DOCSLIB.ORG

Herpesviral Replication Compartments Move and Coalesce at Nuclear

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Herpesviral Replication Compartments Move and Coalesce at Nuclear Herpesviral replication compartments move and PNAS PLUS coalesce at nuclear speckles to enhance export of viral late mRNA Lynne Changa, William J. Godinezb, Il-Han Kimb, Marco Tektonidisb, Primal de Lanerollec, Roland Eilsb, Karl Rohrb, and David M. Knipea,1 aDepartment of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115; bDepartment of Bioinformatics and Functional Genomics, Biomedical Computer Vision Group, BIOQUANT, Institute of Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology (IPMB), University of Heidelberg and German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ) Heidelberg, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany; and cDepartment of Physiology and Biophysics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois, Chicago, IL 60612 Edited* by John J. Mekalanos, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, and approved April 11, 2011 (received for review March 1, 2011) The role of the intranuclear movement of chromatin in gene Viruses are simple genetic entities and have often provided expression is not well-understood. Herpes simplex virus forms precise probes of cellular molecular mechanisms. Viral chro- replication compartments (RCs) in infected cell nuclei as sites of mosomes of herpes simplex virus (HSV) are replicated and un- viral DNA replication and late gene transcription. These structures dergo late transcription in intranuclear structures called replica- develop from small compartments that grow in size, move, and tion compartments (RCs) (15), which are known to move and coalesce. Quantitative analysis of RC trajectories, derived from 4D coalesce in nuclei of infected cells during the course of infection images, shows that most RCs move by directed motion. Directed (16, 17). The function and mechanism of RC movement are movement is impaired in the presence of actin and myosin inhibitors unknown. However, lepidopteran nucleopolyhedroviruses, large as well as a transcription inhibitor. In addition, RCs coalesce at and double-stranded DNA viruses that also replicate inside the host reorganize nuclear speckles. Lastly, distinct effects of actin and nucleus, have been shown to manipulate nuclear G- and F-actin myosin inhibitors on viral gene expression suggest that RC move- for viral gene expression and progeny production (reviewed in ment is not required for transcription, but rather, movement results ref. 18). Pseudorabies virus and HSV have also been shown MICROBIOLOGY in the bridging of transcriptionally active RCs with nuclear speckles to induce F-actin formation in nuclei of certain cells, and viral to form structures that enhance export of viral late mRNAs. capsids seem to be associated with these structures (19, 20). Other studies have shown that HSV capsids undergo directed gene movement | nuclear export movement inside the nucleus (21), which is inhibited by the actin polymerization inhibitor latrunculin A (lat A) and the putative ovement of chromatin and its interactions and location in myosin inhibitor 2,3-butanedione monoxime (BDM) (22, 23). Mthe nucleus are believed to be important for regulation of Based on the increasing evidence for the role of intranuclear gene expression (1). A number of studies have shown an asso- movement in gene regulation and its involvement during viral ciation between the movement of chromosomal domains and infection, we were interested in the possible roles for movement changes in transcriptional activity. In yeast, activation of genes is in HSV-1 gene expression. associated with targeting of the gene to the nuclear periphery (2, HSV-1 transcription, DNA synthesis, and capsid assembly all 3), and this is believed to be because of the linkage of actively occur in the nucleus and are temporally regulated by a cascade of transcribed genes to the nuclear pore complex for RNA export immediate-early (IE), early (E), and late (L) gene expression. As (4). Lymphoid cell genes move to positions near centromeric mentioned above, these processes are also spatially regulated in the form of intranuclear compartmentalization (24). RCs, which heterochromatin coincident with transcriptional silencing (5). fi fi Transcriptional activation of the β-globin locus involves move- were rst identi ed by the presence of infected cell protein (ICP) ment of the gene away from centromeric heterochromatin (6). 8 (an HSV single-stranded DNA binding protein) (15), develop During B-cell development, the IgH and Igκ loci are localized at from small structures that grow in size, move, and coalesce, ul- timately filling the entire nucleus and marginalizing host chro- the nuclear periphery in hematopoietic progenitor cells, but they – move internally coincident with transcriptional activation in pro- matin to the nuclear periphery (17, 25 27). RCs have also been B cells (7). Similarly, the β-globin gene relocalizes to the nuclear shown to be transcriptionally active by the presence of a viral interior as it is activated during murine erythroid differentiation transactivator protein ICP4 (28, 29) and RNA pol II (30) that (8). Actively transcribed genes are also thought to be brought into colocalize with ICP8. To better understand the mechanism and function of intranuclear movement of RCs, we carried out 4D close contact with nuclear speckles (9, 10), sites often regarded imaging of cells infected with a recombinant HSV-1 strain as hubs of RNA metabolism. Although these results link gene expressing ICP8 fused to GFP to visualize RCs. Our results movement with changes in transcriptional activity, it is unclear showed that the majority of RCs move by directed motion and whether intranuclear movement of chromatin is the cause or require nuclear actin, myosin, and ongoing transcription. RC result of changes in transcriptional activity (1). Therefore, it is important to define systems in which the function of chromatin movement can be experimentally assessed. Nuclear forms of actin and myosin have been implicated – Author contributions: L.C., W.J.G., R.E., K.R., and D.M.K. designed research; L.C., W.J.G., in mediating long-range directed movement (11 13), but the I.-H.K., and M.T. performed research; L.C., W.J.G., P.d.L., R.E., K.R., and D.M.K. contributed mechanism by which this putative nucleoskeletal system operates new reagents/analytic tools; L.C., W.J.G., K.R., and D.M.K. analyzed data; and L.C., W.J.G., is unknown. In addition to their possible roles in mediating in- P.d.L., K.R., and D.M.K. wrote the paper. tranuclear movement, there is increasing evidence for roles of The authors declare no conflict of interest. nuclear actin and myosin in cellular transcription, chromatin *This Direct Submission article had a prearranged editor. remodeling, and mRNA export (reviewed in ref. 14). How and 1To whom correspondence should be addressed. E-mail: [email protected]. whether their roles in movement are connected to regulation of This article contains supporting information online at www.pnas.org/lookup/suppl/doi:10. gene activity are unclear. 1073/pnas.1103411108/-/DCSupplemental. www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1103411108 PNAS Early Edition | 1of9 Downloaded by guest on October 2, 2021 movement resulted in coalescence at nuclear speckles. In- for α often did not characterize this type of motion accurately. terestingly, inhibition of directed movement by lat A led to Because the positions representing a directed motion trajectory decreased accumulation of viral gene transcripts, whereas in- exhibit a highly anisotropic scatter, a more effective way to detect hibition by BDM resulted in a defect in export of a late viral this type of motion was to characterize the shape of the trajectory mRNA. Combined, our data suggest that HSV RC movement by its 3D relative shape anisotropy κ2 (32) (Fig. 2A shows sample results in bridging transcriptional domains within RCs to RNA RC trajectories, their ellipsoid of gyration, and κ2 values, which processing structures in the nucleus to enhance export of a subset are defined as a function of the squared lengths of the semiaxes of late viral mRNAs. of the ellipsoid). Our hierarchical approach for determining the motion type of the RCs, therefore, first used κ2 to distinguish Results trajectories exhibiting directed motion from those displaying RCs Move by an Active Process. To better understand the process random motion. Trajectories with isotropic shapes were then of RC movement in the context of the 3D nucleus, we carried additionally classified into confined diffusion, obstructed diffu- out 4D (3D space and time) confocal imaging of cells infected sion, or simple diffusion based on their α-values and the classi- with a recombinant HSV-1 strain expressing ICP8 fused to GFP fication scheme by Bacher et al. (34) (Fig. 2B shows sample MSD (8GFP virus) (17). Cells were imaged from 4 to 7 h postinfection curves that correspond to trajectories shown in Fig. 2A). Based (hpi). ICP8-GFP localized to bright foci clustered within RCs. on this hierarchical analysis approach, 74% of RCs appeared to Smaller and dimmer individual foci, most likely representing undergo directed motion, 13% displayed simple diffusion, and viral prereplicative sites (15), were also present along the nuclear 13% displayed obstructed diffusion (control; n = 5 nuclei, 23 periphery and in the nucleoplasmic space between RCs (Fig. 1). RCs analyzed) (Fig. 2C). None of the RCs displayed confined These smaller individual foci exhibited highly constrained move- diffusion. These results showed that the majority of the RCs ment, whereas whole RCs displayed long-range movement, often to another RC (Fig. 1 and Movie S1). When the movement of moved by an active process. RCs was tracked relative to the position of the nucleus in the 4D Active Movement of RCs Depends on Nuclear Actin, Myosin I, and datasets, these structures moved at an average speed of 0.24 μm/ Transcription. Active movement of transgenes has been reported min (up to 0.35 μm/min; SD = 0.056 μm/min). RCs traveled to involve nuclear actin and nuclear myosins such as nuclear distances of up to 5.65 μm during the 3-h imaging period (as myosin I (NMI) (11–13).
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Transcriptional Regulation Constrains the Organization of Genes on Eukaryotic Chromosomes
    Transcriptional regulation constrains the organization of genes on eukaryotic chromosomes Sarath Chandra Janga*†, Julio Collado-Vides‡, and M. Madan Babu*† *Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Medical Research Council, Hills Road, Cambridge CB2 0QH, United Kingdom; and ‡Programa de Genomica Computacional, Centro de Ciencias Genomicas, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Apartado Postal 565-A, Av Universidad, Cuernavaca, Morelos, 62100 Mexico D.F., Mexico Edited by Aaron Klug, Medical Research Council, Cambridge, United Kingdom, and approved August 21, 2008 (received for review July 1, 2008) Genetic material in eukaryotes is tightly packaged in a hierarchical organization of genes across the different eukaryotic chromosomes. manner into multiple linear chromosomes within the nucleus. This becomes particularly interesting in the light of a recent work Although it is known that eukaryotic transcriptional regulation is that demonstrated that tuning the expression level of a single gene complex and requires an intricate coordination of several molec- could provide an enormous fitness advantage to an individual in a ular events both in space and time, whether the complexity of this population of cells (12). Thus, one could extrapolate that optimi- process constrains genome organization is still unknown. Here, we zation of transcriptional regulation on a global scale, such as the present evidence for the existence of a higher-order organization efficient expression of relevant genes under specific conditions, of genes across and within chromosomes that is constrained by would have significant advantage on the fitness of an individual in transcriptional regulation. In particular, we reveal that the target a genetically heterogeneous population. genes (TGs) of transcription factors (TFs) for the yeast, Saccharo- Although several studies have reported that genes with similar myces cerevisiae, are encoded in a highly ordered manner both expression patterns cluster on the genome and that gene order is across and within the 16 chromosomes.
    [Show full text]
  • Chapter 1: Introduction
    The role of lamin A and emerin in mediating genome organisation A thesis for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy by Lauren Sarah Godwin School of Health Sciences and Social Care Brunel University July 2010 Abstract The nuclear matrix (NM) is proposed to be a permanent network of core filaments underlying thicker fibres, present regardless of transcriptional activity. It is found to be both RNA and protein rich; indeed, numerous important nuclear proteins are components of the structure. In addition to mediating the organisation of entire chromosomes, the NM has also been demonstrated to tether telomeres via their TTAGGG repeats. In order to examine telomeric interactions with the NM, a technique known as the DNA halo preparation has been employed. Regions of DNA that are tightly attached to the structure are found within a so-called residual nucleus, while those sequences forming lesser associations produce a halo of DNA. Coupled with various FISH methodologies, this technique allowed the anchorage of genomic regions by the NM, to be analysed. In normal fibroblasts, the majority of chromosomes and telomeres were extensively anchored to the NM. Such interactions did not vary significantly in proliferating and senescent nuclei. However, a decrease in NM-associated telomeres was detected in quiescence. Since lamin A is an integral component of the NM, it seemed pertinent to examine chromosome and telomere NM-anchorage in Hutchinson-Gilford Progeria Syndrome (HGPS) fibroblasts, which contain mutant forms of lamin A. Indeed, genome tethering by the NM was perturbed in HGPS. In immortalised HGPS fibroblasts, this disrupted anchorage appeared to be rescued; the implications of this finding will be discussed.
    [Show full text]
  • Nuclear Pore Proteins and the Control of Genome Functions
    Downloaded from genesdev.cshlp.org on September 30, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press REVIEW Nuclear pore proteins and the control of genome functions Arkaitz Ibarra and Martin W. Hetzer Molecular and Cell Biology Laboratory, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are composed of several Cytoplasmic filaments are mainly formed by Nup358/ copies of ~30 different proteins called nucleoporins (Nups). RanBP2, Nup214, and Nup88, while the nuclear basket is NPCs penetrate the nuclear envelope (NE) and regulate the composed of Nup153 and Tpr (Fig. 1; for Nup othologs, see nucleocytoplasmic trafficking of macromolecules. Beyond Rothballer and Kutay 2012). this vital role, NPC components influence genome func- The selective access of regulatory factors into the tions in a transport-independent manner. Nups play an nucleus and export of specific RNA molecules mediated evolutionarily conserved role in gene expression regulation by the NPC is required for the accurate progression of most that, in metazoans, extends into the nuclear interior. major cellular processes. However, our perception of Additionally, in proliferative cells, Nups play a crucial role the NPC components is rapidly evolving, as accumulating in genome integrity maintenance and mitotic progression. evidence indicates that they can also directly impact Here we discuss genome-related functions of Nups and DNA metabolism by genome-related functions (Liang their impact on essential DNA metabolism processes such and Hetzer 2011). Among these, one of the most remark- as transcription, chromosome duplication, and segregation. able and well-conserved roles of Nups is to associate with specific target genes to regulate their transcriptional activity (Casolari et al.
    [Show full text]
  • Targeting the Dosage Compensation Complex to the Male X
    PDF hosted at the Radboud Repository of the Radboud University Nijmegen The following full text is a publisher's version. For additional information about this publication click this link. http://hdl.handle.net/2066/65589 Please be advised that this information was generated on 2021-09-24 and may be subject to change. Targeting the dosage compensation complex to the male X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster Targeting the dosage compensation complex to the male X chromosome of Drosophila melanogaster Gene Expression programme European Molecular Biology Laboratory (EMBL) Heidelberg, Germany And Department of Molecular Biology Nijmegen Centre for Molecular Life Sciences (NCMLS) Radboud University Nijmegen, The Netherlands Published by the Radboud University Nijmegen Printed by Ponsen & Looijen bv, Wageningen ISBN/EAN: 978-90-9023194-5 Cover: Artistic interpretation of a Drosophila polytene chromosome squash Targeting the dosage compensation complex to the male X chromosome in Drosophila melanogaster Een wetenschappelijke proeve op het gebied van de Natuurwetenschappen, Wiskunde en Informatica Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Radboud Universiteit Nijmegen op gezag van de rector magnificus prof. mr. S.CJ.J. Kortmann volgens besluit van het College van Decanen in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 20 juni 2008 om 10.30 uur precies door Jop Haico Kind geboren op 28 december 1978 te Lelystad Promotor: prof. dr. H.G. Stunnenberg Copromotor: dr. A. Akhtar, European Moleculair Biology Laboratory Heidelberg, Duitsland
    [Show full text]
  • O-Fucosylated Glycoproteins Form Assemblies in Close Proximity to the Nuclear Pore Complexes of Toxoplasma Gondii
    O-fucosylated glycoproteins form assemblies in close proximity to the nuclear pore complexes of Toxoplasma gondii Giulia Bandinia, John R. Hasericka,b, Edwin Motaria,b,1, Dinkorma T. Ouologuemc, Sebastian Louridod, David S. Roosc, Catherine E. Costellob, Phillips W. Robbinsa,2, and John Samuelsona,2 aDepartment of Molecular and Cell Biology, Boston University Goldman School of Dental Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; bDepartment of Biochemistry, Boston University School of Medicine, Boston, MA 02118; cDepartment of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104; and dWhitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142 Contributed by Phillips W. Robbins, August 19, 2016 (sent for review June 8, 2016; reviewed by Richard Cummings and John A. Hanover) Toxoplasma gondii is an intracellular parasite that causes dissem- (FG-Nups) and a putative Nup54 can be predicted by primary inated infections in fetuses and immunocompromised individuals. sequence homology (20). Although gene regulation is important for parasite differentiation Here we report the discovery of numerous assemblies of and pathogenesis, little is known about protein organization in O-fucosylated proteins that associate with the nuclear membrane the nucleus. Here we show that the fucose-binding Aleuria aurantia near the NPCs. These results improve our understanding of the ar- lectin (AAL) binds to numerous punctate structures in the nuclei of chitecture of the T. gondii nuclear periphery and highlight O-fuco- tachyzoites, bradyzoites, and sporozoites but not oocysts. AAL also sylation as a PTM involved in assemblies associated with the NPC. binds to Hammondia and Neospora nuclei but not to more distantly Results related apicomplexans. Analyses of the AAL-enriched fraction indi- cate that AAL binds O-linked fucose added to Ser/Thr residues pre- The Fucose-Binding Aleuria aurantia Lectin Labels the Nuclei of T.
    [Show full text]
  • Perspectives
    FOCUS ON MECHANOTRANSDUCTION PERSPECTIVES network that can promote coordinated OPINION changes in cell, cytoskeletal and nuclear struc- ture in response to mechanical distortion14 Mechanotransduction at a (FIG. 1a). (Herein, the term hard-wired refers to cytoskeletal structures that are stable enough distance: mechanically coupling the as interconnected units to resist mechanical stresses and thereby maintain shape stabil- ity, even though they undergo continuous extracellular matrix with the nucleus dynamic remodelling at the molecular level.) This model takes into account the observa- Ning Wang, Jessica D. Tytell and Donald E. Ingber tion that individual cytoskeletal filaments can bear significant tensile and compressive loads Abstract | Research in cellular mechanotransduction often focuses on how in living cells because their structural integrity extracellular physical forces are converted into chemical signals at the cell surface. is maintained for longer than the turnover However, mechanical forces that are exerted on surface-adhesion receptors, such time of individual protein monomers15–17. as integrins and cadherins, are also channelled along cytoskeletal filaments and Key to the cellular tensegrity model is concentrated at distant sites in the cytoplasm and nucleus. Here, we explore the the idea that overall cell-shape stability and long-distance force transfer are governed by molecular mechanisms by which forces might act at a distance to induce the level of isometric tension, or ‘prestress’, mechanochemical conversion in the nucleus and alter gene activities. in the cytoskeleton that is generated through the establishment of a force balance between Mechanical forces influence the growth and For example, endothelial cells sense fluid opposing structural elements (that is, micro- shape of virtually every tissue and organ in shear through a cell–cell junctional com- tubules, contractile microfilaments and our bodies.
    [Show full text]
  • New Activities of the Nuclear Pore Complexes
    cells Editorial New Activities of the Nuclear Pore Complexes Richard W. Wong 1,2,3 1 WPI-Nano Life Science Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan; [email protected] 2 Graduate School of Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan 3 Cell-Bionomics Research Unit, Institute for Frontier Science Initiative, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa 920-1192, Japan Abstract: Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) at the surface of nuclear membranes play a critical role in regulating the transport of both small molecules and macromolecules between the cell nucleus and cytoplasm via their multilayered spiderweb-like central channel. During mitosis, nuclear envelope breakdown leads to the rapid disintegration of NPCs, allowing some NPC proteins to play crucial roles in the kinetochore structure, spindle bipolarity, and centrosome homeostasis. The aberrant functioning of nucleoporins (Nups) and NPCs has been associated with autoimmune diseases, viral infections, neurological diseases, cardiomyopathies, and cancers, especially leukemia. This Special Issue highlights several new contributions to the understanding of NPC proteostasis. Keywords: nuclear pore complex; nanomedicine; liquid–liquid phase separation; biomacromolecule; HS-AFM; nucleoporin; nanoimaging The nuclear pore complex (NPC) [1–3] is a nanoscale gatekeeper with a central, se- lective, cobweb-like barrier composed mainly of nucleoporins (Nups), which comprise intrinsically disordered (non-structured) regions (IDRs) with phenylalanine–glycine (FG) motifs (FG-Nups) [4–8]. A fully assembled NPC in vertebrates contains multiple copies of approximately 30 different Nups and has an estimated molecular mass of 120 MDa [9]. Citation: Wong, R.W. New Activities Despite our knowledge of the NPC structure, the molecular mechanisms underlying of the Nuclear Pore Complexes.
    [Show full text]
  • Gene Repositioning Within the Cell Nucleus Is Not Random and Is Determined by Its Genomic Neighborhood Jost Et Al
    Gene repositioning within the cell nucleus is not random and is determined by its genomic neighborhood Jost et al. Jost et al. Epigenetics & Chromatin (2015) 8:36 DOI 10.1186/s13072-015-0025-5 Jost et al. Epigenetics & Chromatin (2015) 8:36 DOI 10.1186/s13072-015-0025-5 RESEARCH Open Access Gene repositioning within the cell nucleus is not random and is determined by its genomic neighborhood K. Laurence Jost1†, Bianca Bertulat1†, Alexander Rapp1, Alessandro Brero2, Tanja Hardt2, Petra Domaing2, Claudia Gösele2, Herbert Schulz2, Norbert Hübner2 and M. Cristina Cardoso1* Abstract Background: Heterochromatin has been reported to be a major silencing compartment during development and differentiation. Prominent heterochromatin compartments are located at the nuclear periphery and inside the nucleus (e.g., pericentric heterochromatin). Whether the position of a gene in relation to some or all heterochromatin compartments matters remains a matter of debate, which we have addressed in this study. Answering this question demanded solving the technical challenges of 3D measurements and the large-scale morphological changes accom- panying cellular differentiation. Results: Here, we investigated the proximity effects of the nuclear periphery and pericentric heterochromatin on gene expression and additionally considered the effect of neighboring genomic features on a gene’s nuclear position. Using a well-established myogenic in vitro differentiation system and a differentiation-independent heterochromatin remodeling system dependent on ectopic MeCP2 expression, we first identified genes with statistically significant expression changes by transcriptional profiling. We identified nuclear gene positions by 3D fluorescence in situ hybridization followed by 3D distance measurements toward constitutive and facultative heterochromatin domains. Single-cell-based normalization enabled us to acquire morphologically unbiased data and we finally correlated changes in gene positioning to changes in transcriptional profiles.
    [Show full text]
  • The Budding Yeast Nucleus
    Downloaded from http://cshperspectives.cshlp.org/ on October 2, 2021 - Published by Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press The Budding Yeast Nucleus Angela Taddei1,2, Heiko Schober3, and Susan M. Gasser3 1UMR 218, Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 2Institut Curie-Section de Recherche, 26 rue d’Ulm, 75231 Paris Cedex 05, France 3Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Maulbeerstrasse 66, CH-4058 Basel, Switzerland Correspondence: [email protected] The budding yeast nucleus, like those of other eukaryotic species, is highly organized with respect to both chromosomal sequences and enzymatic activities. At the nuclear periphery interactions of nuclear pores with chromatin, mRNA, and transport factors promote efficient gene expression, whereas centromeres, telomeres, and silent chromatin are clustered and anchored away from pores. Internal nuclear organization appears to be function-dependent, reflecting localized sites for tRNA transcription, rDNA transcription, ribosome assembly, and DNA repair. Recent advances have identified new proteins involved in the positioning of chromatin and have allowed testing of the functional role of higher-order chromatin organ- ization. The unequal distribution of silent information regulatory factors and histone modify- ing enzymes, which arises in part from the juxtaposition of telomeric repeats, has been shown to influence chromatin-mediated transcriptional repression. Other localization events sup- press unwanted recombination. These findings highlight the contribution budding yeast gen- etics and cytology have made to dissecting the functional role of nuclear structure. ith 16 chromosomes and a closed mitosis, or sites of DNA repair by homologous recombi- Wthe budding yeast nucleus provides an nation (Lamond and Spector 2003).
    [Show full text]
  • The Nuclear Periphery in Genome Regulation
    REVIEWS Coaching from the sidelines: the nuclear periphery in genome regulation Abigail Buchwalter1,2,3, Jeanae M. Kaneshiro1 and Martin W. Hetzer1* Abstract | The genome is packaged and organized nonrandomly within the 3D space of the nucleus to promote efficient gene expression and to faithfully maintain silencing of heterochromatin. The genome is enclosed within the nucleus by the nuclear envelope membrane, which contains a set of proteins that actively participate in chromatin organization and gene regulation. Technological advances are providing views of genome organization at unprecedented resolution and are beginning to reveal the ways that cells co-opt the structures of the nuclear periphery for nuclear organization and gene regulation. These genome regulatory roles of proteins of the nuclear periphery have important influences on development, disease and ageing. HiC Early cytological experiments determined that the cell Nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) are large multiprotein A technique used to study nucleus — the largest, most readily observed subcellular assemblies that perforate the nuclear envelope mem- genome organization by structure — contains the genetic determinants that brane and control the passage of material between the identifying chromosomal direct the development of functional tissues1. We now nucleus and cytoplasm (reviewed in REF.9). HiC analyses interactions both in cis and in trans throughout the entire know that the eukaryotic nucleus contains the major- indicate that the B compartment preferentially occupies genome. ity of the genetic information of the cell in the form of the nuclear periphery, whereas the A compartment discrete chromosomes2, which occupy distinct, non- is more centrally located within the nucleus10. As vis- Nuclear periphery randomly positioned territories within the nucleus3.
    [Show full text]
  • Structure and Nucleic Acid Binding Activity of the Nucleoporin Nup157
    Structure and nucleic acid binding activity of the nucleoporin Nup157 Hyuk-Soo Seo1,2, Bartlomiej J. Blus1, Nina Z. Jankovic, and Günter Blobel2 Laboratory of Cell Biology and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065 Contributed by Günter Blobel, September 2, 2013 (sent for review August 6, 2013) At the center of the nuclear pore complex (NPC) is a uniquely versatile three constricted rings was proposed, resulting in ∼30 nm changes central transport channel. Structural analyses of distinct segments in the diameter of the central transport channel. (“protomers”) of the three “channel” nucleoporins yielded a model Other than structurally and functionally distinguishing between for how this channel is constructed. Its principal feature is a midplane dilated and constricted forms of the nuclear pore, this model has ring that can undergo regulated diameter changes of as much as an implications for the function of a large network of nups adjacent to estimated 30 nm. To better understand how a family of “adaptor” the central channel that constitute the symmetric core of the NPC. nucleoporins—concentrically surrounding this channel—might cush- Only the channel nups “line” the channel wall, whereas the ion these huge structural changes, we determined the crystal struc- concentrically surrounding nups, linked to each other in a Rube ture of one adaptor nucleoporin, Nup157. Here, we show that a Goldberg-like network, are envisioned to accommodate and or- recombinant Saccharomyces cerevisiae Nup157 protomer, repre- chestrate the vast shape and diameter changes of the central channel. – senting two-thirds of Nup157 (residues 70 893), folds into a This involves not only conformational plasticity of individual nups, β α seven-bladed -propeller followed by an -helical domain, which but likely requires reversible disruptions of interacting sites between together form a C-shaped architecture.
    [Show full text]
  • Extrachromosomal Circular DNA: Current Knowledge and Implications for CNS Aging and Neurodegeneration
    International Journal of Molecular Sciences Review Extrachromosomal Circular DNA: Current Knowledge and Implications for CNS Aging and Neurodegeneration Quratul Ain 1, Christian Schmeer 1,2 , Diane Wengerodt 1, Otto W. Witte 1,2 and Alexandra Kretz 1,2,* 1 Hans-Berger Department of Neurology, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Thuringia, Germany; [email protected] (Q.A.); [email protected] (C.S.); [email protected] (D.W.); [email protected] (O.W.W.) 2 Jena Center for Healthy Ageing, Jena University Hospital, 07747 Jena, Thuringia, Germany * Correspondence: [email protected] Received: 2 March 2020; Accepted: 30 March 2020; Published: 2 April 2020 Abstract: Still unresolved is the question of how a lifetime accumulation of somatic gene copy number alterations impact organ functionality and aging and age-related pathologies. Such an issue appears particularly relevant in the broadly post-mitotic central nervous system (CNS), where non-replicative neurons are restricted in DNA-repair choices and are prone to accumulate DNA damage, as they remain unreplaced over a lifetime. Both DNA injuries and consecutive DNA-repair strategies are processes that can evoke extrachromosomal circular DNA species, apparently from either part of the genome. Due to their capacity to amplify gene copies and related transcripts, the individual cellular load of extrachromosomal circular DNAs will contribute to a dynamic pool of additional coding and regulatory chromatin elements. Analogous to tumor tissues, where the mosaicism of circular DNAs plays a well-characterized role in oncogene plasticity and drug resistance, we suggest involvement of the “circulome” also in the CNS.
    [Show full text]