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Anatomy of Vegetative Organs of Scutellaria Agrestis, a Medicinal Plant Cultivated by Riverine Populations of the Brazilian Amazon

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Anatomy of Vegetative Organs of Scutellaria Agrestis, a Medicinal Plant Cultivated by Riverine Populations of the Brazilian Amazon Revista Brasileira de Farmacognosia Brazilian Journal of Pharmacognosy 23(3): 386-397, May/Jun. 2013 Anatomy of vegetative organs of Scutellaria agrestis, a medicinal plant cultivated by riverine populations of the Brazilian Amazon Andréia B. de Oliveira,1 Maria S. de Mendonça,1 Renata M. S. A. Meira*,2 Article 1Laboratório de Botânica Agroflorestal, Universidade Federal do Amazonas, Brazil, 2Laboratorio de Anatomia Vegetal, Departamento de Biologia Vegetal, Centro de Received 6 Nov 2012 Ciências Biológicas, Universidade Federal de Viçosa, Brazil. Accepted 20 Mar 2013 Available online 10 May 2013 Abstract: Scutellaria agrestis A. St.-Hil. ex Benth., Lamiaceae (trevo-roxo) is cultivated for medicinal purposes by residents of the riverine communities in the State of Amazonas, Brazil. This study aimed to characterize the anatomy and to make histochemical analysis Keywords: on vegetative organs of S. agrestis. Samples of the leaf, stem and root were collected glandular trichomes from fi ve plants cultivated by the communities located in the Solimões river, Amazon. histochemistry These samples were fi xed and prepared following standard techniques for scanning hydathodes electron microscopy and for light microscopy. Histochemical tests were carried out on medicinal plant sections to detect the main classes of compounds present in the secretion. Numerous mucilage idioblast glandular trichomes are seen in both leaf and stem of S. agrestis. The leaves are amphi- trevo-roxo hypostomatics and show dorsiventral mesophyll. Hydathodes are present at the tip of the marginal teeth. Anthocyanin pigments occur into the epidermal cells of the stem, petiole, and abaxial leaf surface. The petiole is concave-convex shaped and bears collateral vascular bundles. The stem showed square-shaped, evident endoderm, collateral vascular bundles and parenchymatous pith. The root displays a typical protostelic structure. Idioblasts containing mucilage and phenolic compounds occur in the cortex. These data ISSN 0102-695X are important, as they can be useful to identify this species, contributing to the quality DOI: 10.1590/S0102-695X2013005000034 control of the medicinal plant. Introduction reported: S. agrestis, S. incarnata Vent., S. platensis Speg., S. purpurascen Sw., S. racemosa Pers. (Alonso, 1990; Lamiaceae is a large family which comprises Almeida & Albuquerque, 2002; Cassino, 2010; Harley et 252 genera and 6800 species (Judd et al., 2009) and in the al., 2010; 2013). Brazil, there are 34 genera and 498 species (Harley et al., Many species of Scutellaria (S. baiacalensis 2013).The species grow in all types of environments, at Georgi, S. amoena C. H. Wright, S. linearis Benth., S. various altitudes, displaying a cosmopolitan distribution. viscidula Bunge, S. strigillosa Hemsl, S. prostrata L., S. They are characterized by opposed or verticillate leaves, grossa Wall, S. barbata D. Don, S. hypericifolia H. Lév, S. indented or serrated margins with squared branches gallericulata L., S. discolor Wallich ex Benth., Pl. Asiat. and stem; glandular hairs with aromatic oils (including Rar., S. seleriana Loes, S. ovata Hill, among others) have terpenoids) and non-glandular, small fl owers arranged long been used in traditional medicine by people of Asia, in crests (Ribeiro et al., 1999; Souza & Lorenzi, 2008; Europe and America (Shang et al., 2010). In recent years, Judd et al., 2009). Scutellaria L. is a genus of Lamiaceae these species have been studied in the fi elds of health, comprised by almost 300 species (Paton, 1990; Pool, chemistry and phytochemistry, and their therapeutic 2006; Judd et al., 2009). This species is found mainly activities have been tested, such as spasmolytic, anti- in temperate regions and tropical mountains, including diarrhea, antifungal, antipyretic, antioxidant, anticancer, in Europe, North America and East Asia (Bruno et al., anti-HIV, antibacterial, antiviral, anti-infl ammatory, 2002), with some species reported in Central America, anticonvulsant (Ersöz et al., 2002; Chou et al., 2003; Lin Colombia, and Equador (Alonso, 1990; Pool, 2006). In the et al., 2009; Shang et al., 2010). Brazil four species are endemics: S. alborosea Lem., S. In despite of the great interest in species of leucantha Loes., S. tubifl ora Benth. and S. uliginosa A.St.- Scutellaria, we did not find any studies about plant Hil. ex Benth., however fi ve other species have also been anatomy which have been carried out in Brazilian species. 386 Anatomy of vegetative organs of Scutellaria agrestis, a medicinal plant cultivated by riverine populations of the Brazilian Amazon Andréia B. de Oliveira et al. Such studies are also rare on other continents where histochemical characterization (complementary analysis) these species occur. The literature shows only general of the vegetative organs of Scutellaria agrestis A. St.-Hill characterization, as the brief anatomical description ex Benth. of the leaves and stems of Scutellaria pinnatifida A. Hamit subsp. pichleri occurring in Iran (Hatamneia Materials and Methods et al., 2008), and a morpho-anatomical study of the vegetative and reproductive organs of Scutellaria For the anatomical study, five individual orientalis L. subsp. bicolor (Hochst.) Edmund, subsp cultivated samples of Scutellaria agrestis A. St.-Hil. santolinoides (Hausskn ex Bornm) (Ozdemir & Altan, ex Benth., Lamiaceae, were collected, from riverside 2005) and subsp. pinnatifida Edmondtson (Candan & communities of Nossa Senhora das Graças, located Çali, 2012), occurring in Turkey. The mai characteristics at Costa do Pesqueiro (3º20’S, 60º36’W), and Nossa described for Scutellaria are the presence of specialized Senhora de Nazaré, located at Costa do Paratari (3º34’S, cells that have “scutellarin” on the abaxial epidermis; 60º55’W), in flood plain areas, in the rural zone of the diferents types of glandular trichomes which can be municipality of Manacapuru/State of Amazonas, on the a large single-cell, two-cells or more than sixteen banks of the Solimões River. cells on the head and they can be penduculate or not. Voucher specimens were deposited at the These characteristics are emphatazing as important Herbarium of the National Amazon Research Institute to taxonomy and were used in identification keys to (INPA232920), and the taxonomic identity was confirmed distinguish this genus among the Lamiaceae (Metcalfe by specialist Prof. Dr. Alan Paton (Kew Gardens, & Chalk, 1957). England). Samples of the root, stem and leaf (petiole In the Brazil, Scutellaria agrestis were registrated and leaf blades, young and adult) were collected from only in the North region in the Pará, Acre and Amazonas these individual samples or populations, placed in neutral state (Harley et al., 2013). This species is cultivated and buffered formalin (NBT:buffer phosphate, formalin, 9:1 used by the indigenous Tikunas communities of Colombia, v/v), kept under vacuum in a desiccator for 48 h and then Peru and Brazil for medicinal purposes, in the treatment preserved in ethanol 70% (Kraus & Arduin, 1997). of stomach disorders and diarrhea. This traditional use, For the clearing, entire leaves were placed in alongside the increased domestication of this species over aqueous sodium hydroxide 10% for five days. The solution time, was passed on to other descendant communities was replaced every 12 h and rinsed in running water, (Alonso, 1990). Nowadays, this species, commonly followed by staining with safranin 1% in ethyl alcohol known as Purple Shamrock, is cultivated by populations 50% (Johansen, 1940). of riverside communities of the Amazon region, in From the material fixed, samples of the root were the Solimões River flood plain, and has been used as a collected (60 mm above the radicular apex), of the stem household remedy for the treatment of earache, fever, (100 mm above the stem apex) and of the leaf (fragments diarrhea, high blood pressure and other diseases specific of its base, middle area and apex, from both the leaf blade of the nosology of these communities (Cassino, 2010). and petiole), then embedded in methacrylate (Historesin, In gardens and ecological parks in the city Leica) and sectioned in a rotary microtome (RM 2155, of Manaus (State of Amazonas, Brazil), Scutellaria Leica Microsystems Inc., Deerfield, USA).The sections agrestis is either incorrectly identified (Hipytis sp.) or, (transverse and longitudinal, 6-8 μm thick) were stained more often, it is not identified at all, and is recorded with toluidine blue, pH 4.0 (O’Brien &Mccully, 1981) for only by its common name. This fact is a cause structural characterization.The slides were mounted with for concern, as it can lead health problems for the synthetic resin (Permount-Fisher). Part of the histological population that uses this plant for medicinal purposes; sections were treated with PAS (periodic acid Schiff) given that morphologically similar plants may actually staining for general polysaccharides (Maia, 1979). be different species, it is very common for the same Histochemical tests were performed, using species to receive different common names, or for same transverse sections of the leaf blade, petiole, stem, and common name to be used to denominate different plant roots from fresh samples.The remaining sections, which species (Borrás, 2003). were not stained, were photographed, to record the Considering that anatomical characteristics are original color of the analyzed tissues (white). Control important taxonomic parameters for the certification and sections were prepared simultaneously, according to the quality
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