Rates of Species-Level Origination and Extinction: Functions of Age, Diversity, and History
Acta Palaeontologica Polonica Vol. 36, No 1 pp. 3947 Warszawa, 1991 JENNIFER A. KITCHELL and ANTON1 HOFFMAN * RATES OF SPECIES-LEVEL ORIGINATION AND EXTINCTION: FUNCTIONS OF AGE, DIVERSITY, AND HISTORY KITCHELL, J. A. and HOFFMAN, A.: Rates of species-level origination and ex- tinction: Functions of age, diversity, and history. Acta Palaeont. Polonica, 39--61. 38, 1, 1991. Global-scale data on the Oligocene to Recent planktic foraminifers and coccoliths from the tropical Pacific and Atlantic Oceans are employed for quantitative testing of alternative models (Red Queen and Stationary Hypotheses) of the rela- tionship between speciation rates, extinction rates, taxonomic diversity, abiotic events, and history of the paleosystem. The results demonstrate that although the Law of Constant Extinction is supported by the data, the theoretical implica- tions are quite ambiguous because the two considered models appear as end- members of a continuum. K e y w o r d s: Evolution, extinction, Red Queen Hypothesis, Foraminiferida, Coccolithophorida. Jennifer A. Kitchell, Museum of Paleontology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan #lo@, USA; Anton1 Hoffman, Instytut Paleobtologti, Polska Akademia Nauk, Al. Zwirki i Wigury 93, 02-089 Warszawa, Poland. Received: April 1990. INTRODUCTION Numerous interacting determinants characterize evolving biological systems. A common partitioning of the character-environment interaction, essential to studies of natural selection (Sober 1984), separates abiotic from biotic factors of 'environment'. Causal prominence to the biotic factors of the selective regime is given by the Red Queen Hypothesis of Van Valen (1973). This hypothesis is based on a zero-sum assumption that what one species gains, other species must lose or counter with evolution- ary change.
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