The Republic of Zambia Ministry of Local Government and Housing PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN LUAPULA PROVINCE PHASE 3 IN THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA April 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD. GE JR 14-103 The Republic of Zambia Ministry of Local Government and Housing PREPARATORY SURVEY REPORT ON THE PROJECT FOR GROUNDWATER DEVELOPMENT IN LUAPULA PROVINCE PHASE 3 IN THE REPUBLIC OF ZAMBIA April 2014 JAPAN INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION AGENCY JAPAN TECHNO CO., LTD. EARTH SYSTEM SCIENCE CO., LTD. SUMMARY Summary 1. General Description The Republic of Zambia (hereinafter referred to as “Zambia”), located in the southern part of the African continent, is a landlocked country bordering Tanzania, Malawi, Mozambique, Zimbabwe, Botswana, Namibia, Angola and the Democratic Republic of Congo. Its land area is about 752,610km2, which is approximately twice larger than that of Japan. Zambia is located in the tropical zone between latitudes 8ºS and 18º S, and its altitudes are from 900m to 1,500m. Because of its geographical location, the country has a relatively mild tropical savanna climate and has distinctive rainy and dry seasons, with the former one from November to March and the other from April to October. It has an annual precipitation of 700mm to more than 1,500mm, which increases from south to north. Zambia consists of nine provinces (Luapula, Northern, Eastern, Central, Copperbelt, Northwestern, Western, Lusaka and Southern) where the Project targets four districts (Nchelenge, Mwense, Mansa and Milenge) in Luapula Province. While the average yearly temperature of Zambia ranges from 15 ºC to 35 ºC, in the Project target area of Luapula Province, it ranges from 20 ºC to 25 ºC. According to the census data (2010), the population of Zambia is about 13.10 million, and the annual population growth rate is 2.8%. In Luapula province, population is estimated to be about 0.99 million and annual population growth rate is estimated to be 2.5% (2010, Census). As for the economy in Zambia, GNI is US$15.6 billion with US$1,160 as per capita GNI in 2011, and the economic growth rate shows 7.3% (World Bank 2009). The primary sector of economy comprises 20.5%; secondary, 33.3%; and tertiary, 46.3 % (CIA: Central Intelligence Agency, 2012). Zambia’s economy is deeply dependent on both production and export of copper as the main industry that occupies about 60% of exports of Zambia. According to this situation, Zambia’s economy has been easily affected by the amount of copper production and fluctuations of its international price. The previous government of President Mwanawasa gave priority to industry restructuring policy that mainly consisted of development of agriculture utilizing vast and fertile uncultivated land, and tourism taking advantage of its abundant touristic resources. i Although Zambia suffered some depression in economic growth rate during the world economic crisis in 2009, its economy is expected to recover due to the recent price increase in copper and high production of maize. Moreover, in April 2005 at the initiative for Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC), Zambia satisfied the criteria for ending the debt. This resulted in the debt relief enforced by multiple donors including Japan, and Zambia’s burden on foreign debt was alleviated dramatically. Nonetheless, financial situation of the Zambian government continues to be severe, and the recent increase of international price of the crude oil has become a serious issue for Zambia’s economy. Given these situations, to achieve Zambia’s primary goal for poverty reduction, continuous aid from the international community is indispensable. 2. Background and Summary of the Project The rate of access to safe water in the Republic of Zambia (hereinafter referred to as Zambia) in 2011 was 86% in urban areas and 50% in rural areas with an average of 64% (WHO/UNICEF JMP, 2013) which is one of the countries in Sub-Saharan Africa with the lowest access rate. In Zambia, the National Water Policy was revised in February 2010 and the Water Resources Management Act was enacted in 2011. Concerning rural water supply and sanitation, the National Rural Water Supply and Sanitation Programme (NRWSSP 2006-2015) was officially announced in November 2007 with aims to improve the rural water accessibility rate to 75% by 2015 in line with the MDGs (Millennium Development Goals). This objective is also raised in the Sixth National Development Programme 2011-2015 (SNDP). Furthermore, Vision 2030 (December 2006) stipulates that the national coverage rate for safe water of 63% in 2010 is to be increased to 80% in 2015 and eventually become 100% in 2030. In order to contribute in achieving the above goals, in 2004, the Zambian government requested to the Japanese Government a Grant Aid for the “Project for Groundwater Development in Luapula Province” (hereinafter, referred to as “Phase I Project”) targeting all 7 districts of Luapula Province which had the lowest access rate to safe water among the 9 provinces in Zambia. Upon executing the Basic Design Study in 2007, the “Phase I Project” started in 2008 and completed in 2010. Boreholes fitted with hand pumps were constructed at 200 sites in the 7 districts of Luapula Province to increase the number of beneficiaries with continuous access to safe water from about 162,000 persons (with access rate of 17% in 2007) to 212,300 persons (with access rate of 20% in 2010). Based on the outcome of the “Phase I Project”, in pursuit of further improvements in accessibility to safe and stable water in Luapula Province, the Zambian government made a new ii request to the Japanese Government for the “Project for Groundwater Development in Luapula Province, Phase 2” (hereinafter, referred to as “Phase II Project”). The requested target areas were the 4 districts (Nchelenge, Mwense, Mansa and Milenge) excluding the 3 districts (Chiengi, Kawambwa and Samfya) which had been receiving assistance from the African Development Bank in the rural water supply and sanitation sector. Due to construction of boreholes with hand pumps at 216 sites in the 4 districts, the population with access to safe water in all of Luapula Province increased by 54,000 persons to improve the access rate from 23.1% to 25.6%. In succession to “Phase I Project” and “Phase II Project”, with aims to further increase the access rate to safe and stable water in Luapula Province, in August 2011, the “Phase III Project” as Grant Aid was requested to the Japanese Government. This project, as a result of construction of 200 boreholes fitted with hand pumps and 5 piped water supply schemes at 4 target districts (Nchelenge, Mwense, Mansa and Milenge) of Luapula Province, the number of beneficiary population in all of Luapula Province will increase by about 82,000 persons with an anticipated growth in safe water access rate from the present 25.6% to 30.0%. 3. Summary of Results of the Study and Contents of the Project In response to the request of “Phase III Project”, based on results and circumstances in the “Phase I Project” and “Phase II Project”, Japan International Cooperation Agency (hereinafter referred to as “JICA”) dispatched the preparatory survey team from 6th June until 20th September in 2013, and conducted field investigations such as verification of the contents of the request and survey on the present conditions of the requested sites. Following the field survey, the study team analyzed the data acquired as a result of the field study, and prepared the Draft Preparatory Survey Report. After that, the study team for the draft explanation on the draft design was dispatched to Zambia from 7thMarch to 15th March, 2014 in order to explain the contents of the report and carry out discussions with the concerned authorities. The Project plans to construct borehole water supply facilities fitted with hand pumps and piped water supply facilities in the above mentioned four districts in Luapula Province, and to secure a sustainable and safe water supply to direct beneficiaries of 82,000 residents. Also, implementation of software component activities are planned for the purpose of assistance in operation and maintenance of such water supply facilities. iii The summary of the outline design is shown below. 【Facilities Construction】 ： For Boreholes with Hand Pumps: Construction of 200 boreholes fitted with Hand Pumps at 200 sites in 4 Districts (Nchelenge, Mwense, Mansa and Milenge) of Luapula Province ： For Piped Water Supply Schemes: Construction of piped water supply schemes at 5 sites in 3 Districts (Nchelenge, Mwense and Milenge) of Luapula Province 【Technical Assistance】 ： For Boreholes with Hand Pumps: Formation of V-WASHEs ： For Piped Water Supply Schemes: Formation of V-WASHEs Village awareness raising activities on operation and maintenance and sanitation Assistance to contracting with private operators for technical support Direct Beneficiaries For Boreholes:50 thousand, for Piped Water Supply Schemes:32 thousand, total:82 thousand The 320 sites in 4 districts of Luapula Province being requested by the Zambian Government were screened according to the following criteria based on the agreement with the Zambian Government to verify the feasibility for implementation of the Japanese grant aid scheme. (1) Boreholes with Hand Pumps 1) A demand for safe and stable water supply exists 2) Site is accessible and safe working conditions are assured 3) Adequate hydrogeological conditions (including satisfaction of Zambian water quality standards) 4) Extent of existing water supply facilities (exclusion if existing facilities are sufficient) 5) No duplication with other donor projects 6) Possibilities to form V-WASHEs 7) Site residents are willing to pay operation and maintenance costs for the water supply facilities As a result of the screening, out of the requested 320 sites, 254 sites met the above criteria.