DOCSLIB.ORG

Gender Representation in Video Games

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Gender Representation in Video Games GENDER REPRESENTATION IN VIDEO GAMES ANQI LIU ADVISOR: MISO KIM AUGUEST, 2019 This thesis is presented for the Master of Fine Arts degree at Northeastern University Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Fine Arts in Information Design and Visualization, in the Graduate School of the College of Arts, Media and Design of Northeastern University August, 2019 [ 3 ] TABLE OF CONTENTS [ 1 ] Abstract ------------------------------------------- 05 [ 2 ] Introduction ------------------------------------------- 07 [ 3 ] Research Questions ------------------------------------ 15 [ 4 ] Literature Review ------------------------------------ 17 [ 5 ] Concept Framework And Proposal Concept Map ------------------------------------ 26 [ 6 ] Case Study Background Of Game Industry ---------------------- 27 M1 Rules ----------------------------------- 37 M2 Rules ----------------------------------- 40 [ 7 ] Discussion And Next Steps Discussion ------------------------------------- 75 Future Work ------------------------------------- 77 [ 8 ] Bibliography ------------------------------------------ 79 [ 5 ] [ 1 ] ABSTRACT Over the past ten years, video games This thesis explores how female stereotypes have become one of the most popular forms conveyed through popular video games of entertainment across young generations. have changed over the past ten years. The According to research reports, more than author uses visualizations to demonstrate 80% of American households have computers the changes in female character clothing, or other game consoles and consumers spent outward appearances, and features, $30.4 billion on the video game industry in including the percentage of skin exposure. 2016 (Entertainment Software Association 2017 P4). Half of the American parents play The author determines the top games with their children. Video games are twenty games of the past ten years according thus a significant part of people’s lives and to the IMDb and compares the number of their characters play vital roles that gamers playable female and male characters in these can control. This control can have certain games. The results examine whether female implications when gender roles and stereo- stereotypes have changed. types in video games are considered. Game designers and players seem to accept a ste- The author selects ten female characters reotype about female characters and female aged 16-50 from each years’ top games. The players, as the games are played mostly by body shapes and skin exposure percentages males. According to a study by DeWall (2005), of these characters is analyzed using Adobe a professor of psychology and the Director of Photoshop. Data on the width of hips, shoul- the Social Psychology Lab at the University of ders, and waist, as well as leg length, reveals Kentucky, female stereotypes have three sub- if there is any change in groups: homemaker, professional, and sex appearance over time. object (Deaux, et al 1985; Eckes 1994a, 1994b; Six and Eckes 1991). GENDER REPRESENTATION IN VIDEO GAMES [ 7 ] [ 2 ] INTRODUCTION The rise of the big data industry in Ten years ago, researchers found out recent years has led people to pay attention that most video games target male players as to the story behind the data. Data is not just the main player group (Cassel and Jenkins, a number or a pattern of words. An image is 1998; Provenzo, 1991). Analyses of video also data. Usually, we deal with numerical game content have found female video game data to tell the story through various types character portrayals to be infrequent and of charts, maps, and keys. A large amount sexually objectified (e.g., Beasley & Collins of image data is difficult to process. When Standley, 2002; Dietz, 1998; Heintz-Knowles aggregated, image data can be difficult to & Henderson, 2002). The most common goal work with. This particular study presented in these games is to rescue a princess or special challenges when developing the data another woman character. Female characters set. This study required a designer to clean either need a male character’s help or appear the information within the image, such as in supportive roles to the male characters. the extra background, classify the image, and This place the female characters in games as simplify the image shape. This paper simpli- the weaker group or as the factors that satisfy fies and merges a large amount of data and male player’s needs. tells the story behind the data with clear vi- While some games have female main sualization. For large amounts of image data, characters, those same characters are often the classification and simplification process non-playable. For example, Princess Zel- are standardized to present a clear picture of da is the main character and namesake for the phenomenon behind the image data. To the game Zelda, but players cannot actually analyze the differences, the author compares control that character. Instead, players can old items against new items. This research control a male character named Link whose paper combines data cleaning, simplification objective is to always save Zelda. This is a and comparison methods to create a new typical scenario where players operate a male method to visualize image data. “hero” character to save a female character. [ 8 ] | INTRODUCTION | GENDER REPRESENTATION IN VIDEO GAMES Another example is Super Mario who rescues perfect character is very common in games. Princess Peach in Super Mario Brothers. In This is also a good ideal for the game. De- James D. Ivory’s (2009, 107) article he states, signers expect this setting to have a positive “Consistent with the findings of previous impact on the player. studies, female characters were found to be Things that cannot be realized in underrepresented and proportionally more reality are realized in the virtual world, for often sexualized in comparison to their male example in MMORPG game players can dom- counterparts.” James finds out that when inate and challenge other players that they players post their reviews on gaming blogs, can’t do in real world. Kuss DJ. mentions that players talk about male characters’ ability or “Reputation and admiration from the gam- mechanics, and female characters’ outfit and ing community for gaming achievements are body shape. However, female character body further key factors motivating players to keep stereotypes have changed in recent years playing.” (Kuss DJ. 2013) Players escape the due to social and educational reasons among real world and create another life in virtual others. Now, there are more diverse female world. Depends on Yee’s research “Immersion characters who appear in video games. in the game is denoted by discovery, ie, ex- The elements in video games often ploring the game and “hidden” game content, exaggerate the needs and ideas of people in role-playing via one’s avatar, customization real life. The protagonist is very brave and of one’s online character (such as sex, race, smart, such as Link in Zelda. He has been profession, appearance), and escapism, ie, given a lot of fighting and life skills by game playing in order to avoid real life (Yee N. designers. He is a kind person who helps 2006 772-775) This is why more people are others and saves the world. In 19 main series attracted to the game world. Today, as the Zelda games, Link saved Princess Zelda and game industry is rapidly rising, the status of Hyrule 19 times. This almost perfect char- female characters does not keep up with the acter does not exist in reality. Because of changes of the times. Female characters are people’s pursuit of good things, this almost weakened in the game—objectified. Howev- ANQI | INTRODUCTION | [ 9 ] LIU er, these stereotypes of female characters By collecting 200 game characters over the have existed in video games for a long time. past ten years—playable and non-playable, “Lesiure Suit Larry in the Land of the Lounge female and male, game types, and non-hu- Lizards” from the late 1980s, the final goal man—we discover the changes in the de- for main character, Larry Laffer, is having sex signers’ and players’ perceptions of female with different woman. On that game, female character abilities. By comparing game sales character as a trophy. male character solves in recent years, the relationship between the the problem and try to get the best girl. number of female characters and game sale is easy to see. Most researchers, like James D Ivory, use simple line graphs to express the rela- tionship between playable and non-playable female characters. Most researchers use line and bar charts for quantitative data analy- sis. Additionally, they calculate the average and slope to see future trends. There is no cross-comparison of game data with another field, such as comparing game sales to the number of female characters,comparing with female characters’ clothes style with real hu- man clothes style. Different fields of data may show some different trends. The body shape and appearance of female characters reflect developers’ inher- ent impression of women. This paper would collect images of 3D female models and concept art renderings of ten female charac- [ 10 ] | INTRODUCTION | GENDER REPRESENTATION IN VIDEO GAMES ters each year—one hundred in total. Most of clear. In data visualization, there is a small the female characters had hyper-real bodies amount of image and numerical data avail- in the games and some characters had outfits able for cross-comparison. Other image stud- that were unfit for the game background ies mostly compare and contrast the same and context. Male characters tend to appear character’s multi-year changes. The most “normal” and fully clothed, yet female char- famous one is Lara Croft in Tomb Raider. This acters are shown in revealing dresses on the research paper’s visualization was inspired same screen. For example, an armored male by Lara Croft’s visual work. Cross-comparing character walks in with a female character number and image data of female characters who wears a short Japanese uniform skirt. over the past ten years provides more infor- Street fighter is a good example to talk about mation to draw conclusions about the body here.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Runway Shows and Fashion Films As a Means of Communicating the Design Concept
    RUNWAY SHOWS AND FASHION FILMS AS A MEANS OF COMMUNICATING THE DESIGN CONCEPT A thesis submitted to the College of the Arts of Kent State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Arts By Xiaohan Lin July 2016 2 Thesis written by Xiaohan Lin B.S, Kent State University, 2014 M.A., Kent State University, 2016 Approved by ______________________________________________ Name, Thesis Supervisor ______________________________________________ Name, Thesis Supervisor or Committee Member ______________________________________________ Name, Committee Member ______________________________________________ Dr. Catherine Amoroso Leslie, Graduate Studies Coordinator, The Fashion School ______________________________________________ Dr. Linda Hoeptner Poling, Graduate Studies Coordinator, The School of Art ______________________________________________ Mr. J.R. Campbell, Director, The Fashion School ______________________________________________ Dr. Christine Havice, Director, The School of Art ______________________________________________ Dr. John Crawford-Spinelli, Dean, College of the Arts 3 REPORT OF THESIS FINAL EXAMINATION DATE OF EXAM________________________ Student Number_________________________________ Name of Candidate_______________________________________ Local Address_______________________________________ Degree for which examination is given_______________________________________ Department or School (and area of concentration, if any)_________________________ Exact title of Thesis_______________________________________
    [Show full text]
  • Can Game Companies Help America's Children?
    CAN GAME COMPANIES HELP AMERICA’S CHILDREN? The Case for Engagement & VirtuallyGood4Kids™ By Wendy Lazarus Founder and Co-President with Aarti Jayaraman September 2012 About The Children’s Partnership The Children's Partnership (TCP) is a national, nonprofit organization working to ensure that all children—especially those at risk of being left behind—have the resources and opportunities they need to grow up healthy and lead productive lives. Founded in 1993, The Children's Partnership focuses particular attention on the goals of securing health coverage for every child and on ensuring that the opportunities and benefits of digital technology reach all children. Consistent with that mission, we have educated the public and policymakers about how technology can measurably improve children's health, education, safety, and opportunities for success. We work at the state and national levels to provide research, build programs, and enact policies that extend opportunity to all children and their families. Santa Monica, CA Office Washington, DC Office 1351 3rd St. Promenade 2000 P Street, NW Suite 206 Suite 330 Santa Monica, CA 90401 Washington, DC 20036 t: 310.260.1220 t: 202.429.0033 f: 310.260.1921 f: 202.429.0974 E-Mail: [email protected] Web: www.childrenspartnership.org The Children’s Partnership is a project of Tides Center. ©2012, The Children's Partnership. Permission to copy, disseminate, or otherwise use this work is normally granted as long as ownership is properly attributed to The Children's Partnership. CAN GAME
    [Show full text]
  • The Video Game Industry an Industry Analysis, from a VC Perspective
    The Video Game Industry An Industry Analysis, from a VC Perspective Nik Shah T’05 MBA Fellows Project March 11, 2005 Hanover, NH The Video Game Industry An Industry Analysis, from a VC Perspective Authors: Nik Shah • The video game industry is poised for significant growth, but [email protected] many sectors have already matured. Video games are a large and Tuck Class of 2005 growing market. However, within it, there are only selected portions that contain venture capital investment opportunities. Our analysis Charles Haigh [email protected] highlights these sectors, which are interesting for reasons including Tuck Class of 2005 significant technological change, high growth rates, new product development and lack of a clear market leader. • The opportunity lies in non-core products and services. We believe that the core hardware and game software markets are fairly mature and require intensive capital investment and strong technology knowledge for success. The best markets for investment are those that provide valuable new products and services to game developers, publishers and gamers themselves. These are the areas that will build out the industry as it undergoes significant growth. A Quick Snapshot of Our Identified Areas of Interest • Online Games and Platforms. Few online games have historically been venture funded and most are subject to the same “hit or miss” market adoption as console games, but as this segment grows, an opportunity for leading technology publishers and platforms will emerge. New developers will use these technologies to enable the faster and cheaper production of online games. The developers of new online games also present an opportunity as new methods of gameplay and game genres are explored.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of WESTERN OIL SHALE HISTORY of WESTERN OIL SHALE
    / _... i';C4 - SHELF , Historyof Western Oil Shale Paul L. Russell . " The Center for Professional Advancement Paul Russell received his degree from the University of Arizona. After working for Industry for five years, he began his involvement with oil shale in 1948 when he joined the U.S. Bureau of Mines and was assigned to Rifle, Colorado, to work at Anvil Points. During the middle fifties, he was assigned to the Atomic Energy Com­ mission to study the extraction of ura­ nium from the Chattanooga Shales in Tennessee. He became Research Director of the U.S. Bureau ofMines in 1967 and served in this capacity until he retired in 1979. During these years his involvement with oil shale intensified. Currently, he is an engineering consultant. ISBN: 0-86563-000-3 ,._-------_._.. V.D.ALLRED 6016 SOUTH BANNOCK LI7TLETON. COLO. 80120 ....~ ...........~..... This compelling history spans 65 years of western oil shale development from its begin­ ning to the present day. These were the years in which most of the present-day retorting pro­ cesses were invented and devel­ oped,leading to present studies of in-situ retorting, and to the resumption of leasing of fed­ eral oil shale lands. The many excellent illustra­ tions and contemporary photo­ graphs in themselves provide a pictorial record of an era when the United States was "wild over oil"-an era when Gov­ ernment estimates of billions of barrels of oil in western oil shales were used to advan­ tage for questionable-if not fraudulent-stock promotions designed to raise capital for development, or to fatten the promoters' pockets.
    [Show full text]
  • Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development
    5th Edition Secure Fuels from Domestic Resources ______________________________________________________________________________ Profiles of Companies Engaged in Domestic Oil Shale and Tar Sands Resource and Technology Development Prepared by INTEK, Inc. For the U.S. Department of Energy • Office of Petroleum Reserves Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves Fifth Edition: September 2011 Note to Readers Regarding the Revised Edition (September 2011) This report was originally prepared for the U.S. Department of Energy in June 2007. The report and its contents have since been revised and updated to reflect changes and progress that have occurred in the domestic oil shale and tar sands industries since the first release and to include profiles of additional companies engaged in oil shale and tar sands resource and technology development. Each of the companies profiled in the original report has been extended the opportunity to update its profile to reflect progress, current activities and future plans. Acknowledgements This report was prepared by INTEK, Inc. for the U.S. Department of Energy, Office of Petroleum Reserves, Naval Petroleum and Oil Shale Reserves (DOE/NPOSR) as a part of the AOC Petroleum Support Services, LLC (AOC- PSS) Contract Number DE-FE0000175 (Task 30). Mr. Khosrow Biglarbigi of INTEK, Inc. served as the Project Manager. AOC-PSS and INTEK, Inc. wish to acknowledge the efforts of representatives of the companies that provided information, drafted revised or reviewed company profiles, or addressed technical issues associated with their companies, technologies, and project efforts. Special recognition is also due to those who directly performed the work on this report. Mr. Peter M. Crawford, Director at INTEK, Inc., served as the principal author of the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Changing Perceptions and Bucking
    INAUGURAL ISSUE Q1-Q3 2008 LOUISIANA ECONOMIC QUARTERLY EA SpoRtS: FoRtUNE 1000 HQ LoUISIANA’S It’S IN LoUISIANA RELocAtIoN NUcLEAR RENAISSANcE inside 13 Economic Update Secretary The State Of Louisiana’s Economy 4 Around the Regions What’s Happening With 10 Haynesville Shale And Federal City Moret Momentum Louisiana 13 Companies That 12 Said ‘Yes’ To Louisiana Small Business Spotlight Loads Of Opportunity For 20 am thrilled to share with you the inaugural This issue also includes a variety of stories Southern Textile Services issue of Louisiana Economic Quarterly – a describing some of the most consequential Louisiana community Network new publication designed to provide economic developments in Louisiana today, Tools For Success 22 insights about Louisiana’s economy, as well including the Haynesville Shale in North 24 as economic development efforts being Louisiana, the Federal City project in New Industry outlook undertaken to enhance it. Orleans, an exciting small business success Taking Digital Arts 24 story in Alexandria, and the emerging digital To The Next Level 20 In this and subsequent issues, we will detail media industry that is starting to form in Baton major economic developments in Louisiana, Rouge, Lafayette, New Orleans and Shreveport/ on the cover including economic trends, major business Bossier. We also include a thought-provoking Changing Perceptions And 26 19 investments, small business success stories, interview with Jim Clinton, a national economic Bucking National Trends the evolution of traditional and emerging development leader who just came back to industry sectors, and state and local economic Alexandria to make a difference. How planning development initiatives.
    [Show full text]
  • Is Apparel Manufacturing Coming Home? Nearshoring, Automation, and Sustainability – Establishing a Demand-Focused Apparel Value Chain
    Is apparel manufacturing coming home? Nearshoring, automation, and sustainability – establishing a demand-focused apparel value chain McKinsey Apparel, Fashion & Luxury Group October 2018 Authored by: Johanna Andersson Achim Berg Saskia Hedrich Patricio Ibanez Jonatan Janmark Karl-Hendrik Magnus 2 Is apparel manufacturing coming home? Table of Contents Introduction 4 Is apparel manufacturing coming home? 6 Era of change 6 Nearshoring breakeven 10 Overcoming challenges in nearshoring 12 The prospect of automation 15 Promising automation technologies 15 Economic viability of automation 18 How quickly can the prospect become reality? 21 The automation journey 23 Embarking on the journey 24 Defining the future sourcing and production strategy 24 Developing new skills and changing mindsets 26 Building a new ecosystem of partnerships 27 Taking the first step 28 Table of Contents 3 Introduction Tomorrow’s successful apparel companies will be those that take the lead to enhance the apparel value chain on two fronts: nearshoring and automation. It cannot be just one of them and it must be done sustainably. Apparel companies can no longer conduct business as usual and expect to thrive. Due to the Internet and stagnation in key markets, competition is fiercer than ever and consumer demand is more difficult to predict. Mass-market apparel brands and retailers are competing with pure-play online start-ups, the most successful of which can replicate trendy styles and get them to customers within weeks. Furthermore, apparel companies have lost much of their clout in trendsetting. In most mass-market categories, today’s hottest trends are determined by individual influencers and consumers rather than by the marketing departments of fashion companies.
    [Show full text]
  • Fashion Retail: Trends and Challenges 2016
    FashionFashion RetailRetail Trends and Challenges 2016 We serve 150 countries QUALITY INNOVATION in 10 OFFICES worldwide PASSION icole is browsing the websites of Additionally, she receives notification of a sale— several fashion retailers. At one store’s “15% off selected accessories, today only”—that N site, she identifies three models she is applies to two of the items she had added to her interested in and saves them to a “wish list”. wish list. Since she prefers to touch and feel the clothes before buying, she decides to visit the store. When she taps on the wish list, the app provides Under an optimized cross-channel experience, a store map directing Nicole to the desired she is able find the nearest physical outlet on section of the store. The store uses sophisticated the fashion retailer’s website, get directions tagging technologies, information about the using Google Maps, and drive over to view the wish list items has automatically been synced desired products. with other applications on her mobile phone—she can scan reviews using their Even before she walks through the doors, a Consumer Reports app, text her sister for advice, transmitter at the entrance of the store identifies ask Facebook friends to weigh in on the Nicole and sends a push alert to her mobile purchase, and compare the retailer’s prices phone, welcoming her and providing her with against the prices of others. She decides to get a personalized offers and recommendations based dress, but as her size is not in stock, she orders it on her history with the store.
    [Show full text]
  • Proposal for an Undergraduate Major in Esports and Game Studies B.S
    4/16/2019 Proposal for an Undergraduate Major in Esports and Game Studies B.S. Arts and Sciences PRELMINARY PROPOSAL FOR A BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN Esports and Game Studies I. Proposed Major This new major will be a Bachelor of Science degree through the College of Arts and Sciences in Esports and Game Studies (EGS). Initially, the major will focus on three tracks: 1.) Esports and Game Creation, 2.) Esports Management, and 3.) Application of Games in Medicine and Health. Additional concentrations and certificate programs may be proposed once the major becomes well established. II. Rationale A. Describe the rationale/purpose of the major. This new four-year Arts & Sciences major is a true collaboration between five colleges at The Ohio State University: 1) The College of Arts & Sciences, 2) The Fisher College of Business, 3) The College of Education and Human Ecology, 4) The College of Engineering, and 5) The College of Medicine. This new degree is a multidisciplinary collaboration that is driven by industry needs. The Esports and Game industry is growing at an enormous pace over the past few years. According to Newzoo’s 2018 Global Esports Market Report the global esports revenues have grown over 30% for the past three years and this rate is expected to continue beyond 2021. The revenues in the industry were $250 million in 2015 and expected to reach $1.65 billion by 2021. This growth has created a dearth of properly trained college graduates to fill industry needs. This new UG major has been created to fill the void in industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Inside the Video Game Industry
    Inside the Video Game Industry GameDevelopersTalkAbout theBusinessofPlay Judd Ethan Ruggill, Ken S. McAllister, Randy Nichols, and Ryan Kaufman Downloaded by [Pennsylvania State University] at 11:09 14 September 2017 First published by Routledge Th ird Avenue, New York, NY and by Routledge Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX RN Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business © Taylor & Francis Th e right of Judd Ethan Ruggill, Ken S. McAllister, Randy Nichols, and Ryan Kaufman to be identifi ed as authors of this work has been asserted by them in accordance with sections and of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act . All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publishers. Trademark notice : Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identifi cation and explanation without intent to infringe. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Names: Ruggill, Judd Ethan, editor. | McAllister, Ken S., – editor. | Nichols, Randall K., editor. | Kaufman, Ryan, editor. Title: Inside the video game industry : game developers talk about the business of play / edited by Judd Ethan Ruggill, Ken S. McAllister, Randy Nichols, and Ryan Kaufman. Description: New York : Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa Business, [] | Includes index. Identifi ers: LCCN | ISBN (hardback) | ISBN (pbk.) | ISBN (ebk) Subjects: LCSH: Video games industry.
    [Show full text]
  • Europe's Video Game Industry and the Telecom Single Market
    Europe’s Video Game Industry and the Telecom Single Market Executive Summary The internet is a key driver of growth in the video game industry and facilitates distribution of content, engagement with customers, multiplayer gameplay and provision of crucial software updates to improve gameplay. Our industry has thrived where high-speed internet has become more accessible to consumers as the delivery of video game-related services and the distribution of high-quality video game content often consumes more data than other internet-related activities. Additionally, existing multiplayer gameplay functionality and future cloud-based game products which require technologies to rapidly ‘sync' over very long distances are highly sensitive to delays in the time it takes for these synchronisations to take place (these delays are referred to as “latency”). Any steps taken towards further harmonisation of the Telecom Single Market should therefore promote the following principles of Net Neutrality: (1) driving competition between internet service providers (ISPs); (2) safeguarding the emergence of dynamic new business models and commercial practices in the video games industry; (3) encouraging the distribution and free-flow of video game content by ensuring as many European consumers as possible may avail of internet connections with unrestricted or high data caps; (4) guaranteeing low latency for online multiplayer games to deliver the best possible interactive experience for gamers; (5) encouraging ISPs to provide reliable, uninterrupted broadband for end-users; (6) extending broadband at affordable prices to as many European consumers as possible and supporting the ongoing growth of the Europe’s fixed and mobile internet infrastructure; (7) ensuring transparency in the network traffic management practices of ISPs so gamers can make the best possible choice of broadband provider; and (8) ending “artificial” restrictions on network traffic and the throttling of competing services by ISPs.
    [Show full text]
  • A Study of the Video Game Industry in US Metropolitan Areas
    University of Massachusetts Amherst ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 2011 A Study of The ideoV Game Industry In U.S Metropolitan Areas Using Occupational Analysis Hinlan Wong University of Massachusetts Amherst Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses Part of the Economic Policy Commons, Public Policy Commons, and the Urban Studies Commons Wong, Hinlan, "A Study of The ideV o Game Industry In U.S Metropolitan Areas Using Occupational Analysis" (2011). Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014. 738. Retrieved from https://scholarworks.umass.edu/theses/738 This thesis is brought to you for free and open access by ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. It has been accepted for inclusion in Masters Theses 1911 - February 2014 by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks@UMass Amherst. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A STUDY OF THE VIDEO GAME INDUSTRY IN U.S METROPOLITAN AREAS USING OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS A Thesis Presented By HINLAN P. WONG Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Massachusetts Amherst in partial fulfillment Of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF REGIONAL PLANNING SEPTEMBER 2011 Department of Landscape Architecture and Regional Planning © Copyright by Hinlan P. Wong 2011 All Rights Reserved A STUDY OF THE VIDEO GAME INDUSTRY IN U.S METROPOLITAN AREAS USING OCCUPATIONAL ANALYSIS A Thesis Presented By HINLAN P. WONG Approved as to style and content by: _________________________________________ Henry C. Renski, Chair _________________________________________
    [Show full text]