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The Struggle for Suffrage Marjorie Spruill Wheeler, ed. One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman Suffrage Movement, Second Edition. Troutdale, Oregon: NewSage Press, 2021. 388 pp. $18.95, cloth, ISBN 978-0-939165-76-6. Reviewed by James S. McCallops (Salisbury State University) Published on H-Women (July, 1997) The Struggle for Suffrage American women obtained the right to vote in spoke of "persons." All men and women were thus 1920, but this success came after decades of considered citizens. Although voting rights were struggle. To coincide with the 75th anniversary of established by the states, the Constitution did not women's right to vote, Marjorie Spruill Wheeler bar women from voting or running for office. It has put together a collection of essays focusing on was not until the 14th Amendment, which refers how women achieved this goal. Included are es‐ to "males" over twenty-one years of age, that says from prominent historians which Wheeler gender was first identified in voting. Yet women argues illustrate that far from being a solely white challenged that notion. In 1875, the Supreme middle-class movement, woman's suffrage cut Court in Minor v. Happersett ruled that citizenship across class and racial lines, providing space for did not guarantee women the right to vote. This disfranchised women of all persuasions. angered woman's rights activists like Susan B. An‐ Wheeler organizes her book by first introdu‐ thony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton who felt this cing readers to the background surrounding the ruling justified women's second-class status. To battle for suffrage. Articles focusing on prominent them, suffrage was only a part of women's eman‐ women from the early national period to cipation; egalitarianism was the true goal. post-1920 are then presented. In addition, before The next two essays, edited by Matilda Gage each essay Wheeler introduces the subject and and written by Alice Rossi respectively, explore puts it into an historical context. the first woman's rights convention at Seneca The first essay, by Linda Kerber, examines the Falls, New York and the relationship between United States' constitution and how it applied to Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton. The women. According to Kerber, the Constitution did convention in 1848 emerged from women's anger not mention gender; rather, the authors usually over their exclusion from an anti-slavery meeting in London and the general sense that male re‐ H-Net Reviews formers were unsympathetic to women's plight. defeat since women were not included. According The meeting, though the brainchild of Stanton and to Kerr, Stone believed that after black men got Lucretia Mott, was chaired by Mott's husband. the vote, it would be easier for women to achieve Neither woman felt comfortable leading such a it, too. This split over the amendments caused the convention. Over 300 women and men were on woman's suffrage movement to split also between hand to formulate The Declaration of Sentiments Anthony and Stanton on one side with NWSA, and which was a rewrite of the Declaration of Inde‐ Stone on the other with the American Woman's pendence to include women and to list the im‐ Suffrage Association (AWSA). Kerr argues that his‐ provements these delegates wanted. The most con‐ torians usually attribute the split to disputes over troversial was the right to vote. It passed in the direction of suffrage, whether to push for the fed‐ convention because of the support of Frederick eral amendment (which Stanton and Anthony Douglass and Stanton. This document was then urged) or campaign for states to expand the elect‐ widely circulated and became the list of demands orship to include women (which Stone supported). for which women agitated. Kerr contends that dispute over the amendments The relationship between Elizabeth Cady was the true split. She further states that Stone's Stanton and Susan B. Anthony began in 1852 direction was the most sound and Stanton and An‐ when Anthony joined the movement for woman's thony came to accept that by the late 1880s, which rights. Immediately, these two women became facilitated a reconciliation of the two organiza‐ friends and remained so until their deaths. Ac‐ tions by 1890. cording to Rossi, they were very different people: The west was an area where women first re‐ Stanton was married with seven children, while ceived the right to vote. In her essay, Beverly Bee‐ Anthony remained single. Stanton was a gifted ton argues that the frontier-like setting of the west writer who often wrote speeches for Anthony to contributed to this trend. She contends that wo‐ deliver. Because of her marriage and childrearing men "proved" their worthiness for the vote responsibilities, Stanton was unable to travel ex‐ through their hard work and determination in tensively in support of woman's rights. Anthony conquering the west. However, there were other became the chief advocate and most visible sym‐ reasons suffrage was extended. In Wyoming, male bol. Both women, however, were instrumental in leaders believed that voting rights for women organizing the National Woman's Suffrage Associ‐ would gain the new state publicity and additional ation (NWSA) to promote voting rights for women. settlers. In Utah, Mormon leaders felt voting rights And both served as president after 1890 of the for women would ensure support for polygamy in combined National American Woman's Suffrage their state. Mormon women's votes, combined Association (NAWSA). with those of their husbands, would guarantee a Andrea Kerr argues in her essay that Stanton Mormon stronghold in Utah. and Anthony receive the most credit for further‐ The novel aspects of this book, however, are ing the suffrage movement, and yet Lucy Stone the essays which illustrate the diversity of the suf‐ was crucial to its success. Stone was vital to the frage movement. Rosalyn Terborg-Penn analyzes early movement but she ran into disagreement the contributions of African-American women to with Anthony and Stanton over the 14th and 15th suffrage, while Wanda Hendricks focuses specific‐ Amendments to the Constitution. Following the ally on Ida B. Wells-Barnett. The role of the work‐ Civil War, these amendments defined citizenship ing class and their spokesperson, Harriot Stanton and provided voting rights for all men. Anthony Blatch, is examined by Ellen Carol DuBois. And and Stanton denounced them and called for their Sherry Katz looks at socialist women's contribu‐ 2 H-Net Reviews tion. In all four essays, it is apparent that white, male organizations which had been so successful middle-class women were not the lone supporters (p. 204). of suffrage. It is also clear that these same middle- The book concludes with a look into the rati‐ class women distanced themselves from those fication of the 19th Amendment and women's who were not of their class, race or political per‐ political activism in the 1920s. According to Nancy suasion. Rather than being inclusive, suffrage Cott, the 1920s was not a decade of inactivity by leaders discouraged any involvement with black women, as some historians argue, but rather a women, working-class women, or socialists. In‐ period when women continued to strive for im‐ stead, they actively recruited members of their provement in their lives. The new League of Wo‐ own class. It would be easy to claim that white wo‐ man Voters worked to educate women about their men "achieved" suffrage, but that would ignore responsibilities as voters. But more importantly, black women who formed suffrage associations. Cott argues that women's role in voluntary organ‐ These women argued that they needed the vote izations remained strong, illustrating that women because they suffered from discrimination as wo‐ did not abandon each other once suffrage was men and as blacks. Therefore, these women achieved. worked for their own enfranchisement and the The struggle for women's suffrage is an im‐ reenfranchisement of black men who were kept portant piece in the puzzle of American history. from the polls. The working class were also ig‐ One Woman, One Vote: Rediscovering the Woman nored by suffrage leaders. Yet Harriot Stanton Suffrage Movement is an excellent tool in under‐ Blatch furthered their inclusion in the movement standing that process. For those familiar with his‐ and adopted some working-class tactics like open tory and newcomers too, this anthology provides air meetings and parades to publicize suffrage. So‐ valuable information and interesting anecdotes cialist women were in a double bind. Male social‐ about this important movement. Marjorie Spruill ist leaders criticized them for worrying about the Wheeler adeptly weaves the essays together in a vote when they should be focusing on liberating logical way which, on the one hand, illustrates the all workers, and suffrage leaders spurned socialist process toward suffrage, while on the other hand women who wanted to be involved. To socialist allows for in-depth reading on various subjects. women, the vote was an economic necessity for This is no easy accomplishment and yet Wheeler women who would be able to vote to protect their manages to achieve it. The subjects discussed by jobs and families. the numerous scholars are wide-ranging and key While essays are included which illustrate the to understanding the sufrage movement. importance of support from Frances Willard (Wo‐ While the book attempts to illustrate the di‐ man's Christian Temperance Union), Jane Addams versity of the suffrage movement, information (Hull House and Woman's Peace Party), Alice Paul about the working class seemed insufficient. The (Congressional Union, National Woman's Party), one essay which highlighted working-class efforts and Carrie Chapman Catt (NAWSA President), focused mostly on Harriot Stanton Blatch's efforts Wheeler also addresses the large anti-suffrage to bring them into the movement.
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