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Funchalia Woodwardi Johnson, 1868 1 La funchalie de Woodward Funchalia woodwardi Johnson, 1868 Citation de cette fiche : Noël P., 2015. La funchalie de Woodward Funchalia woodwardi Johnson, 1868. in Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle [Ed.], 1er décembre 2015. Inventaire national du Patrimoine naturel, pp. 1-6, site web http://inpn.mnhn.fr Contact de l'auteur : Pierre Noël, SPN et DMPA, Muséum national d'Histoire naturelle, 43 rue Buffon (CP 48), 75005 Paris ; e-mail [email protected] Résumé Le tégument de cette espèce est revêtu d'une pilosité courte. Le rostre est légèrement relevé à son extrémité et diminue régulièrement de taille de sa base vers son apex. Il atteint la moitié proximale du 2e article du pédoncule antennulaire et porte dorsalement 11 à 13 dents dont 2 sont post-orbitales ; sa marge inférieure est inerme. La carapace présente de fortes carènes. Le branchiostégite porte une épine antennaire forte, une épine hépatique et une épine ptérigostomienne. Les segments abdominaux 4, 5 et 6 ont une paire de carènes latérales fortes et une autre carène dorsale médiane ; le 6e segment porte une épine à la fin de la carène dorsale et une autre plus petite sur les angles infralatéraux. Les pinces des trois premières paires de péréiopodes sont allongées, sub- cylindriques, creusées à l'intérieur. Des épipodites sont présents sur les 3 premières paires de pattes. La longueur totale atteint 173 mm. L'espèce est jaune-orangé avec des zones écarlate sur le céphalothorax ; elle se rencontre soit de façon isolée dans la colonne d'eau soit en essaim près de la surface. Les poissons bathypélagiques sont ses principaux prédateurs. Elle est présente au large au-dessus du talus continental entre -300 m et -2.000 m le jour et elle se rapproche de la surface la nuit. Elle est distribuée dans tout l'Atlantique et en Méditerranée. Figure 1. Aspect général en vue latérale gauche ; adapté Figure 2. Carte de distribution en France en partie d'après Bouvier 1908 ; dessin © Emilie Biens. métropolitaine. © P. Noël INPN-MNHN 2015. Classification : Phylum Arthropoda Latreille, 1829 > Sub-phylum Crustacea Brünnich, 1772 > Super-classe Multicrustacea Regier, Shultz, Zwick, Hussey, Ball, Wetzer, Martin & Cunningham, 2010 > Classe Malacostraca Latreille, 1802 > Sous-classe Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892 > Super- ordre Eucarida Calman, 1904 > Ordre Decapoda Latreille, 1802 > Sous-ordre Dendrobranchiata Burkenroad, 1963 > Super-famille Penaeoidea Rafinesque, 1815 > Famille Penaeidae Rafinesque, 1815 > Sous-famille Funchaliinae Bouvier, 1908 > Genre Funchalia Johnson, 1867. Synonymes (De Grave & Fransen 2011 ; GBIF 2015 ; Noms vernaculaires: INPN 2015 ; WoRMS 2015): La funchalie de Woodward. ; la crevette pélagique de Grimaldiella richardi Bouvier, 1905. Woodward. Peneus genianus Risso, 1841. Peneus genyanus Monod, 1931. Principaux noms étrangers. Sicyonia genyana Hope, 1851. Anglais : Pelagic penaeid prawn (Gordon & Ingle 1956) ; Sycionia geny Risso, 1844. Woodward's pelagic shrimp (SeaLifebase 2015). N° des bases de données : EOL : 1041010; GBIF ID : 2223806 ; INPN Cd_Nom : 350650 ; ITIS : 551586 ; WoRMS AphiaID : 107101. Description. L'ensemble du tégument est revêtu d'une pilosité courte, avec des poils relativement épais. la carapace est comprimée latéralement. Le rostre est pointu et diminue régulièrement de taille de sa base vers son apex ; il est légèrement relevé vers son extrémité qui atteint la moitié proximale du second article du pédoncule antennulaire ; il est muni dorsalement de 11 à 13 dents dont 2 sont post-orbitales ; son extrémité est inerme ; sa marge inférieure qui est sans dents est munie de longues soies plumeuses. La carapace ne présente pas de sillons mais présente de fortes carènes ; une carène dorsale impaire prolonge le rostre vers l'arrière jusqu'au bord postérieur 2 de la carapace. Quatre paires de carènes sont visibles : les rostrales-latérales, les antennaires, les hépatiques et les branchio-cardiaques. Le branchiostégite porte une épine antennaire forte, une épine hépatique et une épine ptérygostomienne légèrement en arrière de l'angle inféro-antérieur. Les segments abdominaux 4, 5 et 6 ont une paire de carènes latérales fortes et une autre carène dorsale médiane ; le 6e segment porte une épine à la fin de la carène dorsale et une autre plus petite sur les angles infralatéraux. Le telson est aussi long que le dernier pléonite ; il se termine en pointe avec une gouttière médiane dorsale longitudinale, et 3 paires d'épines très petites près de l'extrémité ; les uropodes sont 1,3 fois plus longs que le telson. Les yeux sont courts avec une cornée très dilatée et un anneau ophthalmique orné de soies épaisses ; le prosartema (= "brosse oculaire") de l'adulte dépasse un peu la cornée. Les pédoncules antennulaires sont gros et forts ; le 1er article dépasse les globes oculaires et se termine par un angle spiniforme externe et par un lobe obtus pilifère interne ; le second article est long comme les deux tiers du 1er et le 3e est long comme les deux tiers du second. Les flagelles antennulaires sont à peu près égaux et aussi longs que la portion post-orbitaire de la carapace. Les antennules du mâle ont l'article distal du pédoncule aussi long que les 2/3 du précédent, qui est lui- même des 2/3 de la longueur du premier. Le flagelle inférieur est long comme les 4/5e du flagelle supérieur. Le scaphocérite dépasse légèrement le pédoncule antennulaire. La mandibule a un processus incisif long et pointu très caractéristique ; ce dernier est croisé avec la lèvre opposée. Le processus molaire est peu visible. Le palpe est composé de deux articles, le distal ayant une forme de feuille asymétrique, tronquée avec un apex arrondi. Un dimorphisme sexuel est présent au niveau du troisième maxillipède ; ce dernier est élancé et le dernier article plutôt pointu chez la femelle, alors qu'il est plus massif avec le dernier article sub-globuleux chez le mâle. Les pinces des trois premières paires de péréiopodes sont allongées, sub-cylindriques, creusées à l'intérieur. Chez le mâle, le propode du quatrième péréiopode est deux fois plus long que le dactyle correspondant et à la base du cinquième péréiopode il y a une forte apophyse ornée de soies distales où s'ouvre le gonopore (orifice du canal déférent). Des épipodites sont présents sur les 3 premières paires de pattes ; ils sont rudimentaires à la base de la 5e paire de pattes. Les pinces des 3 premières paires de pattes sont plus courtes que les carpes respectifs, et le doigt mobile est un peu plus court que la paume. Chez le mâle, le pétasma peut être asymétrique à gauche ou à droite, avec une partie dorsale de la branche principale élargie à son apex. Chez la femelle, le thélycum est formé par une dépression ovale entourée par une plaque lobée antérieurement et étalée postérieurement. Les pléopodes sont courts (Calman 1925 ; Roger 1938 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Grippa 1987). La longueur irait de 56 à 100 mm chez les mâles (Gordon & Ingle 1956) et jusqu'à 173 mm (sexe = ?) (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968). Sur le vivant, l'espèce est jaune-orangé avec des zones écarlate sur le céphalothorax (Fraser in Gordon & Ingle 1956). Les œufs sont d'un rosé tendre blanchâtre (Risso in Holthuis 1977). Risques de confusion, espèces voisines. Dans le genre Funchalia, il existe 5 espèces au niveau mondial (De Grave & Fransen 2011) ; les espèces sont très proches et il y a eu [et il y a toujours probablement] des confusions dans les identifications (Gordon & Ingle 1956). En Europe (d'Udekem d'Acoz 1999) en plus de F. woodwardi, on rencontre Funchalia villosa (Bouvier, 1905) et Funchalia danae Burkenroad, 1940. Dans l'indopacifique, il y a Funchalia taaningi Burkenroad, 1940 et au Japon Funchalia sagamiensis Fujino, 1975 (Gordon & Ingle 1956 ; Crosnier & Forest 1973 ; Grippa 1976, 1987 ; GBIF 2015 ; WoRMS 2015). La clé suivante permet de distinguer les espèces européennes du genre Funchalia (Noël 1992). 1'. Bord supérieur du rostre avec moins de 10 dents. Carapace sans épine hépatique chez l'adulte..... F. villosa Bouvier, 1908. 1. Bord supérieur du rostre avec 10+1 à 12+1 dents. Carapace avec épine hépatique chez l'adulte..... 2' 2'(1). Sixième pléonite avec une carène médiolatérale et une carène inférieure courte ; réceptacle séminal ouvert..... F. woodwardi Johnson, 1867. 2. Sixième pléonite avec une seule carène, la médiolatérale ; réceptacle séminal fermé par une paire de languettes.... F. danae Burkenroad, 1940. Biologie. Les stades jeunes pourraient être associés à des pyrosomes comme Pyrosoma atlanticum Péron, 1804 (Lindley & al. 2001). L'espèce se rencontre généralement de façon isolée dans la colonne d'eau mais des prises en grand nombre ont été rapportées près de la surface (Gordon & Ingle 1956) ; elle semble donc parfois grégaire et peut former au-moins occasionnellement des "essaims" ou des "bancs". Elle peut se rencontrer avec le merlan bleu Micromesistius poutassou (Risso, 1827) (Fraser in Gordon & Ingle 1956). L'espèce est souvent trouvée dans l'estomac de poissons comme les merlus (Merluccius sp.), les thons (Thunnus sp.) (Barnard 1950 ; Gordon & Ingle 1956 ; Kensley 1977 ; Miller & al.1983), les grenadiers (Macrouridae spp.) (Anderson 2005), les espadons Xiphias gladius Linnaeus, 1758 (Moreira 1990), les raies Leucoraja wallacei (Hulley, 1970) (Ebert & al. 1991), les requins aiguillat Squalus megalops (MacLeay, 1881) (Ebert & al. 1992) ou les chinchards Trachurus trachurus (Linnaeus, 1758) (Garrido & Murta 2011). Il ne semble pas y avoir de parasites signalés chez cette espèce. 3 Ecologie. Cette espèce bathypélagique (Bouvier 1907 ; Koukouras 2000) se rencontre habituellement dans la colonne d'eau de l'étage bathyal au-dessus de fonds sédimentaires, sur le talus continental entre -300 m et -2.000 m (Gordon & Ingle 1956 ; Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Cartes & al. 2014) avec comme valeurs extrèmes -23 m (GBIF 2015) et - 3.000 m (Zariquiey Álvarez 1968 ; Koukouras 2000). L'espèce se rapproche de la surface la nuit et se tiendrait plus profondément le jour (Sund 1920).
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