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APEC Energy Overview 2002 ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW 2002 DECEMBER - 2002 Prepared By ASIA PACIFIC ENERGY RESEARCH CENTRE (APERC) THE INSTITUTE OF ENERGY ECONOMICS, JAPAN Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 16F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN Tel: +81 (3) 5144-8551 Fax: +81 (3) 5144-8555 Email: [email protected] (administration) APERC Website: http://www.ieej.or.jp/aperc/ FOR THE ASIA-PACIFIC ECONOMIC COOPERATION SECRETARIAT 438 Alexandra Road #14-00 Alexandra Point Singapore 119958 Tel: (65) 276 1880 Fax: (65) 276 1775 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.apecsec.org.sg APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW FOREWORD The APEC region continues facing many challenges in providing for the energy needs of its growing economies. Energy transport infrastructure – which allows energy to be obtained from a variety of sources in a variety of forms – is increasingly recognised as vital to ensuring the security of energy supply and competition among energy suppliers. Reform of gas and electricity markets continues to be pursued as a means of enhancing productive efficiency and reducing energy prices to consumers. Energy efficiency measures are being promoted as a cost-effective and environmentally beneficial adjunct to supply-side options for providing energy services. As always, providing adequate supplies of oil, gas and electricity in an environmentally responsible manner and at reasonable cost is essential to sustainable economic growth in the region. Recognising the importance of information exchange on recent energy trends, the APEC Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis (EGEDA) and the APEC Energy Working Group (EWG) endorsed the production of an annual APEC Energy Overview at their meetings in early 2000. It was agreed that the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC) would coordinate the work every year in cooperation with EGEDA. The goal of the APEC Energy Overview is to put current energy issues in context by providing a concise summary of the energy situation and policy directions of each member economy. In preparing the Overview, APERC researchers have had the benefit of information from a wide variety of public sources which are noted as references to the reports on each of the member economies. We would like to acknowledge in particular the efforts of APEC member economies in ensuring the currency and reliability of information provided. To ensure a consistent picture across the 21 APEC economies, per instructions from EGEDA and EWG, the Overview uses macroeconomic and energy data provided by the Energy Data and Modelling Center (EDMC) of the Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. We would like to express our appreciation for the EDMC’s efforts in providing this data. Finally, we would like to thank APERC researchers for their contributions to this report and note our gratitude for the guidance extended by EGEDA members in compiling it. Inquiries should be directed to the Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, Institute of Energy Economics, Japan. Our e-mail address is [email protected] (administration). Our postal address is Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre (APERC), The Institute of Energy Economics, Japan (IEEJ), Inui Bldg.-Kachidoki 16F, 1-13-1 Kachidoki, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-0054, JAPAN. Our telephone is +81 (3) 5144-8551 and our fax is +81 (3) 5144-8555. Your comments and insights are always welcome. Masaharu Fujitomi Kenichi Matsui President, Chair, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre Expert Group on Energy Data and Analysis December 2002 PAGE I APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW PAGE II APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW C ONTENTS Foreword .............................................................................................................................i List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................................ v Australia ...........................................................................................................................1 Brunei Darussalam ...........................................................................................................................9 Canada ........................................................................................................................ 15 Chile ........................................................................................................................ 25 China ........................................................................................................................ 31 Hong Kong, China ........................................................................................................................ 39 Indonesia ........................................................................................................................ 43 Japan ........................................................................................................................ 49 Korea ........................................................................................................................ 55 Malaysia ........................................................................................................................ 63 Mexico ........................................................................................................................ 71 New Zealand ........................................................................................................................ 77 Papua New Guinea ........................................................................................................................ 81 Peru ........................................................................................................................ 85 The Philippines ........................................................................................................................ 89 Russia ........................................................................................................................ 95 Singapore ......................................................................................................................101 Chinese Taipei ......................................................................................................................105 Thailand ......................................................................................................................111 United States ......................................................................................................................115 Viet Nam ......................................................................................................................125 PAGE III APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW PAGE IV APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW L IST OF ABBREVIATIONS ABARE Australian Bureau of Agriculture and Resource Economics APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation APERC Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations AUS Australia bbl/d Barrels per day BCM Billion cubic metres BD Brunei Darussalam Bt Billion tonnes (Thousand Mt) CDA Canada CHL Chile CO2 Carbon dioxide CT Chinese Taipei EDMC Energy Data and Modelling Center (Japan) EIA Energy Information Administration (USA) EWG Energy Working Group (APEC) GDP Gross domestic product GHG Greenhouse gases GW Gigawatts (Thousand MW or Million kW) GWh Gigawatt-hours (Million kWh) HKC Hong Kong, China IPP Independent Power Producer INA Indonesia JPN Japan ktoe Kilotonnes (thousand tonnes) of oil equivalent kW Kilowatts kWh Kilowatt-hour LNG Liquefied natural gas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas (propane) MAS Malaysia MCM Million cubic metres MEX Mexico Mt Megatonnes (Million tonnes) MW Megawatts (Thousand kW) NZ New Zealand PE Peru PNG Papua New Guinea (or pipeline natural gas, depending on context) PPP Purchasing Power Parity PRC People’s Republic of China R&D Research and development RMB Renminbi, currency of China (yuan) ROK Republic of Korea RP The Republic of the Philippines RUS The Russian Federation SIN Singapore SDPC State Development and Planning Commission (China) TFEC Total final energy consumption TPES Total primary energy supply toe Tonnes of oil equivalent TWh Terawatt-hours (Billion kWh) US or USA United States of America VN Viet Nam PAGE V APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW PAGE VI APEC ENERGY OVERVIEW AUSTRALIA AUSTRALIA INTRODUCTION The Australian continent covers approximately 7.6 million square kilometres with a total population of 19.2 million. The majority of the population is located along the eastern seaboard, mainly in cities or major regional centres. Australia has a wide range of mineral and energy resources. In the decade to 2000, economic growth in Australia was quite robust at about 3.7 percent per annum. In 2000, GDP was US$ 477 billion (1995 US$ at PPP) and the unemployment rate was around 6.9 percent. The Australian economy has remained relatively robust through the global economic slowdown of the last few years, has avoided recession, and is expected to outperform most developed economies in 2003. Australia is a major exporter of coal, LNG and uranium. The resource sector is the largest exporting sector of the Australian economy, comprising over 35 percent of its export earnings. Consequently, the economy is sensitive to changes in foreign earnings arising from fluctuations in resource prices on international markets. Table 1 Key data and economic profile (2000) Key data Energy reserves* Area (sq. km) 7,600,000 Oil 461 MCM Population (million) 19.18 Gas 1,260 BCM GDP Billion US$ (1995 US$ at PPP) 476.68 Coal 90.4 Bt GDP per capita (1995 US$ at
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