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Essential Oils from Buds and Leaves of Two Hazelnut (Corylus L.) Cultivars

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Essential Oils from Buds and Leaves of Two Hazelnut (Corylus L.) Cultivars Arthropod-Plant Interactions (2013) 7:659–666 DOI 10.1007/s11829-013-9281-0 ORIGINAL PAPER Essential oils from buds and leaves of two hazelnut (Corylus L.) cultivars with different resistance to filbert big bud mite (Phytoptus avellanae Nal.) and filbert aphid (Myzocallis coryli Goetze) Magdalena Gantner • Agnieszka Najda Received: 26 March 2013 / Accepted: 10 October 2013 / Published online: 6 November 2013 Ó The Author(s) 2013. This article is published with open access at Springerlink.com Abstract The aim of this study was to identify the al- filbert big bud mite, was characterized by a high content of lelopatic effect of the components of a mixture of essential nerol, a-campholenol, methyl salicylate, spatulenol, b- oils (EO) contained in the buds and leaves of hazel caryophylene and d-cadinene. In contrast, the leaves of this (Corylus L.) on herbivores. We examined the effect of cultivar, colonized by filbert aphid but to a relatively small these compounds on the choice of plants of two different extent, contained greater quantities of nerol, a-camphole- hazel cultivars by Phytoptus avellanae Nal. (filbert big bud nol, p-cymene, a-terpineol and germacrene D, than the mite) and Myzocallis coryli Goetze (filbert aphid), which leaves of cv. ‘Barra’, which is more accepted by aphids. are the most important pests of hazel in Poland and However, the leaves of cv. ‘Barra’ were characterized by a throughout the world. Our results show that plants of cv. considerably high content of menthol, limonene, isom- ‘Mogulnus’ were more resistant than those of cv. ‘Barra’ to enthone, methyl salicylate and L-menthone. the feeding of mites and aphids in all study years. Using gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry Keywords Hazel Á Essential oils (EO) Á methodology, we determined the qualitative and quantita- Monoterpenes Á GC/MS analysis Á Big bud mite Á tive composition of EO in the buds and leaves of plants of Filbert aphid Á Plant–insect interactions these two hazel cultivars. The EO obtained from the ana- lysed materials was a mixture of mono- and sesquiterpenes. The emission of volatile organic compounds from plants is Introduction known to repel or attract pests. The mixture of EO present in the hazel buds of cv. ‘Mogulus’, which is resistant to A number of factors, both in the course of initial accep- tance by the pest and after colonization of the plant, determine the plant’s resistance to pests. This resistance is Handling Editor: Jarmo Holopainen. influenced by both the features of the plant’s morphologi- cal structure and the chemical composition of the pene- M. Gantner (&) trated plant tissues. Secondary plant metabolites, which act Division of Engineering in Nutrition, Faculty of Human both as the plant’s choice of resistance and during the Nutrition and Consumer Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Nowoursynowska 159c, 02-776 Warsaw, Poland physiological relationship between pest and plant, are e-mail: [email protected] considered to be the most important source of cultivar resistance to pathogenic factors and pests. These factors M. Gantner regulate the behaviour of herbivores and affect the phe- Department of Entomology, University of Life Sciences in Lublin, Leszczyn´skiego 7, 20-069 Lublin, Poland nomenon of natural resistance (Harborne 1997; Gatehouse 2002; Van Den Boom et al. 2004). Essential oils (EO) are A. Najda (&) an important group of secondary metabolites which have Department of Vegetable Crops and Medicinal Plants, an allelopatic influence on phytophagous species (Cham- University of Life Sciences in Lublin, K. Leszczyn´skiego 58, 20-068 Lublin, Poland berlain et al. 2000; Holopainen 2004; Ibrahim et al. 2001). e-mail: [email protected] They occur commonly in the plant world where they 123 660 M. Gantner, A. Najda perform a significant function in the interaction between uninjured buds from each selected shrub of each cultivar plants and herbivores. Mono- and sesquiterpenes are aro- were analysed, and the final number of overwintering matic stimuli that can be detected by insects even at con- stages was determined, converted to a value per 10 ml of siderable distances from the host plants. One of these, water, according to the method used by Maziarz (1984). In limonene, a hydrocarbon oil released by conifers, is largely the case of the filbert aphid, the population of the pest was considered to function as an attractant for herbivorous monitored from early spring until the occurrence of the first insects of conifers (Ibrahim et al. 2001). Chapman et al. larvae on hazel leaves in 10-day intervals. The method (1981) showed that the menoterpene carvone is an attrac- used was to count the aphids on 100 leaves of each plant tant for the aphid Cavariella aegopodii which feeds on (Wilkaniec 1994). The aphid population was checked at parsnip, whereas limonene and a-pinen attract the beetle 10-day intervals until it had completely disappeared. The Ips pini (Wallin and Raffa 2000). Certain monoterpenes are number of larvae and winged females as well as the known as strong toxins against beetles feeding in the wood number of colonized leaves were noted. The level of the of coniferous trees (Cook and Hain 1988) and as deterrents pest population on the tested cultivars was expressed as a of feeding and egg-laying (Leal et al. 1997). Sesquiter- cumulative aphid index (the sum of aphids on 100 leaves), penes are mainly deterrents of insect feeding, especially and the mean percentage of colonized leaves was feeding by butterfly species (Qiu et al. 1998). Some of established. these are toxic; for example, zingiberen exudated by Lyc- opersicon hirsutum is toxic for the larvae of the Colorado Laboratory studies potato beetle (Carter et al. 1989). The aim of our study was to determine the effect of the The material for studies were the buds and leaves of two aromatic components of EO occurring in the buds and hazel cultivars: ‘Barra’ and ‘Mogulus’. The buds (undam- leaves of two cultivars of hazel (Corylus L.) on the degree aged by mites) were collected from the plants of these of acceptance during the initial choice by Phytoptus a- cultivars in April, while the plant was still in the no-leaf vellanae Nal., an acarine gall-mite species (filbert big bud period, whereas the leaves (previously covered, undamaged mite), and Myzocallis coryli Goetze, commonly known as by aphids) were collected in June, which is when the aphid the filbert aphid. can be found at peak concentrations on hazel (Gantner 2007). The plant material was sampled before noon, on sunny and dry days. Directly after harvesting, the study Materials and methods material was dried at temperatures of up to 35 °C in the shade and under air flow conditions. Plant and insect material Essential oils Determination of the degree of colonization of leaf buds by P. avellanae and of leaves by M. coryli was conducted Essential oils were obtained using the distillation method between 2004 and 2006 under field conditions on a pro- with water vapour with the addition of meta-xylene in 20 g duction plantation (chemically protected against Monilia of dry air. The EO were analysed using gas chromatogra- coryli Schellenb. and Curculio nucum L.) located in phy (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry (MS) methodology Kon´skowola (eastern Poland, 51°400 N, 22°060 E). An (Polish Pharmacopoeia VI 2002). additional field location for the filbert aphid was the experimental plantation in Motycz near Lublin (eastern GC and GC/MS determinations Poland, 51° 140 N22° 340 E), which was not chemically protected. The studies were conducted on five shrubs of The GC/MS system consisted of an ITMS Varian 4,000 two hazel cultivars, ‘Barra’ and ‘Mogulus’’, characterized GC–MS/MS instrument (Varian, Palo Alto, CA) equipped by their different resistance to those two pests. with a CP-8410 auto-injector and a 30 m 9 0.25-mm VF- The degree to which the cultivars were injured by the 5 ms column (Varian); film thickness was 0.25 lm, the filbert big bud mite was directly established in the field carrier gas and flow rate was He at 0.5 ml/min, the injector through determining the percentage of buds with clear and detector temperatures were 220 and 200 °C, respec- signs of deformation. These observations were made in the tively, the split ratio was 1:20 and the inject volume was no-leaf period of the plants. The assessment consisted of 1 ll. A temperature gradient was applied (60 °C for determining the percentage of infected buds on ten bran- 0.5 min, then increments of 3 °C/min up to 246 °C, then ches of each shrub, together with the ramifications. In holding at 246 °C for 10 min). The mass ranged from 40 to addition, the eggs, larvae and adult forms of Eriophyoidea 1,000 Da, the GC system consisted of a Varian 3800 Series were counted under a microscope: 20 injured and 20 instrument (Varian) equipped with a JW Scientific DB-5 123 Essential oils from buds and leaves of two hazelnut 661 column (Agilent Technologies, Santa Clara, CA) operated was more susceptible to the occurrence of aphids than cv. under the same conditions as the GC/MS (flame ionization Mogulnus. This pest was more numerous on the chemically detector 256 °C; split ratio 1:50). The qualitative analysis protected plantation, and it clearly preferred the leaves of was carried out on the basis of MS spectra which were cv. ‘Barra’ to those of cv. ‘Mogulnus’. This is reflected compared with the spectra of the NIST library (NIST/EPA/ both by the higher value of the cumulative aphid index and NIH 2002) and from data available in the literature (Joulain by the higher percentage of colonized leaves on the plants and Ko¨nig 1998; Adams 2004).
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