Religious Studies 360 BASIC BUDDHIST TERMS

Three Jewels/Treasures: / / Siddh~rtha Gautama (5th c. BCE): The Buddha (Enlightened One) Ð~kyamuni (Sage of the Ð~kya clan) Tath~gatha (Thus-come-one)

Three Vehicles (branches): (H§nay~na): Way of the Elders (Lesser Vehicle) • S/SE Asia • Canon: Tripitika (below) Mah~y~na: Greater Vehicle • East Asia • Chinese Canon: Pali Canon (arranged differently) + new , commentaries, biographies Vajray~na: Diamond Vehicle • Tibet, North/Central Asia, Japan (1 school) • Tibetan Canon: Chinese Canon (arranged differently) + (ritual/ texts)

Theravada Buddhist Canon (Tripitaka, "Three Baskets"): Sãtra: discourses of the Buddha : monastic codes : philosophical analysis

Four Noble Truths and Eightfold Path: I. "" / unsatisfactoriness (duhkha): inevitable part of existence II. Cause of suffering: craving, , thirst (trishn~) III. Elimination of suffering: cessation () of craving IV. Way / Path: The (m~rga) 1. Right views 2. Right intention Wisdom (prajñ~) 3. Right speech 4. Right action Morality (s§la) 5. Right livelihood 6. Right effort 7. Right Concentration, meditation (sam~dhi) 8. Right concentration Three Characteristics of Existence: Three Ills (evils): (anitya) greed suffering (duhkha) anger / hatred no-self (an~tman) ignorance

Five (components, aggregates): Five Lay Precepts (vows): 1. Form 1. Not to kill 2. Sensation 2. Not to steal 3. /conceptions 3. Not to misuse sex (adultery) 4. Predispositions (karmic), volitions, will 4. Not to lie 5. Consciousness 5. Not to take intoxicants

Other key concepts: • : moral • sams~ra: cycle of • nirv~na: extinction of karma and rebirth • bodhi: enlightenment • ignorance (av§dya) • : enlightened person (in Theravada) • Ñamatha: calming / vipaÑyan~: insight • dependent origination (prat§tya-samutp~da), or the 12-fold chain of causation (12 nid~na): 1. Ignorance (avidy~) 7. Sensation (vedan~) 2. Volitional action (samsk~ra) 8. Craving, desire (trishn~) 3. Consciousness (vijñ~na) 9. Attachment, clinging (up~d~na) 4. Name and form (n~ma-rãpa ) 10. Existence, () 5. Six Senses (sad-~yatana ) 11. Birth (j~ti) 6. Contact, touch (sparÑa) 12. Old age and (jar~-marana)

Spread of Buddhism 5th c. BCE: originated in North 3rd c. BCE: to Sri Lanka (Pali Canon first put into writing there in 1st c. BCE) 1st c. BCE: to Central Asia via / developing 1st c. CE: first recorded mention in China 5th c.: to Korea 6th c.: to Japan (from Korea, but then most influence from China) 7th c.: to Tibet (from India and China) 10th - 11th c.: mostly wiped out in India by Islamic invasions 19th-20th c.: to Europe and America