Road Investment Strategy East Area 6 A47 / A11 Thickthorn Junction Improvements PCF Stage 2 Scheme Assessment Report (SAR) HE551

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Road Investment Strategy East Area 6 A47 / A11 Thickthorn Junction Improvements PCF Stage 2 Scheme Assessment Report (SAR) HE551 Road Investment Strategy East Area 6 A47 / A11 Thickthorn Junction Improvements PCF Stage 2 Scheme Assessment Report (SAR) HE551492-ACM-GEN-TJ-RP-ZM-00006 Date: 16 January 2018 Version: 4.0 1 This page is intentionally left blank 2 Document Control Document Title Scheme Assessment Report (SAR) – HE551492-ACM-GEN-TJ-RP-ZM-00006 Author Kevin Mitchell / Oluwatobi Owoiya/Fay Lagan/John Alderman/Constantinos Rontogiannis Owner Romeu Rosa Distribution See Reviewers List Document Status For Stage Approval Revision History Version Date Description Author 1.0 30th June 2017 For Stage Approval Kevin Mitchell 2.0 8th December 2017 For Stage Approval (core growth Oluwatobi Owoiya/Fay only – Traffic) Lagan/John Alderman 3.0 21st December 2017 For Stage Approval (including high- Oluwatobi Owoiya/Fay low growth summary) Lagan/Mark Chadwick 4.0 16th January 2018 For Stage Approval (all final Constantinos comments) Rontogiannis/Brendan Kemp Reviewer List Name Role Romeu Rosa Intergrated Project Team Peter Grant Transport Planning Group (TPG) Jose Garvi Serrano SES Environment Team Mark Howes SES Safer Roads Group Approvals Name Signature Title Date of Version Issue Guy Lewis Programme Lead (PL) 25/01/18 1 The original format of this document is copyright to the Highways England 3 Limitations AECOM Infrastructure & Environment UK Limited (“AECOM”) has prepared this Report for Highways England (“Client”) in accordance with the Agreement under which our services were performed in the Collaborative Delivery Framework (Consultancy) 2016-2017, Roads Investment Strategy Schemes A47/A12 Corridor, Project Control Framework Stage 2 commission. No other warranty, expressed or implied, is made as to the professional advice included in this Report or any other services provided by AECOM. This Report is confidential and may not be disclosed by the Client or relied upon by any other party without the prior and express written agreement of AECOM. The conclusions and recommendations contained in this Report are based upon information provided by others and upon the assumption that all relevant information has been provided by those parties from whom it has been requested and that such information is accurate. Information obtained by AECOM has not been independently verified by AECOM, unless otherwise stated in the Report. The methodology adopted and the sources of information used by AECOM in providing its services are outlined in this Report. The work described in this Report was undertaken between 3rd January 2017 and Janaury 2018 and is based on the conditions encountered and the information available during the said period of time. The scope of this Report and the services are accordingly factually limited by these circumstances. Where assessments of works or costs identified in this Report are made, such assessments are based upon the information available at the time and where appropriate are subject to further investigations or information which may become available. AECOM disclaim any undertaking or obligation to advise any person of any change in any matter affecting the Report, which may come or be brought to AECOM’s attention after the date of the Report. Certain statements made in the Report that are not historical facts may constitute estimates, projections or other forward-looking statements and even though they are based on reasonable assumptions as of the date of the Report, such forward-looking statements by their nature involve risks and uncertainties that could cause actual results to differ materially from the results predicted. AECOM specifically does not guarantee or warrant any estimate or projections contained in this Report. 4 Table of Contents 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 13 1.1 Scheme Development and History........................................................................................ 13 1.2 Project Control Framework ................................................................................................... 14 1.3 Approach and Scope ............................................................................................................. 15 1.4 Purpose of the Report ........................................................................................................... 16 2 Planning Brief .............................................................................................................................. 17 2.1 Introduction ............................................................................................................................ 17 2.2 National Policy....................................................................................................................... 17 2.4 Local planning policy ............................................................................................................. 22 2.5 Spatial strategies ................................................................................................................... 23 2.6 Neighbourhood Development Plans ..................................................................................... 24 3 Existing Conditions .................................................................................................................... 26 3.1 Description of the Locality ..................................................................................................... 26 3.2 Existing Highway Network ..................................................................................................... 28 3.3 Operational Assessment of Thickthorn Junction................................................................... 41 3.4 Collision Data ........................................................................................................................ 46 3.5 Statement of the Problem ..................................................................................................... 47 3.6 Topography, Land Use, Property and Industry ..................................................................... 47 3.7 Climate .................................................................................................................................. 48 3.8 Drainage ................................................................................................................................ 49 3.9 Geology ................................................................................................................................. 51 3.10 Unexploded Ordnance .......................................................................................................... 52 3.11 Mining .................................................................................................................................... 52 3.12 Public Utilities ........................................................................................................................ 52 3.13 Technology ............................................................................................................................ 53 3.14 Maintenance Access ............................................................................................................. 55 4 Accessibility and Integration ..................................................................................................... 57 4.1 Impact of the Scheme ........................................................................................................... 57 4.2 Existing NMU Provision ......................................................................................................... 57 4.3 Existing Severance ............................................................................................................... 57 4.4 Existing Access to Transport Systems .................................................................................. 57 5 Planning Factors ......................................................................................................................... 59 5.1 Planning Procedure ............................................................................................................... 59 5.2 Committed Developments ..................................................................................................... 59 5.3 Committed Infrastructure ....................................................................................................... 68 5.4 Potential Development .......................................................................................................... 70 5.5 Options Investigated ............................................................................................................. 71 5.6 Single Option Constraints ..................................................................................................... 71 6 Summary of Do-Nothing Consequences .................................................................................. 73 5 6.1 Traffic and Economics ........................................................................................................... 73 7 Summary of the originally proposed Single Option ................................................................ 75 7.1 Background ........................................................................................................................... 75 7.2 Originally proposed Single Option ........................................................................................ 75 7.3 Preliminary
Recommended publications
  • Issue 185 Feb 2020 SPECIAL FEATURE on HOW the LATEST
    Issue 185 ● Feb 2020 www.railfuture.org.uk/East+Anglia twitter.com/RailfutureEA Railfuture campaigns for better services over a bigger railway (passengers + freight) Join us for £20 per year www.railfuture.org.uk/join SPECIAL FEATURE ON HOW THE LATEST TRAIN TECHNOLOGY CAN BENEFIT PASSENGERS Image reproduced courtesy of Petards Rail Technology— www.petards.com Inside this edition of RAIL EAST... • East West Rail - Progress at last! • Station footfall for 2018/19 • Look back over last 10 years • Easy Stations — the winners • What we expect in the next 10 • A giant leap for train technology • Cambridge South consultation • Whittlesford audit improvements RAIL EAST 185 — FEBRUARY 2020 Railfuture East Anglia www.railfuture.org.uk TOPICS COVERED IN THIS ISSUE OF RAIL EAST In this issue’s 24 pages we have fewer (but longer) articles than last time and only five authors. Contributions are welcome from readers. Contact info on page 23. Chair’s thoughts – p.3 Easy Stations winners announced – plus how do our stations compare with Germany’s? And a snapshot of progress with platform development work at Stevenage East West Rail big announcement (1) – p.5 Preferred route for the central section is finally published – now the serious work begins East West Rail big announcement (2) – p.7 Progress on the western section, as Transport & Works Order is published and work on the ground is set to start Another critical consultation – Cambridge South – p.8 Momentum builds on this key item of passenger infrastructure – Railfuture’s wish- list for the new station
    [Show full text]
  • A47/A141 Guyhirn Junction Project Update Winter 2020
    A47/A141 Guyhirn junction Project update winter 2020 Investing in the A47 The A47 is an important connection, linking the cities of Norwich and Peterborough, the towns of Wisbech, Kings Lynn, Dereham, Great Yarmouth and Lowestoft and a succession of villages in what is largely a rural area. As part of a multi-billion investment to improve journeys on England’s major A-roads and motorways, the Government is funding a package of six projects on the 115-mile stretch of the A47 between Peterborough and Great Yarmouth. Together the projects will convert almost eight miles of single carriageway into dual carriageway and improve key junctions along the A47 road. The A47 road improvement projects are: n A47/A141 Guyhirn junction n A47 Wansford to Sutton dualling n A47 North Tuddenham to Easton dualling n A47/A11 Thickthorn junction n A47 Blofield to North Burlingham dualling n A47 Great Yarmouth junction About the A47/A141 Guyhirn junction project Project benefits A47 We’ll be making changes to the Guyhirn junction between the A47 (Fen Our improvements to the junction will: Road to South Brink) and the A141 (March Road) which is used by over B1187 GuyhirnGuyhirn 20,000 vehicles a day and experiences high levels of congestion. The n reduce delays and queuing traffic by increasing the size of the Guyhirn South Brink changes to the junction aim to reduce congestion, improve journey times roundabout Gull Road High Road and increase safety. n improve safety by increasing visibility for drivers when they enter the roundabout Following our Preferred Route Announcement (PRA) in 2017, we undertook n improve pedestrian crossings and footpaths, particularly between Proposed traffic light R i v e r N e n e controlled crossing a variety of technical and traffic surveys to help us finalise our design for the March Road, Guyhirn village and local amenities New enlarged roundabout project.
    [Show full text]
  • DEVELOPMENT at VALLEY VIEW Ashill | Norfolk
    DEVELOPMENT AT VALLEY VIEW Ashill | Norfolk Since our company was founded in 1998 we have built up a strong local reputation for quality and craftsmanship, creating homes full of traditional style and character. We formed our own RIBA Chartered architects practice in 2008, enabling us to take full control of the complete design and build process to create our outstanding homes. All of our developments are individual in character, but the high level of care and attention to detail always remains the same. Our stunning homes not only emphasise the beauty of a traditional design style but ensure modern advanced technologies are used throughout, with a perfect blend of aesthetics, advanced build quality and the finest materials that create the perfect home. We pride ourselves on our highly skilled workforce, some of whom started through our award-winning apprenticeship scheme which has helped craft one of the most skilled workforces in the country. Some of our apprentices are now in senior positions within Clayland keeping our high quality standards in every aspect of the build programme. Valley View is a prime example of our exceptional craftmanship, resulting in individual homes that are filled with character and style and located within the wonderful Norfolk countryside. Welcome to Valley View A stunning collection of individually designed bungalows, offering 3 or 4 bedrooms located within the village of Ashill with field views to the rear. • Seven New Build Detached Bungalows situated in the village of Ashill • Three and Four Bedroom Bungalows
    [Show full text]
  • Skeffington Parish Walks
    Skeffington This leaflet is one of a series produced to promote circular walking throughout the county. You can obtain Skeffington others in the series by visiting your local library, Tourist Information Centre or download them from www.leics.gov.uk/paths. circular 2 walks Bottesford 1 3½kms/2¼ miles Muston Redmile 2 8½kms/5¼ miles Wymeswold Scalford Hathern Burton on the Wolds Thorpe Acre & Prestwold Asfordby Barrow upon Soar Frisby Rearsby Normanton le Heath Barkby Ibstock Twyford Appleby Swepstone Anstey Hungarton Magna Groby Tilton & Lowesby 4 Carlton Ratby Keyham Skeffington, Desford Rolleston & Tugby 4 The path is well Thurnby l Burton Overy Wistow Hallaton marked and soon bears right Narborough through two gates about 100m apart. Medbourne Burbage Kibworth Cross the fields, to a narrow bridge on & Smeeton Westerby Laughton the left. Then follow the waymarkers Ullesthorpe Lubenham uphill to eventually reach Tugby along a surfaced path passing to the right of the three houses ahead. l5 Walk up Main Street into the village, then turn left The routes are clearly marked with bold, yellow It is advisable to wear suitable footwear when walking. into Chapel Lane. Note the Fox and Hounds public topped waymarker posts and waymarker discs Stout shoes or walking boots are recommended. house is just up on the right. Continue up the path with the Parish Walks symbol. Some stretches of the route follow minor country roads. Beware to the right, passing “Meadowcroft” on the right, then of traffic approaching from both directions. If possible stay on the through a small metal gate and onto a narrow path.
    [Show full text]
  • We Work for You
    We work for you Annual Report and Accounts 2012 Overview | Performance Highlights and Financial Summary Performance Highlights Pre-tax profit1 Underlying earnings per share1 Dividends per share − 7% −1% +2% 2012 £310m 2012 35.0p 2012 14.1p 2011 £334m 2011 35.5p 2011 13.8p 2010 £306m 2010 32.7p 2010 12.7p Financial Summary (£m unless otherwise specified) 2012 2011 Change (%) Revenue including joint ventures and associates 10,896 11,035 (1) Group revenue 9,483 9,494 – Profit from continuing operations – underlying1 309 331 (7) – reported 74 243 (70) Pre-tax profit from continuing operations – underlying1 310 334 (7) – reported 75 246 (70) Earnings per share from continuing operations – underlying1 35.0p 35.5p (1) – basic 6.5p 26.7p (76) Dividends per share 14.1p 13.8p 2 Financing – net cash before PPP subsidiaries (non-recourse) 35 340 – net borrowings of PPP subsidiaries (non-recourse) (368) (332) 1 From continuing operations, before non-underlying items. Balfour Beatty differentiates itself through strong local businesses, global sector expertise and end-to-end capabilities including the ability to develop and finance. Ian Tyler Chief Executive Go online to watch our film www.balfourbeatty.com/ AR2012 We work Day in, day out around the world, Balfour Beatty teams are working with their clients and partners to fund, design, Overview deliver, operate and maintain infrastructure efficiently and safely. For you For everyone. Our business is creating the infrastructure assets that help communities, society and nations to live, thrive and grow. For the future We are focused on geographical regions and key market sectors that will enable us to prosper today and grow sustainably for years to come.
    [Show full text]
  • A Short Guide to Providing and Managing Sites for Gypsies and Travellers
    Places we’re proud of A short guide to providing and managing sites for Gypsies and Travellers January 2021 2 / Places we’re proud of About this guide This short guide shares some key lessons and strong examples to prompt more housing associations and local authorities to get involved in providing good- quality sites for Gypsies and Travellers. It’s produced by the National Policy Advisory Panel on Gypsy and Traveller Housing, which is a group of housing providers committed to extending provision and raising standards of this much-needed type of accommodation. The guide is based on research funded by the Joseph Rowntree Foundation, undertaken by De Montfort University in Leicester and published by the Chartered Institute of Housing in 2016.1 This showed how vital it is for existing sites to be well managed, before seeking political and public support for plans to build new sites. The 2016 study identified a list of essential ingredients for effective site delivery and management, which this guide amplifies and illustrates with successful case studies from across the UK. Foreword I am delighted to be able to welcome this guide to providing and managing Gypsy and Traveller sites, produced by the National Policy Advisory Panel on Gypsy and Traveller Housing. It is welcome to see housing providers driving debate on Gypsy and Traveller accommodation. There are excellent examples of housing associations and local authorities working together to provide and manage sites in their areas. Baroness Cathy Bakewell Their message is that housing providers can and should include Vice-Chair of the All Party Gypsy and Traveller sites in their plans for developing new Parliamentary Group on housing.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation for Conservation of Rural Road Verges
    OCCASIONAL REPORTS No. 2 -OPERATION FOR CONSERVATION OF RURAL ROAD VERGES Co-operation between County Highway Departments and Conservation Organisations on the management of rural road verges and conservation of Sites of Special Interest A report based on information obtained from County Council Highway Departments, The County Naturalists' Trusts, Regional Officers of the Nature Conservancy Council, and the Biological Records Centre, up to May 1974 MONKS WOOD EXPERIMENTAL STATION The Institute of Terrestrial Ecology (Natural Environment Research Council) Abbots Ripton, Huntingdon. INDEX Chapter I Introduction Chapter 11 Nature Conrervancy Southvert Ragion 1. Corwall 2. Devon 3. Dorret 4. Gloucerterrhire 5. Smerret Chapter I11 Nature Conservancy South Region 17 6. Berkrhire 7. Buckinghamrhire 8. Pmprhire 9. Inla of Wight 10. Oxfordrhire 11. Wiltrhire Chapter IV Nature Conrervancy Southeart Region 37 12. Hertfordrhire 13. Kent 14. Surrey 15. Eart Surrex 16. Wert Surra Chapter V Nature Conrervmcy Midland Region Cherhire Derbyrhire Herefordahire Leicer terrhire Northamptonahire Nottinghamrhire Rutland Shroprhire Staffordahire Warwickrhire Worcerterrhire Chapter VI Nature Conrervancy Eart Anglia Region Bedfordrhire Cambridge and Isle of Ely Errex Huntingdon and Plterborough Lincolnrhire - Holland Ker teven Lindrey Norfolk Ear t Suffolk Wert Suffolk Chapter VII Nature Conservancy North Region Cumber1 and 110 Durham 112 Lancashire 116 Northumberland 118 Wertmorland 120 Yorkrhire - East Riding 122 North Riding 1Z4 West Riding 126 Chapter VIII Nature Conrervancy North Wale8 Region 46. Anglesey 47. Caemrvonshire 48. Denbighshire 49. Flintshire 50. Merionethrhire 51. Hontgomeryshire Chapter IX Nature Conservancy South Wales Region 52. Brecknockshire 53. Cardiganahire 54. Camarthenshire 55. Glamorgan 56. Monmouthrhire 57. Pembrokerhire 58. Rndmrshire Chapter X Scotland Chapter XI Analysis of plant rpecier mentioned 153 Acknowledgements Bibliography Appendix A 169 Appendix B 179 Explanation of layout of lirtr of rite8 of Conservation Inside Importance in the report.
    [Show full text]
  • Strategic Flood Risk Assessment
    Greater Norwich Area Strategic Flood Risk Assessment Final Report: Level 1 November 2017 This page has intentionally been left blank 2017s5962 Greater Norwich Area SFRA Final v2.0.docx JBA Project Manager Claire Gardner The Library St Philips Courtyard Church Hill COLESHILL Warwickshire B46 3AD Revision History Revision Ref / Date Issued Amendments Issued to Draft rev 1.0 / June 2017 DRAFT for comment SFRA Steering Group Final Draft rev 2.0 / August 2017 Final DRAFT for comment SFRA Steering Group Final rev 1.0 / October 2017 Final report SFRA Steering Group Final rev 2.0 / November 2017 Final Report – updated with SFRA Steering Group minor text amendments Contract This report describes work commissioned on behalf of a consortium of local planning authorities in Norfolk: • Broadland District Council • Great Yarmouth Borough Council • Borough Council of King’s Lynn and West Norfolk • Norwich City Council • North Norfolk District Council • South Norfolk Council • Broads Authority Each authority was represented as part of a steering group for the SFRA. The steering group’s representative for the contract was North Norfolk’s Policy Team Leader, Iain Withington. Sophie Dusting, Freyja Scarborough and Ffion Wilson of JBA Consulting carried out this work. Prepared by .................................................. Sophie Dusting BSc MEPS Analyst ....................................................................... Ffion Wilson BSc MSc Analyst ....................................................................... Freyja Scarborough BSc MSc Assistant Analyst Reviewed by ................................................. Claire Gardner BSc MSc MCIWEM C.WEM Chartered Senior Analyst ....................................................................... Philip Bennett-Lloyd BSc DipMgmt CMLI MCIEEM MCIWEM C.WEM C.Env Technical Director 2017s5962 Greater Norwich Area SFRA Final v2.0.docx Purpose This document has been prepared as a Final Report for the Greater Norwich Partnership.
    [Show full text]
  • Council Papers
    Council Agenda Date Thursday 22 February 2018 Members of the Council Mr D C Ward Mrs J Leggett (Chairman) (Vice Chairman) Time 7.00pm Mr A D Adams Miss T E Lodge Mrs C H Bannock Mr I J Mackie Mr D Buck Mr A M Mallett Mr P H Carrick Mrs T M Mancini-Boyle Place Mr S M Clancy Mr I N Moncur Council Chamber Mrs J K Copplestone Mr G K Nurden Mr S Dunn Mr F O'Neill Thorpe Lodge Mr J J Emsell Mr G Peck Mr G Everett Mr A J Proctor 1 Yarmouth Road Mr J F Fisher Mr V Ray-Mortlock Thorpe St Andrew Mr R R Foulger Mr S Riley Mr R F Grady Mrs B H Rix Norwich Mr I G Graham Mr D Roper Mrs S C Gurney Mr N C Shaw Mr C Harrison Mr M D Snowling MBE Contact Mr D G Harrison Mr V B Tapp Mrs L H Hempsall Mrs K A Vincent Dawn Matthews tel (01603) 430404 Miss J R Keeler Mr S A Vincent Mr R J Knowles Mr J M Ward Broadland District Mr B S Kular Mr F Whymark Council Mr T W Landamore Mr D B Willmott Thorpe Lodge Miss S Lawn Mr S D Woodbridge 1 Yarmouth Road Mr K G Leggett MBE Thorpe St Andrew Norwich NR7 0DU E-mail: [email protected] @BDCDemServices Group meetings: Conservative Group Trafford Room (6.00pm) Liberal Democrat Group John Mack Room (6.00pm) 14 February 2018 The Openness of Local Government Bodies Regulations 2014 Under the above Regulations, any person may take photographs, film and audio-record the proceedings and report on all public meetings.
    [Show full text]
  • Raileast, and Though Slightly Smaller Than Last Time, It Probably Reflects a Relatively Fallow Period in Railway News from Our Area
    THE NEWSLETTER OF RAILFUTURE EAST ANGLIAN BRANCH www.railfuture.org.uk Number 138 June 2008 Welcome to our summer edition of RailEast, and though slightly smaller than last time, it probably reflects a relatively fallow period in railway news from our area. Nevertheless, some significant things have occurred since we last wrote to you, as you will read here CB BRANCH MEETING: Ipswich 21 June 14.15 hrs Once again we will be gathering in the Ipswich Institute Reading Room and Library which is at 15 Tavern Street. IP1 3AA is the post code if you choose to search out a map on the internet. We were hoping to entice an East Anglia specialist from Network Rail to speak, but no, it seems its hierarchy is set on organising a special meeting for stakeholders and users, such as RailFuture. As yet there is no date or venue for this. However, at our Ipswich gathering we plan to feature the projected Felixstowe line improvements, updating you on the current state of the game. RailFuture Rail Passengers and Campaigners National Conference: 5 July 2008 This rather wordy title masks the promise of a well run, stimulating meeting, in the Guildhall, Salisbury. The speakers include writer and retired BR manager, Peter Rayner plus Philip Dominey of South West Trains. To these luminaries will be added speakers on Using the Media; Transport in Wiltshire; and contributions from campaigners around the area. The vital question-and-answer session is also timetabled. The Fee is £10 for members and £12.50 otherwise. Full details are at http//www.wellho.net/railfuture.
    [Show full text]
  • FINAL SA Appendix E Residential Site Proformas
    Appendix E - Housing Site Proformas Summary .............................................................................................................................. 2 Blaby ..................................................................................................................................... 6 Cosby ................................................................................................................................. 24 Countesthorpe .................................................................................................................... 39 Croft .................................................................................................................................... 72 Elmesthorpe ........................................................................................................................ 78 Enderby .............................................................................................................................. 87 Glenfield............................................................................................................................ 102 Glen Parva ........................................................................................................................ 111 Huncote ............................................................................................................................ 117 Kilby .................................................................................................................................. 126 Kirby
    [Show full text]
  • Free Entrance ONE WEEKEND OVER 400 PROPERTIES and EVENTS
    Free Entrance ONE WEEKEND OVER 400 PROPERTIES AND EVENTS SATURDAY 13 & SUNDAY 14 SEPTEMBER www.discovernorthernireland.com/ehod EHOD 2014 Message from the Minister Welcome to European Heritage Open Days (EHOD) 2014 This year European Heritage Open Days will take place on the 13th Finally, I wish to use this opportunity to thank all and 14th September. Over 400 properties and events are opening of the owners and guardians of the properties who open their doors, and to the volunteers during the weekend FREE OF CHARGE. Not all of the events are in who give up their time to lead tours and host the brochure so for the widest choice and updates please visit our FREE events. Without your enthusiasm and website www.discovernorthernireland.com/ehod.aspx generosity this weekend event would not be possible. I am extremely grateful to all of you. In Europe, heritage and in particular cultural Once again EHOD will be merging cultural I hope that you have a great weekend. heritage is receiving new emphasis as a heritage with built heritage, to broaden our ‘strategic resource for a sustainable Europe’ 1. Our understanding of how our intangible heritage Mark H Durkan own local heritage, in all its expressions – built has shaped and influenced our historic Minister of the Environment and cultural – is part of us, and part of both the environment. This year, as well as many Arts appeal and the sustainable future of this part of and Culture events (p21), we have new Ireland and these islands. It is key to our partnerships with Craft NI (p7), and Food NI experience and identity, and key to sharing our (p16 & 17).
    [Show full text]