .. .." respect to the motion of Mars, Kepler forms the "explanation" of the unex­ Riemann recognized that the para­ found that error to be their common pected perception. Our comprehension doxes which force such new concep­ assumption that planetary motion was of nature gradually becomes more and tions on us are discovered in the investi­ characterized by constant, as opposed more complete and correct through this gation of nonlinearity in the to non-constant, curvature. Presaging process, si mu Itaneously penetrati ng infi nitesimally small. This puts Riemann Riemann's more generalized approach more and more behind the surface of clearly in the Socratic tradition of Cusa, to mathematical physiCS, Kepler demon­ appearances. Kepler, Leibniz, and Gauss and diamet­ strated that the error was not located in "The history of causal natural science, rically opposed to the Aristotelian lin­ the mathematics of Ptolemy, Brahe, or in so far as we can trace it back, show earization-in-the-small methods of Copernicus, per se, but rather, in their that this is, in fact, the way our knowl­ Newton, Euler, and Cauchy. insistence on deriving physical princi­ edge of nature advances. The concep­ This distinction is evident to anyone ples from mathematical models. tual systems that are now the basis for who knows the real history of science. Such methods (similar to the discred­ the natural sciences, arose through a A brief, partial summary is in order here ited methods of today's systems analysis gradual transformation of older concep­ to supply the reader with the context in and information theory), Kepler showed, tual systems, and the reasons that drove which to judge Laugwitz's book. imposed on the physical universe, the us to new modes of explanation can Cusa Founded Modern Science underlying assumptions embedded in always be traced back to contradictions By the time of the 1440 publication of the mathematical model, in this case, and improbabil ities that emerged from his work On Learned Ignorance, constant curvature. In what amounted the older modes of explanation. Nicholas of Cusa had already chal- to a new revolution in mathematical "The formation of new concepts, in physics, Kepler rejected this Aristotelian so far as this process is accessible to approach, deriving his mathematical observation, therefore takes place in this formulations from an hypothesis about way. the physical motion of the planets. That "Herbart furnished the proof that con­ physical hypothesis concerned the har­ cepts that allow us to comprehend the monic ordering of the solar system as a

Steven Meyer Christopher Lewis The Granger Collection, New York Moses Mendelssohn Gotthold Lessing Abraham Gotthelf Kastner (7729- 7786) (7729- 7 78 7) (7779-7800)

76 Summer 2000 21st CENTURY BOOKS whole. The characteristics within and placed on Bentley's famous account of Euclidean geometry, did not character­ among the planetary orbits, are deter­ Newton's own admission that his princi­ ize the real nature of space. Although mined by the principles underlying that ple of action-at-a-distance was philo­ he did not publish his complete harmonic ordering. Kepler demon­ sophically absurd. thoughts on the matter, Gauss stated strated that these pri nciples are accessi­ However, with the tremendous politi­ repeatedly in his private correspon­ ble to human cognition. cal backing of the BritishNenetian oli­ dence and notebooks, that he bel ieved Kepler's discovery is paradigmatic of garchy, the linear mathematical model­ that Euclidean geometry was not the the type that Riemann refers to as requir­ ling methods of Newton and Euler true one, and he strongly criticized the ing the re-working of assumptions and gained currency during the 18th cen­ belief of Newton, Euler, and Kant, that axioms, so as to generate the new con­ tury. an absolute Euclidean space underlaid cepts necessary to improve our knowl­ From Gauss to Riemann the physical universe. Rather, Gauss edge. Yet, Kepler's physical hypothesis In 1801 , Carl Friedrich Gauss re­ understood that the axioms underfying found his mathematical conceptions established the authority of the method the true nature of space had to be deter­ wanting, in the inability to measure non­ of Kepler and Leibniz with his determi­ mined by physical measurement, and as constant curvature in the infin itesimally nation of the orbit of the asteroid Ceres, such, were characterized by an "anti­ small. Rather than alter his physical from only a small number of observa­ Eucl idean" geometry. hypothesis so that it conformed to the tions. This accomplishment, deemed to This work of Gauss had a profound weakness of his mathematical concep­ be impossible by Euler, was thrust upon influence on Riemann, as Riemann him­ tions, Kepler demanded the creation of the 24-year-old Gauss, when all the self acknowledged in many locations. In a new mathematics. In the penultimate established authorities in astronomy had addition to whatever private discussions pages of the New Astronomy, Kepler failed in their attempt to locate Ceres, the two men may have had, Riemann called on future scientists to provide the after Piazzi's initial observation. Their studied very carefully Gauss's works on new concepts necessary to measure failure was the result of a deficiency in curvature, geodesy, and number theory. non-constant curvature in the infinitesi­ method; a dependence on the lineariza­ Riemann stated publicly, what Gauss mally small, the which was supplied by tion-in-the-small methods of Newton had only asserted privately about the Leibniz's invention of the calculus. and Euler. Gauss, utilizing Kepler's prin­ anti-Euclidean nature of space, and then Newton's Blunder ciple that the solar system was harmoni­ proceeded to investigate the i mpl ica­ Isaac Newton, who was notorious for cally ordered, developed a method to tions of this concept, in the physical his belief in the occult, rejected Kepler's measure that nonlinear harmonic order­ universe. This led Riemann to develop method altogether, resorting instead to ing principle, in any infinitesimally the new mathematical metaphors purely mathematical formulations to small interval. required to represent action in an anti­ describe planetary motion. Reviving the Gauss later took this same approach Euclidean domain, as reflected in his now discredited methods of Ptolemy, in the domain of geodesy, determining writings on functions of a complex vari­ Newton claimed to make no hypotheses the geometrical shape of the Earth, as a able, the hypergeometric function, concerning the physical universe, a function of physical measurement. Here Abelian functions, and other of his claim later ridiculed by Riemann. again, it was Gauss's discovery that a mathematical works. This same anti­ As if to parody Kepler, Newton virtually infinitesimal discrepancy, Euclidean approach is also expressed in demanded that the physical world sub­ between the length of the meridian his work on physical and biological mit to the formal mathematical con­ measured astronomically, and that same questions, such as his celebrated work structs, insisting that all physical action length measured along the Earth's sur­ on shock waves, or the physiology of took place against a backdrop of Euclid­ face, was the result of a matter of princi­ the human ear. ean absolute space and time. Yet, such a ple, not an error in measurement. Like Unfortunately, this view is lost on requirement rendered Newton impotent Kepler, Gauss had the intellectual forti­ author Detlef Laugwitz, who makes the to derive any knowledge of the physical tude to know that this small discrep­ common mistake of dividing up Rie­ world; hence, he resorted to an alge­ ancy, (1 6 seconds of arc) required the mann's mind into separate parts, a theo­ braic manipu lation of the mathematical reworking of assumptions and axioms. retical, a practical, and a philosophical, form of Kepler's physical principles, in Gauss showed the impossibility of deter­ thus rendering all Riemann's discoveries order to construct his theories of plane­ mining the shape of the Earth by impos­ unintelligible. tary motion. ing a predetermined mathematical Consequently, a competent concep­ This error of Newton was well known shape, and then fitting the physical tual history of Riemann's work is yet to to Leibniz, as expressed in the cele­ measurements into that shape. Again be written. brated Leibniz-Clarke correspondence, adopting the method of Kepler and Leib­ Notes ------and an understanding of it was transmit­ niz, Gauss created the mathematical 1. The reader may find out for himself in ted to Riemann, by among others, Kast­ shape from the physical principles on LaRouche's "Riemann Refutes Euler," 21st Cen­ tury, Winter 1995-96, pp. 36-47, among other ner and Gauss. That Riemann was well which his measurements were based . locations. LaRouche's piece serves as foreword aware of this, despite several, seemingly This led Gauss to the development of to the only English translation of Riemann's positive, references to Newton in his totally new concepts in geometry. Philosophical Fragments (ibid, pp. 50-62). published works, is evidenced by the Underlying Gauss's work in astron­ 2. See, "The Becoming Death of Systems Analy­ sis," Executive Intelligence Review, March 31 , very method Riemann employed in all omy and geodesy, was a deep convic­ 2000, pp. 10-73. his work, and by the emphasis Riemann tion that the axioms and assumptions of 3. See note 1.

BOOKS 21st CENTURY Summer 2000 77 A Thoughtful View of Edwin Land by Stuart K. Lewis

Insisting on the Impossible: The Life of tors and digital watches. Edwin Land, Inventor of Instant Land was refreshingly honest about his Photography method of discovery: Discoveries were Victor K. McElheny made, he said, "by some individual who Cambridge, Mass.: Perseus Books, 1999 Paperback, 511 pp., $22.50 has freed himself from a way of thinking that is held by friends . . . but who have lthough most know Edwin Land as mastered the art of the fresh, clean look Athe inventor of instant photography at the old, old knowledge_" and the founder of the Polaroid Corpora­ The book, of course concentrates on tion, Victor McElheny's biography shows Land's development of the Polaroid the much broader range of the inventor's instant fi lm and the cameras to use it. work and thought. Especially interesting The author details the complexity was Land's original work on light and involved, noting that "the mere produc­ vision, which challenged the validity of tion of the SX-70 [camera developed by the classical theory of color derived by Polaroid in the 1970s] must already be James Clerk Maxwell. counted as one of the most remarkable lengths of light." Land believed instead In addition to developing instant pho­ accomplishments in industrial history. that "a wider area had to be considered : tography, and the requisite unique tech­ The project involved a series of scien­ 'Extended areas of the retina are signifi­ nology of the camera, which uses chem­ tific discoveries, inventions, and tech­ cant in determ i n i ng the sensation for ically complicated fi lms, Land was also nological innovations in the fields as each point in the image,' " Land said. the inventor of polarizing fi lters, a tech­ disparate as chemistry, optics, and elec­ Land carried out experiments in which nology which led to the liquid crystal tronics." widely different shades of color were displays in innumerable pocket calcula- Land got started on instant photogra­ illuminated by exactly the same amounts phy when his his daughter asked him, of light of a particular wavelength, yet after a photo had been taken, why she viewers reported that the shapes still SAVE YOUR COPIESOF couldn't see the photo right away. Since kept their same colors. Land also there has been so much scientific inno­ observed that the eye was more than just 21st CENTURY vation with instant photography, (Land a light receptor: "The photographer's Theserustom-made titledcases is credited with more than 500 personal light meter, Land said, cannot distinguish and binders are ideal toprotect valuable ),our copiesfrom damage. ' patents alone), one wonders whether between a black cat in the sunlight and They're designedto bold two years Land could have made an even greater a white cat in shadow, but humans can. =� �;"!l==' and covered with durable leather- contribution to society if a relative had 'We tend to take for granted our ability like material in blue, title ishot­ stamped in gold, gotten sick and his daughter had asked, to know that the shadowed portion is cases are V-notched for easy access, "why can't we cure cancer?" also white and not gray.' " The author binders have later discusses scientific work by David special spring Land viewed Polaroid as his line of mechanism to Hubel and Margaret Livingston that bold individual business. But in his spare time, and rods whicheasily then, later in his life, after the company found brain cells in the visual cortex that snap in. he had founded threw him out, Land responded to color. devoted his scientific interest to the Some of Land's other projects were c-: 1-17." 3-821." 8-$31." Polaroid's involvement in war produc­ 81 :.... 1-18." 3-827." 6-M2.IS study of light and vision. (The Polaroid Board voted Land out after the company tion during World War II, and his partic­ 21st Century Science & Technology Jesse Jones Industries, Dept. 21 C lost millions of dollars by investing, on ipation in advisory bod ies that worked 499 Easl Erie Ave .. Philadelphia. PA 19134 Enclosed1., ___ for__ Cases; his insistence, in development of instant on the U-2, reconnaissance satellites atage :I=��=�.!'caael movies, at a time when video cameras after the 1957 Sputnik shock, and the c:'nder (US lunda only). PA realdanta add 6%_ tax. were already on the market.) SR-71 spy plane. PrInt Challenge to Color Theory This book is worth read ing for all the �------As author McElheny recounts, Land things you didn't know about Edwin --'--c;:;No::Op;";;.O:O.ao.=N:::..._.=-;;;_..=----- "continued to hold that classical theory, Land. Although a good portion of the �------based on [James Clerk] Maxwell's three book, in careful detail, is about Polaroid primary colors was inadequate. That films and cameras, the most interesting &m�p�______CHARGEORDERS (MInimum$15): Am Ex, Viae, Me, DCaccaptad. Sitnd cardname, I, Exp.date. theory focused on tiny points in a field parts are Land's less well-known activi­ CALL TOLL FREE 7 days, 24 hours of view. The color at each point was ties and thoughts on the scientific 1 -800-825-6690 method. ___ SATISFACTION GUARANTEED__ _ based on a ratio of the three wave-

78 Summer 2000 21 st CENTURY BOOKS Some Robotic Optimism

Boing-Boing the Bionic Cat complete with fi ber-optic fu r. It Larry L. Hench walks, it talks, and when it lolls in Westerville, Oh. : The American Ceramic the Sun, its batteries recharge. Society, 2000 The author, a ceramics scientist, is Hardcover, 48 pp., $17.00 the discoverer of the first man-made Oing-Boing is a welcome relief from material to bond to living bone. A pro­ B the majority of children's "science" fessor of ceramic engineering for 40 books, which promote environmental years, he now teaches at the University myths, glorify primitive society, or pro­ of London's Imperial College of Sci­ mote the idea that the aim of science is ence, Technology, and Medicine, and � LlItr L. Hu)/·.h 1n...,_ I,., R..l. ll._ l.. ... to protect Mother Nature from the is the director of the Imperial College depredations of that alien creature, man. Centre for Tissue Regeneration and In this nicely illustrated story, pub­ Repair. Hench was inspired to write this is positive and optimistic. The only caveat: lished by the American Ceramic Soci­ book by his grandchildren, and fu rther If you give this to a cat-loving child who is ety, a kindly professor helps out a cat­ adventures of the bionic cat are planned. allergic to cats, you will probably be loving young neighbor who is allergic to Though science and the scientist are asked to construct your own bionic cat. cats, by building him a robotic cat- portrayed a bit simplistically, the message -Marjorie Maze! Hecht

AI DS and Infectious publication of the CIA report, and the exists in a metastable condition vis a vis acknowledgement by the National the surrounding biosphere. He recog­ Diseases Security Council of the threat posed by nized that the replacement of the guid­ Continued from page 75 the AIDS epidemic, is why did it take so ing axioms of industrial society by the in, but so far, very little action has been long? Why were the warnings made new paradigm of "information society" taken. In a press release the day after more than a decade ago ignored? would mean a return in the economic the report went public, Sandra Thur­ Helene Gayle, the Director of AIDS Pre­ sphere to looti ng of the society's prior man, Director of the White House vention at the Centers for Disease Con­ investments in physical infrastructure. Office of National AIDS Policy, said: trol, was quoted by The Wa shington This decline in physical infrastructure, "As the National Intelligence Council's Post, saying: "We saw it coming, and on a global scale, would favor the out­ report warns, as goes Africa, so will go we didn't act as quickly as we could break of both new and old forms of India, Southeast Asia, and the former have. I'm not sure what that says about infectious diseases, which would appear Soviet Union. At the end of the day, this how seriously we took it, how seriously first in the underdeveloped regions of global pandemic will make the bubonic we took lives in Africa." the world economy. plague of the Middle Ages pale in com­ A Difference of Method It was from this standpoint that parison, unless our response is finally Why didn't government officials see LaRouche recognized that the dangerous commensurate with the magnitude of that the result of clinging to their poli­ shifts in policy in economics, medical this emergency." cies of austerity would create a global care, and science that had been adopted The Clinton Administration has asked infectious disease catastrophe? How did as part of the "New Age" paradigm 30 Congress for only $250 million to fu nd LaRouche forecast this development 25 years ago, would lead to disaster. AIDS efforts overseas for the 2000 years ago? Surely the government had The challenge now for the Adminis­ budget, an amount that would not even access to all of the same information tration, and the scientific community, in scratch the surface of what is needed for that LaRouche's task force had, so why particular, is to look at the research pro­ treatment. There has been no discussion did the government fail? The answer has posals, especially in optical biophysics, of how to address the lack of health nothing to do with information, but with made by LaRouche in the early 1980s, infrastructure in Africa and in most of a difference in conceptual method. and initiate crash programs not only of the developing-sector nations-infra­ In his original work in economics, health infrastructure, but of basic med­ structure which must be built if the AIDS LaRouche had found that the only true ical research. epidemic is to be stopped. The cost of measure of economic value is the power starting adequate prevention efforts in of the human mind to discover new Notes ------Africa would cost at least $2 billion and, physical principles. The rate of growth 1. Central Intelligence Agency, "The Global Infec­ according to UNAIDS, probably $3 bil­ tious Disease Threat and Its Implications for the of human society depends entirely upon United States," NIE 99-170, January 2000 lion would be needed for treatment of expanding the creative powers of the (unclassified version released April, 30, 2000). AIDS in Africa, a figure that many Clin­ individual mind; this is realized in eco­ 2. International Labor Organization, "HIV-AIDS: A ton Ad ministration officials do not dis­ nomic progress as an increase in the Threat to Decent Work, Productivity, and Devel­ opment: June 8, 2000. pute. potential relative population density. 3. World Health Organization, "Overcoming Antimi­ The big question surrounding the He further recognized that human life crobial Resistance,"June 2000.

BOOKS 21st CENTURY Summer 2000 79 ITIN ERARY: EARTH'S ORBIT, THE PLANETS, AND BEYOND

P. WARD andD. BROWNLEE, S. CLARK, University of Hertfordshire, UK D. ASCHER, Konigswinter, Germany both, University of Washington. RARE EARTH Seattle LIFE ON OTHER WORLDS AND MISSION JUPITER fir.,t. �- ,,: " I,';,',,- ,- .!.. t',.• "" HOW TO FIND IT The Spectacular ]oumey of the Galileo RARE EARTH Space Probe . Why Complex Life Is The argument about whether or not extrater­ '. Un common in the restrial life exists elsewhere in the universe This beautifully illustrated book brings us the exciting story of the Galileo mission to Universe has raged for many years and many attempts investigate Jupiter. The noted astronomer have been made by means of radio signals .- ... ..a sobering �- ., -I Daniel Fischer, co-author of Hubble: A New �;�,�'1�>. �- .-".'-- to try to reach such life fo rms. As well as and valuable Window to the Universe and Hubble covering past and present efforts at picking r:..... perspective ...... Revisited: New Images from the Discovery -SCIENCE up signals fro m space, this book highlights Machine, takes us behind the scenes to the philosophical concerns accompanying ... .. likely to calise a revolution in thinking ... " present the mission's background, the the possible confLrmation of other life forms -THE NEW YORK TIMES problems it encountered early on, and how in our universe, and discusses the physics these were resolved. "This book offe rs a fr esh and accurate and biological aspects of life on other perspective on the most profound question worlds. 2000/APPROX. 256 PP., 112 ILLUS. HARDCOVER/$32.00/ISBN 0·387·98764·9 in science-Is intelligent life in the Galaxy a 2000/179 PP .. 28 ILLUS.jHARDCOVER � COPERNICUS dime-a-dozen occurrence or is it a cosmic PR)Gf $32.95/ISBN 1·85233.(J97·X fluke here on Earth ?" -GEOFF MARCY SPRINGER PRAXIS SERIES IN ASTRONOMY AND EXTRASOLAR PLANET DISCOVERER SPACE SCIENCES UN1VERSITY OF CALIFORNlA, BERKELEY D.l. SHAYLER

In this exciting new book, Peter D. Ward DISASTERS AND ACCIDENTS D.M. HARLAND and Donald Brownlee team up to give us a IN MANNED SPACEFLIGHT fa scinating synthesis of what's now known JUPITER ODYSSEY As the International Space Station (ISS) about the rise of life on Earth and how it The Story of NASA 's Galileo Mission takes shape, this timely book reports on the sheds light on possibilities for organic life Focusing on the Galileo mission, this book dangers connected with our dramatic ven­ fo rms elsewhere in the Universe. They relates the remarkable spacecraft's protract­ tures into space. It also offers a detailed assert that life is paradoxically both very ed gestation, the ordeal of its long haul out account of high-altitude flight's fascinating common and almost nowhere and contend to Jupiter, and its ultimate triumphal 5-year history. The book first describes the early that the kind of complex life we find on exploration of the Jovian system. The story days of stratospheric balloon flights and Earth is unlikely to exist anywhere else, spans a fu ll quarter of a century, drawing on rocket planes, continues with orbital and indeed it is quite possibly unique to our the press conferences, technical papers, and lunar programs such as Gemini, Apollo/ planet. essays of engineers and scientists involved Soyuz, and the Space Shuttle, and culmi­ 2000/333 PP.jHARDCOVER/$27.50 in the mission. nates with the ISS and fu rther planetary IS8N 0-387·98701.(J 2000/APPROX. 400 PP.jSOFTCOVER explorations. COPERNICUS � PR $34.50 (TENT.)/IS8N 1-85233·3014 )Gf a 2000/APPROX. 300 PP.jSOFTCOVER SPRINGER PRAXIS BOOKS IN ASTRONOMY AND PR� $34.95/IS8N 1-85233.225-5 SPACE SCIENCES SPRINGER PRAXIS SERIES IN ASTRONOMY AND M, FREEMAN, 21st Century SPACE SCIENCES Science & Technology, Washington, DC ALSO BY DA VID HA RLAND­ CHALLENGES EXPLORING THE MOON C. R. MCINNES, The University of Glasgow, UK OF HUMAN The Apollo Expeditions SOLARSAI LING

SPACE "A detailed guide to what the astronauts did " ...the reference book on solar sailing ... EXPLORATION during their stays on the lunar surfa ce.... highly recommended. " -SPACEFLIGHT Walk[sJ the reader through the prospecting This book tells the The book provides the fi rst detailed account excursions and then incorporate[s1 decades story of what was of solar sailing at a high technical level that of subsequent analysis to put the explo­ accomplished during is also accessible to the scientifically informed ra tions of dust, rocks, craters, and rilles illto the Shuttle-Mir program, based on the layman. Solar sail orbital dynamics and geologic context. .. - SKY & TELESCOPE interviews granted to the author by three of solar radiation pressure form the foundations the astronauts. It foc uses on their descrip­ Based on the transcripts of what the astro­ of the book, but the engineering design of tions of the human aspects of exploration of nauts said while carrying out their duties, solar sails is also considered, along with space and their attempts to solve problems and numerous photographs taken at each potential mission applications. step (and on each drive) of the exploration, both mechanical and interpersonal. It also P � 1999/296 PP., 98 ILLUS./SOFTCOVER describes (in considerable detail) the experi­ this book provides a graphic and lively R)Gf $89.95/ISBN 1·85233·102·X ments in growing crystals, food, and tissue account of what can arguably be described SPRINGER PRAXIS SERIES IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES which they undertook during the Apollo as humanity'S greatest feat of exploration. /Soyuz and Shuttle-Mir programs and the a 1999/411 PP .• 24 ILLUS.jSOFTCOVER lessons learned. Unlike other books that PR� $39.95/ISBN 1-85233.(J99-6 sensationalize the story of Mir, this book SPRINGER PRAXIS BOOKS IN ASTRONOMY AND SPACE SCIENCES emphasizes the wealth of knowledge, To Order: CAlLTolI·Free ;1-800-SPRINGER, research, and biomedical insights made 8:30 AM • 5:30 PM ET; Please mention possible by the Mir space station. S1329 vwhen ordering by phone. FAX 201-3484505. a 2000/APPROX. 400 PP., 65 ILLUS. WRfJE to Sprlnger.ve�ag New York, Inc., R� SOFTCOVER/ $44.95/ISBN 1.85233.201-8 P AnN: K. Quinn, Dept. S1329, 175 Fifth SPRINGER PRAXIS SERIES IN ASTRONOMY AND Avenue, New York, NY 10010-7858. SPACE SCIENCES EMAIL orders@springer·ny.com 9/00 PROMOTION #51329