THE REGAL S CEATTA AND S ERIES O F .

By MAJOR A. B. C REEKE.

OWARDS the middle of the fifth century th e Angles g . began to settle in the British provinces of Berni cia and , situate on the northerly part of the east coast of England. Deira extended from the Humber to the Tyne, and from the Tyne to the Tweed. In A.D. 547, Ida, an Angle chief, came to Flamborough H ead with a large contingent of his countrymen, including their wives and families, in forty ships, and proceeding to Bernicia, founded that kingdom as its first king. H e died in A.D. 559 and was succeeded successively by his six sons, during whose reigns the Britons re-conquered a considerable portion of the kingdom. lElla, another Angle chief, became king of D eira in A.D . 560 and died in A.D. 588.

JETHELFRITH, king of Bernicia, son of lEthelric and grandson of Id a, and also son-in-law of lElla, seized the kingdom of Deira in A. D. 593. H e united it to Berni cia, and after exiling H ereric, the boy king, and E adwine, the infant son of lElla, founded the kingdom of Northumbria. By his victory over the Britons at the battle of Chester, A.D . 607, he extended his kingdo m to the Dee and th us added that city to his domain. Beda says that he conquered more territories from the Britons than any other king. In A.D . 6 I 7 he F 66 Early R egal Coinage of Nortkzt1J'zbria.

was defeated and slain at th e battle on the Idl e, in Nottinghamshire, by Rsedwald, king of East Anglia, the third Bretwalda. Sim eon of Durham styles lEthelfrith," the bravest of kings."

EADWINE, the previously mentioned son of lElla, succeeded lEthelfrith in A.D. 617. He was the first Christian king of Northumbria, being baptized in A.D. 627 by Paulinus, who was afterwards created the first Archbishop of York. E adwine, after the death of Rsedwald, became the fourth Bretwalda. In A.D. 633 Penda, king of Mercia, and the champion of heathendom, in alliance with Cad walla, king of th e Strathclyde Britons, attacked and slew E adwine at th e battle of Heathfield, in the 'vV est Riding of Yorkshire. Cadw alla after­ wards ruled and ravaged Northumbria, until he was defeated and slain by

OSWALD, son of .tEthelfrith, at the battle of Denieshurna, near H exham, in A.D. 634. When Oswald succeeded to the kingdom he at once dev oted his energies to th e re-establishment of Christianity, which had been almost destroyed by Penda and Cadwalla, and to healing the wounds which th ey had inflicted upon his kingdom. H e was the fifth Bretwalda. In A. D. 642, whilst on his way to assist the East An glians against the attacks of Penda, he was defeated and slain by him at the battle of Maserfeld (Winwick), near Warrington, Lancashire.

OSWIU,

broth er of Oswald, succeeded to the kingdom in A.D. 642 . He strove to live in peace with Penda, but th e latter, in conjunction with Ethelhere, king of East Anglia, Ethelwald, son of Oswald, and Cadwallader, son of Cadwalla, with othe r British princes, att acked and ravaged Northumbria in A.D. 655. Penda was, however, defeated and slain by , at the battle of Winwzedfeld, near Leeds, together with Ethelhere and many othe r royal persons E cgfrith, A.D. 67°-685.

In the same year. Oswiu was 'the sixth Bretwalda, and he added considerably to his dominions. He died in A. D. 670, and was the first king of Northumbria to die in peace upon the throne.

No coins are known of any of the before-named kings of N orthumbria.

"­ I THE ORIGIN OF THE DISTINCTIVE NORTHUMBRIAN COINAGE.l

The numismatic history of Northumbria begins soon after the death of Oswiu, but whether with the reign of Ec gfrith, 67°-685, or of his successor Aldfrith, 685-7°5, is a question yet to be decided. Numismatic writers appear to have ge nerally accepted the reign of Ecgfrith as its comm encement, without question, upon the strength of a few very rare copper , all struck from the same dies and reading on the obvers e ECGFRID REX, which were found In the churchyard of Heworth, Durham , in A.D. 1813 . If their attribution be correct, we are confronted with the fact that none of his successors prior to lElfwald 1. , 779-788, an interval covering a period of at least one hundred years , issued any coinage other than one of silver" sceattas. lElfwald 1., however, then issued both sceattas and stycas, the latter being introduced towards the end of his reign; and after his death sceattas ceased to be issued, the stycas" becoming th e peculiar and only coinage of N orthumbria until th e death of Osbercht in A.D. 867. T his fact alone seems strong presumptive evidence that the transition from the sceatta to the styca, i.e., from a silver to a copper standard, did not comme nce until the reign of lElfwald 1., or more than a century after the

I It is probable that some of the earlier sceattas which have been found in this country, were issued in Northumbria, but as yet no distinctive charact eristics or legends have been discovered by which they can be identified. 2 The silver of these sceattas, like that of the anonymous sceattas, is more or less base. 3 The stycas are of copper, bronze, brass, or a mixed metal. F 2 68 Early Regal Coinag~ of .f\Torthumbrz'a. death of Ecgfrith. Lindsay in his Coinage of t/ze H eptarchy, in speaking of the appropriation of these stycas to Ecgfrith, says:- This appropriation, however, I must confess, has never appeared to me perfectly satisfactory; the neatness of these coins, their want of resemblance to any of the early ones of Northumberland,' and, above all, the word REX which occurs on them, but which we do not find on any of the numerous coins of Northumberland,' before the reign of Eanred, all incline me to consider these coins of a later period than that of 670, and as more likely to belong to Ecgfrid, the son of Offa, than to the Northumbrian prince of that name; as, however, I have no evidence to offer decisive of the question, and as the appropriation of these coins to Northumber­ land' has been almost universally assented to, J shall not venture to remove them from their place amongst the coins of that kingdom.

The course adopted by Lindsay will be followed in this paper, although the writer is strongly of opinion that the stycas in question were not issued by Ecgfrith of Northumbria.

ECGFRITH, son of Oswiu, succeeded to the kingdom 111 A.D. 670. By his conquests and rule he raised Northumbria to its highest pitch of power and glory. In A.D. 685 he invaded the country of the and was defeated and slain, and his army destroyed, at the battle of N echtansmere. In consequence of this great disaster the Northumbrians lost a considerable portion of their territories, and also the suzerainty of some of the adjoining kingdoms. The copper stycas attributed to Ecgfrith are all of one type: Obverse, + ECGFRID REX, surrounding a cross. Reverse, LVXX, one letter being opposite each of the four angles of a radiate cross. The reverse legend is said to be LVX, and to have a religious meaning; but the correct reading is more probably LV, an abbreviation of th e name of the moneyer, LVL or LVLLA, who was also a moneyer of Offa, king of Mercia, A.D. 757 to A.D. 796, and his successor Coenwulf; the crosses, XX, not being intended

1 " Northumberland" is here an error for" Northumbria." Ecgfrith of l/I£ercia, A.D. 785. 69 for letters, but to complete the ornamentation of the angl es of the cross. The suggestion therefore of Lindsay, that these stycas were more likely to belong to Ecgfrith, the son of Offa, than to Ecgfrith of Northumbria, should not be lightly tre ated. It is true that the coinage of stycas was peculiar to Northumbria, and its only coinage from about A.D. 788 to A. D. 867, but this is not proof that stycas were not occasionally coined in the neighbouring kingdom of Mercia. When not at war with each other there would be some trading between the border populations of the two kingdoms, and, as N orthumbria possessed no silver coinage of its own, it would be a conveni ent and profitabl e policy for the Mercians to coin stycas for use in their dealings with th e N orthumbrians. A parallel example may be quoted from the time of Stephen, when the Scotch so closely imitated the English coinage that, except for the king's name, som e of their money is identical. As evidence that in the course of trade stycas found their way across the border into Mercia, and were accepted by that county, it may be mentioned that they have been discovered at Castleton in Derbyshire.' The style of these disputed stycas also suggests a Mercian rather than a North­ umbrian origin, and that they could not have been issued earlier than the close of the eighth century. In A.D. 785, Ecgfrith, son of Offa, was "hallowed king" of Mercia, and probably acted as Viceroy of the northern or border portion of that kingdom until his father's death in A.D. 796. In coining copp er stycas, E cgfrith would not be considered as interfering with Offa's prerogative, as the standard comage of Mercia was of silver.

THE SCEATTA SERIES.

ALDFRITH, the elder brother of Ecgfrith of Northumbria, but the natural son of Oswiu, succeeded to th e kingdom in A. D. 685. H e governed his country successfully and peaceably, but within somewhat

I Vestiges of the Antiquities of D erbyshire, p. I7 I. E arl)' Regal Coinage of Northumbrz·a.

narrower limits, and died at Driffield in A. D. 705. H e is described by Beda as " a man most learn ed in Scripture," and by Eddius as " most wise." The only coins known of this king are two sceattas, both of which a re of th e sam e 'type. The coin here described is in th e British Museum, and th e other was in the cabinet of the late Mr. Jonathan Rashleigh. Obverse.-+ALoFRloI-l3 . [ALDFRIDUS.] A circle of dots enclosing a pellet. R everse.-A fantastic quadruped walking to the left. Aldfrith left two infant sons, of whom Osred, ag ed 8 years, was the elder and under the guardianship of th e Ealdorman Beorhtfrith. A powerful party, however, at once placed

EADWULF, possibly th e husband of a daughter of E cgfrith, upon the throne, which he occupied for about two months, and was then driven from th e kin gdom; whereupon Beorhtfrith declared in_favour of

OS RED I, the before-mentioned son of Aldfrith, who succeeded to the kingdom in A.D. 705. Beorhtfrith as Regent obtained a g rea t victory over the Picts in A.D. 710, wh ich con ferred a certain lustre upon Osred's reign. The young king proved to be cruel and dissipated, and in A.D. 7 I 6, Coenred, son of Cutha, a descendant of Ocga, natural son of Ida, abetted by the regular and secular clergy, led a revolt against Osred, and slew him in battle near the Mercian frontier.

COENRED asc ended the throne 111 A. D. 7I 6, and died 111 A. D. 7 I 8.

OSRIC, younger brother of Osred 1. , succeeded to th e kingdom 111 A. D. 718, and was slain in A.D. 729. E adberht, A.D. 737-758. 7I

CEOLWULF, son of Cutha and brother of Coenre d, ascended the throne in A. V. 729 . Internal disorder was so great, that in A.D. 73 I he was seized, shorn, and forced into a monaste ry, to be, however, speedily restored. H e volunta rily resigned the in A.D. 737, and became a monk at Lindisfarne.

N o coins are kn own of any of the last-nam ed five kings.

EADBERHT, son of Eata, a descendant of Ida, succeeded to the kingdom in A. D. 737. Ecgberht, Archbishop of York, was his brother. In compan y with Angu s, king of the Picts, Eadberht, in A.D. 756, captured Alclythe (D umbarton), the capital of the Strathclyde Britons. His reign was fairly prosperous, and he extended the realm to th e widest expansion that it was destined to attain, restoring it to power and importance. In A.D. 758, E adberht abdi cated the throne, and, assuming the tonsure, becam e a canon in the Metro­ politan Church of York. The coins of E adberht are sceattas and are rar e. The following are th e varieties of the types:-

1. Obverse.- ·EDTBEREhTv r. Cross within dotted circle. R everse.-Qu adru ped , walking to left, with man e and long ears, and arched and barbed ta il. Brit. Mus. 2 , Obverse.-·EDTBEREhTVr. Cross pattee, R everse.-Qu adruped , similar to the precedin g. F ig. 1. C1'eel.:e. 3. Obverse.- ·EDTBEREhTVr. Cross pattee, R everse.-Quadru ped, walk ing to right, with mane and very long ears, and arched and barbed tail ; cross pattee under arch of tail, pellet within circle of dots above and below raised left foreleg and under body. Fig. 4. Carlyou-Britton. 4. Obverse.- ·EDTBEREhTVr . Sm all tribrach, with ends pomrnee, R everse.-Quadruped , similar to th at on No. I. F ig. 3. Cariyon-Briuou, 5. Obverse,-'EDTBEREhTVr. Cross pattee. R everse,- Qu adruped, walking to right, with mane and long ears, and arched and barbed tail; circle of dots enclosing a pellet E arly R egal Coinage of lVort/zumbria.

under arch of tail, above and below raised left forel eg, an d und er body. F ig. 5. Cariyon-Brittou: 6. Obverse.- ·EDTBEREhTVr. Cross pattee. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with mane and very long ears, and arched and barbed tail ; cross under arch of tail, pellet within circle of dots above and below raised left foreleg, and four dots below body. Fi g. 6. Carlyoll-B ritto1l. 7. Obverse.- ·EDTBEREhTVr . Cross pattee. R everse.-.:....Q uadruped, walking to left, with man e and long ea rs, and arched and barb ed tail; cross pattee under arch of tail, and an arabesque below body. Fi g. 2 . Cariyou-B ritton. 8. Obverse.-·EDTBEREhTVr. Cross po mrnee on a boss. R everse.-Quadrup ed to right, with mane and short ea rs, arched tail, and left foreleg and right hindleg raised; numerous dots in the field. Brit. M us. 9. Obverse.- ·EAiJBERhTVr . Cross pattee, R everse.-Quadruped, walkin g to right, with mane and long ea rs, arched and barbed tail, and tongu e extended. Fig. 7. Creeke. 10. Obverse.-·El\iJBERhTVr. Cross pattee, R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with man e and short ears, arched and barbed tail, and tongue extended. I I. Obverse.- EDTBERhTV2. Circle of dots encl osing cross ; dot in each angle. R everse.-Quadruped to right, with mane and extra long ears, and arched and barbed tail ; arabesque below. 12. Obverse.- EDTBERETVr . retrograde. Cross. R everse.-Quadruped to right, with mane and long ears, and arched and barbed tail; cros s pattee under arch of tail, and ar abesque below body.

OSWULF, son of Eadberht, succeeded to the kingdom in A.D. 758, and was assassinated in the following year by the officers of his household at Methelwongtune (Great Whittington). This place is about seven miles from the old Roman station of Corbridge, in the valley of the Tyne, Northumberland, which had then recently become the new capital of the kingdom. No coins are known of this king. Alchred, A.D. 765-77+ 73

JETHELWALD MOLL, possibly the son of 1Ethelwald, son of Oswald, succeeded to the throne in A.D. 759. Owing to party quarrels, the state of the country became so .deplorably unsettled that in A.D. 765 a national assembly was convoked at Finchale, on the "INear, Durham, with a view to secure internal peace. In this council 1Ethelwald Moll was deposed and AIchred was proclaimed king. No coins are known of 1Ethelwald.

ALCHRED, who claimed to be a descendant of Ealric, son of Ida, succeeded to the kingdom in A.D. 765. As th e result of party faction he was deposed by the Witan and dri ven from the kingdom in A.D. 774. The coins of AIchred are sceattas and are very rare. The following are the varieties of the only types.

1. Obverse.-I\l.:CHRED. Cross. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with mane and long ears, and arched and barbed tail; below, a cross. B rit. Mus. 2. Obve1'se.-Ar-CHRED. Cross. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, without mane or ears, but with short arched tail ; below, a cross. 3. Obve1'se.-+.tfr-nH15 )D. retrograde. Cross. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with man e and long ears, and arched and barbed tail; belo w, cross. Fig. 8. Creeee. 4· Obverse.-\1iEH C RED' ross. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with mane and extra long ears, and arched tail; below, cross pornmee. Carlyon­ Britton.

JETHELRED I., son of }Ethelwald Moll, succeeded to the throne in A.D. 774. In the expectation that he would thereby strengthen his position, he caused some of the leaders of the party who had opposed his election in the Witan to be slain, and in persecuting and banishing others, he acted with such cruelty that the party in desperation 74 Ea1~I)' R egal Co i1Z ~g e of J\Tortlutl7zbria. took up arms against him and ultimately in A. D. 778 dr ove him from the kingdom. There is only a single sceatta of this king kn own. This unique coin is in th e cabinet of Lord G rantley, by whose courtesy an illustrati on of it is offered in th e Plate. It s description is:- Obverse.- EDln >ED. Cross. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with mane and long ears, and arched tail ; below, an arab esqu e. Fig. 9.

iELFWALD I.,

son of Oswulf, succeeded to th e kin gdom 111 A.D. 778. F or his justice and piety he was styled " the Just " and " the Friend of God. " In A.D. 788 he was cruelly murdered at Scythlescester, near th e Wall, by the powerful chief Sicgan. The coin s of £ lfwald 1. are sceattas and stycas. H e was the first king to coin stycas and the last to issue scea ttas. The sceattas are very rare, and the following are the vari eties of th e type:- 1. Obverse.---,-EV:liO'it3. Cross. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with man e and long ears, and arched and barbed tail; circle of dots enclosing pell et under arch of tail, and cross below body. Brit. Mus. 2 . Obverse.-+EiFVAlV. Triangle of three pellets. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to left, with mane and long ears, and arched and barbed tail. 3. Obverse.-+'itiEFOl'itV (the last four letters 1·etrograde). Cross pattee, Reverse.-Quadrup ed, walking to left, with mane and long ears, and arched and barbed tail. 4. Obverse.-·EI\LFVI\LDZ. Cross pattee ; dot in each angle. R everse.-Quadruped, walking to right, with ma ne an d long ears , and arched and barbed tail; below, cross pattee. Fig. 11. Lord Grantiey.

THE STYCA SERIES. iELFWALD I.-continued.

There is only one styca kn own of £lfwald 1. This C01l1 IS of the following type and moneyer:- /lithe/red 1., A.D. 774-796. 75

5. Obverse.-+.I\L·:=JLD\1.. Cross of five pellets. R everse.-+ EI\RDVVLF. Cross j dot in each angle. Fig. 12. Creeke.

OSRED IL, son of Alchred, succeeded to the kingdom in A. D. 788, and 111 A.D. 790 was betrayed by his ealdormen and dri ven into exile. No coins are known of this king.

JETHELRED I. was restored to the throne in A. D. 790, H e at once began a career of rev enge and savagery, causing the deposed Osred I I. to be slain , and th e two infant sons of lElfwald I. to be drowned in Windermere. His continued cruelties and deeds of blood became so odious to his subjects as to create a civil war, during which he was slain by the High Reeve Aldred at Corby in A.D. 796. l'E thelred 1. during his restoration coined stycas, of which, however, only one is known. This coin is of th e following type and moneyer :-

Ob~lerse. -+E D I L · : R E D . retrograde. Cross pattee, R everse.-+EDJr.V-t:J,l Cross. Fig. 10. Creeee.

OS BALD, a prominent chief, was proclaimed king in A. D. 796, but after a reIgn of twenty-seven days he was deposed and driven into exile. No coins are known of thi s king.

EARDWULF, son of Eardwulf, succ eeded to th e throne in A.D . 796. H e caused Alchmund, son of Alchred, to be se ized and slain. In A.D . 806 he was expelled in favour of l'E lfwald I I., but was restored 111 A.D. 808 and died in th e sam e year. The coins of Eardwulf are stycas and are somewhat rare. The following practically indicat e the va rieties of th e types:-

1 Runic f.' = L Early R egal Coinage of lVorthumbria.

1, Obverse.- + EI\RDVVLF. Cross. R everse.- +I\ENAD. Cross. 2. Obverse.- + EI\RDVVLF R. retrograde. Cross of five pellets. Reverse.-+ BI\RDVVLF. retrograde. Cross: dot in each an gle. 3: Obverse.- + EI\RDEVVF. Cross . R everse.- +COEN RED. Cross; dot in each an gle. 4. Obverse.-+EV+RDVLE. retrog rade. Star with ends pornmettee. R everse.- + EVII VO.5l V3. (the last four letters retrograde.) Circle of dots enclosing pellet. F ig. 13. 5. Obverse.- + EI\RDEVV =:J. retrograde. Cross. R e'i:1erse.- + EDEi HErftl. retrograde. Cross of five pellets. Fig. 14. 6. Obverse.- + ERDVVi F. retrograde. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. R everse.--+EDEiHVV ED. retrograde. Cross; dot in each angle. F ig. 15 . 7. Obverse.- + EV+ RDVLE. retrograde. Star with ends pomrnettee. R everse.-+ EDWV-fI. Cross. Fig. 16. 8. Obverse.- + EV+ RDVLF. retrograde. Star with ends pornmettee. R everse.- + EV1 REDL retrograde. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. F ig. J 7. 9. Obverse.- + EI\RDVL Cross pattee ; do t in each angle. R everse.-+ ERE3D. Pellet in centre. 10. Obverse.- + EI\RDVVL. Cross; dot in each angle. R everse.- + FORDRED. Circle of dots enclosing cross. 1 1. Obverse.-+ EI\RDVV REX. retrograde. Circle encl osing pellet. R everse.- + HVI\ETRED. Cross pattee, 12 . Obverse.-+ EI\RDVVLR RE. Circle enclosing pellet. R everse.- + HVLTRD. Circle enclosing pellet. 13. Obverse.- + EI\RDVVLF. Cross. Reverse.- + MONNE. Cross. 14. Obverse.- + EI\RDVVL retrograde. Cross; dot In each angle. R everse.- +ODli O. retrograde. Cross pattee. 15. Obverse.- + EV+RDVLE. retrogr ade. Star with ends pomrnettee. R everse.-+VVJ=:JRED. Cross.

Varieties of the K ing's name an d title ;-

EI\RDVV REX. EI\RDVVL EV+RDVLE. EI\RDVVLF RE. EI\RDVL EV+RDVLF. EI\RDVVLF R. EI\RDVVF. EDVI\RDVF. EI\RDVVLR RE. EI\RDVLF. EDVFDIIIIF. EI\DVVLF. EI\RDVVL. EDVVD VVF. EI\RDEVVF. EI\RDVVLF. EVVRDRVLF. EI\+RDI\LF. E a?'dwu!j; A.D. 796-808. 77

Varieties of th e Moneyers' names:- I\ENA8. EDELHELM. HVI\ETRED. BI\RDVVLF. EDEiHErftl. HVI\ETRD. BROGER. EDiHEiM. EDRHVVED. COENRED. EDEiHVVED. HVLTRD [HVAETRED?]. DI\L<1ID. EDILRED. MONNE. EI\DVINI. EDIiREVD. ODILO. EDI\I\I+<' >::1. EDWVD. ODIIO. EI\NVEI\RD. ENDVER [EI\NRED ?]. DI\DEI\N. EVIiVD5IV3. ENREDL VVLFRED. EI\RDVVLF. EREZD [HERRED ?]. .VLFRED. EI\RDEVF. FORDRED. VVJ=JRED. EVRDVLF. HERIOG [HERRED ?]. VI'I5IVED. VDNNE.

In th e B ritish M usezt11z Catalogue (S axon), vol. 1, p. 143. a styca is assigned to E ardwulf and described as obverse = HEI\RDI\Li, reverse = HERRED ; but as it has evidently been struck from reverse dies of I\LFHEI\RD and HERRED, two moneyers of E anred, it is not noticed in the foregoing lists.' It and several simil ar stycas were disco vered in the " Hexham Find " of A.D. 1832, and, as at that time no coins of Eardwulf were known, th ey were forthwith assigned to that king under the name of H eardulf. Since then, num erous stycas have been correctly assigned to E ardwulf, but on none of them is his name spelt with an H as on these specim ens; and, moreover, the nam e does not appear to have been so spelt by any of the An glo-Saxon chroniclers or historians. H as he been given the alte rnative name of H eardulf, on the strength of these misread stycas ? There are numerous blundered stycas which, owing to their type and style of workmanship, are supposed to belong to Eardwulf, but it is not th ought advisable to refer further to them, inasmuch as th eir attribution would be purely conjectural. They and other blundered stycas are, however, well worthy of study, as it is only

1 The use of two reverse dies, instead of an obverse and reverse die, is by no means infrequent in the Styca Series, and especially is this the case in the coinages of Eanred and h:thelred n. Early R egal Coinage of JVortlnt1J'zbr£a. by careful consideration and comparison of different specim ens that a satisfactory decision can be attained.

iELFWA LD 11. was raised to th e throne on th e exp ulsion of Eardwulf in A.D. 806, and held it until A.D. 808, when Eardwulf was restored. The coins .of this king are stycas and are ver y rare. They are of th e following types and moneyers :-

1. Obverse.-+ l= iEV'I1I D 1:>. retrograde. Cross. Reverse.- +EADVIVlI. retrograde. Cross. Fig. 19. Hey toood. 2 . Obverse.- + l= i I:: V'I1I D 1:>. retrograde. Cross. R everse.- +EADVIVlI. retrograde. Cross . York iVlus. 3. Obverse.-+I= LI:: V'I1I D 1:>. retrograde. Cross. R everse.-+EADVII-lI. retrog rade. Cross . Fi g. 18. Y orlo Jlfus. 4. Obverse.- + ELFV'I1 ID 1:>. retrograde. Cross. R everse.-+. .... EO. retrograde. Pellet within circle of dots. York i Jlfus. S. Obverse.-+ I=LEV'I1ID 1:>. retrograde. Cross . R everse.-+EADVIVlI. retrograde. Cross: Creeke. It will be noticed that in every instance th e legends of the above coins read retrograde.

EANRED, son of Eardwulf, succeeded to th e kingdom in A.D. 808 . Ecgberht, king of , invaded N orthumbria in A.D. 829, but E anred, recognizing that many years of political faction had so weakened the kingdom as to make it impossible for him to offer any effectual resistance, met Ecgberht at Dore, near Sheffield, and submitting to him, acknowledged his supremacy . Eanred died in A.D. 841; his long reign, however, was not owing to his virtues or talents, but to th e utter exhaustion and cons equent lethargy of his country, following up on internecine strife. The coins of E anred are stycas and very numerous, but some of the types ar e rare. Some few of his coins are of silver, of different degrees of finen ess, and appear to have been struck by ~, ~~ 62

REGAL STYCA COINAGE OF NORTHUMBRIA. PI. 11. IX. CE NTU RY.

Eanred, A.D. 808-841. 79 upwards of a dozen of his moneyers. It is sa id that their issue was due to accide nts of the melting-pot, or to the re-use of Roman silver and copper coins in it, in undue proportions of the former, and that, although intrinsically ot much grea te r value, they were issued as ordinary stycas.' The moneyers, Cunuulf, Daegbercht, E advini, H erreth, and Vilheah, judging from the number and variety of types of th e silver coins bearing their names, seem to have frequently indulged in th ese melting " accidents." Several similar coins of E anred's successor, JEthelred IL, and of the contemporary Archbish ops of York, were also struck in silver. It has not yet been suggested th at the Northumbrians, either civil or ecclesiastical, were ignorant of th e relati ve value of silver and copper. May not th ese s hav e been issued to facilitat e trading tr ansactions with th e adj oining kingd oms ? The followin g will give a ge neral idea of the various rypes i--;

1. Obverse.- + EAlt1 RED REX. Cross pat tee. R e7Jerse.-+ALDl\lEZ. Cross; do t in each angle. Fi g. 2 0 . 2 . Obv e1'se.- EAHRED REX. Cross pattee. R everse.-+I\LFHEI\RD. Cross pat tee, fR. F ig. 2 1. 3. Obverse.- + EARED R. Cross pattee , R everse.-I\LFIIEI\RD. Cross pa ttee. Fig. 22. 4. Obverse.- + EANRED REX. Cross. R everse.-+BRODR. Circle of dots enclosing pe lle t. fR. F ig. 23. 5. Obverse.- + EAlt1 RED REX. ( lt1 R in monogram. ) Circle of dots enclosing pe lle t. Re verse. -+ B RF:: ~ M R . (MR in monogram.) Cross of five pellets. 6. Obverse.- + EI\NRED R. Cross pattee , R everse.-+CVDHI\RD. Cross pa ttee, F ig. 24. 7. Obverse.- + EANRED REX.Circle enclosing pellet. R everse.-CVNVVrF (vr in monogram.) Pellet. Fig. 25. 8. Obverse.- + EANRED ERX (NR in mon ogram .) Cross of five pellets. R everse.-+C+NA'I1LF. Cross of five pellets. F ig. 26. 9. Obverse.- + EANRED REX. Circle enclosing pellet. Reverse.- + DAEGBERCT. Circle enclosing pellet. Fig. 27. 10 . Obverse.-+EI\NRED REX. Cross . R everse.-+EI\DVIN I. Cross pattee , F ig. 28.

1 T he compo nent parts of the ordinary styca contained from 60 to 70 per cent. copper, 20 to 25 zinc, 6 to r t silver, and small portions of gold, lead and tin.-Hawkins. 80 Early R egal Coinage of 1'lorthu17Zbria.

1 I. Obverse.-+EI\·.·I-I51EDE. Cross; dot in each angle. R everse.-+E7\NRED. Cross. 12. Obverse.-+EI\V1RED RE. Cross pattee. R everse.-+EORDRED. retrograde. Cross. 13. Obverse.-+EI\NRED R. Cross. R everse.-+EDILVARD. Pellet. 14. Obverse.- EI\NRED REX. retrograde. Cross. R everse.-+FOLCNOD M . Cross. Fi g. 29. 15. Obverse.- + EA'V1 RED EX. Cross pattee. R everse.-+FORDRED. Cross pattee , Fi g. 30. 16. Obverse.-+EANRED REX. Cross. R everse.-+G7\DVCEU. Cross. 17. Obverse.-+EANRED REX. Cross patte e. R everse.-+HERRED· Cross pattee. Fig. 3I. 18. Obverse.- + EANRED REX. Cross. R everse.-+HVAETRED. Cross. fR. Fig. 32. 19. Obverse.-+31\V1RED REX. Cross. R everse.-+MOVlNE. Circle encl osin g pellet. 20. Obverse.-+EI\NRED REX. Cross pattee, R eve1'se.-+ODlLO. Cross pattee, Fi g. 33. 2 1. Obverse.-+EI\NRED REX. Cross. R everse.-+TEV·EH. Cross. Fig. 34. 22. Obve1'se.-+EI\NRED REX. Cross. R everse.-+TIDVINJ. Pe llet. 23. Obverse.-+EA'NRED REX. Circle encl osing pellet. R everse.-+VILHEA'H. Circle enclosing pellet. Fi g. 35. 24. Obverse.-+EI\HRED REX. Cross pattee. R everse.-VVLFHEARD. Cross pattee, Fig. 36. 25. Obverse.-+EANHED HEX . Circle enclosing pellet. R everse.-+VVLFHEI\RD. Cross. 26. Obverse.-+EANHED HEX. Cross. R everse.-VVLFEHRRD. Cros s. Fi g. 37. 27. Obverse.- + EANRED REX. Cross enclosing pellet. R ev f. rse.-+VVLFEHRRD. Cross. 28. Obvers e.-+EANHED HEX. Cross. R everse.-I\I\LFEHRRD. Cross. 29. Obverse.- + X3I\NRED RE. Cross pattee , R everse.-+VVLFRED. Cross. 30. Obverse.- + EANRED RCX. Cross. R everse.-+PIHTRED. Cross. 31. Obverse.- + EI\NRED RCX. Cross. R everse.-+DINTRED. Cross. Eaured, A.D. 808-841. 81

Varieties of the King's name and title :--

EANRED REX. EANREP REX. EI\NI\+ED I\EX. E:ZU1RED REX. EANREP RCX. EI\NI\+ED I\EX. E7'\NRED REX. EI\NREP REX. EI\NED I\EX. EANREo REX. I'I\NREP REX. I\EREND I\IX. EI\NRED REX. I'l\nREP REX. EANRED RE. EI\lt1RED REX. EANREP hEX. EI\NRED RE. 31\NRED REX. EI\NRFP RCX. EI\NREO RE. 31\lt1RED REX. EVNRFP REX. EAlt1REO RE. 31\lt151ED REX. EANHED ClEX. EAlt1RED RE. 31\NRED 51EX. EI\IIRED REV. EAlt1RED RE. 31\NRED RCX. EI\NRE+D REX. 31\lt15130 513. 31\lt1513D 51=IX. 3lt1V REX. EI\lt1REO RE. EANRED RCX. 3NV REV. 31\NRED RE. EANRI=D RCX. 3HV REX. EAlt15130 513. EI\NRED RCX. CNRED REX. EAlt1513::1 51::1. EVNRED REX. 30351lt1A 513X. EANREO RE. EVN5IED REX. 8AN8VII IIEX. EAnRED RE. EVlt1RED REX. EANRED HEX. EI\NRE RE. EVlt1IDED REX. EI\lt1RED HEX. EAHRED RE. EAlt1RED RFX. EI\NHED HEX. EI\NI\+ED I\E. ENDRED 51 EX. EI\Nlt1ED IIEX. EANRED RE. EI\NRED RFX. EANHED HEX. ENRED RE. EDNRED REX. EANHED IIEX. 3VRED R3. EDNRI=D REX. EI\NHED IIEX. EAREP RE. ENRED REX. CI\NRED HEX. EAIREb RE. EANRD REX. ERDERN I\EX. =I1\lt15130 51=I. EAlt1RD REX. FANRED REX. EANRED RX. EI\lt1RD REX. FI\lt1RED REX. EI\NRED RX. EI\VRED REX. FI\NRFD RFX. CI\NRED RX EI\NRE REX. EANRED REX. I=Alt1 ~X. EANRED ERX. EANRED REX. E 'v' lt1~ED x Cl. I=NRED RFX. EI\NRED REX. EANRED R. BANEDR REX. EANRED RAX. EI\NRED R. I'I\NRFD RCX. EAN5IED RAX. EAlt1RED R. EAHRED REX. EI\NI\ED REX. EI\NREO R. ::II\NRED REX. EARNE REX. EANRED R. EI\NIIED UEX. EARNE REX. EI\ ++NRED R. E'v'I~Eb ~EX . EI\RNED REX. EI\V1RED R. 'v'1~Eb ~EX. EARNED REX. EI\NRED n. LI\NRED REX. EI\NRED 7'\EX. EI\Nn JI\. rANRED REX. EI\NI\ED I\EX. E'v' NRED ~. E ad y R eg al Coi1lage of lVort/Wlll bria.

EVNiS"ED is". EALtlRED EX. EI\NREo. EVLtlRED tj. EDI\NRED EX. EVLtlREo. EVNRED R. ERANRED EX. EI\LtlnFD. EVLtliS"ED tj. ERI\NRED EX. EI\LtlRFO. EVLtlRED R. EI\RNED X. EVLtliS"E~. CI\NRED R. EANR X. EOLtlEOE. rVLtliS"ED a EI\I'RED X. EI\NREJ. EANED R. I\EiS"D351 LtlX. EI\NREo. EAHRED R. EI\NRED. EI\NRE L. EI\HRED R. E7\LtlR ED. EnDENI . EVHRED R. EALtlR ED. EVNiS"EDO. EARED R. EVNRED. 1:~ I--I R E D 1 . EI\Ltl5lED E. EAN5IE-D. EDFEI\NI\. 31\Ltl5l30 3. EANREb. EALtl5lM. ERALtlR ED E. EAH~E-D . I\ERENI\I.

Vari eties of th e Moneyer s' names :-

ADV LFERE. CVAV LF. AELSER. CVA VLF. ALDAT ES. CVI\VLF. ALDl\lE2. CVVVLF. 7\LDl\lE2. CV VN'V=Jl. ALFHEARD. CVVN'VEF. I\LFHEARD. :JVVN'V=!l. I\LFHEI\RD. crF'VNVV. I\LFIlE7\RD. C'VNVVLF. I\LFH3 ARD. C'VLtlVV LF. BRO-D ER. C'VNv vrF. BRODER. C'VNAVLF. BRODR. C'VNVI\LF. BROER. C'VNVVLF. BtjOVl>MR [Runic l>M = THE ]. C'VLtlVVLF. BRJ:::l>MR [Run ic J:::l>M = OTHEJ. C'VNVVLF. COENRED. C'VLtlVALF. CVDHARD. C'VNAVLE. CVDH7\RD. C'VNVVF. CVDHI\RD. C'VNVVL. CVNVVLF. C'VNv rF. CNVVV LF. C'VVVLtlF. C+NAVLF C'VVVLtlrF. C+LtlAVLF. C'VVV-fF. C+NAVLF. c 'VvvrF. Ea1'tred, A.D. 808-841.

C\lIA'o'NLF. 6AR'o'INI. C\lI'o''o'NrF. ENIVDAEI. C\lI'o''o'V1rF. EARAINI. C\lIAVNLF. INI6AD'o'. C\lI'o'VNrF. INI6AD'o'. E'VNVALF. INI6ADV. E\lINVVLF. EADVVLF. E\lIVVNrF. EODVVLF. EVNVALF. EANRED. EVVVNrF. EANRED. DAEGBERHT. E7\NRED. DAEGBERCT. . EANRED. DAEGBFRCT. EAHNRED. DAEGBERCT. EAHRED. DAEXBERC [Runic X = G]. EAHRED. DAEXBERCT. EAH51ED. bAEXBERC [b= DT in monogram]. E7\IIRED. bAEXBERL AVlRED. DAECBFRCT. AHRED. DVEGBERCT. EARDVVLF. EADVINI. EARDVVII. EADVINI. EVRVVLF. EADVIVlI. EVIS'DAAr!::. EAD+VINI. EVIS'DAAIL EADV1NI. EANRDVVLF. EADVJNI. EAIS'AAr!::. EADYINI. EDILVARD. EADVIHI. EDILVEVD. EADVVlI. EDELPAR [P = W]. 6ADVINI. EORDRED. 6AD'o'INI. EORDRDE. 6ADVINI. EORDROE. 6AD'o'+INI. EORDRDAE. 6AD'o'+INI. EORDRE. 6ADV+INI. E05105130. 6ADAINI. ERDROE. ·6 ADAINJ. ERDRED. 9ADANI. ERD513D. 9ADVNJ. 35105130. 9AnVNI. :JIS'DC:l3D. 6ADVNI. . ORDRED. 6AD'o'INI. ERPINNE [ P = W].

G 2 E arly R egal Coinag-e of 1'/orth7t1lZb~'ia.

EDENOD. HVAETRED. FOLCNOD M [ M = MONETARIUSJ. HVAETRCD. FVLD10D M. HVNLAF ? FOLCNO. LEOFDEGN ? FVLhlOI> [Runic I> = TH]. MONNE. FVLhOI>. MOltlNE. FVLCNOD. MONltlE . FVLDNOD. MOltlltlE. FVLNOD. ODILO. FVLNOI>. ODILO MON. [MON = MONE- CVLCNOD. TARIU·S]. FORDRED. ODILO MO. FORDRE. ODIJO. FORORED. TEVEH . rORDRED. DADluILS. [D = THJ. GADVGELS. DAIDIGILS. GADVGEU. DAIDluIlS. uADVGELS. DAIDluIlS. uADVGE2. BADIGILS. uAO VGE2. TIDV INI. uAD VGE2. TIDIVNI. u7\DVGEI2. TIDVNI. u7\OGEI2. VILHEAH. uAO V:5EI2. VILHEAH. uAO VGEI2. VILHEAH. uAO:5EIS. VVLFHEARD. b7\V:5EIS. VVLFHEARD. b7\IDIVIIS. VVLFHEARD. cJAID .. 112. VVLI:HEARD. uAVTE .12. VVLFHEARO. HENDILBER [::::: VENDELBERHT ?] VVLFHEA~. HERRED. VVLFEHRRD. HERRED. VVLI:HERRD. HERREP. VVLVHERRD. H~RRED. AALFEHRRD. HERREDA . AA1FEHRRD. HERREDX. AArI:HEVRD. HEIIIIED. VVLFRED. HEAREDI. VVL~RED . HERRD. PINTRED [ P = WJ. HIRRED. PINTRMlXI [Runic MOO = EO]. HRRED. PIN1'RM lXI. .Altk e/red 1"1., A.D. 841-849' 85

PI1..'!'RMIXI [Runic 1.. = N]' DIHTRED. PIHTRED [H = N]. DII=ITRR. PII=ITRR. VIHTRED [V = wj DIHTRD [the first D = W]'

Although the compilers of the British J1!itSeu 11Z Cata/og-Ite very prope rly include the nam e of Alfheard in th eir list of Eanred's mon eyers, yet they ap propriate th e coins bearing his name to H eardulf, reading them HEI\RD+I\LF and HEI\RDI\LF. The coins struck by Alfheard are of th e following varieties :- + ALFHEARD, +I\LFHEI\RD, and I\LFHEI\RD. It will be observe d that the first two have th e initial cross prece ding the name, and that the last is without it. This cross almost invariably marks the beginning of the legend of th e coins of this series, and is adopted as such, unless it is palpably an error; but it has never yet been contended that th e legends of coins wanting the cross, though identical in every othe r respect with th ose possessing it, and showing no signs of blunder or mistake, may be re-arranged and turn ed into othe r names. If such a principle of reading were adopted, the list s of kings and their moneyers would be considerably increased, and man y unheard of names invented, their number being dependent upon th e ingenuity of the reader. A somewhat similar transfer in favour of H eardulf and Earduulf has bee n made in the same authority, of some of the coins stru ck by the moneyer VVLFHEARD, so th at all coins which have not the initial cross before his nam e are g iven in part to Heardulf, and in other part to Earduulf, and VVLFHEARD · is allowed to retain those bearing an identical name which hav e the initi al cross. The coins thus erroneously tran sferred to H eardulf read VVLFHEARD, and those similarly transferred to Earduulf read VVLFEHRRD and I\I\LFEHRRD, but in the Brit£sh lVIuseu11Z Catalogue they are transformed into HEARDVVLF and into EHRRDVVLF and EHRRDI\I\LF resp ectively. In th ese instances, however, the initial cross is respected.

IET HELRED 11., son of Eanred, succeeded to the kingdom 111 A. D. 84 I. He was 86 Early R egal Coinage of N ortkzt1Jzbria.

expelled 111 A.D. 844 in favour of Redulf, but restored after the death of Redulf in the same year. lEthelred died in A.D. 849. The coins of lEthelred are stye as and are very numerous. Some of the types, however, are both artistic and rare. The following will g ive a ge neral idea of the various types:-

r. Obverse.-+AEDILRE Rx. Cross. R everse.-+ALDHERE. Cross. Fig. 38. 2. Obverse.- + AEDILRED Rx. Cross. R everse.-+A l.J GHERE. Cross. 3. Obverse.- + EDI LRED RCX. retrograde. Cross. R everse.-+I\EDILR ED. retrograde. Cros s. 4. Obverse.-+ EDI LRED REX. Cross. R everse.-+BROG-E R. Cross. Fig. 39. 5. Obverse.-+ AEDILRED. Square compartment with pellet at each corner, upon a cross pornmee. This type has not previously been recorded. Reverse.- + CEOLBALD. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. .4( . Fig. 40. Creeke. 6. Obverse.-+EDII RED REX. Cross. R everse.-+COEV1 RED. retrograde. Cross of five pellets. Fig. 41, 7. Obverse.- + EDlrRED REX. Cross. R everse.- + :IVDEHV5ID. (VD and V5I ill monogram.) Cross. 8. Obverse.-+EDIII:)ED REX. Cross. R everse.- +CVV1 EMV'k D. Cross. Fig. 42. 9. Obverse.-EDI LRED EX. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. Reverse.- +EI\DVIV11. Cross. Fig. 43. 10. Obverse.- EDIIRED REX. Cross pattee, dot in third quarter. R everse.-+E7\V1 RED·:: Circle of dots enclosing pellet. I r. Obverse.-+ AEDILRED. Circle enclosing pellet. R everse.- + EAV1 8ALD. Circle enclosing pellet. 12. Obverse.-+EDILRED RE. Circle enclosing pellet. R everse.- + EJ\RDVVLF. Circle of dots enclosing cross of five pellets. Fi g. 44. 13. Obverse.-+ EDLRED RE. Circle of dots enclosing pell et. R everse.-+EOLVEI\D. Cross. 14. Obverse.-+EDILR ED RE. retrograde. Cross of five pellets. R everse.- + EDEr HEI+L Cross. IS. Obverse.-+ EDILREDD REX. Cros s pattee. R everse.- +313 HOcJH . Cross pattee. 16. Obverse.- + EDELRFD REX. Circle of dots enclo sing pellet. R everse.-+ERPIHNE. Cross of eight pellets. F ig. 45 . /lithe/red 1I., A.D. 841-849. 87

17. Obllerse.- + EDIrRED REX. Cross; do t in each angle. Reverse.- + FORDRED. Cro ss. F ig. 46. 18. Obverse.- + EDILRE R. retrograde. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. R everse.- + HERRED. retrograde. Cr oss. 19. Obverse.- + EDIr RED X. Cross ; dot in each angle. R everse.-+INRED. retrograde. Cross; dot in each angle. 2 0 . Obverse.- + EDELRED REX. Circle enclosing large JI.. R everse.- + LEOFDEl V1. Ornamental curved cross with curved an gles; pellet in centre. Fig. 47. 2 1. Obverse.- + EDELRED REX. Circle enclosing large ornamented 1'. R everse.-+ LEOFDElV1. Circle enclosing cross pattee, Fig. 48. 2 2 . Obverse.- + EDli RED REX. Circle of six dots enclosing pellet. Reverse . -+ i E O F D E 5 ~ . Circle of five dots enclosing pellet. 2 3. Obverse.-+EDl LRED REX. Circle of dots enclosing cross. R everse .- LEOF } D~GI A n an imal prancing to right, head to left.

24. Obverse.- + AEoELREo REX. Circle enclosing cross pattee, with four rays proceeding from it. Reverse.- + LEOFDElV1 . Doub le circle en clos ing pellet. Fig. 49. 25. Obverse.- + EDELRED REX. Cross potent. R eve1'se.- M0V1 NE. Cross of five pellets . Fi g. 50. 26. Obverse.-+EDI LDE. Cross, do ts in an gles. R everse.-+OLDI\V1. Circle enclosing pellet. 27. Obverse.-+EDILRED REX. Cross. R everse.- +ODI LO. retrograde. Cross. 28. Obverse.- + ED3J D RE. Cross. R everse.- +TIDVVLF. Circle enclosing cross. m. 29. ObiJerse.- 30 1J5I 30 513 . retrograde. Cross. Reverse.-+VENDELBERH. Cross. Fig. 5I. 30. Obverse.- + EDILRED REX. Cross. R everse.- +VIHTRED. Cross. 31. Obverse.- + EDILRED RE. Circl e encl osin g cross. R everse.- +VVLFRED. Circle encl osin g pellet. Fig. 52. 32. Obverse.-+ EDLlRED RE. Cross of five pellets. R everse.-+l\l\ i F2IC. Cross. 33. Obverse.-+EG- FLRED REX. Cross. Reverse -+PIHTRED. Double circle, outer of dots, enclosing pell et Fi g. 53. 34. Obverse.- + EDILRED REX. Circle of six dots enclosing pellet. R everse.-+DI HTRD. Cross. Fig. 54. 88 E arly R egal Coi1lag e of JVorthul/lbria.

Varieties of th e K ing 's nam e and titl e :-

EG-ILRED REX. EDRED REX tr . EG-FLRED RC. EG-ILI5ED I5EX. EAFLRED REX. EDFrRET RT. El>lrRED REX. AEDELRED REX. EDILI5ED 15E. EG-rIREP REX. AEoELREo REX. EDELRED RE. EDlLRED REX. AEoELREo REX. EDFLRED RE. EDILRED 51EX. AEoELRED REX. AEDILRED RE. EDlrRED REX. I\EDELRED REX. v s o m RE. EDILRED REX. I\DELRI'D REX. EDELRED R. EDILREDD REX. AEDILRED REX. EDILRED R. EDIIREII REX. AEDILRE REX. EDlrl5ED 15. EDlLRED RCX. EDILRED RE. EDILRE R. EDILRED DEX. EDlrRED RE. 30JCl30 Cl. EDlLRED lEX. EOILRED RE. EDILRED r N R. EDIIRED REX. EDILREDD RE. EDFLRED R. EDIRED REX. EDIJRED RE. AEDILRED R. CDlrRI'D REX. EDLlI5ED 15 E. AEDILRER. CDlTRED REX. EDlrClED I5E. 1\30IJR30 51. ELDED REX. EDrl5ED 15E. AEILRED R. EDLlD REX. CDlrRED RE. 7\EILRED R. EG-ELRED REX. EDLlRED RE. AEIILRED JR. H)ELRED REX. EDILRED ER. EG-ELRED Rx. EG-ErRED REX. EDILRED RI. EG-I=LRED Rx . EG-E!'RED REX. ED3JD RE. EDILRED Rx. EG-ErREP RrX. EDLRED RE. AEDILRED Rx. EG-I=LRED REX. EDURED RE. AEDILRE Rx . EG-FLRED REX. EILRED RE. AEILRED RX. EG-FLREP REX. EILRED ClE. EDILRED E. EG-ERED REX. 31LRED R3. EDlrl5ED E. EDELRED REX. EILRED RI::. EDILD E. EDELRD REX. EDLlRER RF. E7\DEILRD E. EDErRED REX. EDI+LR-JO lE. EDREILRD E. EDELRED RCX. ERILRED RE. AEDILRED E. EDELREG- REX. 3J5I30 51=! . EDErRE El. EDELRFD REX. I'lrREG- RI'. EDILRED X. EDI=LRED RFX. Ir REG- RE. EDII'RED X. EDFLREP REX. ILREG- RE. EDIlI5ED X. EDFLRED REX. EDED 15E. EDlrClED X. EDFLREG- REX. EG-ELRED RE. 3D I3D3D X. EDERED RCX. EDELREP Rr. EDIIRED X. EDERED REX. EDFLRED RE. EDII5IED X. ./lithe/red 11., .A. D. 841 -849.

EDII51EVD X. 7\EDILRED. I:: G- IICl EI\D. FDIIREVD X. 7\EDILRED. EoIJOED. EPILRI=P X. ED3U,ED. El\lrRED. EBILRED X. EDILRED. !'DILRED. EBLlRED X. EDIIRED. EDIERED. EG-FLRED X. EDIII:)ED. EDELRT. AEDILRED X. EDLRED. EDLlEDRLlL EDILRED EX. EDIII:)EI\D. FlrClII .. DJ. FDIIRED EX.

Varieties of th e Moneyers' names :--

I\EDILRED. :IVD3HV51D. I\EDlrI:)ED. CVNEHARD. I\EILREDI\. CVVlEMVVlD. 7\EILREDR. CVVlEMV+D. ALDI\TES. CVVlFMV+D. 7\LDHERE. CVVlFMVVlD. 7\LJDHERE. CVVlEMVI'D. 7\LJDHERE. CVVlEVlVI'D. 7\LDHERI. CI\ Vl IMI\ID. 7\LJGHERE. CI\VlIVIIVlD. 7\LJGHERE. CI\VlII\II\ ID. 7\LJCHERE. cnIVVVlD. 7\LJCHERE. osmro. 7\LEJHERE. DFF~ . 7\LLJHERE. DI::E~. 7\LGHERE. EI\D IVllVlD [=EADMVND ?J. 7\LCHERE. 3I\DNVV. 7\ILJHERE. EI\DVINI. ANFASIG. EI\DVIVlI. BARDVVLF. EI\DVIN. BROG-ER. EI\DVIVI. BRODER. 3I\DVIN. BRODFR. EVDVINI. VBRODER. EVDI\IVlI. CEOLBALD. EI\DVI. CEOLBALD. EJ\FDVVLF. CEOLBALD. EAN8ALD. CEOLBAED. EANRED. COENRED. E7\NRED. COEVlRED. E7\Vl RED. CVDHEARD. EANRED. 90 E arfJ' R eg-al COz"1lag e of llortlmmbria.

E/\LIIRED. EVRDAALF. EANRED. EARDVVLDE. E7\IIRED. EA~VV r E. E}i."NRE. ERADVVLDE. E7\V1 REDE. EARDALF. E7\V1R EDI. LVRDVV LF. E}i."NREDI. EDELHErM. E7\V1 RED1 . EDErHVftI. EAVlREDO. EDErHEftI. EVN ~EDO . ED E LHI::I~ [ = EDELHERE ?J. E7\NREDR. EDLVEAD [ = EDEL VEARD ]. EANREDR . EOLVEAR. E7\V1RED1'. 3ILVA510. EAVlRED-1, EDELOR. F7\V1RED. EDRED. ::I7\NRED. 31 3HOJH. EAIIREX . EORDRED. I::7\NRED. EORDREO. E7\NREX. 30510 5130 . }i."NRED. EORDRE[}. 7\V1 RED. EORDRED. 7\NRED. EORDRFD. ANRAD. CORDRED. EANVI\l [=EANVVLF ?]. EORIRDED. ENV VLF. ORDREO. EAAAALE. 0 51D51 ED. EJ VVlDVV [ = EANVALD ?]. O RD ~EO. EARDVVLF. LORDRED. EARD VVLF. ERPINNE [ P :::::: W]. EARDAALF. ERPIHNE. 3A5lDVVJ =J . E'VRNVVLF ['IV ;::::; A]. EARDVVLE. EVDRTEC7\. EARDAALI. EVDRTEDI\. EV~DAArl::. FORDRED. EARDVF. FORDRER. EARDVJ. I::ORDRED. EARDVV. lJADV lE2. EA~DVVLE. HERRED. 3 A~DAA3. H3 RRD. EI\5ID VV =J . HIGHERE. EARD VVF. HVNL7\F. EVRDVVLF. HNIFVLA. /Ethe/red 11., A. D. 84 1- 849. 9 1

HNlrVE. LOFD EGCLt1 . IEDIII5ED [ = JEDILRED ?] /11 EOFDE=JLt1 . IEDII ·ED. ELEOFDE5Lt1 . INRED. LEOCD ECNX. ILt1RED. LEOGDElNX. LEOFDEGLt1 . LEE .. .lN. LEOFDElN. LE OFoE5V1. LEOFDElLt1. L EOFoE5Lt1X . LEOFDE5Lt1 . LEOFoE5NX. LEOFDEGLt1 . MONNE. LEOI::DE5Lt1. MO Lt1NE. LEOFDEXN. M OLt1V1E. LEOFDElLt1 X. M ONLt1E. LEOFDEDElN. VI\NDLEBEI\RHT. Early R eg'al Coitzag-e 0./ lVorthumbria.

VVLFRED. PINTRD. VVL=IRED. PIRTNDE. VVLFRFD. PIRTNRD. VVLFIIED. DILtlTRED [ F irst 0 = W]. VVLEIIED. DIHTRED. VVLERED. DIRTNID. I\l\rf::i:)30. DINTRED. VVLEPED. DILtlIUI30. VVLFSIC. DIILtlIO. V\1LF3IC. DIHTRR. VVIF3IC. D1HTRD. I\l\rF3IC. DIRINDE. I\l\rF3ll. DIWlUIED. I\I\IF2IC. DIRNED. I\nlE21C [Runic 1jn = U], DIRTNRD. PERINB- [ p = W]. VINTRED [V = W]. Uncertain. VILtlIf'RED. I'I\DEVVE. VIHTRED. ELDFI\I\. VIHIf'RED. EN\1EX. PINTRED [P = W]. EV-DEI\I\. PILtlTRED. IEI\I\RE. PIHTRED. IEVVBE.

REDULF ascended th e th rone on the expulsion of .iE thelred I I. in A.D. 844, and was slain by th e Danes in the sam e year. The coins of Redulf are stycas and are scarce. The following will give a general idea of the types :-

I. Obverse.- + REDVLF RX. Cross. Reverse.-+~LGHERE. Cross. 2. Obverse.- + REDVLF RE. Cross. R everse.- + BROGER. Cross. Fig. 55 . 3. Obverse.- + REDVVLF REX. Circle of dots encl osing pellet. R everse.- +COENRED. Cross. . 4. Obverse.- +REDVLF REX. Cross. R everse.-+CVDBEREhT. Cros s. 5. Obverse.- -+ REDVLF REX. Cross. Reverse.- + E7i: Ltl RED·.· Cross of five pellets . Fig. 56. R edztlj, A. D. 844. 93

6. Obverse . -+ ~ E D V !: ~E. Cross ; dot in each angle. Reverse.-+ E V ~ D V V L. retrograde. Cross pornrnee, 7. Obverse.- + REDVLF RE. Cross an d three dots. R t!verse.- + EOR·DRED. Cross of five pellets. 8. Obverse.- + REDVLF RE. Cross. R ever se.- + FOR·DRED. Cross of five pellets. 9. Obverse.- +REDVVLF REX. Cross pattee, R everse.- + HVAETNDD. Cross pattee, F ig. 57. 10. Obverse.- + REDVLF RE. Cross. R everse.- + HVNL[AF]' Circle of dots enclosing pellet. II . Obverse.- + REDVLF REX. Cross pat tee, R everse.- + MOV1 NE. Pell et. Fig. 58. 12. Obverse.- + REDVLF RE. Cross, dot in each angle. R everse.- +ODILO. Cross. Fi g. 59. 13.Obverse.- + HEDVVLF REX. Cross pattee, R everse.- +VEV1 DEr BER·H. Cross pattee, F ig. 60. 14. Obverse.- + REDVLF RE. Circle enclosing cross. R everse.- +VVLFRED. Cross.

Varieties of th e K ing's name and title:-

REDVVLF REX. REDVLF RE. REDVLE RF. REDVLF REX. REDVrF RE. REOVLF RE. REDvrF REX. REDVL RE. REDVLF RX. REDVLI' REX. REDVLE RE. REDVLE E. HEDVVLF REX. REDVF RE. REDVV::l. REDVVLF RE. ~ E DV !: ~E.

Varieties of the Moneyers' names:-

7\LGHERE. CV08EREhG. EORDRER. 7\LlHERE. CI\D8EREHl.. FORDRED. I\LlH~RE. CVN'V .. . HERREf). BROGER. EANRED. HVAETNOD. BRODER. EI\NRED. HVACTNVD. COENRED. E7\V1RED. HVA ETNDD. COENCD. EI\ V1RED. HVI\ ETNDD. COENED. FI\V1 RED. HVAETNODD. COFNED. EI\RDI\I\F. HVAETV1 0 DD. EOENRE. EVI5DVVL. HVAETV1 0 D. CV I> BEREhG [I>= TH]' EORDRED. OAETNRD. CVDBEREhG. EORDRE. HVNLAF. 94 E ar!y R eg-a! COz"1tag-e 0./ lV orthltm br ia.

MONNE. WONN3. VELtlDEiBERff. MOLtlNE. WONNE. VENDEiBERH. MONLtlE. MOIVVIE. VELtlDEiBERH. MONHE. OD/LO. VVLFRED. MOLtlLtl3. VENDELBERHT. PINTRED , MOLtlN3. VENDEiBERHT.

OSBERCHT

succeed ed to the throne on th e death of .lEthelred I I. in A. D. 849. A portion of his subjects rebelled in A.D. 867 and set up a rival king, .lElla. The two kings at once united th eir forc es to attack the Danes, who had taken possession of York, but were both slain by them with the g reater part of their forces in the same year. With th e defeat and death of Osbercht th e dynasty of Northumbria ended, for th e kingdom became th e centre of the Dani sh power in England, and th e silver entirely superseded the styca series which had been so distinctive of its nationality. The coins of Osbercht are stycas and are scarce. No coins of .JElla are known, and, as just mentioned, no stycas appear to have been issued 111 Northumbria after the death of Osbercht. The following will gIve a general idea of th e types of Osbercht's coins, which are of a very rough and blundered description.

r. Obverse.-02BEIS'"CH ECX. Cross. R everse.-+BVLtll\il::. retrograde. Cross. Fi g. 6 r. 2. Obverse.-02BEIS'"CH.L IS'" EX. Cross ; dot in each angle. R everse.-EANREDRE. Pellet. 3. Obverse.- 0 2BERCH.L EX. Cross. R everse.-+EVLtll\iE. Pellet. F ig. 62. 4. Obverse.-·.'OSBERH".'. Pellet. R everse.-+EARDVVLF. Cross. 5. Obverse.-OSBEIS'"H·,· B. retrograde. Pellet. Reverse.-+EDEiHEifH. Circle enclosing pellet. Fig. 63. 6. Obverse.-'.·BOSBEIS'"H, retrograde. Pell et and two dots. R everse.-+EDV.LtIY. retrograde. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. Fig. 64. Osbercht, A.D. 849- 867. 95

7· Obve rse. -O SB E ~H : B. retrog rade. Circle of dots enclo sing pellet. R everse.-+EDV·LHV. retrograde. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. 8. Obverse.- 0 3BIS" CH.L IS"::IX. Star of eight rays. R everse.-+W0l-1N3. retrograde. Pellet. 9. Obverse.- OSBIS" !:: H EX. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. R everse.-I\INIBEIS"H.L. Cross; dot in each angle. 10. Obverse.- OZBERH·.· B. Pell et. R everse.-l\l\r!::IS"ED. Cross. 11. Obverse.-OSB EBH1' B. Four pellets. R everse.-+VVLFSIX1'. Cross.Fig. 65. 12 . Obverse.-0 371 B3 IS" H 3X. Circle of dots enclosing pellet. R e:verse.-+VVr FZ+IT. retrograde. Circle of dots enclosing pellet.

Varieties of the K ing's name and title t-s-

OSBERCHT REX. OZBCRH B. 03BEIS"CH.L IS"EX. OSBEBH1' B. 03BClCHT C1,X. OZBERH B. 03BClCHT C1EX. OZB!::IS"H B. 03BIS"CH IS"::IX. OZ8RClJ B. OSBCl CH.L IS"JX. OZ BFRH B. OSBRCHT RCX. OZBERHTE B. 03BClrH.L C1,X. 03BEIS"+.LE B. OSBVEH.L REX. 03BERHTE B. OSBERCH.L RE. OSBERCHE C [C=CVNVNC?]. OSBER.LHT RE. OSBERHE X. OSBRCHT RE. OSBERCHT. OSBERCH.L R. OSBERCH.L. OZBERHT R. OSBEREH.L. OZBERH R. 03BERCH.L. OSBERrH EL OSBBERCH.L. 03BEIS"CH ECX. OZBERH. OSBERCH.L CX. OZBERH. 03BERCH.L EX. OZBERTHE . OSBERD:l. EX. OZBERCHE. OSBEIS"CH EX. 03BERCH.LE. OSBERH EX. OSBlHBEB. 0371B31S"H 3X. OBERHTBS. OSBIS"!::H EX. OSVERCH'1'. OZBERH1' B. OSVERCHr. OSBEIS"H B. BOZBE~H . OZBERH B. Early R egYlI Co£nag-e of lVorthumbr £a.

Vari eties of the Moneyers ' names :-

BANVLF. E7\VVLF. RANVLF. BVNl\rF. CANNI\LF. VENDELBERHT? BVNl\rl:. EARDVVLF. VINIBERHT. BVVNl\rF. EDELHELM. VIVlIBERHT. CVDBERHT. EDErHErM. VINBEGHT. EANRED. EDErHErftl. VINEBCRHT. EANREDRE. EDV.VlY. VINIBEGHT. EDNVRE. EDVLHV. VNIBERHT. EANVVLF. EDI\LHI\. I\INIBERHT. EANVLE. EDvrHV. I\INIBEJ:;"H.l. EANVLF. ENBRftI. I\INIIBEJ:;"H.l. E7\NVLF. ERPINNE. VVLFRED. EAVlVVLE. MOVlNE. I\l\rl:J:;"ED. EAVlVVLF. MONVlE. VVLFSIT. EVNl\l\rE. WONNE. VVLFSJ. EVNl\l\rF. WONVl3. VVLSIXT. EVNl\l\rl:. WOVlN3. VVLFSIX1'. EVNl\l\rl:. WONVlE. vvrFZ+IT. EVVll\rE. MONNB . VVLSJ. EVNNrE. MONVlB. VVLSIT. EI\I\VVrF. MONN3. EI\I\VVLF. NOVlVlE.

The obverse and reverse legends of many of the stycas are retrograde, and some of the letters are reversed or inverted, and others are in mon ogram.

My acknowledgments are due to Mr. Carlyon- Britton, F.S .A., the President of th e British Numismatic Society, for kindly supplying me with descriptions of some sceattas and man y st ycas in his collection, and for allowing casts to be taken of such of them as were required to illustrate this paper. I am likewise indebted to Mr. N. Heywood for similar acts of courtesy; and also to Lord Grantley, F.S .A., for casts of several very rare sceattas.

[We trust that Major Creeke will continue this interesting subject with an account of the contemporary ecclesiastical coinage of Northumbria.-THE EDITORS.] 6

THE EARLY COINAGE OF HENRY 11 .