Salieri & Beethoven

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Salieri & Beethoven hänssler SALIERI & CLA SSIC BEETHOVEN in Dialogue DIANA TOMSCHE JOSHUA WHITENER KAI PREUßKER HEIDELBERGER SINFONIKER TIMO JOUKO HERRMANN „Der Schüler Beethoven war da!” sonaten op. 12 sowie mit der Komposition eines SALIERI & BEETHOVEN im Dialog „Der Schüler Beethoven war da!“ – diesen in Lapi- Variationszyklus‘ über ein Duettino aus Salieris darschrift geschriebenen Satz las der junge Kla- Oper Falstaff ossia Le tre burle. viervirtuose Ignaz Moscheles auf einem Zettel im Da um 1800 an der Wiener Hofoper noch im- Antonio Salieri (1750-1825) Diana Tomsche, Sopran-Solo (2, 4, 6) Haus seines Lehrers, des Wiener Hofkapellmeisters mer die italienische Sprache dominierte, stand (1) Ouvertüre zu Habsburg (1805)* . 5'33 Joshua Whitener, Tenor-Solo (2, 4, 6) Antonio Salieri. „Ein Beethoven kann noch von in Beethovens Unterricht bei Salieri zunächst Kai Preußker, Bass-Solo (2, 4, 6) einem Salieri lernen? Um wieviel mehr ich“, dachte der Umgang mit der italienischen Prosodie im Ludwig van Beethoven (1770-1827) Thomas Jakobs, Tenor-Solo (2) und Chor-Tenor (6) sich der damals vierzehnjährige Kunstjünger und Fokus. Beethovens Übungen mit Korrekturen (2) Introduktion zu Vestas Feuer (1803) .....10'23 Thomas Dorn, Chor-Tenor (6) glühende Beethoven-Verehrer.1 In der Tat lässt es Salieris haben sich ebenso erhalten wie von ihm Antonio Salieri Matthias Eschli, Chor-Bass (6) aufhorchen, dass sich der 1808 bereits weithin angefertigte Singstimmenauszüge von Nummern (3) Ouvertüre zu Cesare in Farmacusa Stefan Müller-Ruppert, Chor-Bass (6) anerkannte Genius Beethoven immer noch von aus Salieris französischem Sensationsstück Les Da- Salieri beraten ließ. Die beiden Musiker traten naïdes. In den Lehrstunden dürften neben den (1800) ...................................4'06 Heidelberger Sinfoniker vermutlich Mitte der 1790er-Jahre in persön- eher trockenen Deklamationsübungen jedoch Timo Jouko Herrmann, Leitung Ludwig van Beethoven lichen Kontakt, im März 1795 präsentierte sich auch ganz praktische musikdramaturgische und (4) Terzett op. 116 (1802/03) ................8'07 Beethoven erstmals als Solist mit einem eigenen -ästhetische Fragen erörtert worden sein. Seit *Weltersteinspielung / World premiere recording Klavierkonzert unter Salieris Leitung dem Wiener seinem Debüt als Opernkomponist im Jahr 1770 Antonio Salieri Kritische Ausgaben der Werke Salieris / Publikum. Als Virtuose und Instrumentalkompo- hatte Salieri in beinahe allen musikdramatischen (5) Ouvertüre zu L‘oracolo muto (1802)* .....4'37 Critical editions of Salieri’s works: nist war er bereits eine anerkannte Größe, doch Genres große Erfolge gefeiert. Seine Bühnenwer- (6) Finale zu La riedificazione di Gerusalemme Dr. Timo Jouko Herrmann im repräsentativen Genre der Oper hatte er noch ke in italienischer, deutscher und französischer (1805)* .................................15'34 nichts vorzuweisen. Beethoven begann damals, Sprache wurden in ganz Europa nachgespielt, Autographe Quellen / Autograph sources: den Wunsch nach einer Betätigung auf dem Feld viele davon galten an der Wende zum 19. Jahr- Gesamtspielzeit / Total time: ..............47'40 Ouvertüre zu Habsburg A-Wn: Mus.Hs.16425 des Musiktheaters mit Nachdruck zu verfolgen hundert als Repertoireklassiker. In Beethovens Ouvertüre zu Cesare in Farmacusa A-Wn: und wurde sich offenbar bald seines Nachholbe- Wiener Vokalwerken ist Salieris Einfluss deutlich Mus.Hs.16513 darfs im Bereich der Vokalmusik bewusst. Salieri spürbar, besonders in der eher an Sprachmelo- Ouvertüre zu L’oracolo muto I-Fc: F.P.T.596.3 hingegen war auf diesem Gebiet seit Jahrzehn- die und -rhythmus orientierten Singstimmenbe- Finale I zu La riedificazione di Gerusalemme ten die unangefochtene Autorität in Wien. Seine handlung, jedoch auch im Gebrauch bestimmter A-Wn: Mus.Hs.4514 Schüler unterrichtete der umgängliche und gut melodischer oder musikrhetorischer Floskeln, vernetzte Maestro stets unentgeltlich, und Beet- die mittlerweile als charakteristisch für Salieris hoven machte von der Möglichkeit kostenloser Stil angesehen werden. Deutlich tritt dies etwa Lektionen über Jahre hinweg Gebrauch. Er dankte in Beethovens Terzett op. 116 (4) zu Tage. Im für Salieris Wohltaten mit der Widmung der Violin- Mittelteil des Ensembles evoziert Beethoven 2 3 die Stimmung einer charakteristischen Ter- Ähnliches lässt sich auch über die Eröffnungssze- Gerusalemme ossia Chabri e Nehemia (6) seines Fagott und Hörnern. Die bizarre Szenerie regte zett-Konstellation aus Salieris Erfolgsoper Axur, ne der Oper Vestas Feuer (2) sagen, die Beetho- Kollegen Niccolò Zingarelli geschrieben hat. Wie Salieri zu einer weitschweifigen, bis nach Ces-Dur Re d‘Ormus, in dem der titelgebende Tyrann das ven 1803 auf ein Textbuch des Zauberflöten-Libret- in Beethovens Terzett op. 116 steht in dieser aus- reichenden Harmonik sowie zu ungewöhnlichen terzenselige Abschiedsduett eines zum Tode ver- tisten Schikaneder zu komponieren begonnen gedehnten Szene ein verzweifeltes Liebespaar, Klangrückungen an. urteilten Liebespaares zu stören sucht. Im schnel- hatte. Das Liebespaar Volivia und Sartagones wird der hebräische Prinz Chabri und seine babyloni- Im Rahmen der Beschäftigung mit Beethovens len Schlussteil lässt er außerdem ein absteigendes nach einem heimlichen Stelldichein von Volivias sche Geliebte Artalice, einem unversöhnlichen Œuvre treten in Salieris späteren Partituren auch Viertonmotiv durch die Singstimmen wandern, Vater Porus und dessen Diener Malo, der ebenfalls Bösewicht, dem diese Fremdheirat verabscheu- vermehrt Ansätze zu motivisch-thematischer 3 das sein Lehrer überaus häufig genutzt hat und ein Auge auf Volivia geworfen hat, überrascht. enden Judäer Nehemia, gegenüber. Die ganze Arbeit auf. Im Vorspiel zur allegorischen Kan- von dem Musikwissenschaftler John A. Rice als Sartagones‘ Vater war einst Porus‘ großer Wider- Szene bildet ein lebendiges Tableau, fast schon tate L’oracolo muto (5) etwa verarbeitet er die „Salieri-Wendung“ bezeichnet wurde. sacher. Gerührt von der Standhaftigkeit des Lie- ein Miniaturdrama, in dem sich Accompagna- unscheinbare Auftaktfigur der zu Beginn des bespaars beschließt dieser er jedoch, Sartagones to-Rezitative, ariose Abschnitte, Choreinwürfe Allegro-Teils „dolce scherzando“ anhebenden nicht für die Verbrechen des Vaters anzuklagen und Duett-Sequenzen effektvoll abwechseln. Solo-Oboe immer wieder aufs Neue. Das Drei- und gibt der Verbindung seinen Segen. Die im Als in sich geschlossene Einheit erscheint einzig Die Textvorlage des Terzetts stammt aus dem tonmotiv wird abgespalten und sequenziert oder Terzett op. 116 vorherrschende Schwarz-Weiß- das kurz vor dem schnellen Schlussteil stehen- 1774 entstandenen Libretto Medonte von auch von der Melodiestimme in die Bässe transfe- Zeichnung der Figuren ist hier dem Versuch einer de, gewissermaßen als retardierendes Moment Giovanni de Gamerra; sie vermochte Beethoven riert. All dies erscheint beim Hören ganz natürlich feineren Charakterisierung der Protagonisten ge- eingeschobene Gebet Artalices. Die nacheinan- kaum zu einer differenzierten Charakterisierung und entpuppt sich erst bei genauerem Hinsehen wichen. Auf dem Weg zur Komposition des Fidelio der folgenden Auftritte der Protagonisten boten der singenden Personen anzuregen. Die etwas als bewusste motivische Verarbeitung. stellt diese Szene aus Vestas Feuer einen wichtigen Salieri zu Beginn der Szene die Möglichkeit, die holzschnittartige musikalische Zeichnung der Markstein dar; im Schlussteil wird sogar das Duett Figuren musikalisch individuell einzuführen. Wie Protagonisten verweist jedoch auch auf den nur „O namenlose Freude“ vorweggenommen. Beethoven im wenig später uraufgeführten Fidelio wenig erfahrenen Vokalkomponisten, der auf den bediente Salieri hier den damals beliebten Topos Salieri hat die kompositorische Entwicklung Bee- von Salieri gerne erteilten Rat baut, bei der Opern- Auf Salieri blieb die Auseinandersetzung mit der Sotterraneo-Szene, also einer Kerker- oder thovens auch in späteren Jahren genau beobach- komposition mit eher breitem Pinsel zu gestalten seinem genialen Schüler ebenfalls nicht ohne Unterweltszene. Den Schauplatz, eine düstere tet und sich als Dirigent immer wieder verschie- als sich in zu vielen Details zu verlieren.2 Typisch Auswirkungen. Er fing an, seinen Orchestersatz Kaverne in den Bergen, wird mit einer frühroman- dener seiner Werke wie etwa der 7. Sinfonie oder für Beethoven bleibt bei alledem der sinfonisch differenzierter zu betrachten und fantasievol- tisch gedeckten Farbpalette heraufbeschworen: des Oratoriums Christus am Ölberge angenommen. durchgearbeitete Orchestersatz, auf den Salieri ler auszugestalten. Ein eindrucksvolles Beispiel Gedämpfte Streicher in tiefer Lage bilden das Bei der Uraufführung der Schlachtensinfonie Wel- selbst in seinen Werken selten allzu große Mühe hierfür ist das alternative Finale, das er für den harmonische Fundament für Soli von Klarinette, lingtons Sieg am 8. Dezember 1813 unterstütze Sa- verwendete. ersten Akt der „Azione sacra“ La riedificazione di 1 Moscheles/Aus Moscheles‘ Leben, Bd. I, S. 11 2 „Der Operncomponist sollte nach seiner Ansicht kein Miniatur-Maler seyn und sich nicht mit ängstlicher Ausführung gewisser 3 Die Rolle des Chabri war von Zingarelli 1804 als Hosenrolle für die Mezzosopranistin Maria Marcolini konzipiert worden. In Salieris Figuren und anderen contrapunktistischen Künsteleyen befassen. Er forderte des Effectes halber grosse, kühne Züge, wie diess bey alternativem Finale von 1805 ist die Rolle im Sopranschlüssel notiert. Es ist unklar, wer
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