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In the Narne of God INTERNATIONAL COURT of JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING OIL PLATFORMS (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC of IRAN V. UNITED STATES of A

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In the Narne of God INTERNATIONAL COURT of JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING OIL PLATFORMS (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC of IRAN V. UNITED STATES of A In The Narne Of God INTERNATIONAL COURT OF JUSTICE CASE CONCERNING OIL PLATFORMS (ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN V. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA) - *'L, MEMORIAL Subrnitted by the ISLAMIC REPUBLIC OF IRAN Volume 1 8 June 1993 TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1 THE FACTUAL BACKGROUND TO THE DISPUTE ...........................5 CHAPTER 1 RELATIONS BETWEEN THE PARTIES .THE CIRCUMSTANCES OF THE SIGNING OF THE TREATY OF AMITY AND THE TREATY'S CONTINUING APPLICABILITY AFTER THE ISLAMIC REVOLUTION IN 1979............................................... 6 Section A The Circumstances of the Signing of the Treaty of Amity ..........6 Section B The Development of Iran's Offshore Fields and Facilities Following the Signing of the Treaty of Amity ................................8 Section C The Islamic Revolution and the Change in Relations Between the United States and Iran After 1979......................... 11 Section D U.S. Oil Companies' Claims Before the 1ran.U.S. Claims Tribunal............................................................................................ 13 CHAPTER II IRAQ'S AGGRESSION AGAINST IRAN AND THE DEFENSIVE MEASURES TAKEN BY IRAN ....................... 15 Section A Iraq's Aggression ................ :............................................................ 15 Section B The Defensive Measures Taken by Iran ......................................20 Section C The Approach of the Security Council to the Conflict and the Vindication of Iran's Defensive Posture................................ 26 CHAPTER III U.S. POLICIES AND ACTIONS DESIGNED TO SUPPORT IRAQ AND TO FRUSTRATE IRAN'S DEFENSIVE MEASURES ..........................................................32 Section A U.S. Obligations Under international Law.................................. 32 Section B The United States' Support for Iraq .............................................34 Section C U.S. Actions Against Iran ............................................................... 35 CHAPTER IV THE AïTACKS OF OCTOBER 1987 AND APRIL 1988...................................................................................... 41 Section A The October 1987 Attack on the Reshadat Platforms ............... 41 1. The status of the platforms prior to the attacks ............. 41 2. The attacks. the damage caused and the reactions of tlie Parties ............................................................................42 Section B The April 1988 Attack on the Nasr and Salman Platforms .......47 1 . The status of tht: platforms prior to the attacks .............47 2. The attacks, the damage caused and the reaction of the Parties ............................................................................ 47 PART II THE JURISDICTION OF THE COURT ON THE BASIS OF THE TREATY OF AMITY ......................................................................... 55 CHAPTER 1 THE TREATY REMAINS IN FORCE BETWEEN THE PARTIES............................................................................... 55 CHAPTER II THE SATISFACTION OF THE REQUIREMENTS OF ARTICLE XXI(2) ....................................................................57 Section A The Existence of a Dispute as to the Treaty's Interpretation or Application ........................................................57 Section B The Scope of the Court's Jurisdiction Ratione Materiae ..........61 Section C The Dispute Has Not Been Satisfactorily Adjusted by Diplomacy Nor Have the Parties Agreed To Settle It by Other Pacific Means ..................................................................... 64 Section D Conclusions....................................................................................... 67 PART III THE PROMSIONS OF THE TREATY OF AMITY VIOLATED BY THE U.S. A'ITACKS OF OCTOBER 1987 AND APRIL 1988 ........................................................................................ 69 CHAPTER 1 METHODS AND PRINCIPLES APPLICABLE TO THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION. OF THE TREATY OF AMITY ................................................... 69 Section A Introduction ...................................................................................... 69 Section B The Limits of the Jurisdiction of the International Court of Justice Ratione Materiae and the Question of the Violation by One of the Parties of the Obligation Not To Deprive the Treaty of its Object and Purpose ................................ .. ...................................70 Section C The Role of General International Law in the Interpretation and Application of the 1955 Treaty of Amity ..............................72 CHAPTER II THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF ARTICLE 1 ...................................................................................... 75 Section A The Interpretation of Article 1...................................................... 75 1. Preliminary remarks concerning the wording of Article 1................................................................................. 75 2. The object and purpose of the Treaty in the light of its Preamble ......................................................................... 76 3. The "contextual" interpretation of Article 1 of the 1955 Treaty: the obligation of the Parties to behave peacefully in their mutual relations .................................. 78 4. The "contextual" interpretation of Article 1 of the 1955 Treaty: the obligation of the Parties to conduct their mutual relations in a friendly manner ..................... 79 Section B The Application of Article 1........................................................... 83 1. The general attitude adopted by the United States in favour of Iraq, the aggressor State, and against Iran, the victim of agression, was in itself a violation of Article 1 of the 1955 Treaty ..............83 2. The actions of the U.S. armed forces in 1987 and 1988 against Iran's oil platforms violated Article 1 of the 1955 Treaty .................................................................... 84 CHAPTER III THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF ARTICLE IV( 1) .............................................................................. 85 Section A The Interpretation of Article IV(1) ..............................................85 Section B The Application of Article IV(1) .................................................. 87 CHAPTER IV THE INTERPRETATION AND APPLICATION OF ARTICLE X(l) ............................................................................... 88 Section A The Interpretation of Article X(l)................................................ 88 Section B The Application of Article X(l) ....................................................90 PART IV THE LACK OF JUSTIFICATION FOR THE U.S. CONDUCI' IN DESTROYING THE OIL PLATFORMS .......................................... 93 CHAPTER 1 THE LAW ....................................................................................... 93 Section A Justification Under the Treaty of Amity ......................................93 . Section B Justification Under General International Law ..........................95 1. The United States has invoked the right of self- C defence .................................................................................95 2. The essential conditions for a plea of lawful self- defence .................................................................................95 (a) That a prior delict should have been committed against the State invoking self- defence by the "aggressor" State ...........................96 (h) That the prior delict should take the form of an "armed attack .................................................... 97 (c) That there should be an immediate necessity to act, leaving the State invoking self-defence with no alternative means of protection .............. 98 (d) That the measures taken in self-defence must be proportionate and limited to the necessities of the case .................................................................98 (i) The degree and form of the force to be used .................................................... 100 (ii) The target chosen for the measures in self-defence............................................. 100 (e) That the measures taken in self-defence be immediately reported to the Security Council ................................................................... 101 3 . The distinction between lawful self-defence and unlawful reprisals ............................................................. 101 (a) Timing .................................................................... 102 (b) Disproportionate force ........................................ 103 (c) The premeditated nature of the action ............. 104 (d) The selection of the "wrong" target.................... 105 4 . The issues to be examined in relation to the facts of the present case ........................................................... 105 CHAPTER II THE FACTS ................................................................................ Section A Description of the Platforms....................................................... 106 Section B The Complete Disassociation of the Platforms from the Activities Alleged by the United States To Justifj Self- Defence .......................................................................................... 108 1.. The alleged attacks on shipping.................................... 108 (a) The so-called "attacks" by Iranian warships and gun-boats.............. .. .................................. 108 (b) The alleged mining of the Persian Gulf by Iran ....................................
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