Irectionof the Ruraldivision 3 United Statesbureau Ofeducation
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I. DEPARTMENTOF THEINTERIOR BUREAU OFEDUCATION Aso. 11..... BULLETIN,1924, No.36 AMANUALOFEDUCATIONAL LEGISLATION FORTHEGUIDANCEOFCOMMITTEESON EDUCATIONIN THESTATELEGISLATURES 4 1 . Prepared tinderthe directionof the RuralDivision 3 United StatesBureau ofEducation 4.- .% ; 4Ivrr /1 to ir-\1 WASHINGTON I! GOVERNMENTPRINTINGOFFICE 1925 111...011. I. ADDITIONAL COPIES OF Tins PUBLICATION MATBEPROCUREDTROIA THE SUPERINTENDENT OY DOCUMENTS GOVJERNM ENT PRINTING OFFICE WASHLNGTON, D. C. AT 10 CENTS PER COPY II - - teir CONTENTS Page CHAPTER I. Purposeand,:cope 1 The Stateand the school.: 2 A Stateprogram for education 3 II. Generalanalysis ofschool organizationand adpinistration_ ae- State educationalomnizations 4. 5 State boardsof education -rage 5 Statedepartments ofeducation a... 9 Chief Stateschool officer 9 Organizationfor localmanagenwnt _ 11 An effectivecounty unit 14 The county.:uperintendentof schook 16 Consolidated districtsand schools 17 III. Schoolcostand schoolsupport 23 Sources of schoolfund4k 25 Statetaxes and appropriations 26 Local =. W - - - d 'Methods ofdistributingschool funds 29 IV. Schoolattendance andcompulsoryattendancelaws__ 33 V. Physical education . _ _ 38 Object andscope_______ 39 Legislntive Provisions 40 VI. Schoolgrounds andbuildings 42 VII. The teaching staff 44 VIII. Certificationofteach.ers Ix. Schooltextbooks.... 49 ra . 411 41 4 . f"N Ii 'to k A MANUALOFEDUCATIONALLEGISLATION Chapter PURPOSEAND SCOPE This manualis printedprimarilyto presentto educationalcom- mittees ofthe Statelegislaturesthatconvenein1925 and 1926the essentials ofaprogramofeducationallegislationbaseduponthe experiences ofthe variousStates duringthepasitseveraldecades. A largeamount of proposededucationallegislation ispresented at each legislativesession.Some of itis desirable,butalarge part is not.It is= withdifficultythatthose unfainiliarwith school administrationcan passuponit andknow whatoughtto be enacted into lawand whatdiscarded.Itis hopedthat thispublication \yin beof assistance.indeterminingaction.Topicsarediscussed inte light of experienceof theStates withdifferentsystems and of the bestideas ofauthoritiesin schooladministration. Each ofthe48 Stateshas itsown distinctsystem ofeducation. The FederalGovernmentvssunies no controloverthe publicschools throughoutthecountryexcept with referenceto the specialFederal appropriationsforspecificpurposes,astheSmith-HughesAct for assistanceto vocationaleducationand theSihith-LeverAct for assistanceto agriculturalextensionedtcation.Nevertheless,be- causeof proximityandinterchange ofideas, theStatesystems have ninnypointsofsimilarity.Conditionsaffecting thekindsof schoolsystems donot differfundamentally:therefore,each State profitsby theexperiences ofothers, andthrough theadoption of what provesgood theStatesaretendingtowardsystemsmoresimi- lar than in thepast. We have,theref:---;-.'whatmaybe designatedas the " trendin schooldevelopment"in theUnitedStates,an ex- pressionmeaning theforwardmovementgenerallytoward simi- larityinsystems and practices. In enactingschool lawslegislaturesmaybe guidedinpart by the experiencesof alitrStotes.For instance,inoneStatesomeone recommendslegislationto provide thatthe Stateprepareand print itsowntextbooks.Before finalaction istaken theexperiencesbf Californiaand Kansasmaywell bestudied.Anotherproposesthe adoptionof thecounty unit ofadministrationandsupport;astudy ofthe experiençe ofStates organizedonthat basiswill beihetlpie e. ..,- 1 , _ A MANUALOF EDUCATIONALLEGISLATION, 11., "'S ful. When itis evidentthatnew orrevised schoo.!awsare needed inanystate, it.v;wiseto follow the successfulexperiencts of other Stateswhich have triedthe projwsedplans. ifsuch.inav found.Ifreasons are,evident thatwould wakethiA practiceundv- i sirable,or aplan is proposedwhiehseemsbetter thananyyet t areview of the exPeriencesof otherStatcs solving thesameprob- lems in otherwaysis stilldesirable. In other words.school legisintion shoalbe passedin Ow light of what has hemproved effectivein other Statesand vithx , knowledge beforeoneof xv1mt bus beentrica anddiscarded andof thereasonsinfluencingsuccess orfailure. This bulletin isabrief résum4 ofwhat has been'founddesirable it and acceptable.It aimsto show Cie trend in educadonalsystelos and legislationadopted after experienceand study,It gives encestomorecompletti informationonthe subjectsdiscussed. 1P THE§TATEAND THE SCHOOLS Practice in the UnitedStates,aswellasconstitutionalor statutory provisions, charges theseveral State legislatureswi.th therespmNi- bility of providingasystem of schools for all theclliHren oi the State adequateto their needs and efficientIn fulfilling the educa- tkmal.ideals of thepeople of theState.Education withiuis admittedlyaStateresponsibility.It followstherefore, thatit is the duty ofthe State legislati:re(1)to formulateaconstructive ,policy for the educalion of all the childtimof the State;(2)topro- vide the administra.tivemachinery foraschoolsystem adequateto carryout this policy; and CAtomake suchclianges from timeto tiffieascliangingconditions and educationalneeds require. It is well knownthat after-war conditionshave brought. about fundamental changes inideals foramodern educationsystem.Pro- gresive States, therefore,areproviding fill* suchchanges in ad- ministrative organization insources, amount,and distribution of funds; and in schooland curriculumreorganizationasthe noeds of modern liferequire. Theprogramof adjustmentof the school system to the growing needsand expectations ofthe people involves manyproblems whichState legislaturesmust help solve.Among themost pressing of those which callfor legislativeaction at this è. timeare:(1) Tosecure more nearly equitable adjustment withinr the State oftax burdens and educational opportimitiesfor all chil-4. dren.(2) To providesystems of 96001support which willen-ifiV able the schoolsof the Statemoreadequatelyto meet the expansion necessaryin theprovision ofschool facilitiescommensuratewith the iiew idealsfor school buildings,school organization,enriched curricula, and.. increasedcosts of instruction andgeneral school ad- . ' ' -Aati-4; rV1' `171214';004'...P; "-.:Ir."-4'wir-.4414F....,. '---7 -;:tilil*Tn.:: '1 -t .',--r,t`'J.- - . -- , ;... t.....,.,;.,i . _.7-Tii*ii, do,t i' . "' 021"51.7" 4: 44-.t.° li `' . 4. I 9.-ir : r w - ,.. I . 6. e , e. PURPOSE v..' ANDSCOPE y e 3 ,rv . 4 . 2uip;-:a.ation....;.(3)Toprovidesuch adMinistratire - .r systemsas will'- insureprofessionaladministration andefficientandittconomicillman- agement of theschools.'PieState,assuch, is viding responsibleforpro- an administrativesystem whichmakespossible and an elementary secondaryeducationfor allchildrenin theState. upcertain (4) Toset minimumstandardswhichallschoolsand school ". must meetand systems to provideforsuchsources ofsupportaswill allcommunitiesto maintain 'enable schoolssatisfyingestablishedstandards. A. , STATEPROGRAMFOREDUCATION f".4 Thelegislative program forfrnyStatewilldifferfromthat. other9because itmust provide irí forparticularandspecificStateneed's' andmust beconsistent withthe existingadministrativesystem d traftionsandidealsof the people.Thereare; however,certain considerationsandproblems common to allStateswhichwilldoubt- a less bethesubjectofconsiderationinformulating gams.In educationalpro- many Statesthe firststep shouldbe or to takeaninventory surveyoftheeducationalassets andliabilities 4 ofthe.State aAon the basisof thisstudy,to formulatit wogram of lation educationallegis: extendingoveraperiodofyears,Sucha incim.e,among other program would things,some provisionfor.thefollowing: 1. Âbusinesslike'State system ofschoolorganization,administra- tion,supervision.andsupport. 2. Establishmentofaneffectiveunitfor thegreatest localschool efficien4in administration. 411: 3. ; "r Readjustmentofelementarynndsecondaryeducation , (a)education to include forhealth,(h)educationforcitizenship, tionfor life (c)educa- occupation,and (d)educationfor leisure. v 4. Aliberal , systetn ofschoolsupport,includinga- equalizes plan which : educationalopportunitiesamongall thepeople same time and'at the '.. providesanequitabledistributionof.tifx 5. burdenS....-'?....- .. Provisionforsuitableschoolgronnds ..,.....-,-. andbuilaings.- 4'f4i4;' 6. Preparationofan - t adequatestaffof , teachers.: . l' . _,.;.g...- 7.Provisionfoi 'a . ,,....., modernsystem ofcertificatingteachers- based, onagradualincreasein professionalrequirementi". ¿ 8. Adequate ..,,...--k provisionforlivingsalariesforthese .- . teachers; Iiiiitei...'.4.f:- ND : , _ . tenures 'andretirement ..,..v ,.;,....i,... .)--,:, pension. ... -,.. .- # . e -4 ;` 9. Aliberal'planunderwhichto proiidet it . textbooks . ..: ,. and .. .. I 4 r equip- ... 0p 4 ment in ,e I .41/ .:, theschools: , ;..it t; ....,...., .. .. .6 % 1t 0 : .. -, .. , . 10. Aprogram.for adulteducation, includingaplanto evidkate:...: adultilliteracy land provIde Americanizationworkwhennecessary. Theseprbvisionsshould beunder thegeneral administrationand 4...t controlof tilState ".,.,-...-I , departmentsofeducation,workingthrough.local schoolsystems. .' me, , ..s:... 4 4L 0 4 ;. , .. " ; Ot!6 a : ;Ng.i 1 .4 t k; ti . % ;. ;? 1- .. - .0.- 4- . k6,4 110-.1 comi P 4 : -%.d_..#, $ku 1. besot I OAL*".1 e ..--- .r:s454701......, _ L 7 .4:1 --- -11111111=111741/111/1/ _ .0. tr. - - :4_ ",ekr: 111. ),vf, ol vi. s , . , 7 . ". i 11.6. -vs-40 ir 1::-:-rt.* A . # cirt+OW r""- Iii ..e,If 1 . e.,1, 4 , . -- / lrfr ..., --';11 . - . 1.16 r % . a. I .11. a. .,..4.*t. - .. 4 A MAN UAL OFED U C ATM NAL'4LEGISLATION , . t*. .TABLZ 1.Iliiieracy:Number andper cent