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«THEY DID IT in SPAIN» La Transformació Del Pensament Estratègic Nord-Americà Davant La Guerra Civil Espanyola I El Perill De Penetració Feixista a L’Amèrica Llatina

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«THEY DID IT in SPAIN» La Transformació Del Pensament Estratègic Nord-Americà Davant La Guerra Civil Espanyola I El Perill De Penetració Feixista a L’Amèrica Llatina «THEY DID IT IN SPAIN» La transformació del pensament estratègic nord-americà davant la Guerra Civil Espanyola i el perill de penetració feixista a l’Amèrica Llatina Andreu Espasa de la Fuente 1 2 FACULTAT DE FILOSOFIA I LLETRES DEPARTAMENT D’HISTÒRIA MODERNA I CONTEMPORÀNIA DOCTORAT D’HISTÒRIA COMPARADA, POLÍTICA I SOCIAL Tesi doctoral presentada per Andreu Espasa de la Fuente Amb el títol «THEY DID IT IN SPAIN» La transformació del pensament estratègic nord-americà davant la Guerra Civil Espanyola i el perill de penetració feixista a l’Amèrica Llatina Director Borja de Riquer i Permanyer Barcelona, 29 de juny de 2014 3 4 AGRAÏMENTS Com bé deu saber qualsevol persona que hagi passat per un llarg procés d’investigació, és molt difícil resumir en uns pocs paràgrafs tots els deutes personals i intel!lectuals que un ha acumulat en els darrers anys. En primer lloc, he de donar les gràcies al meu tutor, Borja de Riquer i Permanyer, per tot el suport que m’ha donat en l’arriscada aposta per especialitzar- me en la història dels Estats Units i per la seva actitud comprensiva davant les inconveniències de seguir el treball d’algú que ha passat la major part d’aquests anys vivint a l’estranger. Del Departament d’Història Moderna i Contemporània de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, també n’he d’agrair els útils comentaris dels professors Francisco Morente i Javier Rodrigo en la comissió de seguiment de tesi. També estic molt agraït a la professora Aurora Bosch de la Universitat de València per la seva generositat intel!lectual i per la seva gran aportació a l’obertura de camins per a l’estudi i la difusió de la història estatunidenca al nostre país. La tesi no hauria estat possible sense la llarga estada que vaig dur a terme com a lector de llengua i cultura catalanes al Departament de Llengües i Literatures Romàniques de la Universitat de Harvard, entre el 2008 i el 2012. Aquesta gran oportunitat la dec, principalment, al professor Bradley S. Epps. A Harvard, vaig tenir la sort de poder endinsar- me en els fons de la Widener Library i també d’assistir als esplèndids seminaris organitzats pel Charles Warren Center for Studies in American History. Alguns companys i amics de Harvard em van ajudar a orientar-me en alguns dels aspectes essencials de la història i la tradició política nord-americanes. En aquest sentit, no puc deixar d’esmentar el doctor Andrew Gray, l’estudiant Mark Warren, l’activista social Keith Rosenthal, el professor emèrit del Departament d’Història, Thomas Bisson, i el professor visitant de la Universitat de Cambridge (Regne Unit), William O’Reilly. La professora del Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Ana Yáñez, i l’actual lector de català a Harvard, Eloi Grasset, han estat molt amables fent-me arribar materials bibliogràfics un cop havia abandonat Boston. L’estada a Harvard fou, en gran part, finançada per l’Institut Ramon Llull. Aprofito per agrair el tracte, la professionalitat i l’ajuda rebuda per part del director de l’àrea de Llengua i 5 Universitats, Andreu Bosch, i de la tècnica de la mateixa àrea, Nausica Solà. Abans de Harvard, la meva experiència prèvia en el món universitari fou en els Serveis Lingüístics de la Universitat de Barcelona, on des de molt jove vaig tenir el privilegi de poder aprendre de la mà de grans professionals, entre els quals he de destacar Marta Juncadella, que em va ensenyar el significat pràctic del rigor en la feina, i Jaume Palau i Conxa Planes, perquè em van fer confiança en diverses ocasions. També he d’expressar el meu agraïment a dues institucions mexicanes que em van permetre finançar una estada d’investigació durant el curs 2013-2014. Durant la tardor de 2013, vaig accedir a la Beca Teixidor de l’Instituto de Investigaciones Históricas (IIH) de la Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM). La professora Marcela Terrazas va assessorar-me durant la meva estada a la UNAM i em va donar referències bibliogràfiques molt útils. També vaig rebre uns consells molt bons del professor Martín Ríos, director de l’IIH. A partir de gener de 2014, i gràcies a una beca atorgada per la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores del govern mexicà, he continuat les meves investigacions des del Centro de Estudios Históricos (CEH) de El Colegio de México (antiga Casa de España).1 A El Colegio de México he tingut la sort de tenir com a tutora la professora Érika Pani, directora del CEH, i de poder assistir a les classes d’història econòmica de Mèxic de la professora Sandra Kuntz i d’història del petroli a l’Amèrica Llatina de la professora María Cecilia Zuleta. Als amics de la carrera i del doctorat que han seguit de prop el procés d’elaboració de la tesi, també els dec molt. En primer lloc, a Xavier Zambrano, qui em va ensenyar, entre altres coses, a allunyar-me de visions estereotipades sobre la cultura estatunidenca. A Pau Casanellas, per les llargues converses sobre política i història i per la seva gran franquesa intel!lectual. A Giaime Pala, pel seu mestratge des de la companyonia. Als companys del Col!lectiu Sentit Comú de Santa Coloma de Gramenet, especialment a Jordi S. Martínez i Sebastià Sala, per la seva saludable insistència en la importància dels interessos i dels prejudicis de classe. A Pau Subirós, per les seves originals reflexions sobre el patró-or. A Arnau Satorras i Anna Puiggrós, per ser-hi. Molts altres amics i companys m’han ajudat amb els seus ànims i consells, com ara Albert Fuentes, Alejandro García, Àngels Castells, Bru 1 En compliment de l’apartat 2.5 de las Normas Aplicables a los Becarios Extranjeros de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores, deixo constància que: «Este trabajo de investigación fue realizado con una beca de excelencia otorgada por el Gobierno de México, a través de la Secretaría de Relaciones Exteriores.» 6 Laín, David Casassas, Edgar Manjarín, Glenda Quiñonez, Jani Cabré, Jordi Marí, Lluís Camprubí, Marc Jamal, Miguel Fernández, Oriol Roca, Pablo Montes, Pedro Riera, Rubèn Ortega, Salvador López Arnal, Sandro Maccarrone, Sergio Patón i Steven Forti. També el bon amic i gran amant de la història, Bernat Nadal, a qui tots trobem tant a faltar. Com no podia ser d’altra manera, la família també hi ha tingut un paper important. L’estada a Mèxic hauria estat molt més difícil sense l’escalf de la meva família mexicana, especialment de la Salomé, la Isabel, el Francisco i l’Adriana. A la meva àvia Elisa i la meva tieta Roser, els dec les primeres lliçons d’història oral de la Guerra Civil. Al meu germà Ramon, li estic agraït per enviar-me llibres en català a través de l’Atlàntic, i a la meva germana Elsa, pels seus serveis com a bibliotecària. A la meva dona, Maye Uriostegui, per excedir-se en paciència i suport. I al meu fill, el Mateu, qui, sense adonar-se’n, m’ha donat molta empenta en el tram final de redacció definitiva de la tesi. I, finalment, a la meva mare, Maria Antònia Espasa, per la seva impagable aportació com a assessora lingüística, i al meu pare, Pere de la Fuente, que ens va deixar sobtadament fa un any i mig i a qui dedico aquesta tesi. Ell era professor de filosofia a l’Institut Terra Roja de Santa Coloma de Gramenet, ciutat on va dedicar la major part de la seva militància política i del seu activisme social i cultural. La majoria dels consells que li dec no em van arribar de manera explícita. Més aviat van anar sorgint com a efecte inevitable del seu exemple inspirador. En la mesura de les meves possibilitats, he intentat ser fidel a la seva concepció socràtica del coneixement com a font d’humilitat i al seu gust per la claredat expositiva i l’honestedat intel!lectual. 7 8 ABSTRACT When the Spanish Civil War broke out, the Roosevelt Administration imposed a “moral” arms embargo against Spain. In January 1937, the embargo was legalized. This policy is usually explained by the strength of isolationism in national politics, by the influence of Catholic voters in the New Deal coalition and by the trend towards following the British lead among senior officials from the State Department. This work aims to analyze the Spanish policy of the Roosevelt Administration in relation to the Good Neighbor Policy in Latin America and the gradual abandonment of the policy of appeasement. The repeal of the embargo did not come until April 1939, when Washington recognized the new Franco regime, but the lessons learned in Spain proved decisive in the transformation of the American strategic thought of that era. Among other things, the fear of a repetition of the Spanish tragedy in Latin America, especially in Mexico, helped to prepare the country to get involved in World War II. Key words: Spanish Civil War, World War II, New Deal, Roosevelt, appeasement. Quan va esclatar la Guerra Civil Espanyola, l’Administració Roosevelt va imposar un embargament “moral” d’armes contra Espanya. A partir del gener de 1937, l’embargament fou legalitzat. Aquesta política se sol explicar per la força de l’aïllacionisme en la vida política nacional, per la influència dels votants catòlics en la coalició New Deal i per la tendència a seguir el lideratge britànic entre els alts funcionaris del Departament d’Estat. Aquest treball pretén analitzar la política espanyola de l’Administració Roosevelt en relació amb la Política de Bon Veí a l’Amèrica Llatina i el progressiu abandonament de la política d’appeasement.
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