Timing of Sulphur Spray Application for Control of Hazelnut Big Bud Mites (Phytoptus Avellanae and Cecidophyopsis Vermiformis)

Insects in Forestry & Horticulture 191

TIMING OF SULPHUR SPRAY APPLICATION FOR CONTROL OF HAZELNUT BIG BUD MITES (PHYTOPTUS AVELLANAE AND CECIDOPHYOPSIS VERMIFORMIS)

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Bio-Protection and Ecology Division, PO Box 84, Lincoln University, 7647, New Zealand Corresponding author: [email protected] ABSTRACT Eriophyoid big bud mites are key pests of hazelnuts throughout the world, although little is known of the identity and impact of the species on New =HDODQGKD]HOQXWFURSV7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVVWXG\ZDVWRGHWHUPLQHWKH HIÀFDF\RIDQGRSWLPXPWLPLQJIRUVXOSKXUDSSOLFDWLRQWRFRQWUROWKHVH PLWHV$ÀHOGH[SHULPHQWWHVWHGWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVXOSKXU JDLWUHH DWDQGDFFXPXODWHGPLWHHPHUJHQFHIURPRYHUZLQWHULQJELJ buds. The greatest reduction in emerging mite numbers was achieved with DQDSSOLFDWLRQDWHPHUJHQFH7KHLPSRUWDQFHRIGHWHUPLQLQJSHDN mite emergence, the appearance of hazelnut buds and weather conditions to optimise the time to apply control measures are discussed. KeywordsELJEXGPLWHVCecidophyopsis vermiformis, chemical control, hazelnut, Phytoptus avellanae, mite emergence, overwintering, degree-days.

INTRODUCTION At present there is no recognised major arthropod pest of hazelnut (Corylus avellana L) LQ1HZ=HDODQGDOWKRXJKWKHELJEXGPLWHVSHFLHVPhytoptus avellanae 1DOHSD $FDUL3K\WRSWLGDH DQGCecidophyopsis vermiformis 1DOHSD $FDUL(ULRSK\LGDH are causing increasing concern to growers. These eriophyoid mites cause buds to become VZROOHQÁHVK\GHIRUPHGDQGSLQNLVK ¶ELJEXGV· -HSSVRQHWDO ,QMXU\WREXGV E\ELJEXGPLWHVPD\FDXVHVLJQLÀFDQWHFRQRPLFORVV (FHYLWHWDO6WDPHQNRYLF HWDO %XGORVVHVDVKLJKDVKDYHEHHQUHSRUWHGLQWKH5HSXEOLFRI*HRUJLD 7DYDPDLVKYLOL DQGLQ(QJODQG 0DVVHH EXWWKHSHUFHQWDJHRILQIHVWHG EXGVLVJHQHUDOO\OHVVWKDQIRUPRVWFXOWLYDUV $OL1LD]HH ,Q1HZ=HDODQGJURZHUVKDYHEHHQDGYLVHGWKDWELJEXGPLWHVFDQEHFRQWUROOHG without the use of agrichemicals by carefully removing and burning infested buds from WKH\RXQJWUHHV +DUW(DVWPRQG (DVWPRQG 7KLVLVFRQVLGHUHGODERULRXV XQHFRQRPLFDQGLQHIÀFLHQW 9LGDO%DUUDTXHUHWDO 7KHXVHRIFKHPLFDOVSUD\VIRU ELJEXGPLWHLVQRWDFRPPRQSUDFWLFHRI1HZ=HDODQGJURZHUVGHVSLWHUHFRPPHQGDWLRQV for spraying with lime sulphur, endosulphan, other systemic insecticides, or a variety of natural and synthetic pyrethroids (e.g. cypermethrin) and low toxicity miticides HJIHQS\UR[LPDWH +DUW0F1HLO 5HFHQWZRUNLQ7XUNH\E\2]PDQ 6XOOLYDQ $NoD IRXQGRQHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVXOSKXU :3 WREHDVHIIHFWLYH DVHQGRVXOSKDQ (& DJDLQVWELJEXGPLWHV +D]HOQXWELJEXGPLWHVDUHGLIÀFXOWWRFRQWUROZLWKFKHPLFDOVRURWKHUPHWKRGVEHFDXVH they are protected inside the bud. It is only during spring, when the mites are emerging from the old big buds to invade newly developing buds, that chemical control measures DUHHIIHFWLYH $OL1LD]HH3HWDQRYLFHWDO&KLOGHUVHWDO +RZHYHU DVWKHVHPLWHVFDQQRWEHVHHQZLWKWKHQDNHGH\HLWLVGLIÀFXOWWRGHWHUPLQHZKHQWKLV emergence and movement of mites is taking place. If a chemical spray is applied before the peak emergence period many big bud mites remain unaffected inside the big buds,

New Zealand Plant Protection 61: 191-196 (2008) www.nzpps.org

Insects in Forestry & Horticulture 192

and if sprays are applied after the peak emergence period many big bud mites will be VDIHO\LQVLGHWKHQHZEXGV,WLVGLIÀFXOWIRUJURZHUVWRSUHGLFWWKLVWLPHEHFDXVHPLWH and tree phenology vary between localities, seasons and cultivars. 7KHREMHFWLYHRIWKLVUHVHDUFKZDVWRGHWHUPLQHWKHHIÀFDF\RIWKUHHVSUD\WLPLQJV against emerging big bud mites in a hazelnut orchard during spring.

MATERIALS AND METHODS $ÀHOGH[SHULPHQWZDVFDUULHGRXWRYHUDPRQWKSHULRGGXULQJ²RQ \HDUROG¶:KLWHKHDUW·WUHHVDW2[IRUG5RDG)HUQKLOO&DQWHUEXU\WKDWZHUHLQIHVWHG with both Phytoptus avellanae and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis. The experiment used DURZRIWUHHVZKLFKZDVGLYLGHGLQWRIRXUEORFNVRIWUHHV:LWKLQHDFKEORFN treatments were randomly allocated to single trees, and there was a buffer tree between each treatment tree to minimise any effect of spray drift. This was adequate given that a low pressure Swissmex knapsack sprayer (Fruitfed Supplies, Christchurch) was used and drift was unlikely in the sheltered conditions in the orchard. 6XOSKXUZDVDSSOLHGDV:3 1R)XQJXV6XSHU6XOSKXUDFWLYHLQJUHGLHQW JNJVXOSKXU.LZLFDUH&RUSRUDWLRQ/LPLWHG&KULVWFKXUFK DWJSURGXFWOLWUHV DVUHFRPPHQGHGE\2]PDQ6XOOLYDQ $NoD (DFKWUHDWHGWUHHZDVVSUD\HGIRU VHFRQGVZKLFKGHOLYHUHGPOWUHH JDLWUHH DQGDFKLHYHGFRPSOHWHFRYHUDJH The control trees were sprayed with water only. $SSOLFDWLRQVZHUHPDGHRQ6HSWHPEHU HDUO\ 2FWREHU RQWLPH DQG2FWREHU ODWH ZKLFKZHUHFORVHWRWKHSUHGLFWHGDQGFXPXODWLYHHPHUJHQFH RIWKHELJEXGPLWHVLQDVGHWHUPLQHGE\DFFXPXODWHGGHJUHHGD\V '' DERYHD ORZHUGHYHORSPHQWWKUHVKROGRI& :HEEHU ,WZDVQRWDOZD\VSRVVLEOHWRDSSO\ the agrichemical on the preferred date due to rain, but applications were made within ²GD\VRIWKHSUHGLFWHGGDWHV The number of branches with a diameter greater than 1 cm was recorded, and the QXPEHURIELJEXGVSHUWUHHFRXQWHGERWKEHIRUHWUHDWPHQWLQ-XQHDQGSRVW WUHDWPHQWLQ$XJXVW7KHQXPEHURIELJEXGVSHUWUHHZDVDVVHVVHGWRGHWHUPLQH the mite infestation level. The spring emergence of big bud mites was also monitored. One big bud was selected from each tree within easy arm reach of the outer canopy. Double-sided adhesive tape PPZLGH6HOORWDSH'RXEOH6LGHG7DSH7KH6HOORWDSH&RPSDQ\+HQNHO1HZ =HDODQG/LPLWHG ZDVDSSOLHGDURXQGWKHWZLJPPDERYHWKHEDVHRIWKHELJEXGWRZDUG WKHGLVWDOHQGRIWKHWZLJIROORZLQJWKHPHWKRGXVHGE\2OGÀHOG %RWKHQGVRIWKH DGKHVLYHWDSHZHUHVHDOHGZLWKDðPPVHOIDGKHVLYHZKLWHUHFWDQJXODUUHPRYDEOH label (Avery Dennison Corporation, Castle Hill, NSW, Australia), which prevented the ends sticking together. The labels were also marked to indicate the edge of the sticky tape closest to the big bud for later analysis when the tapes were removed from the tree. 7KHWDSHVZHUHÀUVWSODFHGRQWKHWZLJVRQ$XJXVW7KHWDSHVZHUHFROOHFWHG HYHU\GD\VWKURXJKRXWWKHPLWHHPHUJHQFHSHULRGHQGLQJ1RYHPEHU6WLFN\ tapes were also removed from above the big bud prior to spraying for later examination, and fresh sticky tapes were applied at the completion of each spray application. After collection, each tape was spread on to a microscope slide with the mites on the XSSHUVXUIDFHDQGH[DPLQHGXQGHUDELQRFXODUPLFURVFRSH =HLVV6WHPL65 RQDEODFN EDFNJURXQGDWðPDJQLÀFDWLRQ$ðJULG DUHDRIRQHVTXDUH PP2) was placed in the eyepiece. The number of big bud mites in an area of 6 × 6 squares was counted on the area of tape where the maximum number of mites appeared. The species DUHGLIÀFXOWWRVHSDUDWHPRUSKRORJLFDOO\ZLWKRXWPDNLQJVOLGHPRXQWVIRUPLFURVFRSLF H[DPLQDWLRQWKHUHIRUHWKH\ZHUHFRXQWHGWRJHWKHU%RWKP. avellanae and C. vermiformis KDYHEHHQLGHQWLÀHGLQ1HZ=HDODQG /DPE:HEEHU Statistical analysis The percentage change in the numbers of big buds per branch (for each tree) pre- and SRVWVSUD\WUHDWPHQWZDVFDOFXODWHG%\XVLQJWKHVHYDOXHVDVWKHGHSHQGHQWYDULDEOH the effect of treatment and the time of application on the percentage reduction of big buds per branch was analysed using two-way ANOVA.

Insects in Forestry & Horticulture

RESULTS Comparative numbers of big buds pre- and post-spray 1HLWKHUWKHVXOSKXUWUHDWPHQW 3 QRUWKHWLPLQJ 3 RIWKHVSUD\ DSSOLFDWLRQKDGDQ\VLJQLÀFDQWHIIHFWRQWKHQXPEHURIELJEXGVVXEVHTXHQWO\IRUPHG by mite infestation. From pre- to post spray the early treatment with sulphur gave a GHFUHDVH 6(0 LQWKHQXPEHURIELJEXGVSHUEUDQFKZKHUHDVLQFRQWURO WKHUHZDVDQ LQFUHDVHLQELJEXGV7KH´RQWLPHµWUHDWPHQWJDYHD LQFUHDVHFRPSDUHGWRD GHFUHDVHLQELJEXGVLQFRQWURO DQGWKHODWHWUHDWPHQWUHVXOWHGLQD LQFUHDVHLQELJEXGVVLPLODUWRWKH FRQWUROZKHUHWKHUHZDVD LQFUHDVHLQELJEXGV 6(' Effect of sulphur spray on mite cumulative emergence 7KHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVXOSKXURQ6HSWHPEHU ''SUHGLFWHGHPHUJHQFH GLGQRW reduce the number of big bud mites (Fig. 1a).The application of sulphur on 9 October ''SUHGLFWHGHPHUJHQFH DQG2FWREHU ''SUHGLFWHGHPHUJHQFH effectively reduced the number of emerging and mobile big bud mites compared with WKHFRQWUROV )LJVE F 7KHSHUFHQWHPHUJHQFHRIPLWHVRQWKHVHGDWHVLQ DQG ZDVDOZD\VJUHDWHUWKDQZDVSUHGLFWHGIURPGDWD DQG LQ :HEEHU DISCUSSION Reducing the number of overwintering big bud mites emerging from big buds has EHHQWKHPDLQREMHFWLYHRIVWXGLHVDLPHGDWUHÀQLQJFRQWUROPHWKRGVIRUWKHVHSHVWV 0DQ\DXWKRUV HJ9LGDO%DUUDTXHUHWDO%HEHU6WDPHQNRYLFHWDO 2]PDQ6XOOLYDQ $NoD UHODWHDUHFRPPHQGHGRSWLPXPWLPHDWZKLFKWRDSSO\ DFKHPLFDOFRQWUROWRWKHWLPHRIÀUVWHPHUJHQFHRIELJEXGPLWHVWKHWLPHRISHDN emergence or a stage in the new growth of the hazelnut. However, these vary due to WKHGLIIHUHQFHVLQFXOWLYDUVDQGPLWHHFRORJ\ 2]PDQ6XOOLYDQ $NoD +HQFH information from overseas cannot be applied to the control of big bud mites in New =HDODQGDVERWKWKHFXOWLYDUVDQGWKHJURZLQJHQYLURQPHQWGLIIHU 7KLVÀHOGH[SHULPHQWGLGQRWVKRZDQ\UHGXFWLRQLQWKHQXPEHURIELJEXGVIURPRQH year to the next after treatment with sulphur spray at any spray timing. This may in part EHH[SODLQHGE\WKHGLIÀFXOW\LQDFFXUDWHO\SUHGLFWLQJWKHSHUFHQWFXPXODWLYHHPHUJHQFH of mites using degree-days alone. Early spraying was ineffective because the big bud mites were still inside the old big buds and the chemical did not penetrate into the big EXGV:KHQWKHVSUD\ZDVDSSOLHGDWHPHUJHQFHLWLVOLNHO\VRPHELJEXGPLWHV ZHUHDOUHDG\VDIHO\LQVLGHPDQ\RIWKHQHZEXGV$WPLWHHPHUJHQFHDOORIWKH QHZEXGVKDGGHYHORSHGVXIÀFLHQWO\WREHLQIHVWHGLWZDVIDUWRRODWHLQWKHHPHUJHQFH period to effectively apply an agrichemical. 2]PDQ6XOOLYDQ $NoD IRXQGFRQWURORIELJEXGPLWHVWREHJHQHUDOO\ ineffective when spraying took place before the peak emergence period. Although many authors recommend the application of a chemical at peak emergence, this may be GLIÀFXOWLQSUDFWLFHDVWKH¶SHDN·FDQEHGLIÀFXOWWRGHWHUPLQHGXHWRWKHÁXFWXDWLRQLQ mite emergence in response to other environmental conditions and to rainfall delaying VSUD\DSSOLFDWLRQ,QWKLVÀHOGH[SHULPHQWDGHFUHDVHLQWKHQXPEHURIHPHUJLQJ ELJEXGPLWHVRQO\UHVXOWHGIURPWKHDSSOLFDWLRQRIVXOSKXUVSUD\DWHPHUJHQFH GHFUHDVH DQGODWHULQWKHHPHUJHQFHSHULRG HPHUJHQFH GHFUHDVH Further data are needed to improve the predictive power of accumulated degree days to achieve optimal spray timing. :HEEHU GHVFULEHVWZRPRGHOVEDVHGRQDFFXPXODWHGKHDWVXPZKLFKSURYLGH a reasonable prediction of the start of emergence and a satisfactory means of determining the approximate accumulated percent emergence of the big bud mites. However, LQGHSHQGHQWGDWDDUHUHTXLUHGIRUIXUWKHUUHÀQHPHQWDQGWRYDOLGDWHWKHPRGHOV $OWKRXJKWKHSHDNVRIHPHUJHQFHLQKD]HOQXWELJEXGPLWHVFDQEHGLIÀFXOWWRSUHGLFW this is not the case with the lifecycle events of other mites (e.g. the European red mite, Panonychus ulmi .RFK %URXIDV .RYHRV 7KLVDFFXPXODWHGKHDWXQLWPHWKRG

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FIGURE 1: The number of big bud mites/big bud/3 days (smoothed over 6 days) after (a) early (5 September 2005, 3% emergence; 334 degree-days; SED=9.6), (b) on time (9 October 2005, 62% emergence, 503 degree- days; SED=16.3) and (c) late (26 October 2005, 88% emergence, 614 degree-days; SED=8.2) spray applications on sulphur-treated and control trees. Arrows indicates date of spray applications.

Insects in Forestry & Horticulture has also been shown to be satisfactory for predicting the emergence of the blackcurrant gall mite (Cecidophyopsis ribis $FDUL(ULRSK\LGDH SDUWLFXODUO\IRUWKHÀUVWDQG HPHUJHQFHV &URVV 5LGRXW The size and appearance of the developing new bud can also provide an indication as to the time that the emerging big bud mites can enter the new bud. Control should EHDSSOLHGEHIRUHEXGVPHDVXUHðPP ZLGWKðKHLJKW DUHHQFORVHGZLWKLQWKH D[LODQGKDYHDURXQGHGWLSRUZKHQDFFXPXODWHGPLWHHPHUJHQFHKDVRFFXUUHG ZKLFKHYHURFFXUVÀUVW :HEEHU &RQVLGHUDWLRQFRXOGDOVREHJLYHQWRDGGLQJD surfactant to the spray mix to improve sticking, and to the application of a second spray, especially if rain or high temperatures occur after spraying.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We thank the property owners for their assistance and participation in this project. )XQGLQJIRUWKLVUHVHDUFKZDVSURYLGHGE\/LQFROQ8QLYHUVLW\DQGWKH+D]HOQXW*URZHUV $VVRFLDWLRQRI1HZ=HDODQG REFERENCES $OL1LD]HH07)LOEHUWLQVHFWDQGPLWHSHVWV&RUYDOOLV$JULFXOWXUDO([SHULPHQW 6WDWLRQ2UHJRQ6WDWH8QLYHUVLW\SS $OL1LD]HH07(FRORJ\DQGPDQDJHPHQWRIKD]HOQXWSHVWV$QQXDO5HYLHZRI (QWRPRORJ\ %HEHU.6WXGLHVRQPLJUDWLRQRIELJEXGPLWH Phytoptus avellanae Nal.) in QRUWKHDVWHUQ6ORYHQLD$FWD+RUWLFXOWXUDH %URXIDV*'.RYHRV'67KUHVKROGWHPSHUDWXUHIRUSRVWGLDSDXVHGHYHORSPHQW DQGGHJUHHGD\VWRKDWFKLQJRIZLQWHUHJJVRIWKH(XURSHDQUHGPLWH $FDUL 7HWUDQ\FKLGDH LQ1RUWKHUQ*UHHFH(QYLURQPHQWDO(QWRPRORJ\ &KLOGHUV&&(DVWHUEURRN0$6RORPRQ0*&KHPLFDOFRQWURORIHULRSK\RLG PLWHV,Q/LQGTXLVW((6DEHOLV0:%UXLQ-HG(ULRSK\RLGPLWHV²WKHLUELRORJ\ QDWXUDOHQHPLHVDQGFRQWURO(OVHYLHU6FLHQFH$PVWHUGDP3S &URVV-95LGRXW06(PHUJHQFHRIEODFNFXUUDQWJDOOPLWH Cecidophyopsis ribis)IURPJDOOVLQVSULQJ-RXUQDORI+RUWLFXOWXUDO6FLHQFH %LRWHFKQRORJ\ (DVWPRQG0(DVWPRQG&$KD]HOQXWIDUPLQJVWRU\KWWSZZZOLIHVW\OHEORFN FRQ]DUWLFOHVBKD]HOQXWVKWm DFFHVVHG0D\ Ecevit O, Kececi S, Tuncer C, Yanilmaz AF, Isik M 1992. Dogu karadeniz bolgesi fndk bahcelerinde zarari Eriophyoidea (Acarina, Actinedida) akaralar uzerinde calsmalar. >6WXGLHVRQ(ULRSK\RLGHD $FDULQD$FWLQHGLGD RIKD]HOQXWJURYHVLQWKHHDVW%ODFN 6HDUHJLRQ@ >$EVWUDFW@3URFHHGLQJVRIWKHVHFRQG7XUNLVK1DWLRQDO&RQJUHVVRI (QWRPRORJ\$GDQD7XUNH\-DQXDU\3S Hart R 1999. +D]HO² Corylus avellana.1HZ=HDODQG7UHH&URSV$VVRFLDWLRQ,QF 0RWXHND1HZ=HDODQGSS -HSSVRQ/5.HLIHU++%DNHU(:0LWHVLQMXULRXVWRHFRQRPLFSODQWV8QLYHUVLW\ RI&DOLIRUQLD3UHVV%HUNOH\86$SS /DPE.3$FKHFNOLVWRI1HZ=HDODQGSODQWJDOOV ]RRFHFLGLD 7UDQVDFWLRQVRI WKH5R\DO6RFLHW\RI1HZ=HDODQG 0DVVHH$02QVRPHVSHFLHVRIJDOOPLWHV (ULRSK\LGDH IRXQGRQCorylus avellana/%XOOHWLQRI(QWRPRORJLFDO5HVHDUFK 0F1HLO'/1XWFURSFKHPLFDOUHTXLUHPHQWV+HDOWKLQDVKHOO 0F1HLO'/:DOQXWVFKHVWQXWVDQGKD]HOQXWVDFRPSLODWLRQRIJHQHUDO LQIRUPDWLRQ1HZ=HDODQGVLWXDWLRQDQG1HZ=HDODQGUHVHDUFKUHVXOWV/LQFROQ 8QLYHUVLW\&KULVWFKXUFK1HZ=HDODQGSS 2OGÀHOG*1'LYHUVLW\DQGKRVWSODQWVSHFLÀFLW\,Q/LQGTXLVW((6DEHOLV0: %UXLQ-HG(ULRSK\RLGPLWHV²WKHLUELRORJ\QDWXUDOHQHPLHVDQGFRQWURO(OVHYLHU Science, Amsterdam. Pp. 199-216.

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2]PDQ6XOOLYDQ6.$NoDú(IÀFLHQF\RISHVWLFLGHVDJDLQVWELJEXGPLWHV >Phytoptus avellanae Nal. and Cecidophyopsis vermiformis1DO $FDULQD (ULRSK\RLGHD @RQKD]HOQXW$FWD+RUWLFXOWXUDH 3HWDQRYLF5'REULYRMHYLF.%RVNRYLF5=LYRWQLFLNOXVLUH]XOWDWLVX]ELMDQMD leskine grinje Phytoptus avellanae1DO $FDULGD(ULRSK\RLGHD >/LIHF\FOHRI the hazelnut big-bud mite Phytoptus avellanae 1DO $FDULGD(ULRSK\RLGHD DQG UHVXOWVRILWVFRQWURO@>$EVWUDFW@=DVWLWD%LOMD 6WDPHQNRYLF60LOHQNRYLF63HVLF00LWURYLF03RSXODWLRQG\QDPLFV harmfulness and control of Phytoptus avellanae (Nalepa) in Western Serbia. Acta +RUWLFXOWXUDH 7DYDPDLVKYLOL/(7KHFKLHISHVWVRIKD]HOQXWLQVXEWURSLFDOZHVWHUQ*HRUJLDDQG WKHLUFRQWURO>$EVWUDFW@6XEWURSLFKHVNLH.XO·WXU\ 9LGDO%DUUDTXHU5*LO0RUHQRGH0RUD-GH6LYDWWH00LTXHO-Phytoptus avellanae1DO\RWUDVHULRÀGRVGHODYHOODQR>P. avellanae and other Eriophyids RQKD]HO@>$EVWUDFW@%ROHWLQGH3DWKRORJLD9HJHWDOG·(QWRPROJLD 0DGULG :HEEHU-'3KHQRORJ\RIKD]HOQXWELJEXGPLWHVLQ&DQWHUEXU\DQGLPSOLFDWLRQV IRUPDQDJHPHQW0$SSL6FLWKHVLV/LQFROQ8QLYHUVLW\/LQFROQ1HZ=HDODQG 126 pp.