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Microbial Degradation of Pesticide: a Review

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Microbial Degradation of Pesticide: a Review Vol. 11(24), pp. 992-1012, 28 June, 2017 DOI: 10.5897/AJMR2016.8402 Article Number: 0034F6765054 ISSN 1996-0808 African Journal of Microbiology Research Copyright © 2017 Author(s) retain the copyright of this article http://www.academicjournals.org/AJMR Review Microbial degradation of pesticide: A review Satish G. Parte1,3, Ashokrao D. Mohekar3 and Arun S. Kharat2* 1Department of Zoology, M.J.S.College, Shrigonda, Ahmednagar, Maharashtra, India. 2Department of Biotechnology, Dr. Babasaheb Ambedkar Marathwada University, Subcampus, Osmanabad, India. 3ShikshanMaharshiDnyandeo Mohekar Mahavidyalaya, Kalamb, Osmanabad, India. Received 29 November, 2016; Accepted 14 June, 2017 Excessive use of pesticides has been known to be hazardous to the environment, affect soil fertility as well may impart toxicity in living beings. Presently there have been physical, chemical, biological and enzymatic approaches implicated to reduce pesticides. Although aimed to eradicate, physical and chemical methods are inefficient. Curiously, microbial pesticide remediation has been cost effective and thermodynamically more affordable, which may use any physical mater soiled with pesticide. Under favourable conditions microbes have been reported to use pesticides as source of carbon, sulphur and electron donor. Microbes; bacteria, actinomycetes and fungi have been found to help remove or detoxify chlorinated pesticides; polychlorinated diphenyl, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, organophosphorus. Major bacterial genera includes; Bacillus, Pseudomonas, Flavobacterium, Moraxalla, Acinetobacter, Arthrobacter, Paracoccus, Aerobacter, Alkaligens, Burkholderia and Sphingomonas. Fungi with pesticide degradation potential includes;Fusarium, Aspergilus niger, Penicillium, Lentinulaedodes, Lecanicillium, Oxysporum. Among the Actinomycetes theStreptomycetes have been found to successfully detoxify pesticides. Persistent organic pollutants in the form of pesticides have also been reported to be taken care by the microbial enzymes viz-a-viz; dehydrogenase, ligninase, oxygenase, peroxidises, phosphotriesterase, hydrolases, dehalogenase, laccase and organophosphorus acid anhydrolase. Microbial strategies and tools; enzymes and genes involved in pesticide catabolism are reviewed. Key words: Chlorinated pesticides, organophosphors pesticides, bacteria, fungi, enzyme. INTRODUCTION Pesticides are organic chemical purposely presumably food storage. Recently, over 500 compounds are intended for increasing agricultural yield, soil productivity, registered and used worldwide as pesticides or products quality, minimizing losses of agricultural metabolites of pesticides. After World War II the use of products caused by crop peet and to control the insect pesticide in agriculture field has progressively increased vectors for prevention of the outbreak of human and leading to increased world food production. Amongst the animal epidemics. Increased use of the pesticide and South Asian countries of the total pesticide consumption, herbicides in agriculture has also been implemented for India is largest of pesticide consumer country which *Corresponding author: E-mail: [email protected]. Tel: + 91-240-2403227. Fax: +91-240-2403335. Author(s) agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License Parte et al. 993 account for 3% of the world consumption for crop STRATEGIES FOR PESTICIDE REMEDIATION protection. The most commonly used pesticides in India include organophosphates, organochlorins, neonicotiniods Due to the problems of pesticide contamination, for etc. As per definition of ideal pesticide, a pesticide must effective clean- up of a particular polluted site, the be lethal to the targeted pests, but not to non-target development of technologies that guarantee their species, including man but unfortunately, this is not so, elimination in a safe, efficient and economical way is hence the controversy of use and abuse of pesticides has important. Ideally, treatment should result in the came into the light. However, due to their unplanned and destruction of the compound without the generation of indiscriminate use, only 10% of applied pesticides reach intermediates (Frazer, 2000). Nowadays different the target organism and the remaining high percentage of methods have been developed in order to reduce effects it is deposited on non target areas such as soil, water, of pesticides on the environment and health, for sediments and causes serious environmental pollution. remediation of contaminated sites and for the treatment Similarly they also causes impacts onto non target of pesticide residues. The existing technologies are those organism such as wild life, besides affecting public that apply physical treatments, such as adsorption and health. There are now overwhelming evidence of some of percolator filters; chemical treatments such as the these chemicals that cause unwanted side effects to the advanced oxidation which involve the use of powerful environment and do pose potential risk humans and other transient species, mainly the hydroxyl radical. One of the life forms (Jeyaratnam,1985; Igbedioh, 1991; Forget, popular technique used to study pesticide degradationis 1993). According to the ICMR bulletin report about 1 the heterogeneous photocatalysis with TiO2 (Ferrusquía million deaths and chronic illnesses are reported per year et al., 2008). The high temperature incineration in special due pesticide poisoning world-wide. Because of the furnaces is currently used method, in which pesticides potential hazards to the nature and humans many of the are packaged in the places where they were abandoned, pollutants which are toxic in nature were subsequently then transported to a country that has special facilities to banned. Although their use has been discontinued from dispose off hazardous wastes. The estimated cost of long time, these chemicals accumulate in soils and these operations by FAO varies is between 3,000 and sediments where they can enter the food chain directly or 4,000 USD/ton (Ortiz-Hernández et al., 2002). The percolate down to the water bodies. One of the features degradation of these compounds also carried out by of modern agriculture for higher crop yield is the use of other strategies that include the photodegradation insecticides for controlling plant pests. After application of (Torres-Duarte et al., 2009). However all these methods the insecticides by missing the „target‟ they may reach are not cost effective and have several disadvantages. In the soil or run-off from stems and leaves (Omar, 1998). the case of organophosphates, the alkaline hydrolysis is Most of the pesticides becomes persistent pollutant used, which must include a rigorous control of the because of their relative stable nature, and most of the conditions under which the experiments are performed, time the extreme toxic nature results in to the severe such as maintenance of alkaline pH, as well as the cases of pesticide poisoning, which is becoming the issue presence of complexes formed with metal ions, which of concern nowadays. The environmental awareness has involves the formation of secondary pollutants. All of increased which resulted into development of regulatory these conventional physicochemical approaches have measures that help to remediate past mistakes and many drawbacks like their high expensiveness and their protect the environment from future contamination and remediation is often incomplete due to the conversion of exploitation (Frazer, 2000). The overview of the present the parent compound to metabolites which are more scenario of hazardous compounds needs the promising persistent and equally or more toxic to non-target tools for remediation of these hazardous compounds organisms (Singh and Thakur, 2006). To remove from the environment. Nowadays the governments and pesticide from contaminated environment following higher authorities of different countries are taking firm measures are used. steps towards these critical issues. For this reason, it is necessary to generate strategies for the bioremediation of polluted sites and waste treatment. From an Thermal desorption (at low temperature) economical and environmental point of view, the biological treatment is an important technology. Recently, the use The ex situ clean up technology frequently used to de- of native or genetically modified organism to degrade or contaminate pesticide polluted sites is thermal desorption remove pesticides has emerged as a powerful technology at low temperature. But these strategies require highly for in situ remediation. There are many investigation specialized facility and carry a comparatively high cost. reports of different organisms like bacteria, algae, yeasts, The semi-volatile and volatile organic compounds, fungus and plants, characterized in relation to their including pesticides, are removed from soils and it is also genome and the enzymes that they produce, that can be able to remove pesticides from sludge, sediments and utilized for waste treatment or bioremediation of soil and filter cakes. The process involve heating of media water. between 300 and 1000°F, which results into the 994 Afr. J. Microbiol. Res. volatilization, but not the destruction of organic Cabomba aquatic to uptake pesticides; copper suplphate, compounds. The formed organic compounds in the flazasulfuron and dimethomorth were studied by Olette et contaminated gas stream are then treated by either al. (2008). All of
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