Fundamentals of Informatics Can Machines Think? Dedicated to : June 23, 1912 - June 7, 1954

I David Avis

I Kyoto University and McGill University

I www.i-kyoto-u.ca.jp/∼avis What does think mean?

think verb - Definition in the Cambridge English-Japanese Dictionary... http://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-japanese/think?...

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Japanese translation of “think” think

verb (PAST TENSE AND PAST PARTICIPLE thought ) /θɪŋk/ A1 to believe that something is true , or to expect that something will happen , although you are not sure （～の）はずだ, （～のような）気がする I think we’ve met before. Do you think it’s going to rain ?

A1 to have an opinion about something or someone （～だと）思う, 感じる What did you think of the show? I think it’s her best book so far .

B1 to use the brain to plan something, solve a problem , understand a situation , etc. 考える, 熟考する He thought for a few seconds before answering . I was just thinking about Caroline when she called.

(Definition of think verb from the Cambridge English-Japanese Dictionary © Cambridge University Press)

1 of 1 2014/07/07 11:17 I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer? I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936) I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either! I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans? I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997) I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans? I computers 2 - 0 humans ??

Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?) Computers vs humans

I Question: Are there problems that cannot be solved in finite time solve using a computer?

I Answer: Halting problem (Turing, 1936)

I Humans can’t solve this either!

I Question: Are there difficult intellectual tasks where computers are better than humans?

I Answer: Chess (Deep Blue vs Kaparov, 1997)

I computers 1 - 0 humans

I Question: Can computers act like humans?

I Answer: Turing test (June 2014?)

I computers 2 - 0 humans ?? Turing test

Computing Machinery and Intelligence A.M. Turing http://loebner.net/Prizef/TuringArticle.html

Turing, A.M. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433-460.

COMPUTING MACHINERY AND INTELLIGENCE

By A. M. Turing

1. The Imitation Game I propose to consider the question, "Can machines think?" This should begin with definitions of the meaning of the terms "machine" and "think." ...... Instead of attempting such a definition I shall replace the question by another, which is closely related to it and is expressed in relatively unambiguous words. The new form of the problem can be described in terms of a game which we call the 'imitation game." It is played with three people, a man (A), a woman (B), and an interrogator (C) who may be of either sex. The interrogator stays in a room apart front the other two. The object of the game for the interrogator is to determine which of the other two is the man and which is the woman. It is A's object in the game to try and cause C to make the wrong identification.

1 of 1 2014/07/07 12:02 I C asks questions

I A answers pretending to be B

I B can answer in any way

Turing test (wiki)

I Player C must decide which player - A or B - is a computer. I A answers pretending to be B

I B can answer in any way

Turing test (wiki)

I Player C must decide which player - A or B - is a computer.

I C asks questions I B can answer in any way

Turing test (wiki)

I Player C must decide which player - A or B - is a computer.

I C asks questions

I A answers pretending to be B Turing test (wiki)

I Player C must decide which player - A or B - is a computer.

I C asks questions

I A answers pretending to be B

I B can answer in any way Turing tests Home Page of the http://loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html

ラグナガーデ Home Page of The Loebner Prize in Artificial ンホテル Intelligence るるぶトラベル Intelligence "The First Turing Test"

1泊4,320 円～

Loebner Prize Gold Medal (Solid 18 carat, not gold-plated like the Olympic "Gold" medals)

What is the Loebner Prize?

The Loebner Prize for ( AI ) is the first formal instantiation of a Turing Test . The test is named after Alan Turing the brilliant British mathematician. Among his many accomplishments was basic research in computing science. In 1950, in the article Computing Machinery and Intelligence which appeared in the philosophy journal Mind, Alan Turing asked the question "Can a Machine Think?" He answered in the affirmative, but a central question was: "If a computer could think, how could we tell?" Turing's suggestion was, that if the responses from the computer were indistinguishable from that of a human,the computer could be said to be thinking. This field is generally known as natural language processing.

In 1990 Hugh Loebner agreed with The Cambridge Center for Behavioral Studies to underwrite a contest designed to implement the Turing Test. Dr. Loebner pledged a Grand Prize of $100,000 and a Gold Medal (pictured above) for the first computer whose responses were indistinguishable from a human's. Such a computer can be said "to think." Each year an annual cash prize and a bronze medal is awarded to the most human-like computer. The winner of the annual contest is the best entry relative to other entries that year, irrespective of how good it is in an absolute sense.

Further information on the development of the Loebner Prize and the reasons for its existence is available in Loebner's article In Response to the article Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test by Stuart Shieber.

The Loebner Prize was originally made possible by funding from Crown Industries, Inc., of East Orange NJ.

For a comprehensive overview of in general, check chatbots.org

Your program will interact with the Judge Program using the Loebner Prize Protocol "LPP" via the sub folder with your program's name which is nested within the Communications folder. The other three folders are used during the competition, but are not necessary for testing.

The Loebner Prize contest, first inaugurated in 1991 at The Computer Museum (Boston, USA), has been hosted internationally at locations such as: Carnegie Hall (NY, USA), The Science Museum (London), The Powerhouse Museum (Sydney, Australia), Bletchley Park (England), Dartmouth College (NH, USA), California State University (LA, USA), University College London, Surrey, Reading & Exeter Universities (England), Flinders University (Adelaide, Australia) and even Hugh Loebner's appartment in New York City (USA).

Information on the 2014 Loebner Prize

Winners of Previous Contests

1991 Joseph Weintraub , Thinking Systems Software

1992 Joseph Weintraub, Thinking Systems Software

1993 Joseph Weintraub, Thinking Systems Software

1 of 3 2014/07/07 12:24 Do we have a winner? Scientists dispute whether computer 'Eugene Goostman' passed Turin... http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/jun/09/scientists-dis...

Search Scientists dispute whether computer 'Eugene Goostman' passed Turing test The program fooled 10 out of 30 judges at the Royal Society in London that it was human, but not all are convinced

Ian Sample and Alex Hern The Guardian, Monday 9 June 2014 22.14 BST

A conversation between a human participant and 'Eugene' the supercomputer posing as a 13-year-old boy. Photograph: AFP/Getty Images

A computer program named Eugene Goostman which imitates a Ukrainian teenager with a quirky sense of humour and a pet guinea pig has won an artificial intelligence competition at the Royal Society in London.

The program convinced 10 out of 30 judges at the nation's most prestigious scientific institution that it was a real person in a series of online chats lasting five minutes each.

The event's organisers, from Reading University, claimed Eugene had made history by passing the Turing test, a significant goal in the field of artificial intelligence, though other scientists begged to differ.

Regardless of the program's success, the latest performance was an improvement on Eugene's past attempt to win an AI competition in 2012 when it expressed its love of Eminem and hatred for Britney Spears and Star Wars, and mentioned a pet guinea pig which could squeal Beethoven's Ode to Joy.

Proposed by Alan Turing, the wartime codebreaker and computing pioneer, the Turing test challenges computer scientists to create a program that is indistinguishable from a person in its conversational ability. The goal sidesteps more obscure questions about the nature of the mind, and focuses attention on what it produces and how it behaves.

Computer scientist Vladimir Veselov began work on Eugene in 2001, a year after leaving his home in Russia for the US.

The program analyses questions it receives, and searches a "knowledge base" for material before compiling a response. Some of the time it will ask a clarifying question, or draw on a stock response from memory.

During the tests each judge sat down at a pair of computers and typed in questions. One computer was linked to another with a person at the keyboard, while the other was running a program that provided replies.

The judges included Lord Sharkey, who campaigned for Turing's posthumous pardon over a conviction for homosexuality, and Robert Llewellyn, who played a neurotic robot called Kryten in the television series Red Dwarf.

Declaring that Eugene had passed the Turing test, Prof of Reading

1 of 2 2014/07/07 12:36 I Each group prepares a question

I Both Elbot and I prepare answers which are given in random order

I Each group decides which response is the computer

I Group wins if it is correct more than half the time

Let us have our own Turing test!

I Form groups of 2-3 people I Both Elbot and I prepare answers which are given in random order

I Each group decides which response is the computer

I Group wins if it is correct more than half the time

Let us have our own Turing test!

I Form groups of 2-3 people

I Each group prepares a question I Each group decides which response is the computer

I Group wins if it is correct more than half the time

Let us have our own Turing test!

I Form groups of 2-3 people

I Each group prepares a question

I Both Elbot and I prepare answers which are given in random order I Group wins if it is correct more than half the time

Let us have our own Turing test!

I Form groups of 2-3 people

I Each group prepares a question

I Both Elbot and I prepare answers which are given in random order

I Each group decides which response is the computer Let us have our own Turing test!

I Form groups of 2-3 people

I Each group prepares a question

I Both Elbot and I prepare answers which are given in random order

I Each group decides which response is the computer

I Group wins if it is correct more than half the time