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Fungal Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Insecticides

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Fungal Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Insecticides atholog P y & nt a M Abd El-Ghany and Masmali, J Plant Pathol Microbiol 2016, 7:5 l i P c f r o o DOI: 10.4172/2157-7471.1000349 b l i Journal of a o l n o r g u y o J ISSN: 2157-7471 Plant Pathology & Microbiology Research Article Open Access Fungal Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Insecticides and their Impact on Soil Microbial Population Abd El-Ghany TM1* and Ibrahim Ahmed Masmali2 1Biology Department, Faculty of Science, Jazan University, Jazan, KSA 2Jazan University, Jazan, KSA Abstract Impact of organophosphrus insecticides Malathion Profenofos and Diazinon were assessed on soil microbial populations. The degradation characteristics of these organophosphrus insecticides at different concentrations, incubation periods and temperature by an isolated fungal strains Trichoderma harzianum and Metarhizium anisopliae were investigated. Fungal population was reduced by 56.37, 51.07 and 26.65% at 10 day of application by profenofos, diazinon and malathion respectively, compared to the control. Fungal degradion of profenofos , diazinon and malathion increased with increasing incubation peroid but at the same time decreased with increasing initial concentrations of insecticides. Using M. anisopliae, almost 85.60, 77.20 and 68.15% of initial diazinon was decomposed within 20 days at 10, 20 and 40 mg of diazinon, while profenofos was degraded with 54.70, 62.45 and 63.68 at 20 days at 10, 20 and 40 mg. At 20 mg of initial malathion, more than 90% of the initial concentration was degraded by M. anisopliae. After 10 days of incubation, the degradationpercentage of diazinon at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C was examined to be 17.85, 35.38, 43.45, 33.85, and 7.80%, while degradationpercentage of Profenofos was examined to be 13.60, 30.35, 35.43, 30.10 and 7.56% respectively, similar results of malathion degradationpercentage were obtained to be 44.78, 50.65, 60.58, 57.73 and 10.28% at 20, 25, 30, 35 and 40°C respectively with using M. anisopliae. Degradationpercentage at 35°C was 1.90, 2.21 and 1.29 time fasters for diazinon, profenofos and malathion resppectively than those at 20°C with using M. anisopliae. While degradationpercentage at 35°C was 2.07, 1.72 and 1.83 times fasters for diazinon , profenofos and malathion resppectively than those at 20°C with using T. harizianum. On the basis of present findings, these fungal strains can be recommended as potentially effective to protect the environment from the organophosphorus insecticides residues. Keywords: Fungi; Organophosphorus insecticides; Biodegradation; action. It is commonly used to kill many insects including sucking Soil microbial population and chewing insects and mites in a wide range of crops, ornamentals, lawns, and for domestic purpose. Tu [7] reported that diazinon Introduction showed an effect on fungi for the first and second week of incubation, Organophosphorus insecticides play an important role in success of but, subsequently, the populations returned to levels similar to those modern farming and food production. However, important numerous obtained in the controls. Malathion [S-(1,2-dicarbethoxyethyl)-O,O- problems including the pollution of the environment are created from dimethyldi-thiophosphate], also known as carbophos, maldison and mercaptothion is a nonsystemic, wide-spectrum organophosphorus the wide use of organophosphorus pesticides. Organophosphorus insectiscide used to control the household and agricultural pests. It insecticides kill soil-dwelling pests of corn such as larval corn was recognized as the first organophosphorous insecticide with highly rootworms (Diabrotica spp.) and cutworms (Agrotis spp.). According selective toxicity [8]. to Racke and Coats [1], organophosphorus pesticides are regarded as non-persistent. and the most widely used insecticides, accounting for During handling and application of organophosphorous an estimated 34% of world-wide insecticide sales. These compounds insecticides, terrestrial ecosystems specially soil and water, receive possess high mammalian toxicity and it is therefore essential to degrade large amounts of pesticides [9]. Due to the magnitude of this problem them from the environments [2]. Numerous problems associated with and the lack of a reasonable solution, rapid, effective and ecologically pesticides application are their possible persistence in the ecosystem responsible cleaning up method is greatly needed to remove toxic and therefore, their possible incorporation into the food chain affects organopollutants [10]. Generally, physical and chemical cleanup ecosystems and human beings [3]. technologies are expensive and sometimes not much effective. However, biological techniques such as bioremediation by using microorganisms Profenofos (PFF) an organophosphate (OP) insecticide, O-(4- have been proven very effective [11]. Organophosphorus insecticides bromo-2-chlorophenyl) O-ethyl S-propyl phosphorothioate, is non- biodegradation in soil has been widely recorded [1,12-14]; however, systemic foliar insecticide, a broad spectrum and acaricide. Their the effects of organophosphorus pesticides on soil microorganisms effective was and still against a wide range of insects including chewing and sucking insects and mites on various plants [4]. PFF is one of the heavily used insecticide of which its contamination is ubiquitous in an *Corresponding author: Abd El-Ghany TM, Biology Department, Faculty of Science, agricultural area and has been widely used for last two decades to control Jazan University, Jazan, KSA, Tel: 0222633070; E-mail: [email protected] insect pests. Extensive use of this toxic pesticide is leading to serious environmental consequences which impose development of methods Received May 04, 2016; Accepted May 16, 2016; Published May 18, 2016 to minimize the environmental burden of PFF using an environmental Citation: Abd El-Ghany TM, Masmali IA (2016) Fungal Biodegradation of friendly and cost effective approach [5]. Another organophosphorous Organophosphorus Insecticides and their Impact on Soil Microbial Population. J Plant Pathol Microbiol 7: 349. doi:10.4172/2157-7471.1000349 insecticide, Diazinon [O,O-diethyl O-(2-isopropyl-4-methyl-6- pyrimidinyl) phosphorothioate] is commonly used. From study Tomlin Copyright: © 2016 Abd El-Ghany TM, et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which [6] diazinon is cholinesterase inhibitor and acts as non-systemic permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided insecticide and acaricide with contact, stomach, and respiratory the original author and source are credited. J Plant Pathol Microbiol ISSN: 2157-7471 JPPM, an open access journal Volume 7 • Issue 5 • 1000349 Citation: Abd El-Ghany TM, Masmali IA (2016) Fungal Biodegradation of Organophosphorus Insecticides and their Impact on Soil Microbial Population. J Plant Pathol Microbiol 7: 349. doi:10.4172/2157-7471.1000349 Page 2 of 7 has received less attention. Fungal species were isolated which utilize sterile sodium pyrophosphate (pH 7.0) for shaking and preparing organophosphate pesticides, viz., phosphorothioic (pirimiphos-methyl serial dilutions. Each group of total bacteria, fungi , actinomycetes and and pyrazophos), phosphorodithioic (dimethoate and malathion), Nitrogen fixing bacteria were estimated by measuring colony forming phosphonic (lancer) and phosphoric (profenfos) acid derivatives. unit on one-strength Trypticase Soy Broth Agar at 28°C, Rose Bengal Insecticides degradation with using fungi was studied in vitro and in Streptomycin Agar, starch nitrate medium and Ashby’s mannitol vivo (soil). Numerous fungi including Aspergillus flavus, A. fumigatus, phosphate agar respectively. A. niger, A. sydowii, A. terreus, Emericella nidulans, Fusarium oxysporum and Penicillium chrysogenum were isolated from pesticide- Effect of different concentrations of organophosphrus treated wheat straw. A. flavus and A. sydowii phosphatases efficiently insecticides on fungal growth hydrolyzed pesticides at 300 to 1000 ppm in soil [15]. Degradation Petri dishes containing a solid culture medium without insecticides of chlorpyrifos in the contaminated soils was found to significantly (control culture) and a medium supplemented with different increase with the addition of Verticillium sp. Degradation rates of concentrations: 20, 40 and 80 mg/l. Fungal mycelia (Disc 0.5 cm) were chlorpyrifos in inoculated soils were faster in comparison with the transferred to the center of the plates containing PDA and incubated sterilized soil, previously chlorpyrifos-untreated soil, and previously at 28°C ± 2°C for 7 days . Growth and the tolerance of the fungi to chlorpyrifos-treated soil under laboratory conditions [16]. Detoxifying the insecticides were estimated by the measuring the colony grown on OPs with a number of enzymes have been discovered and the majority growth medium comparison with the control cultures. of them belong to the class of phosphotriesterases (PTE). Various PTEs have been identified included organophosphate hydrolase Fungal biodegradation of organophosphrus insecticides and (OPH), methyl parathion hydrolase (MPH), organophosphorus acid their analytical procedure anhydrolase (OPAA), diisopropylfluorophosphatase (DFP), and paraoxonase 1 (PON1), carboxylesterases [17]. All of these enzymes are Mineral salt liquid medium supplemented with different found to induce the degradation of organophosphate compounds. This concentrations of analytical grade standard of Malathion, Diazinon and -1 work aim to study
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