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(Herpestes Auropunctatus) on Adriatic Islands: Impact, Evolution, and Control Arijana Barun University of TN, Knoxville, [email protected]

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(Herpestes Auropunctatus) on Adriatic Islands: Impact, Evolution, and Control Arijana Barun University of TN, Knoxville, Abarun@Utk.Edu University of Tennessee, Knoxville Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange Doctoral Dissertations Graduate School 5-2011 The ms all Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on Adriatic Islands: impact, evolution, and control Arijana Barun University of TN, Knoxville, [email protected] Recommended Citation Barun, Arijana, "The ms all Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on Adriatic Islands: impact, evolution, and control. " PhD diss., University of Tennessee, 2011. https://trace.tennessee.edu/utk_graddiss/947 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Graduate School at Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. It has been accepted for inclusion in Doctoral Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Trace: Tennessee Research and Creative Exchange. For more information, please contact [email protected]. To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a dissertation written by Arijana Barun entitled "The ms all Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on Adriatic Islands: impact, evolution, and control." I have examined the final electronic copy of this dissertation for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Daniel Simberloff, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Nathan Sanders, Gary McCracken, James Fordyce, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Frank VanManen Accepted for the Council: Dixie L. Thompson Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) To the Graduate Council: I am submitting herewith a thesis written by Arijana Barun entitled “The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on Adriatic Islands: impact, evolution, and control.” I have examined the final electronic copy of this thesis for form and content and recommend that it be accepted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy, with a major in Ecology and Evolutionary Biology. Daniel Simberloff, Major Professor We have read this dissertation and recommend its acceptance: Nathan Sanders Gary McCracken Frank van Manen James Fordyce Benjamin Fitzpatrick Accepted for the Council: Carolyn R. Hodges Vice Provost and Dean of the Graduate School (Original signatures are on file with official student records.) The small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus) on Adriatic Islands: impact, evolution, and control A Thesis Presented for the Doctor of Philosophy Degree The University of Tennessee, Knoxville Arijana Barun May 2011 Copyright © 2011 by Arijana Barun All rights reserved. ii Dedication To my husband Vlado, daughter Maria, and son Lucas: For their unwavering support, love and patience. To my family and my in-laws: For help during the field work, but most importantly for never ceasing support and encouragement. To my advisor: For believing in me, for challenging me and for supporting me. To my friends and colleagues: For field and editorial work, but most importantly for their persistent encouragement. iii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Thank you to my advisor Daniel Simberloff for believing in me and never letting me give up. Dan welcomed me into his lab despite my desire to work with reptiles and amphibians, and after several years when I drifted towards asking questions that involved reptiles and amphibians he encouraged me to pursue them. Thank you Dan for accepting me into your lab even though at the time you knew better than I did how hard it would be to balance graduate school and a young family. Thank you to my committee, Drs. James Fordyce, Benjamin Fitzpatrick, Frank van Manen, Nathan Sanders, and Gary McCracken, for their critical and prompt feedback, availability at short notice for questions (some of which I realize now were trivial), and for making me become more critical. You have encouraged me to become a better scientist but you have also made me a better teacher. Thank you to my colleague Dr. Aimée Classen for support of me as a female scientist and persistent encouragement through hard times. I will miss our walks. Thank you to my advisor‟s wife, Mary Tebo, who would call me late at night and gave me confidence to continue with this PhD. Thank you to Dr. Gary McCracken for opening his lab and to Veronica Brown for teaching me everything I know about genetic methods and protocols. iv Thank you to Dr. Michel Pascal who took one week of his vacation time to help me start my small mammal surveys on islands. Without Michel I would never have realized that the stone martens were stealing the traps and not humans. What an adventure that was! Thank you to Dr. Nikola Tvrtković and Dr. Zoran Tadić for handling Croatian permits. Thank you to Dr. Zoran Tadić for opening his lab for dissections and dermestid beetles. Thank you to Ivan Budinski and Antica Ćulina, who made moving every third day to a different island highly organized and at times even exciting. I do not know how we fitted 200 traps, all our luggage and ourselves into my station wagon, but we did it. Thank you for getting up so early in the morning and staying up late. Both of you have taught me a lot about Mediterranean flora and fauna. Thank you to my lab mates Martin Nunez, Lara Souza, Michael Collins, and Sara Kuebbing for their assistance through coursework, teaching, analyzing data and writing manuscripts. Thank you to Matthew Niemiller for his help with the genetic manuscript. It would have not happened without you. Thank you to the Ecology and Evolutionary Biology department at the University of Tennessee, Knoxville, which has supported my research with Summer v Research Grants, and to the Nancy Gore Hunger Endowment Fund for supporting most of my research. Thank you to the Republic of Croatia Ministry of Culture and Park Prirode Lastovo for help with permits for field portion of this thesis. vi ABSTRACT One cause of declines and extinctions of island species is carnivore introduction. Four carnivores, including the small Indian mongoose (Herpestes auropunctatus), are on the IUCN‟s list of 100 of the World's Worst Invasive Alien Species. My thesis summarizes global patterns of carnivore introductions and examines ecological, evolutionary, and management impacts of this mongoose. I study abundances of reptiles and amphibians on mongoose-infested and mongoose-free islands in the Adriatic Sea to determine if factors other than mongoose presence can account for abundance differences. For several reptiles and amphibians, the mongoose is implicated as causing differences. Additionally, I assess species abundance in the small mammal community and activity times of introduced ship rats (Rattus rattus) on the same islands. The mongoose is implicated in a shift in rat activity times, but it is difficult to separate mongoose impacts on small mammal abundance from rat impacts. To manage introduced carnivores, we can exclude, control, or eradicate them. I review literature data on mongoose eradication and control campaigns. I compiled a list of all islands with known mongoose populations and focused on assessing successes, failures, and challenges. The mongoose has been eradicated only on six very small islands. Management at low levels by various techniques has been attempted on many islands, with variable success. On almost all islands of introduction, the mongoose has no potential competitors of similar size. However, on three Adriatic islands where the vii mongoose was introduced, a similar-sized native carnivore, the stone marten (Martes foina), is present, while on one Adriatic island the small Indian mongoose is the sole carnivore. To see if character displacement occurs in the mongoose when the marten is present, and vice-versa, I examined size variation in the diameter of the upper canine tooth (the prey-killing organ) and skull length in these two species on these islands. Character displacement in both traits was evident for the mongoose but not the marten. Lastly, I developed a simulation model to examine genetic consequences of serial introductions of the small Indian mongoose and found that the potential for population genetic data to determine introduction pathways and sequences is limited. viii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page GENERAL INTRODUCTION. ...................................................................................... 13 References ............................................................................................................... 17 CHAPTER I. .................................................................................................................... 19 CARNIVORES............................................................................................................. 19 Global Patterns ....................................................................................................... 20 Notable examples ................................................................................................... 22 Negative impacts .................................................................................................... 27 Management and eradication ............................................................................... 31 Glossary ................................................................................................................... 34 Further Reading ..................................................................................................... 35 Appendix I ..............................................................................................................
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