DOCSLIB.ORG

Language Technologies Past Present, and Future

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Language Technologies Past Present, and Future Language technologies past present, and future Christopher Potts CSLI Summer Internship Program July 21, 2017 Many slides joint work with Bill MacCartney: http://web.stanford.edu/class/cs224u/ Hype and hand-wringing • Jürgen Schmidhuber: “We are on the verge not of another industrial revolution, but a new form of life, more like the big bang.” [link] • Elon Musk: “AI is a fundamental existential risk for human civilization, and I don't think people fully appreciate that.” [link] • October 2016: “Microsoft has made a major breakthrough in speech recognition, creating a technology that recognizes the words in a conversation as well as a person does.” [link] Two perspectives Overview • What is understanding? • A brief history of language technologies • Language technologies of the past • Language technologies of today • Current approaches and prospects • Predictions about the future! Readings and other background • Percy Liang: Talking to computers in natural language • Levesque: On our best behaviour • Mitchell: Reading the Web: A breakthrough goal for AI • Podcast: The challenge and promise of artificial intelligence • Podcast: Hal Daume on Talking Machines • Stanford CS224u, Natural language understanding What is understanding? To understand a statement is to: • determine its truth (with justification) • calculate its entailments • take appropriate action in light of it • translate it into another language • … The Turing Test (Turing 1950) Turing replaced “Can machines think?”, which he regarded as “too meaningless to deserve discussion” (p. 442), with the question whether an interrogator could be tricked into thinking that a machine was a human using only conversation (no visuals, no demands for physical performance, etc.). Some of the objections Turing anticipates • “Thinking is a function of man’s immortal soul. God has given an immortal soul to every man and woman, but not to any-other animal or to machines. Hence no animal or machine can think.” • “There are a number of results of mathematical logic which can be used to show that there are limitations to the powers of discrete-state machines.” • The machine must have a rich, human-like cognitive life, and we must be able to verify that. Report from the first Turing Test Shieber 1994: Cynthia Clay, the Shakespeare aficionado, was thrice misclassified as a computer. At least one of the judges made her classifications on the premise that “[no] human would have that amount of knowledge about Shakespeare” [26]. Lisette Gozo was honored as the most human of the agents for her discussion of women’s clothing, although one judge rated two computer programs above her. The case of Eugene Goostman • June 2014: “A computer program called Eugene Goostman, which simulates a 13-year-old Ukrainian boy, is said to have passed the Turing test at an event organised by the University of Reading.” [link] • Gary Marcus: “It’s easy to see how an untrained judge might mistake wit for reality, but once you have an understanding of how this sort of system works, the constant misdirection and deflection becomes obvious, even irritating. The illusion, in other words, is fleeting.” [link] Searle’s Chinese Room Argument Imagine yourself in a room containing a basketful of symbols from a language L that you don’t understand, along with a rule book (written in English) for matching symbols in L with other symbols in L. People outside the room pass you strings of symbols in L, you follow your rules, and pass them back symbols in L. The rule book is so good that the symbols you pass back are indistinguishable from the replies of a native speaker of L. You would pass the Turing test, but (Searle says) no one would say you understand. A question of fact, or a question of usage? Chomsky (1996): The question of whether a computer is playing chess, or doing long division, or translating Chinese, is like the question of whether robots can murder or airplanes can fly — or people; after all, the “flight” of the Olympic long jump champion is only an order of magnitude short of that of the chicken champion (so I’m told). These are questions of decision, not fact; decision as to whether to adopt a certain metaphoric extension of common usage. Levesque 2013: On our best behaviour “This paper is about the science of AI. Unfortunately, the technology of AI that gets all the attention.” “AI is the study of intelligent behaviour in computational terms.” “Should baseball players be allowed to glue small wings onto their caps?” “We need to return to our roots in Knowledge Representation and Reasoning for language and from language.” Technological and cognitive goals James Allen (1987): “[T]here can be two underlying motivations for building a computational theory. The technological goal is simply to build better computers, and any solution that works would be acceptable. The cognitive goal is to build a computational analog of the human-language-processing mechanism; such a theory would be acceptable only after it had been verified by experiment.” Super-human partnerships Moderator: How far are we away from human intelligence? Just take a gamble. Peter Norvig: Well, first of all, I object to that, because I think that’s a low target to aim at. [Audience laughs.] Right, ’cause certainly there’s lots of things already that computers are much, much better than people at. [. ] We want to be able to say, “What is it that humans can’t do that computers can do better?” Now, part of that may be that the computers want to have some basic competency at the human-level in order to interact with us better. But the goal shouldn’t be human-level performance. The goal should be super-human partnership. [http://www.kqed.org/a/radiospecials/R201111302000] A brief history of language technologies • 1960s: Pattern-matching with small rule-sets • 1970-80s: Linguistically rich, logic-driven, grounded systems; restricted applications • 1990s: the statistical revolution in NLP leads to a decrease in NLU work • 2010s: NLU returns to center stage, mixing techniques from previous decades Prominent language technologies of the past 2001: A Space Odyssey – Graphics 2001: A Space Odyssey – Chess 2001: A Space Odyssey – Dialogue Dave Bowman: Open the pod doors, Hal. HAL: I’m sorry, Dave, I’m afraid I can’t do that. Bowman: What are you talking abou, HAL? HAL: I know that you and Frank were planning to disconnect me, and I’m afraid that’s something I cannot allow to happen. The reality of conversational agents today Colbert: Write the show. Siri: What would you like to search for? Colbert: I don’t want to search for anything! I want to write the show! Siri: Searching the Web for “search for anything. I want to write the shuffle.” [...] Colbert: For the love of God, the cameras are on, give me something? Siri: What kind of place are you looking for? Camera stores or churches? http://www.cc.com/video-clips/h40j2n/the-colbert-report-talking-iphone-4s Eliza (1966) User: You are like my father in some ways. ELIZA: What resemblance do you see User: You are not very aggressive but I think you don’t want me to notice that. ELIZA: What makes you think I am not aggressive? User: You don’t argue with me. ELIZA: Why do you think I don’t argue with you? User: You are afraid of me. ELIZA: Does it please you to believe I am afraid of you? Eliza (1966) Rewrite user’s reply by: • Swapping 1st and 2nd person • Interpolating stock phrase • Using scores to rank possible transformations • When desperate, search the Web [21st century] Another comment about the first Turing Test Shieber 1994: One reporter noted that Weizenbaum himself was “disturbed” by how easily people were fooled by these programs [26], and more than one of the judges reported that they were disappointed in the programs’ capabilities after their expectations had been raised by interacting with ELIZA in the interviewing process. STUDENT (Bobrow 1964) • Sample input: “If the number of customer Tom gets is twice the square of 20% of the number of advertisement he runs, and the number of advertisements he runs is 45, what is the number of customers Tom gets? • Method: pattern match and transform until the string is something that a computer can treat as a logic problem. SHRDLU Find a block which is taller than the one you are holding and put it into the box. OK. How many blocks are not in the box? FOUR OF THEM. Is at least one of them narrower than the one which I told you to pick up? YES, THE RED CUBE. http://youtube.com/watch?v=8SvD-lNg0TA Chat-80 • Developed 1979-82 by Fernando Pereira & David Warren • Hand-built lexicon and grammar • Could answer highly complex questions about geography: ◦ Which country bordering the Mediterranean borders a country that is bordered by a country whose population exceeds the population of India? ◦ What is the total area of countries south of the Equator and not in Australasia? Prominent language of today Siri: NLU’s celebrity spokesperson Susan Bennett, a veteran voice actor, claimed that she is the original voice behind the popular digital assistant. Tight-lipped Apple officials won't confirm or deny the claim, but an audio forensics expert confirmed that the voices are a match. http://goo.gl/H28y9v Siri • The voice-driven personal assistant on your iPhone • Perhaps the most visible & exciting application of NLU today • A major breakthrough in artificial intelligence (AI)??? • The next generation of interaction design??? The promise of conversational agents Where is The Hobbit playing in Mountain View? The Hobbit is playing at the Century 16 Theater. When is it playing there? It’s playing at 2pm, 5pm, and 8pm.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Can Machines Think?
    Sandringham School Faculty of Computer Science Can Machines Think? This is a question posed by famous English Computer Scientist Alan Turing in Intelligent machines and programmes are judged. 1950. His ‘Turing Test’ has become the benchmark by which Artificially Recently, the Turing Test hit the news when a programme that simulated a 13 year old Ukrainian boy (called Eugene Goostman) managed to convince a third of testers that they were talking to a real human. http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-27762088 http://www.reading.ac.uk/news-and-events/releases/PR583836.aspx http://www.alicebot.org/chatbots3/Eugene.pdf Your summer assignment is as follows: 1. 2. DesigningInvestigate a who fully Alan functional Turing Chatbot was and that explain can process in detail human what the language ‘Turing is oneTest’ of is the and most how difficult it is important tasks in in Computer the world Science. of Artificial Why Intelligence is this, what are the challenges? How did the Eugene Goostman bot overcome these? 3. Time to write your own Chatbot. In any language you choose (e.g. Python, Scratch, Java etc.), write a simple Chatbot. Clearly you will have to limit the questions that your bot can ask and the responses that it will Chatbot called Eliza at : https://groklearning.com/csedweek/hoc-eliza/ 4. What‘understand’! are the positiveIf you are implications totally stuck, for see the getting development started ofwith Artificial a simple Intelligence? What are the dangers to society of truly intelligent machines? Your assignment should be at least 4 pages of A4, excluding the programme listing.
    [Show full text]
  • Passing the Turing Test Does Not Mean the End of Humanity
    Cogn Comput (2016) 8:409–419 DOI 10.1007/s12559-015-9372-6 Passing the Turing Test Does Not Mean the End of Humanity 1 1 Kevin Warwick • Huma Shah Received: 18 September 2015 / Accepted: 20 November 2015 / Published online: 28 December 2015 Ó The Author(s) 2015. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract In this paper we look at the phenomenon that is we do wish to dispel, however, is the assumption which the Turing test. We consider how Turing originally intro- links passing the Turing test with the achievement for duced his imitation game and discuss what this means in a machines of human-like or human-level intelligence. practical scenario. Due to its popular appeal we also look Unfortunately the assumed chain of events which means into different representations of the test as indicated by that passing the Turing test sounds the death knell for numerous reviewers. The main emphasis here, however, is humanity appears to have become engrained in the thinking to consider what it actually means for a machine to pass the in certain quarters. One interesting corollary of this is that Turing test and what importance this has, if any. In par- when it was announced in 2014 that the Turing test had ticular does it mean that, as Turing put it, a machine can been finally passed [39] there was an understandable ‘‘think’’. Specifically we consider claims that passing the response from those same quarters that it was not possible Turing test means that machines will have achieved for such an event to have occurred, presumably because we human-like intelligence and as a consequence the singu- were still here in sterling health to both make and debate larity will be upon us in the blink of an eye.
    [Show full text]
  • The Turing Test
    The Turing Test The Imitation Game: A computer (A) and a person (B) go head to head in a competition. The object is to convince a Judge (C) that they are both human. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turing_test In order to accomplish this, a computer needs to demonstrate intelligence. Turing believed that by the year 2000, this would be accomplished! https://classic.csunplugged.org/the-turing-test/ ELIZA, PARRY, Eugene Goostman https://www.zdnet.com/article/computer-chatbot-eugene-goostman-passes-the-turing-test/ https://www.codeproject.com/Articles/ 12454/Developing-AI-chatbots But what about Deep Blue & Watson…? Both programs were created by IBM. Deep Blue was able to defeat an international chess champion, while Watson defeated two Jeopardy champions at the same time. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Watson_(computer) Bibliography Artificial Intelligence: The Turing Test. Accessed March 17, 2018. http://www.psych.utoronto.ca/users/reingold/courses/ai/turing.html. Bansa, Shubhan, “Turing Test in Artificial Intelligence." GeeksforGeeks. February 07, 2018. Accessed March 14, 2018. https://www.geeksforgeeks.org/turing-test-artificial- intelligence/. Bell, Steven. "Promise and Peril of AI for Academic Librarians | From the Bell Tower." Library Journal. April 14, 2016. Accessed March 15, 2018. https://lj.libraryjournal.com/2016/04/opinion/steven-bell/promise-and-peril-of-ai-for- academic-librarians-from-the-bell-tower/#_. "Computer AI Passes Turing Test in 'world First'." BBC News. June 09, 2014. Accessed March 17, 2018. http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-27762088. "Eliza, the Computer Therapist." Eliza, Computer Therapist. Accessed March 17, 2018. https://www.cyberpsych.org/eliza/.
    [Show full text]
  • Passing the Turing Test Does Not Mean the End of Humanity
    Passing the Turing Test Does Not Mean the End of Humanity Warwick, K & Shah, H Author post-print (accepted) deposited by Coventry University’s Repository Original citation & hyperlink: Warwick, K & Shah, H 2016, 'Passing the Turing Test Does Not Mean the End of Humanity' Cognitive Computation, vol 8, no. 3. DOI: 10.1007/s12559-015-9372-6 https://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559-015-9372-6 DOI 10.1007/s12559-015-9372-6 ISSN 1866-9956 ESSN 1866-9964 Publisher: Springer The final publication is available at Springer via http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12559- 015-9372-6 Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it. Passing the Turing Test Does Not Mean the End of Humanity Kevin Warwick and Huma Shah Coventry University, Priory Street, Coventry, CV1 5FB, UK Email: [email protected] , [email protected] Corresponding author: Kevin Warwick, tele: 44-247765-9893 Abstract: In this paper we look at the phenomenon that is the Turing test.
    [Show full text]
  • AI Today, Beyond the Myth
    AI today, beyond the myth Presented by:Ray Walshe For: ETSI Summit on Artificial Intelligence 04.04.2019 A Short History of Artificial Intelligence © ETSI 2019 Early Days • 1950 Alan Turing published “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” • “Imitation Game” see also John Searle’s “Chinese Room” • 1956 John McCarty held the first academic conference on the subject • The term artificial intelligence was coined • Marvin Minsky "Within a generation [...] the problem of creating 'artificial intelligence' will substantially be solved," © ETSI 2019 3 AI Winter • 1974–80 Initial optimism fades as progress in AI is slow • government funding stops • interest in the field drops off • Winter has begun • Thaw begins in 1980 • British government funds AI research again • Winter returns from 1987 to 1993 • Market Crash © ETSI 2019 4 AI Breakthrough • 1997 IBM's Deep Blue • Computer beats chess grandmaster Garry Kasparov. • 2011 IBM Watson • Watson's question‐answering system won the American quiz show "Jeopardy!" • beats reigning champions Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings • 2014 Chatbot called Eugene Goostman passes Turing test? © ETSI 2019 5 AI today • Art • Data Centres • Music • Sentiment Analysis • Fraud • Customer behaviour • Healthcare • Cyberbullying • Autonomous Vehicles • News and Media • Recommendations • Fishing © ETSI 2019 6 AI Computing © ETSI 2019 AI Hardware Three types of AI computing • Centralized environment, all calculations are done on one particular computer system, such as a dedicated server for processing data. • the single server model bottleneck • Distributed computing, not all transactions are processed in the same location, but that the distributed processors are still under the control of a single entity. • SETI • Decentralized computing, on its end, entails that no one single entity has control over the processing.
    [Show full text]
  • Dr. Gong Ke, President Elect, World Federation of Engineering
    Promoting Responsible AI innovation for Sustainable Development GONG Ke World Federation of Engineering Organizations In recent years, with the help of vast and fast development of networking/INTERNET and IoT computing power/cloud and high performance computing, BIG DATA and DEEP LEARNING algorithm, AI has made significant breakthrough,…… AI outperformed human in image recognition ! The Turing Test has been passed! On June 7, 2014, the memorial day of 60 years of the death of the father of Computer Science, Alan Turing, a Chatbot Eugene Goostman has firstly passed the Turing Test in the world. More than 33% judgers of the Turing Test 2014 believed that Eugene is a Ukraine teenager of 13. Torobo might be enrolled by Japanese Universities • A Robot called Torobo developed by NII of Japan, who has entered the many Japanese university’s examination in 2015, and got a total score of 511: • world history 66.3, • physics 59, • Japanese 49.7, • English 36.2, • far beyond 416 of average, could be enrolled into 441 private and 33 public universities, as reported by Japanese media. AlphaGo beats the best human Go players With its potential capabilities of solving long-term problems of human society by overcoming blowing diseases, providing affordable medical care, delivering high quality teaching, improving energy efficiency and so forth，AI is no doubt becoming an accelerator for economic and social development with sustainability. However, AI is still facing many technical difficulties, such as,…… Bottle-necks of AI development Data Dependency
    [Show full text]
  • Fundamentals of Informatics Can Machines Think? Dedicated to Alan Turing: June 23, 1912 - June 7, 1954
    Fundamentals of Informatics Can Machines Think? Dedicated to Alan Turing: June 23, 1912 - June 7, 1954 I David Avis I Kyoto University and McGill University I www.i-kyoto-u.ca.jp/∼avis What does think mean? think verb - Definition in the Cambridge English-Japanese Dictionary... http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-japanese/think?... The most popular online dictionary and thesaurus for learners of English Search! Spanish Learn Japanese translation of “think” think verb /θɪŋk/ (PAST TENSE AND PAST PARTICIPLE thought ) A1 to believe that something is true , or to expect that something will happen , although you are not sure （～の）はずだ, （～のような）気がする I think we’ve met before. Do you think it’s going to rain ? A1 to have an opinion about something or someone （～だと）思う, 感じる What did you think of the show? I think it’s her best book so far . B1 to use the brain to plan something, solve a problem , understand a situation , etc. 考える, 熟考する He thought for a few seconds before answering . I was just thinking about Caroline when she called. (Definition of think verb from the Cambridge English-Japanese Dictionary © Cambridge University Press) 1 of 1 2014/07/07 11:17 I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer? I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936) I Humans can't solve this either! I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans? I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997) I computers 1 - 0 humans I Question: Can computers act like humans? I Answer: Turing
    [Show full text]
  • Chatbots' Greetings to Human-Computer Communication
    Chatbots’ Greetings to Human-Computer Communication Maria Joao˜ Pereira1, Lu´ısa Coheur1;2, Pedro Fialho1, Ricardo Ribeiro1;3 1INESC-ID Lisboa, 2IST, Universidade de Lisboa, 3Instituto Universitario´ de Lisboa (ISCTE-IUL) Rua Alvez Redol, 9, 1000-029 Lisboa, Portugal [email protected], [email protected], peter.fi[email protected], [email protected] Abstract In the last years, chatbots have gained new attention, due to the interest showed by widely known personalities and companies. The concept is broad, and, in this paper we target the work developed by the (old) community that is typically associated with chatbot’s competitions. In our opinion, they contribute with very interesting know-how, but specially with large-scale corpora, gathered by interactions with real people, an invaluable resource considering the renewed interest in Deep Nets. Keywords: natural language interfaces, agent-based interaction, intelligent agents, interaction design 1. Introduction of references to web pages in this paper) makes it difficult Chatbots are currently a hot-topic, both for industry and to uncover the technology and the real possibilities behind academia (Dale, 2016; Følstad and Brandtzæg, 2017). them. In this paper, we unveil the main contributions of There are many platforms to help developing such systems, this community, as we believe that this line of work can and the number of new chatbots continues to increase at bring important insights to the human-machine communi- a dizzying pace. Pandorabots hosting service1 declares to cation field, as some of them contribute with large amounts have more than 225,000 botmasters (people in charge of of data gathered during their interactions with the crowd, creating/maintaining a chatbot), which have built more than which could be used by current data-driven chatbots (e.g., 280,000 chatbots, resulting in more than 3 billion interac- (Li et al., 2016; Vinyals and Le, 2015)).
    [Show full text]
  • Interactive Bot to Support the Use of the UPTEC Intranet
    FACULTY OF ENGINEERING OF UNIVERSITY OF PORTO Interactive bot to support the use of the UPTEC intranet João Fernando Oliveira e Silva Master in Informatics and Computing Engineering Supervisor: Henrique Lopes Cardoso June 10, 2018 c João Oliveira e Silva, 2018 Interactive bot to support the use of the UPTEC intranet João Fernando Oliveira e Silva Master in Informatics and Computing Engineering June 10, 2018 Abstract For the last 50 years, chat-bots have been developed. In 1950, Alan Turing predicted that around the year of 2000, with the evolution of the computation, machines would be able to trick more than 30% of the people into thinking that the machine was actually a human. In other words, talking with a machine or with a human would be indistinguishable for about a third of the world population. ELIZA, released in 1966, was the first chat-bot. User input is manipulated using a rule-based system converting it into a question. From that moment, thousands of chat-bots were built. From personal assistants to help-desks, online shopping and others. Chat-bots are present in our daily life and are here to stay. UPTEC is an incubator of startups, innovation centers, and anchor projects. With the growth of the incubator, the management that was being done through email and Excel files became insanely hard so a management platform became mandatory, this intranet platform is now called UPTEConnect. The platform allows the management of all companies, collaborators, requests for access cards, assistance and more. UPTEConnect was not released yet and it is expected that once released, users of the platform will have some difficulties finding the tools they need, as well as to understand all the work-flows associated with every action that can be executed in the platform.
    [Show full text]
  • From Artificial Intelligence to Machine Learning
    From Artificial Intelligence to Machine Learning Dr. Paul A. Bilokon, an alumnus of Christ Church, Oxford, and Imperial College, is a quant trader, scientist, and entrepreneur. He has spent more than twelve years in the City of London and on Wall Street – at Morgan Stanley, Lehman Brothers, Nomura, Citigroup, and Deutsche Bank, where he has led a team of electronic traders spread over three continents. He is the Founder and CEO of Thalesians Ltd – a consultancy and think tank focussing on new scientific and philosophical thinking in finance. Paul’s academic interests include mathematical logic, stochastic analysis, markets microstructure, and machine learning. His research work has appeared in LICS, Theoretical Computer Science, and has been published by Springer and Wiley. Ever since the dawn of humanity inventors have been dreaming of creating sentient and intelligent beings. Hesiod (c. 700 BC) describes how the smithing god Hephaestus, by command of Zeus, moulded earth into the first woman, Pandora. The story wasn’t a particularly happy one: Pandora opened a jar – Pandora’s box – realeasing all the evils of humanity, leaving only Hope inside when she closed the jar again. Ovid (43 BC – 18 AD) tells us a happier legend, that of a Cypriot sculptor, Pygmalion, who carved a woman out of ivory and fell in love with her. Miraculously, the statue came to life. Pygmalion married Galatea (that was the statue’s name) and it is rumoured that the town Paphos is named after the couple’s daughter. Stories of golems, anthropomorphic beings created out of mud, earth, or clay, originate in the Talmud and appear in the Jewish tradition throughout the Middle Ages and beyond.
    [Show full text]
  • Intelligent Machines Vs. Human Intelligence
    Intelligent Machines vs. Human Intelligence Guide to Critical Analysis This guide is intended to help you evaluate the topics presented in EBSCO Information Services' Points of View Reference Center™. Using this analysis will enhance your ability to read critically, develop your own perspective on the issue of intelligent machines, and write or debate an effective argument on the topic. Before You Read • In a single sentence, state what you currently think is/are the argument(s) in the intelligent machines vs. human intelligence debate. • On the opening screen, Browse by Category, click on "People & Society," and then click on "Intelligent Machines vs. Human Intelligence." • View the Result List of four records on the Points of View tab that includes this guide. • Each topic in Points of View Reference Center™ has three main Points of View essays. While there may be many opinions on the issue, these essays are designed to provide a base from which you may engage in further analysis. The Overview provides general background information on the issue. The Point and Counterpoint essays present opposing perspectives on the issue, with talking points that support those positions. As You Read Reading all three essays will enable you to better understand the controversy, providing a foundation from which you can broaden your knowledge of the topic. Read the Overview, Point and Counterpoint essays. You will be able to move between the Overview, the Point and the Counterpoint essays by clicking on the colored rectangles in the sidebar featuring the Points of View icon. Take notes on the main ideas. Start by printing out the essay and highlighting the main ideas and circling key words.
    [Show full text]
  • Computer Simulating 13-Year-Old Boy Becomes First to Pass Turing Test
    Computer simulating 13-year-old boy becomes first to pass Turing test 'Eugene Goostman' fools 33% of interrogators into thinking it is human, in what is seen as a milestone in artificial intelligence • In 'his own' words: how Eugene fooled the Turing judges • What is the Turing test? And are we all doomed now? Press Association theguardian.com, Monday 9 June 2014 12.09 BST Codebreaker Alan Turing devised a test in 1950, saying that if a machine was indistinguishable from a human, then it was 'thinking'. Photograph: Sherborne School/AFP/Getty Images A "super computer" has duped humans into thinking it was a 13-year-old boy to become the first machine to pass the Turing test, experts have said. Five machines were tested at the Royal Society in central London to see if they could fool people into thinking they were humans during text-based conversations. The test was devised in 1950 by computer science pioneer and second world war codebreaker Alan Turing, who said that if a machine was indistinguishable from a human, then it was "thinking". No computer had ever previously passed the Turing test, which requires 30% of human interrogators to be duped during a series of five-minute keyboard conversations, organisers from the University of Reading said. But "Eugene Goostman", a computer programme developed to simulate a 13-year- old boy, managed to convince 33% of the judges that it was human, the university said. Professor Kevin Warwick, from the University of Reading, said: "In the field of artificial intelligence, there is no more iconic and controversial milestone than the Turing test.
    [Show full text]