Annual Meeting of the United Kingdom Belize Association Latin American Centre, University of Oxford 1 Church Walk, Oxford

Annual Meeting of the United Kingdom Belize Association Latin American Centre, University of Oxford 1 Church Walk, Oxford Saturday 7th October, 2017 9.30 am to 5.30 pm 9.30 am - 10.00 am Welcome - David Howard, University of Oxford and Neil Stuart, UKBA President, University of Edinburgh 10.00 am - 11.00 am Belize in the British newspaper archives: 1722-1900 - Victor Bulmer-Thomas, University of London Canals and borders: economic diplomacy and the Belize territorial dispute - David Gomez, University College London Access to Belizean history - Cathy Smith, University of Edinburgh 11.15 am - 12.30 pm Belize UK relations - Perla Perdomo, High Commission for Belize, London A case of Belizean exceptionalism? Exploring multi-ethnicity and political parties in Belize - Dylan Vernon, Embassy of Belize-Belgium Energy for Life: community service and leadership - Claudia Garcia, University of Westminster and Manuela Lue, Energy for Life Programme 12.30 pm - 1.15 pm Lunch 1.15 pm - 2.45 pm Developing community business in Belize to improve local livelihoods in Toledo - Neil Stuart, University of Edinburgh, Duncan Macqueen, International Institute for Environment and Development, Elmar Requena and Nilcia Xi, Toledo Institute for Development and Environment and Cathy Smith, University of Edinburgh 1 Forest ecology and management in northwest Belize - Sheila Ward, Mahogany for the Future, Nicholas Brokaw, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras and Laura Snook, Bioversity International Negotiating science and resource management in rural communities - Sophie Haines, University of Oxford Maya archaeology and global soil security: recent research at Marco Gonzalez, Ambergris Caye, Belize - Elizabeth Graham, University College London 2.55 pm - 3.55 pm Screening and director’s discussion of the award-winning film Yochi (2016) - Ilana Lapid, New Mexico State University, Kristi Drexler, New Mexico State University and Lee Mcloughlin, Wildlife Conservation Society-Belize 4.00 pm - 4.30 pm Concluding comments and planning for UKBA 2018, the 21st annual meeting 4.30 pm - 5.30 pm Drinks’ reception 5.30 pm onwards The Royal Oak, 42-44 Woodstock Road, OX2 6HT 2 Presenters and presentation abstracts Belize in the British newspaper archives: 1722-1900 Victor Bulmer-Thomas Victor Bulmer-Thomas is an Associate Fellow in the US and the Americas Programme, Honorary Professor at the Institute of the Americas, University College London, and Emeritus Professor of Economics at London University. From 2001 to 2006, Victor was the director of Chatham House, and from 1992 to 1998 he was the director of the Institute of Latin American Studies at London University. He edited the Journal of Latin American Studies from 1986 to 1997, and has authored or edited more than 20 books on Latin America and the Caribbean including, The Economic History of Latin America since Independence (Third Edition, 2014) and The Economic History of the Caribbean since the Napoleonic Wars (2012). He is a non-executive director of the New India Investment Trust and the JP Morgan Brazil Investment Trust. He has received honours from the governments of Brazil, Colombia and the United Kingdom. Canals and borders: economic diplomacy and the Belize territorial dispute, 1845-1865 David Gomez The diplomacy towards the Belize-Guatemala territorial dispute has not been widely researched, although the matter of the dispute itself has been increasingly analysed over the years. In general, the assumption has been that Britain’s handling of the territorial claim to Belize was rooted in its desire for colonial expansion of territory, and subsequently study of the dispute hitherto has been focused largely on its colonial legacy – that is to say, the legal strength of the competing claims to Belize. Viewing Britain’s handling of the territorial dispute as power maximization however has clouded study of the subject, and also obscures the tangibility of Belize within Britain’s wider foreign policy towards the Central American region at a particular temporal juncture. This study rejects the above assumption and argues instead that British foreign policy behaviour towards the territorial dispute was influenced by its economic considerations in the region alongside other factors. Consequently, for more than a decade starting in the mid to late 1840s, settlement of the Belize territorial issue was subordinated to Britain’s wider interests in Central America. Yet most of the scholarship on the dispute seems to have glossed over this angle of analysis; or, alternatively, has treated it somewhat tangentially. This study addresses this deficit, and the aim is to elucidate the factors that may have shaped British foreign policy towards the Belize territorial dispute between 1845 and 1865; and also to explain how these likely combined to influence British foreign policy behaviour over the matter. Using a theory of bargaining leverage in territorial disputes that combines issue linkage and economic diplomacy as foreign policy strategies, this study submits that Britain’s diplomatic handling of the territorial dispute was influenced by an interplay of three things: the salience of Belize to Britain vis-à-vis plans for the construction of a trans-isthmian canal; changes in the nature of interstate power relations in the international system in the first half of the 19th century and the way in which Anglo-American relations had unfolded. This theory suggests that Britain benefitted from the challenge over the Belize territory by adopting a peaceful approach to managing the dispute and by linking an economic issue that was highly salient to other weighty factors in order to secure compromises with regards to Belize. In short, the way Britain handled the dispute allowed it to first exclude settlement of the Belize issue from the wider Central American issue; to subsequently obtain agreement from America on 3 the boundaries of Belize and finally to elude any contention from America on the grounds that it had contravened the Monroe Doctrine when it eventually declared Belize a colony. David Gomez is a trade and private sector development specialist with over twenty years of experience in international development projects. He has specialist expertise in international trade analysis and negotiations; export development; services trade; and value chain analysis. David has led or participated in a wide range of technical assistance and capacity building projects implemented by international development partners including the European Union, the Inter-American Development Bank, and the Commonwealth Secretariat, the Organization of American States and the World Bank. He has worked in Africa, Latin America, the Caribbean and the South Pacific. David is currently a doctoral research student at University College London - Institute of the Americas and holds a Graduate Diploma in International Development with Distinction from the London School of Economics; an MA in International Relations (with Distinction) from the University of Kent, Canterbury where he attended as a Chevening Scholar; a Master of Laws (LLM) in International Trade Law from Northumbria University in Newcastle and a BSc in Secondary Education from the University of Belize. Access to Belizean history Cathy Smith, University of Edinburgh In this talk I want to reflect a little on my experience of doing historical research about Belize using records located in the UK, in Belize, and online. I will examine the conditions that influence access to and interpretation of ‘the archive’ of Belizean history: the creators and form of the remaining records; level of physical preservation; ordering and cataloguing by archivists; movement and final location of the material. I will end by considering the implications for Belizeans who may be interested in researching their history. Cathy is entering the third year as a PhD student at the University of Edinburgh, which has run alongside working as the project officer for a DFID- funded Darwin Initiative Project that has been training communities in Toledo District in Belize in savanna fire management. Her research looks at how the history of fire management of the lowland coastal savannas of Belize has been shaped by the interaction of global scientific ideas with that specific ecological, social and political context. Belize UK relations Perla Perdomo Perla Perdomo is the High Commissioner for Belize in London. Perla is part diplomat (spending ten years as deputy head of mission in Mexico City, and setting up the Belize Embassy) and part businesswoman - she has spent the past six years in the private sector where, as the General Manager of Travellers Liquors Ltd, she oversaw the global expansion of the brand. A case of Belizean exceptionalism? Exploring multi-ethnicity and political parties in Belize Dylan Vernon Despite diverse multi-ethnicity, with two dominant ethnic groups, and some favourable pre- and post-independence conditions for divisive ethnic politics, the modern politics of Belize has 4 not been characterised by ethnic-based political parties. In light of the divergent experiences of such Commonwealth Caribbean states as Guyana and Trinidad & Tobago, my paper asks to what extent is the Belize case exceptional and why? I examine elements of the relationship between ethnicity and political parties, since adult suffrage in 1954 and into post-independence Belize, by exploring what factors in the Belize context contributed to the evolution and dominance of ethnically-integrated parties. I argue that the primary factor

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