DOCSLIB.ORG

Neurogenesis: a Striatal Supply of New Neurons

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Neurogenesis: a Striatal Supply of New Neurons RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS Nature Reviews Neuroscience | AOP, published online 5 March 2014; doi:10.1038/nrn3714 NEUROGENESIS A striatal supply of new neurons Frisén and colleagues recently showed markers. This indicates that the stria- neurons and oligodendrocytes were that new neurons are born every day tum contains not only neuroblasts substantially lower in post-mortem in the adult human hippocampus. In but also newborn neurons. striatum tissue from patients with newborn a follow-up study, the same research The authors next made use of a Huntington’s disease than in tissue neurons are group now reports that neuroblasts birth-dating method that is based on from healthy controls. This suggests are present in the human striatum the 14C content of a cell’s DNA, which that newborn neurons are particu- particularly throughout life, that they generate is thought to reflect 14C levels in the larly vulnerable to the pathological vulnerable striatal neurons — mainly interneu- atmosphere at the time of the birth processes associated with this disease. to the rons — and that newly generated of the cell. Atmospheric 14C levels Thus, humans show quite promi- striatal neurons are preferentially peaked in the middle of the twentieth nent neurogenesis in the striatum pathological depleted in Huntington’s disease. century (as a result of nuclear bomb but none in the olfactory bulb. This processes It is well known that in rodents, tests) and declined after 1963; thus, contrasts with the pattern of promi- associated 14 adult neurogenesis occurs in the the level of C in DNA can be used as nent olfactory bulb neurogenesis and with subventricular zone (SVZ) in the a relatively precise marker of a cell’s limited striatal neurogenesis in many wall of the lateral ventricle, from birth date. other mammals. The functional role [Huntington’s] where neuroblasts migrate to the Application of this birth-dating of newborn striatal neurons and disease olfactory bulb. The adult human method to nuclear DNA from human the importance of their depletion SVZ also contains neuroblasts, but neurons from different brain areas in Huntington’s disease are unclear, no neurogenesis has been detected revealed that for a minority of SVZ but they will be intriguing issues to in the human olfactory bulb. Frisén and striatum neurons, 14C levels explore in future research. and colleagues therefore set out to matched the 14C levels that were establish whether SVZ neuroblasts present in the atmosphere after — Leonie Welberg might migrate elsewhere. rather than in — the individual’s birth ORIGINAL RESEARCH PAPER Ernst, A. et al. Transcriptome data, western blot year, suggesting that these neurons Neurogenesis in the striatum of the adult human analysis and immunohistochemistry were generated after the individual brain. Cell http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j. of post-mortem human brain tissue was born. This was not the case for cell.2014.01.044 (2014) revealed the expression of the neuro­ cortical, cerebellar and olfactory bulb blast marker doublecortin (DCX) in neurons. Computer modelling of the the adult human striatum (as well data showed that the best-fit model as in the SVZ and hippocampus). was one in which 25% of SVZ and DCX-expressing cells contained striatal neurons showed turnover. no or very little lipofuscin (an age The authors further showed that pigment), suggesting that they were neuron turnover was restricted young cells. Importantly, in post- to striatal interneurons (which mortem tissue from patients with make up ~25% of striatal neurons) cancer who had received iodode- rather than medium spiny neurons. oxyuridine (IdU) — which is incor- Non-neuronal cells in the striatum, porated into nuclear DNA during including oligodendrocytes, also cell division — the authors detected showed renewal. IdU-labelled cells in the striatum Finally, the authors used the (as well as in the hippocampus) that 14C birth-dating method to show also expressed one or more neuronal that the turnover rates for both J. Vallis/NPG NATURE REVIEWS | NEUROSCIENCE VOLUME 15 | APRIL 2014 © 2014 Macmillan Publishers Limited. All rights reserved.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Odour Discrimination Learning in the Indian Greater Short-Nosed Fruit Bat
    © 2018. Published by The Company of Biologists Ltd | Journal of Experimental Biology (2018) 221, jeb175364. doi:10.1242/jeb.175364 RESEARCH ARTICLE Odour discrimination learning in the Indian greater short-nosed fruit bat (Cynopterus sphinx): differential expression of Egr-1, C-fos and PP-1 in the olfactory bulb, amygdala and hippocampus Murugan Mukilan1, Wieslaw Bogdanowicz2, Ganapathy Marimuthu3 and Koilmani Emmanuvel Rajan1,* ABSTRACT transferred directly from the olfactory bulb to the amygdala and Activity-dependent expression of immediate-early genes (IEGs) is then to the hippocampus (Wilson et al., 2004; Mouly and induced by exposure to odour. The present study was designed to Sullivan, 2010). Depending on the context, the learning investigate whether there is differential expression of IEGs (Egr-1, experience triggers neurotransmitter release (Lovinger, 2010) and C-fos) in the brain region mediating olfactory memory in the Indian activates a signalling cascade through protein kinase A (PKA), greater short-nosed fruit bat, Cynopterus sphinx. We assumed extracellular signal-regulated kinase-1/2 (ERK-1/2) (English and that differential expression of IEGs in different brain regions may Sweatt, 1997; Yoon and Seger, 2006; García-Pardo et al., 2016) and orchestrate a preference odour (PO) and aversive odour (AO) cyclic AMP-responsive element binding protein-1 (CREB-1), memory in C. sphinx. We used preferred (0.8% w/w cinnamon which is phosphorylated by ERK-1/2 (Peng et al., 2010). powder) and aversive (0.4% w/v citral) odour substances, with freshly Activated CREB-1 induces expression of immediate-early genes prepared chopped apple, to assess the behavioural response and (IEGs), such as early growth response gene-1 (Egr-1) (Cheval et al., induction of IEGs in the olfactory bulb, hippocampus and amygdala.
    [Show full text]
  • Synaptic Organization of Anterior Olfactory Nucleus Inputs to Piriform Cortex
    9414 • The Journal of Neuroscience, December 2, 2020 • 40(49):9414–9425 Systems/Circuits Synaptic Organization of Anterior Olfactory Nucleus Inputs to Piriform Cortex Marco J. Russo,1 Kevin M. Franks,1 Roxanne Oghaz,1 Richard Axel,2 and Steven A. Siegelbaum3 1Department of Neuroscience, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, 2Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Neuroscience, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Vagelos College of Physicians & Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, and 3Department of Neuroscience, Kavli Institute for Brain Science, Mortimer B. Zuckerman Mind Brain Behavior Institute, Department of Pharmacology, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York Odors activate distributed ensembles of neurons within the piriform cortex, forming cortical representations of odor thought to be essential to olfactory learning and behaviors. This odor response is driven by direct input from the olfactory bulb, but is also shaped by a dense network of associative or intracortical inputs to piriform, which may enhance or constrain the cort- ical odor representation. With optogenetic techniques, it is possible to functionally isolate defined inputs to piriform cortex and assess their potential to activate or inhibit piriform pyramidal neurons. The anterior olfactory nucleus (AON) receives direct input from the olfactory bulb and sends an associative projection to piriform cortex that has potential roles in the state-dependent processing of olfactory behaviors. Here, we provide a detailed functional assessment of the AON afferents to piriform in male and female C57Bl/6J mice. We confirm that the AON forms glutamatergic excitatory synapses onto piriform pyramidal neurons; and while these inputs are not as strong as piriform recurrent collaterals, they are less constrained by disynaptic inhibition.
    [Show full text]
  • A Cortical Pathway Modulates Sensory Input Into the Olfactory Striatum 3 4 5 Kate A
    bioRxiv preprint doi: https://doi.org/10.1101/235291; this version posted December 16, 2017. The copyright holder for this preprint (which was not certified by peer review) is the author/funder, who has granted bioRxiv a license to display the preprint in perpetuity. It is made available under aCC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 International license. 1 2 A cortical pathway modulates sensory input into the olfactory striatum 3 4 5 Kate A. White1,2,3, Yun-Feng Zhang4, Zhijian Zhang5, Janardhan P. Bhattarai4, Andrew 6 H. Moberly4, Estelle in ‘t Zandt1,2, Huijie Mi6, Xianglian Jia7, Marc V. Fuccillo4, Fuqiang 7 Xu5, Minghong Ma4, Daniel W. Wesson1,2,3* 8 9 1Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics 10 2Center for Smell and Taste 11 University of Florida 12 1200 Newell Dr.; Gainesville, FL, 32610. U.S.A. 13 3Department of Neurosciences 14 Case Western Reserve University 15 2109 Adelbert Rd.; Cleveland, OH, 44106. U.S.A. 16 4Department of Neuroscience 17 University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine 18 211 CRB, 415 Curie Blvd; Philadelphia, PA, 19104. U.S.A 19 5Center for Brain Science 20 Wuhan Institute of Physics and Mathematics 21 Chinese Academy of Sciences 22 Wuhan 430071, China 23 6College of Life Sciences 24 Wuhan University 25 Wuhan 430072, China 26 7Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology 27 Chinese Academy of Sciences 28 Shenzhen 518055, China 29 30 *corresponding author; [email protected] 31 RUNNING HEAD: Olfactory striatum input 32 33 Author Contributions: Conceptualization: K.A.W. and D.W.W.; Methodology: K.A.W., Z.Z., F.X., 34 M.M., and D.W.W.; Investigation: K.A.W., Y-F.Z., Z.Z., J.P.B., A.H.M., E.I.Z., H.M., and X.J.; 35 Resources: M.V.F.; Writing – Original Draft: K.A.W., Z.Z., M.M., and D.W.W.; Writing – Review & 36 Editing: all authors; Visualization: K.A.W., Z.Z., Y-F.Z., J.P.B., D.W.W.; Supervision: F.X., M.M., 37 and D.W.W.; Funding Acquisition: K.A.W., F.X., M.M., and D.W.W.
    [Show full text]
  • Sheep Brain Dissection Sheep Brain External Anatomy Procedure
    Sheep Brain Dissection Sheep Brain External Anatomy Procedure 1. Set the brain down so the flatter side, with the white spinal cord at one end, rests on the dissection pan. 2. Notice that the brain has two halves, or hemispheres. 3. Identify the cerebrum (frontal , temporal, parietal, and occipital lobes) and the cerebellum 4. Turn the brain over. 5. Identify the medulla, pons, midbrain, and olfactory bulbs. 6. Find the olfactory bulb on each hemisphere. These will be slightly smoother and a different shade than the tissue around them. The olfactory bulbs control the sense of smell. The nerves to the nose are no longer connected, but you can see nubby ends where they were. The nerves to your mouth and lower body are attached to the medulla; the nerves to your eyes are connected to the optic chiasm. Sheep Brain Dissection: Internal Anatomy 1. Place the brain with the cerebrum facing up. 2. Use a scalpel to slice through the brain along the center line, starting at the cerebrum and going down through the cerebellum, spinal cord, medulla, and pons. 3. Separate the two halves of the brain and lay them with the inside facing up. 4. Identify the corpus callosum, medulla, pons, midbrain, and the place where pituitary gland attaches to the brain. (In many preserved specimens the pituitary gland is no longer present.) 5. Use your fingers or a teasing needle to gently probe the parts and see how they are connected to each other. Sheep Brain Dissection: 1. Frontal Lobe 2. Temporal Lobe Internal Anatomy 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Dynamic Impairment of Olfactory Behavior and Signaling Mediated by an Olfactory Corticofugal System
    Research Articles: Systems/Circuits Dynamic impairment of olfactory behavior and signaling mediated by an olfactory corticofugal system https://doi.org/10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2667-19.2020 Cite as: J. Neurosci 2020; 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.2667-19.2020 Received: 10 November 2019 Revised: 30 June 2020 Accepted: 5 July 2020 This Early Release article has been peer-reviewed and accepted, but has not been through the composition and copyediting processes. The final version may differ slightly in style or formatting and will contain links to any extended data. Alerts: Sign up at www.jneurosci.org/alerts to receive customized email alerts when the fully formatted version of this article is published. Copyright © 2020 the authors 1 Journal Section 2 Systems/Circuits 3 4 Title 5 Dynamic impairment of olfactory behavior and signaling mediated by an olfactory 6 corticofugal system 7 8 Abbreviated title 9 Dynamic inhibition of olfactory sensory responses 10 11 Authors 12 Renata Medinaceli Quintela1, Jennifer Bauer1, Lutz Wallhorn1, Kim Le1, Daniela Brunert1, 13 Markus Rothermel1 14 15 1. Department of Chemosensation, AG Neuromodulation, Institute for Biology II, RWTH 16 Aachen University, Aachen 52074, Germany 17 18 19 Corresponding author 20 Markus Rothermel 21 RWTH Aachen University 22 D-52074 Aachen 23 [email protected] 24 25 Number of figures: 8 26 Number of tables: 1 27 Number of pages: 47 28 Abstract: 205 words 29 Introduction: 662 words 30 Discussion: 1949 words 31 32 Conflicts of interest 33 None 34 35 36 37 Acknowledgments 38 We thank Scott W. Rogers and Petr Tvrdik for kindly providing the Chrna7-Cre mice.
    [Show full text]
  • AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION of the CONNEXIONS of the OLFACTORY TRACTS in the MONKEY by MARGARET MEYER and A
    J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry: first published as 10.1136/jnnp.12.4.274 on 1 November 1949. Downloaded from J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiat., 1949, 12, 274. AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF THE CONNEXIONS OF THE OLFACTORY TRACTS IN THE MONKEY BY MARGARET MEYER and A. C. ALLISON From the Department ofAnatomy, University of Oxford The great expansion of the-cerebral cortex which bilateral degeneration of olfactory terminals appar- has taken place in higher primates has brought ently passing through the anterior limb of the about a considerable displacement of structures on anterior commissure. The present study has been the base of the telencephalon, and the precise undertaken to map out the connexions of the comparison of certain areas in this part of the olfactory bulb in the monkey's brain as precisely brain with those in lower mammals has been a as possible with the same silver technique. matter of some difficulty. This is true particularly Material and Methods of the olfactory areas which lie on the orbital aspect guest. Protected by copyright. of the frontal lobe and the adjacent part of the Three macaque monkeys (Macaca mulatta) and two this immature Guinea baboons (Papio papio) were used. temporal lobe. Although part of the brain The operative technique was similar in all cases: under in primates has been subjected to detailed cyto- nembutal anesthesia and with the usual aseptic pre- architectural and myelo-architectural examinations cautions a large right frontal bone flap was reflected; (Rose, 1927b, 1928; Beck, 1934, and others), the the frontal lobe of the hemisphere was carefully retraced, areas directly related to olfaction have never been and the olfactory peduncle, lying on the ventral surface, clearly defined.
    [Show full text]
  • The Olfactory Bulb As an Independent Developmental Domain
    Cell Death and Differentiation (2002) 9, 1279 ± 1286 ã 2002 Nature Publishing Group All rights reserved 1350-9047/02 $25.00 www.nature.com/cdd Review The olfactory bulb as an independent developmental domain LLo pez-Mascaraque*,1,3 and F de Castro2,3 established. Does it awake the developmental program of the cells at the site being innervated or, does their arrival simply 1 Instituto Cajal-C.S.I.C., Madrid, Spain serve to refine the later steps of the developmental program? 2 Hospital RamoÂn y Cajal, Madrid, Spain In order to address this question, much attention has been 3 Both authors contributed equally to this work focused on the sophisticated development of the mammalian * Corresponding author: L LoÂpez-Mascaraque, Instituto Cajal, CSIC, Avenida del cerebral cortex where two different theories have been Doctor Arce 37, 28002 Madrid, Spain. Tel: 915854708; Fax: 915854754; E-mail: [email protected] proposed to explain the mechanisms underlying its formation. In the `protomap' model, cortical regions are patterned prior to Received 13.2.02; revised 30.4.02; accepted 7.5.02 the migration of the newborn neurons (intrinsic control),1 an Edited by G Melino event presumably specified by important molecular determi- nants.2 In this model, the arrival of innervating axons would Abstract merely serve to modify and refine the protomap (an important The olfactory system is a good model to study the facet of maintenance). In the second model, the `protocortex' theory, the newborn cortical neurons are a homogeneous cell mechanisms underlying guidance of growing axons to their population, that later on in corticogenesis are patterned into appropriate targets.
    [Show full text]
  • Amygdala Corticofugal Input Shapes Mitral Cell Responses in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb
    New Research Sensory and Motor Systems Amygdala Corticofugal Input Shapes Mitral Cell Responses in the Accessory Olfactory Bulb Livio Oboti,1 Eleonora Russo,2 Tuyen Tran,1 Daniel Durstewitz,2 and Joshua G. Corbin1 DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.1523/ENEURO.0175-18.2018 1Center for Neuroscience Research, Children’s National Health System, Washington, DC 20010 and 2Department of Theoretical Neuroscience, Bernstein Center for Computational Neuroscience, Central Institute of Mental Health, Medical Faculty Mannheim of Heidelberg University, 68159 Mannheim, Germany Abstract Interconnections between the olfactory bulb and the amygdala are a major pathway for triggering strong behavioral responses to a variety of odorants. However, while this broad mapping has been established, the patterns of amygdala feedback connectivity and the influence on olfactory circuitry remain unknown. Here, using a combination of neuronal tracing approaches, we dissect the connectivity of a cortical amygdala [posteromedial cortical nucleus (PmCo)] feedback circuit innervating the mouse accessory olfactory bulb. Optogenetic activation of PmCo feedback mainly results in feedforward mitral cell (MC) inhibition through direct excitation of GABAergic granule cells. In addition, LED-driven activity of corticofugal afferents increases the gain of MC responses to olfactory nerve stimulation. Thus, through corticofugal pathways, the PmCo likely regulates primary olfactory and social odor processing. Key words: accessory olfactory bulb; amygdala; circuitry; connectivity; mitral cells Significance Statement Olfactory inputs are relayed directly through the amygdala to hypothalamic and limbic system nuclei, regulating essential responses in the context of social behavior. However, it is not clear whether and how amygdala circuits participate in the earlier steps of olfactory processing at the level of the olfactory bulb.
    [Show full text]
  • Arterial Patterns of the Rat Rhinencephalon and Related Structures
    EXPEKIRIEN'TAI. NE~'ROI.OGY 49, 671-690 (1975) Arterial Patterns of the Rat Rhinencephalon and Related Structures PETER CoYLE1 Rccciz*cd J~r~w 7. 19i5 Course and distribution information on arteries in the rat rhinencephalon was not found in the literature. Such data are useful for designing experi- ments and interpreting findings, tracing nerve fibers on or to intracerebral vessels, and in considering routes for diffusion or transport of intracerebral injected agents. Adult rats were perfused with silicone rubber and many brains were cleared in glycerin. The major arteries to the olfactory bulb stem from the anterior cerebral artery. A middle cerebral arterial ramus could provide a collateral source. The septum receives supply exclusively from the anterior cerebral artery. A rostra1 lesion in the medial septum would most likely involve arteries supplying more caudal structures includ- ing hippocampal afferent and efferent fibers. No anastomoses between septal arteries or with middle or posterior cerebral arterial rami were observed. The cingulate cortex receives anterior cerebral arterial branches with the middle cerebral artery being a collateral source. The amygdala and over- lying cortex receive branches of the internal carotid and middle cerebral arteries. Transverse arteries in the hippocampal fissure stem from the longitudinal hippocampal artery, a branch of the posterior cerebral artery, to nourish the hippocampus and portions of the fascia dentata. Other branches supply the remainder of the fascia dentata, entorhinal and sub- icular structures, and certain vessels anastomose with middle cerebral arterial rami. A transverse artery occlusion would probably result in a lesion : No intracerebral arterial anastomoses were observed.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Anatomy
    BRAIN ANATOMY Adapted from Human Anatomy & Physiology by Marieb and Hoehn (9th ed.) The anatomy of the brain is often discussed in terms of either the embryonic scheme or the medical scheme. The embryonic scheme focuses on developmental pathways and names regions based on embryonic origins. The medical scheme focuses on the layout of the adult brain and names regions based on location and functionality. For this laboratory, we will consider the brain in terms of the medical scheme (Figure 1): Figure 1: General anatomy of the human brain Marieb & Hoehn (Human Anatomy and Physiology, 9th ed.) – Figure 12.2 CEREBRUM: Divided into two hemispheres, the cerebrum is the largest region of the human brain – the two hemispheres together account for ~ 85% of total brain mass. The cerebrum forms the superior part of the brain, covering and obscuring the diencephalon and brain stem similar to the way a mushroom cap covers the top of its stalk. Elevated ridges of tissue, called gyri (singular: gyrus), separated by shallow groves called sulci (singular: sulcus) mark nearly the entire surface of the cerebral hemispheres. Deeper groves, called fissures, separate large regions of the brain. Much of the cerebrum is involved in the processing of somatic sensory and motor information as well as all conscious thoughts and intellectual functions. The outer cortex of the cerebrum is composed of gray matter – billions of neuron cell bodies and unmyelinated axons arranged in six discrete layers. Although only 2 – 4 mm thick, this region accounts for ~ 40% of total brain mass. The inner region is composed of white matter – tracts of myelinated axons.
    [Show full text]
  • Drug Brain Distribution Following Intranasal Administration of Huperzine a in Situ Gel in Rats1
    Acta Pharmacol Sin 2007 Feb; 28 (2): 273–278 Full-length article Drug brain distribution following intranasal administration of Huperzine A in situ gel in rats1 Yan ZHAO, Peng YUE, Tao TAO2, Qing-hua CHEN Shanghai Institute of Pharmaceutical Industry, Shanghai 200040, China Key words Abstract Huperzine A; in situ gel; brain distribution; Aim: To determine the uptake extent of Huperzine A (Hup A) into the brain after intranasal administration intranasal administration of Hup A in situ gel to rats, and to compare the pharma- 1 Project supported by the grants from the cokinetic parameters between intranasal administration and iv and po. Methods: High Tech Research and Development(863) Hup A was administered to male Sprague-Dawley rats via nasal, iv and oral routes Program of China(No 2004AA2Z3150) at the dose of 166.7, 166.7, and 500 µg/kg, respectively. Blood and brain tissue 2 Correspondence to Dr Tao TAO samples including the cerebrum, hippocampus, cerebellum and olfactory bulb Phn 86-21-5551-4600, ext 123. Fax 86-21-6542-0806. were collected, and the concentrations of Hup A in the samples were assayed by E-mail [email protected] HPLC. The area under the concentration–time curve (AUC0→6 h) and the ratio of the AUCbrain to the AUCplasma (drug targeting efficiency, DTE) were calculated to Received 2006-04-18 Accepted 2006-09-13 evaluate the brain targeting efficiency of the drug via 3 administration routes. Results: The AUC0 → 6 h of the drug in the cerebrum, hippocampus, cerebellum, doi 10.1111/j.1745-7254.2007.00486.x left olfactory bulb and right olfactory bulb after intranasal administration of the Hup A in situ gel were 1.5, 1.3, 1.0, 1.2, and 1.0 times of those after iv administration of the injection, and 2.7, 2.2, 1.9, 3.1, and 2.6 times of those after administration of the oral formulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Brain Correlates of Progressive Olfactory Loss in Parkinson's Disease
    Parkinsonism and Related Disorders 41 (2017) 44e50 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Parkinsonism and Related Disorders journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/parkreldis Brain correlates of progressive olfactory loss in Parkinson's disease Anna Campabadal, MSc a, b, 1, Carme Uribe, MSc a, 1, Barbara Segura, PhD a, Hugo C. Baggio, MD, PhD a, Alexandra Abos, MSc a, Anna Isabel Garcia-Diaz, MSc a, Maria Jose Marti, MD, PhD c, d, Francesc Valldeoriola, MD, PhD c, d, * Yaroslau Compta, MD, PhD c, d, Nuria Bargallo, MD, PhD e, Carme Junque, PhD a, b, c, a Medical Psychology Unit, Department of Medicine, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain b Institute of Biomedical Research August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain c Centro de Investigacion Biomedica en Red sobre Enfermedades Neurodegenerativas (CIBERNED), Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain d Movement Disorders Unit, Neurology Service, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Institute of Neuroscience, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain e Centre de Diagnostic per la Imatge, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Catalonia, Spain article info abstract Article history: Background: Olfactory dysfunction is present in a large proportion of patients with Parkinson's disease Received 18 January 2017 (PD) upon diagnosis. However, its progression over time has been poorly investigated. The few available Received in revised form longitudinal studies lack control groups or MRI data. 4 April 2017 Objective: To investigate the olfactory changes and their structural correlates in non-demented PD over a Accepted 8 May 2017 four-year follow-up. Methods: We assessed olfactory function in a sample of 25 PD patients and 24 normal controls of similar Keywords: age using the University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification test (UPSIT).
    [Show full text]