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APEC Energy Overview 2005 ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2005 DECEMBER - 2005 Prepared by ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE (APERC) THE INSTITUTE OF ENERGY ECONOMICS, JAPAN Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 16F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN Tel: +81 (3) 5144-8551 Fax: +81 (3) 5144-8555 E-mail: [email protected] APERC Website: http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/ For the ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION (APEC) SECRETARIAT 35, Heng Mui Keng Terrace Singapore 119616 Tel: (65) 6775 6012 Fax: (65) 6775 6013 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.apecsec.org.sg 2004 APEC Secretariat APEC#………… ISSN ………… PAGE II FOREWORD Securing energy’s future remains the primordial concern for all APEC member economies. Rising energy prices, particularly oil, had driven pressures on energy policies; shifting demand/supply sources and the pursuit of energy alternatives. Constraints on upstream and transportation infrastructure have remained a virtual challenge as investments continued to tighten the growth of most developing economies in the region. Despite the bleak future however, economies maintained a positive outlook as more new energy technologies are developed and frontier areas are discovered. Individual APEC economy energy policy initiatives and notable developments particularly on energy security, upstream and downstream development, transformation and transportation, market reform, efficiency and conservation, alternative energy development, renewable energy deployment, environmental protection, and international/regional cooperation are compiled in this report. We extend our special thanks to the efforts of APEC member economies in improving the accuracy and currency of the information provided. We also acknowledge the expert contributions of the APERC researchers, EDMC staff and a special note of appreciation to the guidance and provision of basic energy data by EGEDA members. We sincerely hope that this report would help deepen the mutual understanding among member economies on the current energy issues in the region. Masaharu Fujitomi Kenichi Matsui President Chair Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis December 2005 PAGE III CONTENTS Foreword ..................................................................................................................iii List of Abbreviations ....................................................................................................................v Australia ................................................................................................................... 6 Brunei Darussalam .................................................................................................................16 Canada .................................................................................................................22 Chile .................................................................................................................34 China .................................................................................................................41 Hong Kong, China .................................................................................................................50 Indonesia .................................................................................................................57 Japan .................................................................................................................76 Korea .................................................................................................................83 Malaysia .................................................................................................................90 Mexico ...............................................................................................................104 New Zealand ...............................................................................................................111 Papua New Guinea ...............................................................................................................118 Peru ...............................................................................................................122 The Philippines ...............................................................................................................129 Russia ...............................................................................................................146 Singapore ...............................................................................................................152 Chinese Taipei ...............................................................................................................156 Thailand ...............................................................................................................165 United States ...............................................................................................................171 Viet Nam ...............................................................................................................180 PAGE IV LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABARE Australia Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics APEC Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation APERC Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations bbl/d Barrels per day BCM Billion cubic metres BFOE Barrels of Fuel Oil Equivalent Bt Billion tonnes (Thousand Mt) CO2 Carbon dioxide DOE Departmnt of Energy (USA) EDMC Energy Data and Modelling Center (Japan) EIA Energy Information Administration (USA) EVN Electricity of Viet Nam EWG Energy Working Group (APEC) GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gases GW Gigawatts (Thousand MW or Million kW) GWh Gigawatt-hours (Million kWh) HKC Hong Kong, China IPP Independent Power Producer ktoe Kilotonnes (thousand tonnes) of oil equivalent kW Kilowatts kWh Kilowatt-hour LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas (propane) MCM Million cubic metres Mt Megatonnes (Million tonnes) mtpa Million tonnes per annum MW Megawatts (Thousand kW) NZ New Zealand PDOE Department of Energy (the Philippines) PNG Papua New Guinea (or pipeline natural gas, depending on context) PPP Purchasing Power Parity R&D Research and development SDPC State Development and Planning Commission (China) TFEC Total final energy consumption TPES Total primary energy supply toe Tonnes of oil equivalent TWh Terawatt-hours (Billion kWh) US or USA United States of America VND Viet Nam Dong PAGE V APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA INTRODUCTION Australia is the sixth largest country and smallest continent in the world. It is the only continent that is its own country and lies between the Indian and South Pacific Oceans. Its dry flat continent spans approximately 7.6 million square kilometres, mostly plateaus, deserts, and fertile plains and is divided into six states and two territories. Australia’s population of about 19.88 million live mostly in cities or major regional centres located on the eastern and south-eastern seaboards. Australia has maintained robust economic growth increasing on average at 3.3 percent over the period 1990 to 2003. In 2003, GDP reached US$517.94 billion (1995 US$ at PPP) from US$ 498.98 billion in 2002, further reducing its unemployment rate to 5.6 percent (December 2003) from 6.1 percent the previous year. Australia is abundant in minerals, fossil fuels and other energy resources and is a major exporter of coal, LNG and uranium. The resource sector is the largest exporting sector of the economy and covers over 35 percent of Australia’s export earnings. Over 70 percent of Australia’s international trade is with APEC economies and Asia accounts for around 60 percent of Australian trade. However, reliance on energy export markets has made the Australian economy very sensitive to changes in foreign earnings, arising from fluctuations in international market prices. Table 1 Key data and economic profile (2003) Key data Energy reserves* Area (sq. km) 7,600,000 Oil (MCM) 700 Population (million) 19.88 Gas (BCM) 2,550 GDP Billion US$ (1995 US$ at PPP) 517.94 Coal (Mt) 82,090 GDP per capita (1995 US$ at PPP) 26,052 Source: Energy Data and Modelling Centre, IEEJ. * Proved reserves at the end of 2003 from BP Statistical Review of World Energy 2004. ENERGY SUPPLY AND DEMAND PRIMARY ENERGY SUPPLY In 2003, the total supply of primary energy net of trade in Australia reached 123,536 ktoe. Significant increases have occurred in coal, which contributed the largest share of about 40 percent, followed by oil at 30 percent, and natural gas at 20 percent. Since 1980, supply from gas exhibited the greatest growth at 5.2 percent, followed by coal 2.8 percent, and oil (the least) at 0.9 percent per annum. Supply from other sources (i.e. wood, bagasse, hydro, geothermal, solar, etc.) has also shown significant growth in recent years increasing on average at 3.9 percent over the period 1980 to 2003. Australia is the world's largest exporter of coal and the fourth largest producer behind China, US and India. Australia produces high quality coking and steaming coals that are high in energy content, low in sulphur, ash and other contaminants. In 2003, total coal production reached 179,573 ktoe, 72 percent (or 128,530 ktoe) of which was exported to other economies. Coal plays a central role in the Australian economy, accounting for approximately 10 percent of Australia's total PAGE 6 APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW AUSTRALIA export income and around 77 percent of all electricity produced in Australia. Over the
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