Bio-Évaluation Des Cours D'eau De La Région Ouest Du Cameroun À L'aide

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Bio-Évaluation Des Cours D'eau De La Région Ouest Du Cameroun À L'aide THESE EN COTUTELLE INTERNATIONALE No d’ordre : Pour obtenir le grade de : DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE LILLE - SCIENCES ET TECHNOLOGIES Discipline : Écologie et DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE DE YAOUNDE I Discipline : Hydrobiologie et Environnement Présentée par Joséphine KENGNE FOTSING Le 12 juillet 2018 Bio -évaluation des cours d’eau de la région Ouest du Cameroun à l’aide des macroinvertébrés benthiques et construction d’un indice multimétrique régional JURY Eric SERVAT Université Montpellier 2 Rapporteur Christophe PISCART Université de Rennes 1 Rapporteur Philippe USSEGLIO-POLATERA Université de Lorraine Examinateur Abraham FOMENA Université de Yaoundé 1 Examinateur Samuel FOTO MENBOHAN Université de Yaoundé 1 Directeur de thèse Alain LEPRETRE Université Lille Co-directeur de thèse Laboratoire d’accueil : Génie Civil et géo-Environnement, Lille Nord de France Sommaire DÉDICACE ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….…… i REMERCIEMENTS …………………………………………………………………………………………………………….... ii LISTE DES ABRÉVIATIONS ET DES ACRONYMES …..…………………………..……………… iv LISTE DES FIGURES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………..... v LISTE DES TABLEAUX ……………………..................................................................................... ix RÉSUMÉ ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… x ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………..…………………………………………………………………………………………….. ix INTRODUCTION GÉNÉRALE ……………………………………………………………………………………… 1 CHAPITRE I : Revue de la littérature I.1. La bio-surveillance des milieux aquatiques à l’aide des macroinvertébrés benthiques ................................................................................ 7 I.2. État actuel des connaissances de la macrofaune benthique au Cameroun....... 9 CHAPITRE II : Matériel et méthodes II. 1. Matériel ........................................................................................................ 12 II.1.1. Description générale de la zone d’étude .................................................................... 12 II.1.2. Présentation des différents sous-bassins versants et des stations d’échantillonnage 16 II.2. Méthodes ...................................................................................................... 22 II.2.1. Mesure des paramètres physico-chimiques ............................................................... 22 II.2.2. Calcul de l’Indice de Pollution Organique (IPO) ........................................................... 23 II.2.3. Échantillonnage des macroinvertébrés benthiques, tri et identification .......... 24 II.3. Analyse des données ..................................................................................... 26 II.3.1. Méthodes biocénotiques ................................................................................................ 26 II.3.2. Analyses statistiques.................................................................................................... 27 CHAPITRE III : Caractérisation physico-chimiques des stations d’échantillonnage III.1. Variations spatiales et saisonnières des paramètres physiques .………………. 31 III.11. Température, turbidité, MES et couleur ………………………………………………………….. 31 III.2. Variations spatiales et saisonnières des paramètres chimiques ………………… 36 III.2.1. pH, conductivité, alcalinité et dureté totale ……………………………………………………… 36 III.2.2. Oxygène dissous, oxydabilité, DBO5 et CO2 dissous …………………………………………. 41 III.2.3. Nitrates, ammonium, nitrites et orthophosphates …………………………………………… 46 III.3. Variations spatiales et saisonnières de l'Indice de Pollution Organique ….. 51 III.4. Typologie abiotique des stations d’échantillonnage ……..…………………………….…. 53 CHAPITRE IV : Diversité et structure des communautés de macroinvertébrés benthiques IV.1. Diversité et distribution des taxons de macroinvertébrés benthique .…. 58 IV.1.1. Affluent du cours d’eau Nlem ……………………………………………………………………….. 59 IV.1.2. Cours d’eau Kena et ses affluents ………………………………………………………………… 61 IV.1.3. Cours d’eau Famlem …………………………………………………………………………………… 64 IV.2. Richesse taxonomique ………………………………………………………………………………………….… 65 IV.3. Abondance relative ………………………………………………………………………………………….…….…. 67 IV.4. Fréquence d’occurrence des taxons …………………………………..…………………….…..……. 71 IV.4.1. Affluent du cours d’eau Nlem ……………………………………………………………………….. 72 IV.4.2. Cours d’eau Kena et ses affluents ……………………………………………………………….. 74 IV.4.3. Cours d’eau Famlem ……………………………………………………………………………………. 79 IV.5. Indice de diversité de Shannon-Weaver (H’) …………………………………………………. 84 IV.6. Indice d’Equitabilité de Piélou (E) …..…………………………………………………………………… 86 IV.7. Typologie biotique des stations d’échantillonnage ……………………………………… 88 IV.8. Relation entre la structure taxonomique des communautés macrobenthiques et les variables physico-chimiques ……………………………….. 94 CHAPITRE V : Construction d’un indice multimétrique d’évaluation de la qualité écologique des eaux de la région Ouest du Cameroun V.1. Principe général de construction de l’IMMOC ………………………………………………..…… 96 V.2. Intérêt de la mise en place d’un indice de bio-évaluation de la qualité écologique des eaux du Cameroun ……..…………………………………………………………..……… 98 V.3. Choix des sites de référence ………………………………………………………………………………………... 99 V.4. Méthodologie …………………………………………………………………………..…………………………………….... 99 V.4.1. Construction de la base des données ………………………………………………………………………... 99 V.4.2. Choix des métriques .....................………………………………………………………………….……………. 103 V.4.3. Etapes de construction de l’indice ……………………………………………………………………..……… 104 V. 5. Résultats ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 109 V.5.1. Sélection des métriques candidates et construction l’indice final …….……………….….. 109 ……………………………..…………………….. V.5.2. Détermination des classes de qualité écologique 116 CHAPITRE VI : Discussion générale VI.1. Analyses physico-chimiques …………………………………………………………………………….......... 121 VI.2. Analyses biologiques ……………………………………..……………………………………………………………. 125 IV.2.1. Données qualitatives …………………………………………………………………………………………….…... 125 VI.2.2. Données quantitatives ……………………………………………………………………………………….. 130 VI.2.3. Typologie biotique des stations ……………………………………………………………………………… 131 IV.3. Biotypologie des stations d’échantillonnage …………………………………………… 131 VI.4. Construction de l’IMMOC ………..…………..…………………………………………………………………… 133 CONCLUSION, RECOMMANDATIONS ET PERSPECTIVES ………….... 139 REFERENCES BIBLIOGRAPHIES ……………….………………………………………………….. 142 ANNEXES …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 175 DÉDICACE A la famille FOTSING, vous êtes ma source de motivation ! i REMERCIEMENTS « Béni le Seigneur oh mon âme et n’oublie aucun de ses bienfaits ». Merci pour la graine du savoir mis en moi qui grandi à travers cette soutenance et qui fleurira certainement à travers ce à quoi Tu m’appelleras. Que mon cœur ne cesse à jamais de te glorifier! L’accomplissement de ce projet de thèse a pu se concrétiser grâce au programme de mobilité Knowledge, Integration and Transparency in Education (KITE), que je remercie beaucoup pour le soutien financier reçu qui a permis à ce travail de voir le jour. Cette thèse est le fruit de la collaboration de nombreuses personnes auxquelles je tiens à dire un grand merci ! Tout d’abord, je remercie mes responsables de thèse. Le Pr Alain LEPRETRE, pour avoir accepté d’être Directeur de cette thèse, qui dans mes débuts, m’a accordé sa confiance et l’opportunité de réaliser ce projet en m’accueillant au sein de son équipe. Merci pour les conseils, le matériel et les commodités mis à ma disposition pour mon séjour en France. Je remercie le Pr Samuel FOTO MENBOHAN, d’avoir guidé mes premiers pas dans la recherche. Merci pour tes conseils pratiques et ta rigueur méthodique et scientifique, qui ont permis d’améliorer la qualité de ce manuscrit. Je dis un grand merci au Pr Philippe USSEGLIO-POLATERA, du laboratoire Interdisciplinaire des Environnements Continentaux de l’Université de Lorraine. Malgré ton emploi de temps serré, tu m’as tendu la main, pour que mon projet de thèse prenne forme. Ta précieuse expertise, ta rigueur scientifique et tes explications perspicaces, m’ont permis d’arriver au bout de ce travail. Trouve dans la réalisation de cette thèse toute ma reconnaissance. J’espère que cette collaboration fructifiera et perdurera. Mes vifs remerciements s’adressent également au Dr Albin MEYER de la même équipe pour sa disponibilité, ses orientations constructives et l’aide inestimable accordée dans le traitement des données sous « R » et pour avoir toujours répondu à mes questions. Ce projet de thèse a vu la contribution active d'une d'équipe brave et solidaire sur laquelle j’ai toujours pu compter pour les sorties sur le terrain. Je pense ici à messieurs Eric BIRAM à NGON, Donald NYAME, Aboubacar MIMCHE, Njoya MBOUHOU, à qui je tiens à témoigner tout particulièrement ma gratitude et ma sympathie pour leur investissement. Je remercie ii aussi les différents moto-taximen qui ont bravé vents et marées pour nous faire accéder à tous les points de prélèvement chaque fois que nous les avons sollicités. Un merci chaleureux à tous les membres du laboratoire d’Hydrobiologie et Environnement de l’Université de Yaoundé 1 au Cameroun, ainsi qu’à ceux du laboratoire d’Écologie numérique et d’Écotoxicologie de l’Université Lille1, pour tout le soutien apporté. Je remercie le Pr Michel FOULON, pour sa simplicité et son immense gentillesse. J’éprouve à votre égard, un sentiment de profonde estime, car sans vous je ne serais pas là. J’adresse un grand merci au Dr Roger FEUMBA, pour l’aide qu’il m’a procurée avec l’utilisation de
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