TA 4: Landscape and Visual Amenity

Environmental Statement Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm

TA 4.1: Glossary

TA 4.2 Landscape Character Type Descriptions

TA 4.3 Designated and Classified Landscapes

TA 4.4 Residual Effects on Landscape Character Types

TA 4.5 Residual Effects on Designated Landscapes

TA 4.6 Wild Land Impact Assessment (WLIA)

TA 4.7 Viewpoint Assessment

TA 4.8 Residual Visual Amenity Assessment

TA 4.9 Statistical Route Analysis

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4: Landscape and Visual Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4: Landscape and Visual Environmental Statement Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm

Technical Appendix 4.1: Glossary

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4: Landscape and Visual Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4: Landscape and Visual Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Technical Appendix 4.1: Glossary

Terminology Definition Terminology Definition

The key aspects of the landscape which contribute to its appearance (previously Field Pattern The pattern of hedges and walls that define fields in farmed landscapes. composition), such as: Geographic Information Computerised data base of geographical information that can easily be updated and . Scale; System manipulated. . Enclosure; The angle measured in degrees from the left most visible part to the right most visible . Diversity; Horizontal Angle Subtended part of any development. . Texture; Aesthetic Aspects The elements of the landscape and/or their inter relationship which form the defining . Form; Key Characteristics components of the landscape. . Line; The change arising for a landscape or visual receptor as a result of some form of . Contour; Impact alteration to the baseline. . Balance; Impacts on the environment, which are not a direct result of the development but are . Movement; and Indirect Impacts often produced away from it or as a result of a complex pathway. Sometimes referred . Pattern. to as secondary impacts. The process of breaking the landscape down into its component parts to understand Analysis (Landscape) Landcover Combination of land use and vegetation that covers the land surface. how it is made up. Landform See Topography. The process of identifying the nature of visibility in an area, which is determined Analysis (Visual) through topographic analysis. Landscape Human perception of the land conditioned by knowledge and identity with a place.

Assessment (Landscape) An umbrella term for description, classification and analysis of landscape. An area, as perceived by people, whose character is the result of the action and interaction of natural and/or human factors. The degree to which a particular landscape The landscape and visual character of the study area as it exists at the commencement Baseline character type or area is capable of is able to accommodate change without of the assessment process – i.e. prior to the development proposal under consideration. Landscape Capacity unacceptable adverse effects on its character. Capacity is likely to vary according to the A process of sorting the landscape into different types using selected criteria, but type and nature of the changes being proposed. The capacity of the landscape is Classification without attaching relative values to the different types of landscape. derived from a combination of Landscape Character Sensitivity, Visual Sensitivity and Landscape Value. Includes non-designated valued landscapes such as Gardens and Designed Landscapes Classified Landscape The distinct and recognisable pattern of elements that occurs consistently in a particular and Wild Land Areas. type of landscape, and how this is perceived by people. It reflects particular Landscape Character Map showing the location of important resources and receptors that may form combinations of geology, landform, soils, vegetation, land use and human settlement. Constraints Map constraints to development. It creates the particular sense of place in different areas of the landscape.

Countryside The rural environment and its associated communities (including the coast). A landscape type will have broadly similar patterns of geology, landform, soils, Landscape Character Type vegetation land use, settlement and field pattern discernible in maps and field survey The elements of the landscape which are the result of human activity, e.g.: records. . Land use management; Landscape Fabric Physical elements of the landscape or development site. . Character of settlements and buildings; Cultural and Social Factors A circumstance or influence contributing to the impression of the landscape (e.g. scale, . Pattern and type of fields and enclosures; Landscape Factor enclosure, elevation). . Rights of way /footpaths; and . Artistic/literary associations. Landscape Feature A prominent eye-catching element or landmark (e.g. church spire, wooded hilltop). The change in the elements, characteristics, qualities and overall character of the Effects arising from the additional changes to the landscape or visual character caused Landscape Impact Cumulative Effects by a development when seen in conjunction with other developments (associated with it landscape as a result of development. or separate to it). The consequence of change in the elements, characteristics, qualities and overall Computer generated 3-dimensional model based on aerial survey of ground surface Landscape Effect character of the landscape as a result of development. These effects can be positive, Digital Terrain Model (DTM) (e.g. Ordnance Survey Profile data). Often utilised as a basis for visibility modelling neutral or negative. over large areas. The process of attaching value (non-monetary) to a particular landscape, usually by the application of previously agreed criteria, including consultation and third-party Computer generated 3-dimensional model based on aerial survey of ground surface, Landscape Evaluation Digital Surface Model (DSM) tree canopies, built structures etc.). Often utilised as a basis for visibility modelling documents, for a particular purpose (for example, designation or in the context of an where the effects of intervening structure and/or vegetation need to be incorporated. assessment). Based on judgments about the physical state of the landscape and about its intactness. Diversity Where a variety of qualities or characteristics occur. Landscape Quality (or Also relates to the state of repair of individual features and elements which make up Condition) Effect The result of an impact on a landscape or visual receptor. character in any one place.

Element A component part of the landscape (e.g. roads, hedgerows, woods). Landscape Resource The combination of elements that contribute to landscape context, character and value.

Enhancement Landscape or visual improvement through restoration, reconstruction or creation. The extent to which a landscape can accept change of a particular type and scale and is Landscape Sensitivity (to a assessed in relation a particular type of development. Based on a combination of The relationship of a development to identified environmental opportunities and specific type of change) Environmental Fit susceptibility and value. constraints in its setting. Landuse The primary use of land, including both rural and urban activities.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.1: Glossary Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Terminology Definition Terminology Definition

The relative value or importance attached to a landscape (often as a basis for . Landscape character and quality of the intervening landscape; and designation or recognition), which expresses commonly held national or local perception . Importance of the view (which may be determined with respect to its popularity or Landscape Value of its quality, special qualities and/or scenic beauty, tranquillity or wildness and cultural number of affected people, its appearance in guidebooks, on tourist maps and the associations. facilities provided for its enjoyment and references to it in literature and/or art.

A measure of the amount of change to the landscape that would occur as a result of Computer generated simulation or photomontage or other technique to illustrate how proposed development, generally based on the scale or degree of change to the the proposed development would appear. Presented either as a wireline image (outline Visualisation Magnitude of landscape landscape resource, the nature of the effect and its duration. This is based on a of the development) or as a photomontage which merges a rendered version of the Impact combination of largely quantifiable parameters, such as the distance to the proposed development into a photograph of the view/landscape. development, visible extent, degree of contrast with context, extent to which the The area predicted to have views of a proposed development on the basis of a digital development would be visible, and the duration of an impact. Zone of Theoretical Visibility terrain model or digital surface model, which may/may not take account of landcover (ZTV) A measure of the amount of change to the visual context that would occur as a result of features. a proposed development. This is generally based on the scale of change to the view with respect to the loss or addition of features in the view and changes in its Zone of Theoretical Visibility The area within which a proposed development will be visible, generally calculated by composition, including the proportion of the view that would be occupied by the (ZTV) or Viewshed computer model. proposed development; the degree of contrast or integration of any new features of Magnitude of Visual Impact changes in the landscape with the existing or remaining landscape elements and characteristics in terms of form, scale, mass, line, height, colour and texture; duration and nature of the change, whether temporary or permanent, transient or persistent, the angle of view in relation to the main activity of the receptor(s); distance of the viewpoint from the proposed development; and extent of the area over which the changes would be visible.

Methodology The specific approach and techniques used for a given study.

Measures including any process, activity or design process to avoid, reduce, remedy or compensate for adverse landscape and visual impacts of a development. Mitigation can Mitigation Measures also apply to the amelioration of existing adverse effects associated with existing developments/features in the landscape.

Elements of the landscape that have not been altered by human activity, e.g. . Geology; Natural Factors . Landform; and . River and drainage pattern. Perception (of Landscape): The psychology of seeing and possibly attaching value or meaning to the landscape.

Physical landscape resource, special interest or individual or group experiencing view Receptor liable to change as a result of the proposed development.

Receptor Location Location occupied by identified receptors.

Residual Effects Effect of development after mitigation proposals are taken into account.

The process of identifying likely significant effects of a development on the environment Scoping – which may be carried out in a formal or informal way.

An effect which is considered by the assessor to be “significant” in terms of the Town Significant Effect and Country Planning (Environmental Impact Assessment) (Scotland) Regulations 2011 which require the identification of significant effects.

A view which obtained momentarily, as part of a sequence of views, e.g. from a car Transient View travelling along a road.

Visual Amenity Particular composition of landscape elements that contribute to a view, or views.

The process of identifying theoretical (based on digital modelling) and/or actual Visibility Analysis predicted areas from where any given development may be seen.

The consequence of change in the appearance of the landscape as a result of Visual Effect development, which may be beneficial or adverse.

Viewshed The extent of potential visibility to or from a specific area or feature.

An area affording no visibility of the development due to the screening effect Viewshadow intervening structures, topography or vegetation.

The extent to which a view would be altered by change of a particular type and scale, assessed in relation to the following: Viewpoint Sensitivity . Location and land use (receptor activity) at the viewpoint or context of the view; . Landscape character and quality at the viewpoint;

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.1: Glossary

Environmental Statement Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm

Technical Appendix 4.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4: Landscape and Visual Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4: Landscape and Visual Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Technical Appendix 4.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions

Figure 4.3a shows the location and extent of Landscape Character Types (LCTs) within the 40 km study area. Table 4.2.1: Landscape Character Types within 40 km Study Area All LCTs which are found within the study area are listed in Table 4.2.1 below. Distance from Assessed The landscape and seascape character types have been derived from: Landscape Character Type Proposed Justification for Omission in LVIA Development • SNHs 2019 on-line database; LCT located over 30 km from the • The Onshore Wind Energy Supplementary Guidance: Draft Landscape Sensitivity Appraisal Rounded Hills - proposed development and visibility is 135 Caithness & 30.5 km south west No (OWESG) ; and marginal. Potential for significant effects Sutherland on landscape character is unlikely. • The assessment of the sensitivity and capacity of the Scottish seascape in relation to windfarms LCT located over 30 km from the LCTs/Seascape character types that are present within the study area and fall entirely out with the viewshed for 32.5 km north north proposed development. Potential for 305 Enclosed Bays No the proposed development have been excluded from the assessment. Additionally, a number of LCTs have been east significant effects on landscape character is unlikely. omitted on the basis of distance from the proposed development, highly constrained geographical extent of visibility, and/or extent of forest cover that would limit viewpoint/receptor locations. These are identified in Table LCT located over 32 km from the 32.5 km north north proposed development. Potential for 316 Rugged Hills No 4.2.1. Those LCTs which are assessed as part of the LVIA are described in Table 4.2.2. east significant effects on landscape character is unlikely. Table 4.2.1: Landscape Character Types within 40 km Study Area Marginal visibility at distances of over 32 32.7 km north north Distance from 315 U-Shaped Valley No km. Potential for significant effects on Assessed east Landscape Character Type Proposed Justification for Omission landscape character is unlikely. in LVIA Development Marginal visibility at distances of over 33 SNH 143/ 138 Lone Mountains 33 km south west No km. Potential for significant effects on Farmed Lowland Plain Host LCT Yes CT9 landscape character is unlikely.

SNH 141/ High Cliffs and LCT located over 34 km from proposed 2.1 km north Yes CT8 Sheltered Bays development. Potential for significant 295 Holms 34.6 km north east No effects on landscape character is SNH 134/ Sweeping Moorland unlikely. CT3, 4, 5 5.3 km south west Yes and Flows and 6 LCT located over 36 km from proposed development. Potential for significant SNH 140/ Sandy Beaches and 311 Low Moorland 36.6 km north east No 8.9 km west Yes effects on landscape character is CT7 Dunes unlikely. Coastal Crofts and 144 14.1 km east Yes LCT located over 37 km from the Small Farms Undulating Island proposed development. Potential for 299 37.4 km north east No Strath - Caithness & 16.5 km west south LCT does not have theoretical visibility Pasture significant effects on landscape 142 No Sutherland west of the proposed development. character is unlikely.

Marginal visibility at distances of over 20 LCT located over 37 km from proposed Rocky Hills and 136 24.7 km west No km. Potential for significant effects on development. Potential for significant Moorland 298 Low Island Pastures 37.6 km north east No landscape character is unlikely. effects on landscape character is unlikely. LCT located over 27 km from the Moorland Hills - proposed development. Potential for Plateau Heath and 37.7 km north north LCT does not have theoretical visibility 314 27.1 km north east No 312 No Orkney significant effects on landscape Pasture east of the proposed development. character is unlikely. LCT located over 39 km from the Coastal Hills and proposed development. Potential for SNH 307 Cliffs – Orkney 27.2 km north east Yes 306 39.6 km north east No Heath significant effects on landscape Inclined Coastal Marginal visibility of proposed character is unlikely. 302 27.9 km north east No Pasture development. North Caithness and Proposed development LCT located over 30 km from the Seascape Penland Firth is located within this Yes proposed development. Potential for Unit 8 Seascape Character 296 Whaleback Islands 30.3 km north east No seascape unit significant effects on landscape Unit. character is unlikely.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

SNH: 143 SNH: Farmed The proposed The Farmed Lowland Plain Landscape Character Type is located in the far north- CT9: North Caithness Susceptibility: Despite the THC: CT9 Lowland Plain development would be east of Caithness. It forms a broad and relatively low-lying plain bounded by the Description extent of development in parts located within this LCT sea and expansive Sweeping Moorland and Flows. of this LCT and the large scale THC: Farmed – Extensive landscape character type forms a broad, low lying plain and of the landscape, it is Lowland Plain – Landform basin bounded by the sea, and by sweeping moorland and flows inland. North Caithness considered to have a relatively A generally open, low-lying plain, gently undulating to form shallow broad valleys, A predominantly farmed landscape that is well settled with a range of high sensitivity to the type of which are often filled with lochs and mosses, and subtle low ridges. Wide field scales which relate to local topography. development proposed due to: horizontal emphasis. Considerable local variety between east and west of the LCT – changes ▪ its openness and the Open, light and exposed character. in scale of fields, presence of woodland and infrastructure and number and distribution of Occasional smooth hills rise above the more low-lying plain forming local prominent built development. sensitive receptors; and landmarks. Local undulations in topography contribute to local diversity in ▪ The limited scope for The broad and shallow valley of the River Wick forming the largest of a series of landscape scale and pattern. mitigation. valleys generally aligned south-east/north-west across the plain. Widely settled landscape – farm buildings form point features and, Value: Medium. There are no Land Cover and Land Use coupled with woodland plantations and the mosaic of fields, provide designated landscapes within Agriculture the predominant land cover. scale indicators. this LCT. The landscape is valued locally by those who More intensively managed farmland near the coast around Thurso and Wick, and Between Spittal and Thurso – greater prevalence of larger scale live, work and farm within it. close to Loch Watten. infrastructure with numerous transmission lines. Sensitivity to the type of Distinctive Caithness flagstone fences in some parts, creating low, sharp edges to The Key Views Development proposed within fields. Typically, wide views within and across landscape however few scenic this LCT:: Generally High, but views. Sparse woodland, mainly comprising small angular coniferous plantations planted with localised areas of reduced for shelter on farms. High viewpoints on the A836 at Melvich and east of Scrabster Hill. sensitivity are present at its Larger conifer woodlands located at the transition with the Sweeping Moorland and Sea views are open and expansive from the north coast between Mey southern extents, where there Flows standing out where they are planted on poorer wetter ground on low ridges. and Melvich. is increased forest cover that provides increased enclosure. Farm buildings and houses forming focal points within the landscape. Key Routes There are a small number of Occasional loose clusters of croft houses located on more marginal upper slopes Sections of the A9, A836 and A99 locations in the northern part and near the coast. Minor road between Westerdale and Loch More of this LCT that have some Settlement and Transport Forsinard to Scotscalder railway reductions in sensitivity due to their scale and simplicity. The A network of often angular roads, the railway line and transmission lines cross this Orkney Ferries from Scrabster and Gills Bay plain. proposed development is set Gateways within one such. Roads reinforce the settlement pattern, often following the field and property – boundaries, running straight and then swinging around sharp corners. High point at Scrabster Hill on A836 views to Dunnet Head and distant Orkney Islands. A number of large settlements, including the towns of Thurso and Wick, situated on the coast, as well as several smaller settlements. Current Wind Energy Developments Present The long tradition of occupation of this landscape is evident in the many Operational Consented In Planning archaeological features dotted across farmland and on the less cultivated hill fringes. Baillie Wind Farm Lybster Road Hill of Lybster Many historic features, including brochs and cairns, dotted across farmland and Forss Wind Farm situated on hills within, or adjacent to, this area. These are an indication of past (1&2) land use. Weydale Farm A number of historic environment features, including conspicuous castles, Baronial Taigh Na Muir Dunnet mansions and tall ‘Lairds’ houses, usually with broadleaf shelter woods planted Wathegar Wind Farm around them. Wathegar 2 Wind Small groups of large wind turbines sited on some of the low ridges and hills and Farm prominent visibility of larger wind farms in adjacent Landscape Character Types. Bilbster Wind Farm Perception (one turbine) Extensive views due to the openness of the landscape, and the clarity of northern Achairn Wind Farm air and light. Dramatic views from the northern part of this landscape to Dunnet Head and the Baillie Wind Farm has relatively high prominence due to its large scale – distant Orkney islands, and views from the A9 on the western edge of this and elevated location extends experience of turbines across the LCT landscape of the Lone Mountains of Movern and Scaraben seen across the low- and into neighbouring character areas. lying Sweeping Moorland and Flows. Large wind farms sit on the transition with the Sweeping Moorland and Flows LCT and are prominent features. Single turbine (Taigh Na Muir Dunnet) near Ham is disproportionally dominant in the landscape and conflicts with the smaller scale of the surrounding landscape.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

SNH: 141 SNH: High Cliffs 2.1 km north The High Cliffs & Sheltered Bays Landscape Character Type is found along much of CT8: Rubha Bhra to Dunbeath Susceptibility: High. While the THC: CT8 and Sheltered Bays the coastline of north and west Sutherland and Caithness. The cliffs are Description experience of this landscape is particularly high and/or dramatic, distinguishing the areas from other Landscape largely focused towards the sea THC: High Cliffs Found in sections along much of north Caithness. and Sheltered Bays Character Types which abut the coast which have lower, more isolated cliff and the coast, the absence of – Rubha Bhra to features. Comprise indented, intricate rocky headlands with small inlets and development and remote Dunbeath Landform sandy bays. nature of the coastal landscape – character type makes it highly Relatively even coastline of cliffs and small inlets between Helmsdale and Ulbster. Narrow LCT key focus for scenic views and informal recreation and impacts a strong sense of place to Caithness. susceptible to change Contrast of small bays and inlets with sheer cliff faces is striking. associated with the type of Immediate setting for several settlements. Prominent headlands: Duncansby Head, with high, fissured and blocky cliffs, development proposed. Elemental character influenced by proximity of often turbulent seas and jagged asymmetric rock stacks, arches and geos. Dunnet Head, with towering Value: High. Over half of the heightened by its dramatic rugged character. cliffs edged by low rocky reefs. LCT within the study area is Occasional inlets and coves, often with very deep and sheltered waters, and Strong sense of wildness. designated locally as a Special sometimes containing tiny harbours tucked between cliffs and not readily visible Key Views Landscape Area (SLA). To the west, the Farr Bay, Strathy and from the main coast road and settlement. Open, elevated views from a number of locations along the coast. Portskerra SLA extends across Land Cover and Land Use Prominent, exposed headlands are a key draw – Dunnet Head, an approximately 31km stretch Moorland largely abutting this Landscape Character Type which is particularly open Duncansby Head, Noss Head, Thurso waterfront. of cliff landscape, and to the and sweeping to the east and north within Caithness. Sequential views from the A9, A836 and A99. north east, the Dunnet Head A short area of vegetation covers the top edge of the cliffs and small ledges. Views from Thurso/ Orkney Islands and Gills Bay/ Orkney Islands Ferry. SLA also includes a portion of the High Cliffs and Sheltered Some of the more slumped cliffs are partially vegetated with banks of bracken, Key Routes Bays LCT. gorse and short grasses. B855 Sensitivity to the type of The most prominent and exposed headlands are marked by lighthouses, making Duncansby Head to the stack walk. Development proposed within them a focal point for visitors. Gateways this LCT: High. Settlement and Transport High cliffs at Dunnet Head and Duncansby Head – most northerly point Harbours on the east Caithness coast have a strong association with settlements of mainland Scotland – clear views to Orkney. which are perched above the cliff. Current Wind Energy Developments Present The harbours are accessed by narrow roads or even by stone steps carved into cliff sides. None within CT. While the headlands can be reached by public road, the remote Cape Wrath and its Wind farms such as Forss are located in adjacent LCT which abuts the lighthouse also attract visitors, despite the difficulties of access. cliff landscape and forms a prominent feature. Historic environment features include Borve Castle near Farr Point on the northern The OWESG concludes that there is no potential for wind energy coast and lighthouses at Durness, Duncansby and Strathy. development “within this narrow character type due to narrow delineation and high scenic and recreational value. The transition to the Perception adjacent character types, including Farmed Plain and Crofting, and Exhilarating experience of being precariously perched upon a high edge on the cliff Moorland Slopes is typically abrupt and care should be taken in siting tops, offering open elevated views and a perception of huge space. development away from this transition. Wind turbine development will Views of turbulent currents at the juncture of the Pentland Firth and North Sea, appear disproportionally more prominent when sited in proximity to the heightening the sense of wildness experienced from the headland. Cliff coastline as the dramatic cliff landscapes form a key focus in views.” The absence of development along the remote stretches of coast and a strong sense of naturalness creating a wild landscape character. The proposed development would not be located within this LCT and so The cliff tops offer open, elevated views, yet views of this coastline from adjacent the sensitivity rating given and pronouncements on the potential for inland areas are often restricted due to convex slopes and sheer cliffs. Views tend wind farm developments in this LCT are therefore not wholly relevant. to be directed along the coast and out to sea, especially where there are offshore However, the indirect effect of the proposed development on the foci such as islands, rigs or boats. experience of the cliffs is considered in the LVIA.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

SNH: 134 SNH: Sweeping 5.3 km south west The Sweeping Moorland and Flows Landscape Character Type occurs extensively CT3: Northeast Caithness Susceptibility: High. A key THC: CT3, Moorland and Flows across Caithness and east Sutherland, forming a flat, gently undulating and Description characteristic of the LCT is it’s generally smooth landform. Transitions between the Rocky Hills and Moorland and long, low and largely CT4, CT5 THC: Sweeping Relatively constrained. and CT6 Moorland and Flows Rounded Hills - Caithness & Sutherland tend to be subtle uninterrupted skylines which – Northeast Landform Flat to gently undulating landform, providing wide and expansive views offer extensive views across across Caithness, and Sutherland. the landscape, combined with a Caithness (CT3); Gently sloping or undulating landform which lies generally below 350 metres. Central Caithness More remote and unsettled landscape in contrast to neighbouring strong sense of remoteness (CT4); Dunnet Occasional isolated hills, such as Ben Alisky and Ben Dorrery, stand out amidst Farmed Lowland. and lack of habitation. extensive areas of lower-lying moorland, despite their limited height. Interior (CT5); Elevated landform provides and important backdrop and contrast in Value: High. Two areas of Wild Black Hill Mosses Sweeping moorlands often have lochs and mature meandering rivers which sit character to the narrow settled coastal seaboard. Land are found within the (CT6) within the shallow valleys and basins in the landscape creating focal features. central expanse of this LCT as LCT provides some remaining landscape separation from clusters of it lies within the study area: Large areas of flatter peatlands, the Flows, lie within the core of Caithness and are wind energy development in the south and west. It is important to the 39. East Halladale Flows and patterned with a dominant intricate network of water courses, dubh lochans and a distinctive sense of place of Caithness and regional identity. diverse range of pool systems, with wet, spongy, vegetation. 36. Causeymire – Knockfin Key Views Flows. In addition, the LCT is The Flows areas merge gradually with surrounding sweeping moorland. A99 at Warth Hill – uninterrupted panoramic views across Pentland also partially designated under Land Cover and Land Use Firth, Canisbay and John O’Groats towards Orkney. local policy, and contains the Farr Bay, Strathy and Simple composition or moorland and mire. Ground hugging vegetation accentuates Key Routes the smoothness of the land form. Portskerra SLA; the Flow A99 at Warth Hill Country and Berriedale Coast Very distinct flora, dominated by sphagnum mosses, produced by the wetness and SLA; Bens Griam and Loch nan infertility of the flows. A836 Clar SLA and Dunnet Head SLA. Areas of peat cuttings and hagging. Gateways Elevated viewpoint demarcates the gateway between the north Sensitivity to the type of Pockets of improved grazing, mainly within the outer fringes of sweeping Development proposed within moorland. Caithness coast, Pentland Firth and Orkney landscape, and the eastern seaboard of Caithness. this LCT: High. Coniferous forest forming a dominant characteristic within some parts of this landscape character type. Current Wind Energy Developments Present Ribbons of broadleaf woodland occasionally run along the water courses and loch Hill of Stroupster Wind Farm (operational) located within LCT and has a edges. high visual presence and dominance across the landscape, particularly from locations where it is skylined. Settlement and Transport Lochend Wind Farm (operational) located to west, separated from Hill of Very sparsely settled with dispersed crofts, farms and estate buildings largely Stroupster Wind Farm by the central elevated moorlands of CT3. found on the outer edges of this landscape or near a strath. Sensitivity is derived from the location of this area of Sweeping Vehicular tracks within parts of the landscape. Moorland in the north east corner of Caithness and the subtle increase Wind farms, transmission lines, the A9 and a network of minor roads are key in elevation – contrast in character from the small and settled coastal features within the more modified outer fringes within Caithness. seaboard. Perception The OWESG concludes that there is “limited scope for some further Long, low and largely uninterrupted skylines offering extensive views across this commercial scale development in CT3, which should aim to consolidate landscape and result in a feeling of huge space. and improve the existing layout of Stroupster. To avoid unnecessary cumulative effects, turbine height and proportions should be similar in – Consistent views to the distant Lone Mountains and Rugged Mountain Massif character to that existing. Given the current extent of operational Caithness & Sutherland. development, there are significant constraints to new development both Great sense of exposure on areas of flat peatland on upland plateau. commercial and smaller scale, to ensure a proportional relationship A strong sense of remoteness is associated within the largely uninhabited, between development scale and landscape character and setting is inaccessible core flows and moorlands of this landscape. maintained, and avoid significant effects on the adjacent small scale narrow seaboard landscape.”

The proposed development would not be located within this LCT and so the sensitivity rating given and pronouncements on the potential for wind farm developments in this LCT are therefore not wholly relevant. However, potential indirect effects on the narrow seaboard and seascape are considered in the Technical Appendix x of the LVIA. CT4: Central Caithness Description Occurs extensively across Caithness and East Sutherland. Gently sloping or undulating landform with strong horizontal composition – any vertical elements are highly prominent. Simple composition with dominant land: sky horizon. Long, low and largely uninterrupted skylines afford wide expansive views across Caithness.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Operational Consented In Planning

Causeymire Rumster Golticlay WF Camster Berriedale and Strathy Wood WF Bad a Cheo Dunbeath Burn of Whilk Limekiln Buolfruich Strathy South Strathy North Achlachan Achlachan2 Halsary

Buolfruich Wind Farm – within the south of the CT, sits on elevated moorland transition which forms an upland edge to the east seaboard. Causeymire and Camster – south and east of the CT. Wide expansive landscape character provides a setting proportional to the scale of development. Consented development of Wathegar, Bad a Cheo and Halsary likely to affect this relationship. Wathegar and Burn of Whilk located on transition to adjacent CTs and appear less comfortable as larger scale development dominates over the smaller scale landscape character. Ballie Hill – west of CT – clearly visible and prominent feature in the landscape and pulls the experienced of a more managed Caithness landscape further to the uninhabited Sutherland. Turbines at Forss contribute to this cumulative experience of turbines but to a much lesser extent. The OWESG concludes that “there is some limited potential for further commercial scale development in this LCT, to concentrate and

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Distance and Landscape Direction from the Key Characteristics (THC Onshore Wind Energy SG – Caithness Sensitivity to the Type of LCT Ref. Character Types Key Characteristics (SNH) Proposed Sensitivity Study) Development Proposed and Units Development consolidate with existing development. Well-designed extensions and repowering proposals should continue the scale and form and proportions of existing and consented development, avoiding unnecessary cumulative effects. However, significant constraints to development include the wild landscape of the Flow Country, which in addition contributes to the visual setting of Lone Mountains LCT to the south and west, and the areas of transition to the adjacent character types. Open, clear and direct views, which allow the appreciation of this wild landscape, in particular from the A9 should be maintained. A geographical setting to any new development should be embedded into the design to ensure the logical relationship between development scale and landscape character is maintained. Given the current prominence of Buolfruich, further extension of this development should be avoided. Further new commercial scale development to the west of this LCA should be avoided where it impinges upon the experience of the important landscape transition between Caithness and Sutherland. Given the openness of the Caithness landscape and sensitivity of transition, even wind energy development situated within 10 to 15 kms could significantly erode this experience.” Much of the OWESGs conclusion is of limited relevance as the proposed development is located outwith this LCT. However, the matter of the openness and the juxtaposition and influence on the neighbouring lone Mountains LCT and wild land area have been considered in the LVIA. CT5: Dunnet Interior Description Small area – elevated moorland hinterland of Dunnet Head peninsula surrounded by high cliffs. Punctuated by 2 summits – Dunnet Hill and Easter Head. A pronounced landmark landscape, prominent from the flatter LCTs to the south. Remote and uninhabited which contributes significantly to the local and regional sense of place. A key tourist destination. Key Views Open, elevated landform provides open 360 degree panoramic views from most locations. Views are iconic to dramatic sea stacks and cliff faces. Extensive panoramas to the north towards Orkney and the Pentland Firth, to the east and west along the Caithness coast and top the south across landmark hills of Scaraben and Morven. Key Routes B855 A836 (outwith CT) Gateways Dunnet Head – gateway views from the Mainland to Orkney. Current Wind Energy Development None The OWESG concludes that there is “no capacity for large or small scale development within this character area. Furthermore, there is limited scope for any scale of development in the immediate hinterland of Lowland Farmed Plain and coastal seaboard where it contributes to the setting of this landmark feature.” Given that the proposed development is located outwith this LCT the relevance of the preceding pronouncements on the potential for wind energy development are considered to be of limited relevance. However, the effect of the proposed development on key aspects of this

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Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

SNH: 140 SNH: Sandy 8.9 km west The Sandy Beaches and Dunes Landscape Character Type consistently occurs Description Susceptibility: High. Within the THC: CT7 Beaches and Dunes along the east Sutherland coast between the Dornoch Firth and Brora. Areas at the Rare feature within Caithness, occur as small areas contained by rocky study area, the LCT comprises THC: CT7 - Sandy mouths of Loch Fleet and the Dornoch Firth are particularly extensive. They also bays. small enclosed bays occur sporadically around the north and west coasts of Caithness. surrounded by high cliffs which Beaches and Dunes High scenic and landscape value. – Sandside Bay, Landform and Land Cover provide expansive views Melvich Bay, Backed by a well settled landscape. towards the sea. The landscape Sandy beaches and Dunes consistently occur along the east Sutherland coast has a remote character with Dunnet Bay and between the Dornoch Firth and Brora. Natural qualities of sea, beach and dunes contribute to high qualities of Keiss and Ackergill wildness and seclusion. small pockets of settlement A dynamic coastline with sand accretion, dune shifting and changes to vegetation and low-level human activity. Links Important focus for recreation. cover constantly occurring. Value: High. A small discrete

Dunes are covered with a diverse mosaic of marram grass, mosses and heather area of the LCT lies within the with some scrub occurring in wetter dune slacks. Key Views Dunnet Head SLA. Sandy beaches are a rarer feature along the predominantly rocky coastline of Sequential views from coastal routes (A836, A99). Sensitivity: High. Caithness and north and west Sutherland where they usually occur at the mouths Scenic views from adjacent coastal cliffs, Noss Head, Ackergill, Brough of rivers or along the coastlines of the outer Kyles of Tongue and Durness. Head, Warth Hill and Holburn Head. The long sandy beaches of Sinclair’s Bay and Dunnet Bay have a simple visual Key Routes composition of sky, expansive sea and beach and a relatively narrow band of A836/ A99 dunes backed by well-managed agricultural land and some remnant coniferous woodland. Gateways These bays are contained by rocky headlands. None Areas of notably complex landscape pattern occur at Torrisdale Bay where sand Current Wind Energy Development dunes and machair has accumulated over, and against, large splays of sand and None within LCT.

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Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

307 Cliffs – Orkney 27.2 km north east The Cliffs - Orkney Landscape Character Type occurs as narrow cliff-tops above Outwith Caithness Sensitivity Study. Susceptibility: High. Human dramatic rocky vertical cliffs mainly along the western coastal edge of high hills on activity and intervention are Hoy, West Mainland, South Ronaldsay and Westray. They are also found on lower limited. Overall the LCT is coastal margins usually on the eastern seaboard and adjoining Inclined Coastal remote. Parts are difficult to Pastures on South Ronaldsay, East Mainland and Eday. Cliff – Orkney are access and has a distinctly wild interrupted by occasional small bays usually of the Enclosed Bays or Coastal Basin character. Landscape Character Type. Landform Value: High. Valued for its Natural, irregular coastline of high and low cliffs of layered rock strata with many spectacular scenery and views eroded coastal features and occasional waterfalls. to the stacks of Hoy and the Abrupt vertical edge to rough grass, heath and montane vegetation. mainland. Partially designated as WLA 41. Hoy. Land Cover and Land Use Sensitivity: High. Maritime grassland and maritime heath habitats. Soil-stripped cliff tops and browned vegetation from sea action and spray in exposed areas. Settlement and Transport Mainly uninhabited areas often backed by uninhabited hills and moorland. Rich in history and archaeological evidence of a human occupation, ritual use and conflict. Perception Spectacular scenery which presents an iconic image of the Orkney Islands. The Hoy cliffs are landmark features in views from Pentland Firth sea crossings. The natural forces which have shaped this landscape continue to be the overwhelming influence on the landscape experience. These are some of the most exposed landscapes in Orkney, commanding expansive views of the coastline, to the hills and stacks of Hoy and Mainland, and out to sea. The backdrop of Hoy’s dramatic profile is a characteristic component of views from the Mainland cliffs, illustrating the contrast between Mainland’s glacial deposition landscape and Hoy’s glacially eroded mountains. Uninhabited parts of this landscape are inaccessible by road and usually unenclosed, with a strong sense of remoteness, which is enhanced by the visible evidence of past human use. The wheeling movements and calls of sea birds are a distinctive part of the experience of these landscapes.

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Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Seascape North Caithness Proposed development Much of the western part of this unit comprises Type 1: Remote High Cliffs with Sensitivity Unit 8 and Penland Firth is located within an Type 2: Mainland Rocky. Generally medium sensitivity. onshore section of this Coastline with Open Sea Views, occurring to the east. Small areas of Type 3: Turbines could relate to the seascape unit Deposition Coastline with open sea views also present. expansiveness of the sea and Key Characteristics: simple coastal forms. However, turbines could ▪ tall cliffs particularly on headlands, interspersed with short sections of low conflict with the form, scale Sinclair’s Bay; rocky coastal edge with occasional beaches e.g. and natural characteristics of ▪ views to Orkney Islands with Hoy especially visible in places; the high cliffs. ▪ gently rolling hinterland with extensive Caithness peatlands inland and farmland and crofting; ▪ communities along coastal edge; and ▪ Pentland Firth major shipping lane. Scale and Openness Pentland Firth relatively narrow with some views of islands, more open and expansive sea views further west. Generally low-lying open hinterland – big skies, large horizontal scale and very open character and turbines could relate to these characteristics. Sea cliffs can have a large vertical scale and turbines may affect the appreciation of this. Form Generally simple rolling landform although indented in some places with dramatic high cliffs on headlands (e.g. Dunnet Head). Turbines would relate to simpler landform where high cliffs and headlands less prominent but would intrude on views of distinctive profile of Hoy further east. Settlement Frequently scattered small farms and groups of housing sited along coastal fringe and in wider farmed plain. to the east, although few larger settlements. UK Atomic Energy Authority at Dounreay and associated power. lines locally intrusive features on coast. Coast road provides main access. Pattern/Foci High cliffs and headlands and views to Orkney key foci. Small houses form minor foci due to open character. of hinterland. Lighting Ships, lighthouses, coastal settlements, Dounreay ex-power station. Movement Although the Pentland Firth is a major shipping lane, overall this is not an especially busy landscape. Ferries. to Orkney from Scrabster. Aspect Northerly aspect, turbines potentially front lit for much of the day. How Experienced. From main coast road aligned parallel to the coast and from settlements. Ferries, beaches, Dunnet Head. windsurfers. Modification/Remoteness/Sense of Naturalness The sparseness of population gives this area a remote feel. Coastal features and extensive peatlands inland provide a sense of naturalness with human influence appearing minimal. Although an isolated feature, Dounreay affects the perception of this area being ‘undeveloped’ to some extent. The remote high cliffs are

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Table 4.2.2: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

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Technical Appendix 4.3: Designated and Classified Landscapes

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Technical Appendix 4.3: Designated And Classified Landscapes

Designated landscapes within 40 km of the proposed development are presented in Table 4.3.1 below. Table on East Halladale Flows (WLA 39) and Causeymire – Knockfin Flows wild land areas (WLAs 39 and 36, 4.3.2 describes only those LCTs which would have potential visibility of the proposed development. The respectively) is provided in TA4.6. assessment of residual effects on landscape designations is provided in TA4.5, and an assessment of the effects For the sake of this assessment all designated and classified landscapes are considered to be of High sensitivity. .

Table 4.3.1: Designated and Classified Landscapes within 40 km Study Area

Distance and Direction from the Designated Landscape Designation Included in Assessment to the nearest Turbine1

National Scenic Areas (NSA)

Hoy and West Mainland 29.7 km north east No – whilst the proposed development would be visible from parts of Hoy, most receptor locations within the designated area that would have views of the proposed development are over 30 km form the nearest of the proposed turbines. Consequently, the proposed development, whilst visible, is likely to occupy a small proportion of what are expansive coastal views and would be seen in the context of other wind energy and power developments on the coast of the Caithness mainland. In this context it is considered unlikely that the proposed development would be sufficiently prominent to result in significant effects on the special qualities of this designated area.

Kyle of Tongue 35.8 km west No – no visibility of the proposed development.

Special Landscape Areas (SLA)

Dunnet Head 11.4 km east Yes (see TA4.5).

Farr Bay, Strathy and Portskerra 18.2 km west Yes (see TA4.5).

The Flow Country and Berriedale Coast 20.8 km south Yes (see TA4.5).

Duncansby Head 32.2 km east No – whilst theoretically visible from small areas of the SLA, the proposed development would be viewed at a considerable distance and would therefore be unlikely to represent a significant effect on the character, amenity or special qualities of this landscape.

Bens Griam and Loch nan Clar 32.4 km south west No – whilst theoretically visible from small areas of the SLA, the proposed development would be viewed at a considerable distance and would therefore be unlikely to represent a significant effect on the character, amenity or special qualities of this landscape.

Wild Land Areas (WLA)

East Halladale Flows (WLA 39) 10.7 km south west Yes (see TA4.6).

Causeymire – Knockfin Flows (WLA 36) 20 km south Yes (see TA4.6).

Hoy (WLA 41) 28.7 km north east No - whilst the proposed development would be visible from parts of this WLA, most receptor locations that would have views of the proposed development are over 30 km from the nearest of the proposed turbines. Consequently, the proposed development, whilst visible, is likely to occupy a small proportion of what are expansive coastal views and would be seen in the context of other wind energy and power developments on the coast of the Caithness mainland. In this context it is considered unlikely that the proposed development would be sufficiently prominent to result in significant effects on the wildland characteristics of this WLA.

Gardens and Designed Landscapes (GDL)

Castle of Mey (Barrogill Castle) 22.5 km east north east No – whilst theoretically visible from parts of the GDL, the proposed development would be seen at a considerable distance and would therefore be unlikely to represent a significant effect on the character or amenity of this landscape.

Melsetter House 28.8 km north east No – whilst theoretically visible from parts of the GDL, the proposed development would be seen at a considerable distance and would therefore be unlikely to represent a significant effect on the character or amenity of this landscape.

1 The distance and direction given are relative to the affected area of the designation rather than the boundary of designated areas.

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Table 4.3.2: Potentially Impacted Designated and Classified Landscapes

Distance and Direction from the Designation Designated Landscape to the nearest Key Characteristics & Special Qualities Turbine2

Dunnet Head SLA 11.4 km east Special Qualities Panoramic Views from Prominent Headland and Striking Cliffs . The prominent headland forms a striking large landmark at the northernmost point of the British mainland. High numbers of visitors travel along the single-track road to the viewpoint and lighthouse which occupies a commanding position and is itself a prominent feature in views from land and sea. . Views to the sheer cliffs of distinctive, horizontally layered Old Red Sandstone are enlivened by the changing light and weather conditions, the crashing waves of the Pentland Firth and the presence of many species of nesting sea birds. . Distinctive landform features also include ravines such as Red and Chapel Geos, crags and promontories such as The Neback and Easter Head, and by areas of rocky coast where the cliff have slumped and eroded. . In clear conditions expansive views are obtained, from the cliff tops and from elevated positions, extending across the sea to Orkney, Cape Wrath, Strathy Point, Duncansby Head, and inland to the peaks of Caithness including Morvern, Maiden Pap and Scaraben. These views looking across flat terrain or a low seaward horizon, are so expansive that they can prompt strong emotional responses, including evoking an “edge of world” feeling. Isolated Moorland and Lochans . Inland from the sea cliffs the headland consist of an outlying area of moorland with scattered lochans, isolated from the landward moors by a farmed and settled coastal strip that extends across the neck of the peninsula. . The moorland seems extensive, even though it is actually quite small in extent, as its edges are typically not seen from its interior, and there is a lack of comparable size indicators. Contrasting Bay and Cliff Landscapes . The sweeping curve of fine sandy beach and sheltered agricultural landscape at Dunnet Bay seems to form a secluded haven in sharp contrast to the elevated and dramatic headland which projects beyond.

Farr Bay, Strathy and 18.2 km west Special Qualities Portskerra SLA Dramatically Intricate Coastline and Forceful Sea . This is a distinctive stretch of rocky coastline which is typically viewed from the cliff tops and enclosed sandy beaches or from the sea by passing vessels. It is deeply eroded by the sea to form a complex assemblage of headlands, cliffs, promontories, stacks, arches, caves and ravines which combine to form unique features along the coastal edge. . This coast can be an awe-inspiring, particularly during extreme weather or heavy oceanic swells. Access to the cliffs and coast line is readily available and allows opportunities to experience the sea’s force and scale at close proximity. . By contrast the sandy bays which alternate with the harsher cliffs and headlands provide a more focussed and tranquil setting due to their low lying location and the shelter afforded by flanking cliffs. . The lighthouse at Strathy is a popular attraction to visitors and is approached via the minor road which serves the string of crofts and houses along the eastern side of the promontory. . Traditional netting stations now largely abandoned elsewhere in Highland are still notable around Strathy. Moorland and Crofting Mosaic . Rolling landforms trending towards the coast and opening out over bays provide a distinctive contrast of sequential views and experience of the landscape - enclosed or exposed, framed or open, intimate or expansive. . There is a rich tapestry of moorland and crofting settlements with the pattern of buildings and various land cover creating a diverse mix of colour, texture, and form. Big Skies and Extensive Views . There is a distinct perception and experience of immense space and dynamism, strongly influenced by the combination of big skies, and the distinctive coastal light, and the constantly changing influence of the weather. Fine conditions allow impressive and extensive views to Orkney and along the coast to Cape Wrath and Dunnet Head while in contrast poor weather restricts views and highlights the sense of remoteness of the landscape. The buildings and structures at Dounreay form prominent features in views from Strathy Point. Historical Dimension . The remains of Borve Castle situated on a natural promontory with a defensive bank built across the neck and with some ramparts and some masonry from the keep walls still visible, is one of the few surviving medieval (c.16th-17th century) defended promontory forts in this part of the north coast.

The Flow Country and 20.8 km south Special Qualities Berriedale Coast SLA Distinctive Mountain and Moorland Skyline . The distinctive combination of expansive peatland and isolated mountains is unique within the UK. The isolated and tall mountains emphasise the simplicity, flatness and low relief of the surrounding Flow Country peatland and vice versa. . The conspicuous mountain profiles, from striking cones to rolling masses, are visible from most of Caithness and serve as distinctive landmarks. They are typically seen from a distance and it is difficult to perceive their size or distance due to the simplicity of the intervening peatland.

2 The distance and direction given are relative to the affected area of the designation rather than the boundary of designated areas:

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Table 4.3.2: Potentially Impacted Designated and Classified Landscapes

Distance and Direction from the Designation Designated Landscape to the nearest Key Characteristics & Special Qualities Turbine2 . Morven forms a prominent conical landmark feature landmark which is visible from both the north coast and the Morayshire coast. It stands in strong contrast to its long- backed neighbour Scaraben but is echoed on a smaller scale by the rocky profile of the nearby Maiden Pap. The latter is an especially striking landscape feature and backdrop when viewed from the Braemore area. . Ben Alisky is a remote, isolated peak north of the main range of mountains. Whilst not particularly high (349 metres), it forms a distinctive landmark feature for a wide area of Caithness. Exposed Peaks, Vast Openness and Intimate Glens . The mountain summits offer rare opportunity to view a panorama of wide-ranging characteristics – extending over the Flow Country peatlands, out to sea and as far south as the Cairngorms in clear conditions. . The vast open sweep of the peatlands with the long, low horizon evokes strong feelings of isolation and wildness. The mountains on its southern edge and the isolated peak of Ben Alisky are welcome orientation features in a landscape otherwise lacking in landmarks. . Experience of the open peatlands area is strongly affected by big skies with rapidly changing light and weather conditions. Views from local roads are particularly important along the higher sections of the A9 around Achavanich and Berriedale and from the road into Braemore. Views from the railway which skirts the area’s north western side, from the valley tracks, from the mountain peaks, or even from aircraft all give different perspectives. Views of the Flow Country from elevated viewpoints, including from air, best reveal the distinctive pattern of the pool systems. . In further contrast to the elevation and exposure of the mountain summits and the wide expanse of the peatland, the deep wooded sections of the Berriedale and Langwell glens provide an intimacy of scale and shelter and are dotted with buildings and other welcoming signs of human habitation. . Berriedale, at the wooded confluence of Langwell Water and Berriedale Water, is a dispersed settlement with buildings sandwiched between the Berriedale Water and the steep cliffs of the Berriedale Braes. Over these braes is a series of tortuous blind bends upon the A9 that are notoriously difficult to manoeuvre, particularly for long vehicles that occasionally get stuck on this section of the road. . Within the glens, there is a concentration of architecturally and historically important buildings including a pair of Telford bridges, the Berriedale post office on west side of the A9, mills, smithys and a row of terrace estate workers houses on the south side of Berriedale Water, with the contrasting redundant salmon bothy, ice house and terraced fisherman cottages on the opposite side of the Water. The Historic Landscape . Recognising that the inland waterways were a vital method of transport and communication in prehistory monuments are predominantly located along Langwell and Berriedale Waters and their tributaries. The remains represent the full range of major prehistoric features and include chambered cairns, roundhouses, brochs, souterrains, burnt mounds etc; the density of monuments increases as one gets closer to the confluence of the two Waters and their eventual outlet at Berriedale.

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Environmental Statement Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm

Technical Appendix 4.4: Residual Effects on Landscape Character Types

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Technical Appendix 4.4: Residual Effects on Landscape Character Types

Table 4.4.1: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

SNH: 143 SNH: Farmed Lowland Plain The proposed Sensitivity to the This comprises a mosaic of rectangular fields Wind farm development is an Major in respect of the character of the site The proposed development THC: CT9 THC: Farmed Lowland Plain development type of Development of improved and semi-improved grasslands established constituent of this itself due to the transformation of the site result in Major – – North Caithness would be located proposed within this enclosed by a combination of post and wire landscape. Those that are of from open moorland to a wind farm. Major/Moderate significant within this LCT. LCT: Generally High, and stone fences. most relevance to the proposed Outwith the site, the proposed development cumulative effects: but with localised There are a number of low hills and ridges development include: result in Major – Major/Moderate ▪ along the A836 corridor areas of reduced that are distinctive, not only due to their Existing/operational and significant effects of the landscape character between Thurso and Reay; sensitivity are elevated form, but also their landcover which consented Wind Farms within and of: ▪ present at its the A9 corridor on the is typified by moorland set. The proposed immediately adjoining the LCT, ▪ the A836 corridor between Thurso and approach to Thurso; southern extents, development would be situated on one such iuncluding: Reay; ▪ where there is elevated location, within a notable the coast at Scrabster; ▪ Achlachan, ▪ increased forest concentration of moorland between Scrabster the A9 corridor on the approach to ▪ Crosskirk; cover that provides ▪ Bad a Cheo; Thurso; Hill and Cairnmore Hillock, to the south of the ▪ Janetstown; and increased enclosure. A836. ▪ Baillie Wind Farm; - ▪ the coast at Scrabster and Crosskirk; There are a small ▪ parts of the Thurso to Reay ▪ Camster; ▪ Janetstown; and number of locations The proposed development would result in local road and NCR1. long-term loss of a comparatively small area in the northern part ▪ Causeymire, ▪ parts of the Thurso to Reay local road This would be the case in of characteristic moorland grass and heath of this LCT that have ▪ Forss Wind Farm (1&2); and NCR1. respect of both the baseline cover and establishment eight wind turbines some reductions in Such locations are generally within 7 km of cumulative context (i.e. and associated infrastructure (details of ▪ Halsary; sensitivity due to the proposed development. In general, the existing and consented wind impacts on landscape fabric are provided in ▪ their scale and Limekilns; proposed development would add to the farms and other power and Section 4.6 of Chapter 4). Whilst effects on simplicity. ▪ Stroupster existing context of prominent power lines, industrial elements) and when landscape fabric, in themselves, are unlikely existing turbines and large-scale built proposed turbines within the to be significant, the magnitude of impact on ▪ Weydale Farm; structures that are present within this LCT study area are taken onto the character of the site would be substantial ▪ Taigh Na Muir Dunnet; and which interrupt the gently undulating account. as the site would be transformed from one ▪ Wathegar Wind Farm; form and openness of this landscape. dominated by open moorland to one The ‘in-combination’ effects in dominated by the wind farm. ▪ Wathegar 2 Wind Farm; respect of existing and consented wind farms would Outwith the site itself, the proposed ▪ Bilbster Wind Farm (one Viewpoints 1, 2, 6, 10 and 15 are located also be significant at these development would have no physical effect on turbine); within this LCT. locations. Limekiln turbines, this LCT. It would, however, be visible from a ▪ Achairn Wind Farm; once constructed, are likely to large proportion of the LCT due to the ▪ Lybster Road (one turbine); result in the extension of landscapes gently undulating form and and significant cumulative effects openness. Exceptions to this include areas of ▪ into the neighbouring Sweeping viewshadow: Hill of Lybster (a single turbine situated that would Moorland and Flows landscape ▪ between the Hill of Olrig and Castletown; add to the existing/consented and will lessen the clarity of the ▪ between Hilliclay and Lyth; Forss and Lybster Road transition between this LCT and ▪ between Sordale Hill and Loch Watten; in developments). the neighbouring Sweeping the leigh of Spittal Hill; The Baille, Forss and Lybster Moorland LCT. ▪ at Ouglassy Parks; and Road turbines are of most relevance given that they form ▪ between Buckies Hill and Loch Calder. the principal cumulative context Viewed from key viewpoints such locations for the proposed development. along the on the A836 (eastbound between Baillie Wind Farm is relatively Reay and Forss, and westbound between prominent due to its large scale Thurso and Forss), the outskirts of Thurso all and elevated location, extending eight of the proposed developments turbines experience of turbines across the would be prominent on the skyline, and often LCT into neighbouring LCTs, seen in the context of the existing Baillie and including into the Sweeping Forss turbines, thereby introducing further Moorland and Flows landscape movement and large-scale vertical elements and Seascape Unit: North to the landscape. Whilst the proposed Caithness and Penland Firth. development would not represent a wholly Similarly, the Forss 1 and 2 new feature in the landscape, it would turbines form prominent features constitute a notable change and Moderate in this LCT as well as impacting impact on the character of such locations. upon Seascape Unit: North This would increase to substantial in close Caithness and Penland Firth. proximity to the proposed development. Taking this cumulative context into account as well as other

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Table 4.4.1: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Distance and Sensitivity to the Landscape Character Direction from type of Cumulative Magnitude of LCT Ref. Magnitude of Impact Residual Effect Residual Cumulative Effect Type the Proposed Development Impact Development Proposed Seen from locations adjoining the coast at types of development such as Scrabster and Crosskirk the proposed overhead power lines, the JGC development would be seen at a distance of engineering building and between 3 and 4 km inland, away from key Dounreay Power Station, the coastal views, including views along the coast proposed development would and towards Orkney, which form a key aspect pose: of this LCT. Given this, and the distance at ▪ Moderate to Substantial which the proposed development would be cumulative impacts on the seen, the magnitude of impacts experienced character of the landscape at such locations would be Moderate. between Reay and Forss, Viewed from sections of the A9 corridor the Thurso, increasing to proposed development would be seen substantial in close proximity intermittently and at distances of between 6 to the proposed km and 20 km. The proposed development development. would occupy a prominent skyline position but ▪ Moderate cumulative impact would be seen in conjunction with a complex at locations adjoining the assemblage of grid infrastructure, the Baillie coast at Scrabster and turbines as well as the JGC building and the Crosskirk but would affect settlement of Thurso. The magnitude of inland views, rather than the impact attributable to the proposed more critical coastal and development on the A9 would therefore range seawards views. from Slight to Moderate, the greatest impacts ▪ associated with positions approaching Thurso Slight to Moderate where the proposed development would cumulative impacts from represent a notable addition to the complexity sections of the A9 corridor and influence of wind energy developments. between 6 km and 20 km of the proposed development. Locations south of the proposed development, The magnitude of impacts at Janetstown would be subject to substantial being dependent upon the impacts as the landscape here is relatively flat proximity of receptors to the and open, providing clear views of all eight of proposed development. the proposed turbines. In contrast views from ▪ locations along the Thurso to Reay route Substantial cumulative (NCR1) corridor would be more variable and effects at Janetstown, conditioned by a combination of topography reducing to Moderate along and the extent of industrial buildings, the Thurso to Reay route including the JGC engineering works and a (NCR1) corridor. number of quarries that are located to the ▪ Slight cumulative impacts at north of this route. The proposed distant locations within this development would therefore be seen expansive LCT, such as intermittently and in the context of these locations by Georgemas developments as well as the Baillie turbines, Junction and Greenland. and power lines. Consequently, the proposed The recently consented Limekiln development would constitute a Moderate wind farm, which is located in the impact on the landscape at this point, adding neighbouring Sweeping Moorland to the complexity and prominence of built and Flows LCT, would not alter structures, vertical elements and movement the ‘additional’ impacts in the landscape. attributable to the proposed More distant locations within this expansive development but would add to LCT, such as locations by Georgemas Junction the ‘in-combination’ impact within and Greenland (12 km and 16 km from the the A836 and coastal sections of proposed development, respectively), would this LCT. As an outlier to the be subject to Slight impacts, the proposed main pattern of established development forming a minor new feature in development, Limekiln may affect the landscape and one which is characteristic. the transition between this LCT and the neighbouring Sweeping Moorland and Flows landscape.

SNH: 141 SNH: High Cliffs and 2.1 km north High The proposed development is located outwith This LCT contains no cumulative Residual effects would range from None to Residual cumulative effects THC: CT8 Sheltered Bays this LCT and so would have no physical effect development, but does provide Moderate at locations such as Strathy Point, would range from None to THC: High Cliffs and on its characteristic elements. views of a number of cumulative Dunnet Head and Fresgoe/Sandside Bay. Moderate at locations such as Sheltered Bays – Rubha This character type is present along much of developments including existing The proposed development, whilst adding to Strathy Point, Dunnet Head and Bhra to Dunbeath the northern coast of Caithness and is and consented wind farms, grid the complexity of the development that is a Fresgoe/Sandside Bay. infrastructure and the Dounreay

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Table 4.4.1: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Distance and Sensitivity to the Landscape Character Direction from type of Cumulative Magnitude of LCT Ref. Magnitude of Impact Residual Effect Residual Cumulative Effect Type the Proposed Development Impact Development Proposed primarily comprise indented, intricate rocky Power Station. Views of such characteristic of the landscape context that This would remain the case if headlands with small inlets and sandy bays. developments are confined to the forms the backdrop to views inland from this the proposed wind farms in the It is a narrow landscape and a key focus for most exposed and open elevated LCT, would not be anomalous and would not study area are taken onto scenic views and informal recreation and positions on the coastal edge, significantly detract from the distinctive account. impacts a strong sense of place to Caithness. between Strathy Point and characteristics of this LCT. In combination effects derived There are few accessible locations within this Sandside Bay, and along the from both the proposed LCT from where views of the proposed western sides of the Dounreay development and development would be provided. peninsula. From such locations, Viewpoints 4, 8, 13 and 16 are located within this LCT. existing/consented wind Views of the proposed development from the the cumulative context results in turbines, grid infrastructure and interior of this LCT would be provided from: a developed result in a developed the Dounreay Power Station character to the background ▪ Strathy Point; would range from None to seascape to the east. The Major/Moderate, the greatest ▪ Dunnet Head; proposed development would be cumulative impact being ▪ Fresgoe which overlooks Sandside Bay; seen distantly and amidst this confined to Fresgoe where a and developed context and as a large proportion of the skyline consequence would constitute a ▪ Strathy Point. above the cliffs and Sandside magnitude of cumulative effect Bay is already occupied by The view of the proposed development from ranging from None to Slight. large quantities of built Strathy Point is depicted in Figures 4.8Piii and This would remain the case if structures and grid 4.9Pi to 4.9Piv. These images indicate that all other proposed developments infrastructure associated with eight of the proposed developments turbines such as Drum Hollistan 2 and Dounreay Power Station. The would be visible from this location They would Limekiln Extension are taken into recently consented Limekiln appear in the background of the view between account. array is likely to extend these the existing Baillie Wind Farm and Forss significant in combination turbines. effects to Sandside Bay and Given the distance at which it would be seen, Strathy Point from where they from Strathy Point (over 23 km), the limited would be seen above the proportion of the expansive panoramic view it distinctive cliffs of the Melvich would occupy, and its developed context, the area. magnitude of impact would be Slight.

Dunnet Head The view from Dunnet Head is depicted from Figures 4.8Miii and 4.9Mi to 4.9Miv. These images indicate that all eight of the proposed developments turbines would be visible from this location as well. They would appear distantly in the background of the view and would overlap with the existing Baille Wind Farm. Given the distance at which it would be seen, the limited proportion of this expansive panoramic view it would occupy, and its overlapping context with Baille Wind Farm, the magnitude of impact at this part of the LCT would be Slight.

Fresgoe Figures 4.8Hiii and 4.9Hi to 4.9Hiv illustrate the predicted view from this part of the LCT. These images indicate that all eight of the proposed developments turbines would be visible from this location the proposed development would appear in the background of the view amidst an existing concentration of development and would be seen distantly and the magnitude of impact attributable to the proposed development would be Slight.

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Table 4.4.1: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Views towards the High Cliffs and Sheltered Bays Views towards this LCT that would be affected by the proposed development would be confined to locations that project into the Pentland Firth, such as Strathy Point, Dunnet Head and Sandside Bay/Fresgoe, as previously discussed. The proposed development would not significantly affect views towards this LCT from the majority of key routes key views and gateways, but Moderate impacts are predicted in respect of the seascape character experienced from the Orkney Ferry and parts of Unit 8 North Caithness and Pentland Firth seascape that overlaps with this LCT and from where the proposed development would be seen overtopping the distinctive cliffs between Holburn Head and Brims Ness.

SNH: 134 SNH: Sweeping Moorland 5.3 km south High This large LCT comprises four separate units: Cumulative impacts would vary Northeast Caithness (CT3) Northeast Caithness (CT3) and Flows, including THC: west ▪ Northeast Caithness (CT3); according to the unit considered, Moderate. The proposed development would Moderate and not significant. Sweeping Moorland and as described below. THC: CT3, ▪ Central Caithness (CT4); affect a small number of receptor locations in Flows: this LCT. CT4, CT5 ▪ Dunnet Interior (CT5); and Central Caithness (CT4) and CT6 Northeast Caithness (CT3); Northeast Caithness (CT3) Central Caithness (CT4); ▪ Black Hill Mosses (CT6). Moderate to Moderate/Minor Dunnet Interior (CT5); Given the prominence of the Central Caithness (CT4) and not significant. The proposed development does not fall Lochend and Stroupster Black Hill Mosses (CT6) within any of these units and would therefore Moderate to Moderate/Minor and not developments within this unit, significant. The proposed development would have no effect on any of their key physical and the proposed developments Dunnet Interior (CT5) constituents. have no effect on the characteristic landcover distance, existing developed and landuse of this LCT and would not Moderate and not significant. context on the Caithness coast significantly affect the characteristic extensive Northeast Caithness (CT3) between Thurso and Forss, the views across this landscape and perception of cumulative impact attributable to Black Hill Mosses (CT6) This is an elevated gently undulating ‘huge’ space. the proposed development would Moderate/Minor and not landscape which affords some expansive It would not affect views to the distant Lone be Slight. significant. views across Caithness and Sutherlands and Mountains and Rugged Mountain Massif – provides landscape separation from clusters of This would remain the case if the Caithness & Sutherland, or the sense of proposed wind farms in the study wind energy development in the south and exposure or remoteness is associated within The proposed development area are taken into account. west of the unit. Key views include northern the largely uninhabited, inaccessible core would result in no physical views from the A99 at Warth Hill across the flows and moorlands of this landscape. change to this LCT. Whilst it John O’Groats and the Pentland Firth towards Central Caithness (CT4) would interrupt the long, low Orkney are key but are oriented away from skylines and form a new focal Ranging from Slight in the Viewpoints 5, 9, 11 and 14 are located in this the proposed development and are therefore point in the extensive views northern parts of this unit, to unit of the LCT. unlikely to be significantly affected by it. across this landscape, but Moderate/Minor in its eastern would not significantly affect The proposed development would primarily be aspect. This would remain the the perceived scape or scale of seen from a small number of scattered case if the proposed wind farms Dunnet Interior (CT5) the landscape. dwellings and a series of minor local roads in the study area are taken into Moderate. and tracks that bisect the unit and would be account. It would also have no effect on seen at distances of between 11 km and 17 views to the distant Lone

km, other locations being screened by a Black Hill Mosses (CT6) Mountains and Rugged combination of topography and forest cover. Dunnet Interior (CT5) Moderate/Minor. Mountain Massif – Caithness & Where visible, the proposed development Views of the proposed Sutherland and would not would be seen distantly to the west, would be development would be provided significantly affect or sense of partially screened from low lying positions at from the western and exposure on areas of flat the western extent of the LCT unit, and seen northernmost fringes of this unit peatland on upland plateau or in conjunction with the existing Weydale, at Bloody Moss, Dunnet Hill and the strong sense of remoteness Baillie, Forss and Lybster Road turbines that Burifa Hill from where all eight of is associated within the largely form an existing pattern of development along the proposed developments uninhabited, inaccessible core the Caithness coastline between Thurso and turbines would be visible at flows and moorlands of this Forss. Additionally, this unit contains the around 10 km. The turbines landscape. existing Lochend and Stroupster turbines, would appear in the background

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Table 4.4.1: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Distance and Sensitivity to the Landscape Character Direction from type of Cumulative Magnitude of LCT Ref. Magnitude of Impact Residual Effect Residual Cumulative Effect Type the Proposed Development Impact Development Proposed which occupy view to the north-west and of views between Baillie and Forss east. turbines which would form the Given the distance at which it would be seen, more prominent schemes. Given its developed context and the limited the distance at which it would be proportion of the view it would affect, the seen and the existing developed magnitude of impact associated with the context, and the limited proposed development would be Slight. proportion of the unit affected the magnitude of impact on the character in this unit would be Central Caithness (CT4) Slight, representing a minor This is the most expansive unit of this LCT. change in the background context According to Figure 4.3b in Volume 3a views of the LCT. of the proposed development would mainly be provided from northern (i.e. at Beinn Ratha, Black Hill Mosses (CT6) Broubster and Browlbin) and eastern parts of the LCT, between Dale Moss and Rumster The proposed development would Forest. not be visible from the majority if this unit, would be distant and Seen from northern parts of the LCT, the largely screened by intervening proposed development would be seen at topography. In contrast, the distances of over 6 km and would generally consented Cogle Moss is locate appear on the skyline to the northeast and in within this LCT and will form a the context of the existing Baillie, Forss, Hill prominent feature in views from and consented Hill of Lybster and Lybster the majority of the LCT. Forss Road turbines, the Baillie turbines being Similarly, the Bilbster group the closest to the LCT and most prominent. (including the existing Wathegar Seen from elevated locations such as Beinn and Achair turbines) is prominent Ratha the proposed development would be on the skyline to the south of the seen at a distance of over 12 km and would unit. Consequently, the proposed be overlapped by the intervening Limekiln and development would have a Baillie arrays. Negligible influence on the In this context, the proposed development is character of this unit in considered to represent a Slight impact on comparison with these this part of the LCT. existing/consented developments. Viewed from locations between Dale Moss and This would remain the case in the Rumster Forest the proposed development event of proposed developments would be seen distantly to the northwest. It is in the study area being consented noted that this part of the LCT also contains a and constructed. number of existing and consented wind farms including Achlachan, Causeymire, Halsary, Bad a Cheo, Camster, and Rumster. Given the extent of existing development in this part of the LCT and the distance at which the proposed development would be seen and consequent limited prominence, the impact on this part of the LCT would be Negligible.

Dunnet Interior (CT5) Views of the proposed development would be provided from the western and northernmost fringes of this unit at Bloody Moss, Dunnet Hill and Burifa Hill from where all eight of the proposed developments turbines would be visible at around 10 km. The turbines would appear in the background of views between Baillie and Forss turbines which would form the more prominent schemes. Given the distance at which it would be seen and the existing developed context, and the limited proportion of the unit affected the magnitude of impact on the character in this unit would

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Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.4.1: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Black Hill Mosses (CT6) The proposed development would be screened from the majority of this unit, including the main road routes such as the (B874 and B876) by intervening topography. The only area with theoretical visibility would occur at the Moss of Wester and by Loch Kilmister. However, neither location is considered a key receptor location. Moreover, both locations are situated over 18 km from the proposed development and it would therefore appear distantly and mainly as blade tips only and would therefore not be prominent. On this basis, the proposed development would represent a Negligible impact on this unit.

SNH: 140 SNH: Sandy Beaches and 8.9 km west High The proposed development is not located There would be no cumulative Generally, the effect on this LCT would range Generally, the cumulative effect Dunes, including: within this LCT and would therefore not affect effect at Melvich Bay, but the from None to Moderate, but localised on this LCT would range from the physical constituents of it. cumulative impact attributable to Major/Moderate (significant effects) would None to Moderate, but localised THC: CT7 THC: CT7 - Sandy Beaches and Dunes – Sandside Bay, Whilst not visible from Melvich bay, the the proposed development in be experienced at locations in the proximity of Major/Moderate (significant Melvich Bay, Dunnet Bay proposed development would be visible from conjunction with baseline the visitor centre in Dunnet Bay. cumulative effects) would be small proportions of Sandside and Dunnet cumulative context (e.g. existing Viewpoint 12 is located in this LCT. experienced at locations in the Bays. Views from both bays are focused on and consented wind farms in the proximity of the visitor centre the bay interior and/or extend out into the study area as well as Dounreay in Dunnet Bay when the Pentland Firth. power station and associated grid proposed development is infrastructure) would be Slight at considered in conjunction with Viewed from Sandside Bay views of the Sandside Bay, but increasing to the current cumulative proposed development would be confined to Moderate at Dunnet Bay. The baseline. This would remain locations at Reay Cemetery and a short greater impact predicted at the case if proposed wind farms section of the A836. However, the proposed Dunnet Bay relates to the within the study area are taken development would be seen inland, away from prominent skyline position of the into account. the bay where it would be seen in the context proposed development and In combination effects would be of the Forss, Lybster Road and Baille turbines extension of existing impacts as well as the Dounreay power station. On broadly consistent with these associated with Baillie wind farm findings, the majority of this basis the magnitude of impact further around the bay. attributable to the propose development at development being positioned this location would be Slight. inland, away from the principal focus of this LCT. In contrast, viewed from Dunnet Bay, the proposed development would occupy a prominent skyline position on the opposing side of the bay and would be seen in the context of the existing Baillie, extending development further around the bay and resulting in a Moderate impact.

SNH:307 Cliffs – Orkney 27.2 km north High Within the study area, this LCT occurs as Moderate/Minor in respect of Moderate/Minor localised effects within this Moderate/Minor in the context east narrow cliff-tops above dramatic rocky vertical existing/consented wind farms as LCT. The proposed development would have of both the existing and cliffs mainly along the western coastal edge of well as the Dounreay Power no effect on physical aspects of this landscape consented wind farms present Hoy. Station. or its scale and openness. It would also have in the study area, and also The proposed development is outwith this and no effect on the landmark features of the Hoy when proposed wind farms in located a considerable distance from it and cliffs and no significant effect on the scenery the study area are taken into would therefore have no effect on the key and seaward views towards Caithness. account. physical characteristics of this LCT. It would, however, be visible from a small number of coastal paths (e.g. at the Old Man of Hoy) and from a small section of the LCT south the settlement of Brims and North Bay. Viewed from locations in the immediate vicinity of the Old Man of Hoy proposed

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Table 4.4.1: Landscape Character Type Descriptions and Sensitivity Appraisal

Distance and Sensitivity to the Landscape Character Direction from type of Cumulative Magnitude of LCT Ref. Magnitude of Impact Residual Effect Residual Cumulative Effect Type the Proposed Development Impact Development Proposed development would be seen distantly (at a distance of around 33 km), and whilst occupying a skyline position beyond the cliffs between Holburn Head and Brims Ness, and introducing a new wind farm on the coast of Caithness, would represent a minor feature in the background in the view to the south-west, away from the stack which is one of the key features and attractions in this part of the LCT. Consequently, the magnitude of impact at this location would be Negligible. Similarly, viewed from south of Brims and North Bay, the proposed development would be seen at a distance of over 27 km and would overlap with the existing Baillie array resulting in a Negligible impact.

Seascape North Caithness and Proposed High Whilst the Pentland Firth is a major shipping Cumulative impacts on this Moderate to Major/Moderate, significant Cumulative effects associated Unit 8 Penland Firth development is lane, overall this is not an especially busy seascape unit in respect of the effects being confined to offshore locations with the proposed development located within seascape. The seascape is primarily proposed development and along the Orkney Ferry route where the in conjunction with an onshore experienced from: existing and consented wind proposed development would overtop the existing/consented wind farms, section of this ▪ The Orkney from Scrabster ferry; farms as well as grid distinctive cliffs between Holburn Head and grid infrastructure and the seascape unit infrastructure and the Dounreay Brims Ness and affect their form and scale. Dounreay power station would ▪ coastal settlements including Thurso, Power Station would range from The proposed development would, however, vary between Moderate and Scrabster, Strathy, Portskerra and Slight to Moderate, the greatest not significantly affect the sense of Major/Moderate, the greatest Castletown; impacts being associated with remoteness or degree of perceived exposure. effects arising at offshore ▪ beaches and bays along the northern offshore receptors on the Orkney locations such as the Orkney coast of Caithness; Ferry. Ferry route. This would remain Viewpoint 7 is located in this seascape unit. ▪ Dunnet Head and Strathy Point; and the same in the event of the proposed wind farms in the ▪ From the main coastal road (A836). study area being incorporated. The proposed development is predicted to In combination effects derived result in Moderate impacts upon the character from both the proposed of the seascape as experienced by passengers development and of the Orkney ferry as it approaches or leaves existing/consented wind Scrabster. In this section of the seascape unit turbines, grid infrastructure and the proposed development would be seen on the Dounreay Power Station the skyline above the cliffs between Holburn would range from none to Head and Brims Ness where it would appear Major/Moderate, the greatest prominent and introduce turbines and cumulative impact occurring at movement above a distinctive landform, on the Orkney Ferry, resulting in a Moderate impact. Fresgoe/Sandside Bay where a Viewed from coastal settlements and bays and large proportion of the skyline from the Dunnet Head and Strathy Point above the cliffs and Sandside promontories, the proposed development Bay is already occupied by would generally be seen inland, set back from large quantities of built the coastal edge or in the opposite direction structures and grid to the coast and seascape. Additionally, the infrastructure associated with proposed development would often be seen in Dounreay Power Station. The conjunction with other wind farms, grid recently consented Limekiln infrastructure and the Dounreay Power array will, once constructed, Station and would consequently represent a extend these significant in Slight impact. combination effects to Sandside Bay and Strathy Point from where they would be seen above the distinctive cliffs of the Melvich area.

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Environmental Statement Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm

Technical Appendix 4.5: Residual Effects on Designated Landscapes

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Technical Appendix 4.5: Residual Effects on Designated Landscapes

Table 4.5.1: Potentially Impacted Designated and Classified Landscapes

Designation Distance and Direction from the Analysis Residual Effects on Special Qualities Designated Landscape to the nearest Turbine1

Dunnet Head SLA 11.4 km east/north-east The special qualities of this designated area are summarised in TA4.3 and an analysis of the likely effects of the Based on the analysis opposite, it is apparent that there proposed development on the most relevant special qualities is provided below. is no likelihood of significant effects on the special The proposed development is located outwith the SLA and would therefore have no effect on the fabric or physical qualities of this designated area as a result of the elements of the designated area. proposed development. Panoramic Views from Prominent Headland and Striking Cliffs The proposed development would be visible from sections of the western edge of Dunnet Head and a small number of elevated slopes and summits, including the vantage point at Easter Head, Burifa Hill and Dunnet Hill from where all of the proposed developments turbines would be visible at a distance of over 12 km to the south-west. Figures 4.8Miii and 4.9Mi to 4.9Miv illustrate the predicted view from Viewpoint 13 at the Easter Head vantage point. These images indicate that all eight of the proposed developments turbines would be visible from this location. They would appear in the background of the view and would overlap with the existing Baille Wind Farm. The proposed development would appear larger than the Baillie array, partially as it would be closer to this viewpoint than Baillie but would occupy a small proportion of what is an expansive view. The proposed development would not interrupt or detract from views of towards Orkney the views across the flat terrain of Dunnet Head and low seaward horizon. Similarly, the proposed development would not interrupt or detract from views towards Cape Wrath, Strathy Point, or the peaks of Morvern, Maiden Pap and Scaraben. With regard to the appreciation of Dunnet Head from locations outwith the SLA, the proposed development is located inland and therefore would not interrupt views from key coastal locations such as Strathy Point, Brims Ness, Holburn Head or Thurso. Neither would it interrupt views from the A836 coastal road or the Orkney Ferry, or from elevated summits further inland such as Beinn Ratha (Viewpoint 9 – Ref. Figures 4.8Ii to 4.8Iiii ) and Ben Dorrery (Viewpoint 11 – Ref. Figures 4.8Ki to 4.8Kiii ). Contrasting Bay and Cliff Landscapes The proposed development would not detract from the sweeping curve of fine sandy beach at the southern end of the SLA.

Farr Bay, Strathy and Portskerra 18.2 km west The special qualities of this designated area are summarised in TA4.3 and an analysis of the likely effects of the Based on the analysis opposite, it is apparent that there SLA proposed development on the most relevant special qualities is provided below. is no likelihood of significant effects on the special The proposed development is located outwith this designated area and would therefore have no effect on its fabric or qualities of this designated area as a result of the the physical elements of the SLA. proposed development. The proposed development would, however, be visible from sections of the SLA between Strathy Point and Melvich Bay, and on elevated slopes overlooking the settlement of Armadale. However, the proposed development would be seen at distances of over 18 km and seen within the developed context of the coast between Sandside Bay and Forss. This SLA is characterised by its dramatic, deeply indented coastline of rocky headlands and sheltered bays, backed by a colourful and diverse mosaic of moorland and crofting landscapes. Big skies, combined with the ever-changing effects of the northern coastal light, create the impression of great space and dynamism. Fine weather allows impressive and extensive views, including northwards across the sea to Orkney and along the coast to Cape Wrath and Dunnet Head. Dramatically Intricate Coastline and Forceful Sea The proposed development would have no effect on this special quality or any of its key constituents. Big Skies and Extensive Views The proposed development would appear separate and distant from this SLA and would therefore be of insufficient prominence or scale to affect the scale of views from this SLA or the perception and experience of immense space that is strongly influenced by the combination of big skies, distinctive coastal light, and the constantly changing influence of the weather. The proposed development would also, not be interposed in, or detract from the extensive views to Orkney and along the coast to Cape Wrath and Dunnet Head in views from Strathy Point. It would be located within a section of the coast subject to extensive large-scale developments including Dounreay Power Station, as well as the Baille, Forss an Forss 2 wind farms.

The Flow Country and Berriedale 20.8 km south The special qualities of this designated area are summarised in TA4.3 and an analysis of the likely effects of the Based on the analysis opposite, it is apparent that there Coast SLA proposed development on the most relevant special qualities is provided below. is no likelihood of significant effects on the special

1 The distance and direction given are relative to the affected area of the designation rather than the boundary of designated areas:

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Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.5.1: Potentially Impacted Designated and Classified Landscapes

Designation Distance and Direction from the Analysis Residual Effects on Special Qualities Designated Landscape to the nearest Turbine1 The proposed development is located outwith the SLA and would therefore have no effect on the fabric or physical qualities of this designated area as a result of the elements of the designated area. proposed development. The proposed development would be visible to the north of this designated area at distances of over 20 km, visibility mainly being provided from open areas of peatland between the River Thurso and Coire Beinne, and elevated slopes and summits to the south, including Ben Alisky, Molven and Maiden Pap. Viewed from peatland locations the proposed development would be seen distantly to the north and add to the existing wind turbines that are evident in this direction. Of greater prominence are the existing Causeymire turbines that are evident on the skyline in the middle-ground. Viewed from the more distant summits, the proposed development would be seen at distances of over 29 km and would therefore occupy a small proportion of the expansive view from such locations. As in views from peatland locations in this SLA the proposed development would be seen in the context of Baille and Forss turbines and the closer Causeymire array. Distinctive Mountain and Moorland Skyline The proposed development would be seen distantly and separate from this SLA and set within an existing settled landscape which contains a number of large-scale developments. Consequently, it is not considered likely to have a significant effect on the combination of expansive peatland and isolated mountains or the simplicity, flatness and low relief of the surrounding Flow Country peatland. As the proposed development would only be visible to the north of the SLA it wouldn’t be interposed in views towards the prominent and distinctive hills that form a key characteristic of this SLA and therefore would not adversely affect the pre-eminence or landmark profile of these features or affect their perceived scale. Exposed Peaks, Vast Openness and Intimate Glens Whilst visible from key mountain summits in the SLA, the proposed development would not adversely affect views across the Flow Country peatlands, or key views out to sea, and wouldn’t affect the perception of remoteness and wildness experienced in this SLA.

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Environmental Statement Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm

Technical Appendix 4.6: Wild Land Impact Assessment (WLIA)

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Technical Appendix 4.6: Wild Land Impact Assessment Methodology

The methodology utilised for the WLIA follows SNH’s consultation Draft Guidance1. The WLIA considers the baseline context of the WLA, not just areas predicted in the viewshed to have theoretical The WLIA comprises the following steps: visibility of the proposed development and will consider the effects on the experience of receptors processing into and out of the WLAs, as well as throughout each WLA. • Step 1 – Definition of the study area and scope of the assessment: Comprising the identification of 2 a study area appropriate to the scale of development and extent of likely significant effects on the The principle sources of information used were SNH’s Wild Land Mapping and the recently published Wild Land 3 WLA. Descriptions . The findings of these publications were verified using Ordnance Survey data/mapping, aerial photography review and field survey. • Step 2 – Establish the baseline: Confirmation of the wild land qualities of the study area and the nature of their contribution to the WLA. The assessment will identify which qualities could be SNH’s advice to Government in 2014, acknowledges that wildness is a subjective matter that requires informed susceptible to the proposed development. judgements. This is because people respond differently according to their individual experience and expectations. For some, Scotland’s wild landscapes are the setting for their home and workplace; for others, they are places • Step 3 – Assess the sensitivity of the WLA within the study area, assuming a high value for the that they visit. But there is sufficient commonality in appreciation to identify a set of attributes and responses included area of landscape. The wild land qualities of the WLA, including the physical attributes and that can be assessed if presented in a systematic, transparent and consistent way. perceptual responses that contribute to those qualities, will be identified that are most sensitive to the type and scale of change proposed. The Guidance defines the physical attributes of Wild Land as comprising:

• Step 4 – Assess the effects: Given the size or scale of change, extent and duration, the effects on • A high degree of perceived naturalness. individual qualities and/or combinations of qualities will be described, drawing out which physical • A lack of modern human artefacts or structures.

attributes and perceptual responses will be affected and how, and the potential for mitigation. • Little evidence of contemporary land uses.

• Step 5 – Judgement of the significance of effect: The significance of residual effects on the wild • Landform which is rugged, or otherwise physically challenging. land qualities of the WLA will be outlined, taking into account mitigation. • Remoteness and / or inaccessibility. Step 1 Defining the Study Area The perceptual responses evoked by these physical attributes include:

The study area for the WLIA reflects the extent of likely effects, including any cumulative effects, and along with • A sense of sanctuary or solitude. the following: • Risk or, for some visitors, a sense of awe or anxiety.

• The scale of development and extent of effects. • Perceptions that the landscape has arresting or inspiring qualities.

• The extent of visibility. • Fulfilment from the physical challenge required to penetrate into these places. • Routes and movement through the WLA. The extent to which physical attributes and perceptual responses are evident in the field is recorded as high, • The wild land qualities likely to be affected will be the focus of the assessment. medium, low or negligible as set out in Table 1 of the Guidance. It is noted that, as the proposed development is located outwith the WLAs the focus of the WLIA is on indirect effects on key wild land qualities. • The potential for significant cumulative effects in respect of other developments. Based on an initial analysis of the viewshed for the proposed development (as illustrated in EIAR Volume 3: Step 3 WLA Sensitivity Figure 4.4b) effects on the following WLAs have been addressed: Whilst WLAs are assumed to have a high value, their susceptibility to different forms of development vary • East Halladale Flows (WLA 39); and according to the particular wild land qualities, to what extent they are intact and the scale and likely impact of • Causeymire – Knockfin Flows (WLA 36). different development types on such qualities.

Step 2 Establishing the Baseline The sensitivity of the WLA qualities to different types and scales of development was informed by the WLA descriptions and fieldwork and is classified as High, Medium or Low, as described below. The baseline appraisal: Step 4 Impacts on Wild Land Areas • Establishes and describes the extent to which physical and perceptual attributes of wild land are present. Impacts on wild land qualities are expressed as follows:

• Describes the character, sensitivity and condition of the area affected and its contribution to the • Substantial: Total Loss or considerable alteration to baseline WLA aspects;

wild land area as a whole. • Moderate: Partial loss or alteration to baseline WLA aspects;

• Slight: Minor loss or alteration to baseline WLA aspects;

2 https://www.nature.scot/professional-advice/landscape/landscape-policy-and-guidance/landscape-policy-wild-land 1 Scottish Natural Heritage (2017) consultation on draft guidance: Assessing impacts on Wild Land Areas – technical guidance consultation on draft guidance: Assessing impacts on Wild Land Areas – technical guidance. 3 https://www.nature.scot/wild-land-area-descriptions

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Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

• Negligible: Very minor loss or alteration to baseline WLA aspects and Table 4.6.1 Residual Effects • None/No Impact: No loss or alteration to baseline attributes. Magnitude of Impact

Step 5 Judging Significance of Effects Sensitivity Substantial Moderate Slight Negligible None

Professional judgement has been applied to the findings of the baseline and predicted effects arising from the High Major Major/moderate Moderate Moderate/ minor None proposed development to assess whether effects on the physical attributes and perceptions of the WLA would Medium Major/moderate Moderate Moderate/minor Minor None be significant. As discussed in EIAR Volume 2: Chapter 4: LVIA, residual effects are ascertained by means of a comparison of Sensitivity and Magnitude of Impact, as indicated in Table 4.6.1, below. However, it is important Low Moderate Moderate/minor Minor Minor/none None to note that the matrix was not applied prescriptively or arithmetically, but rather, as a starting point from where Illustrative Materials professional judgement was brought to bear. EIAR Volume 3: Figure 4.4b, presents a Zone of Theoretical visibility (ZTV) drawing for the proposed development and Figure 4.4a indicates the location and extent of WLAs. It should be noted, however, that these represent a worst case in respect of likely visibility, and not necessarily the effect on the WLA.

Table 4.6.2: East Halladale Flows (WLA 39)

The study area for this WLIA Aspect A: An awe-inspiring simplicity of landscape at the broad scale, Generally High, but Medium Visibility Ranging from localised Moderate was conditioned by the extent with a strong horizontal emphasis, ‘wide skies’ and few foci. around the edges of the WLA and Whilst the ZTV in Figure 4.4b Indicates views of all eight effects in low lying positions of theoretical visibility of the In general, this WLA comprises mainly flat, gently sloping or undulating peatland at elevated locations within the turbines from low lying locations at Blar Dearg and the Flows including Blar Dearg and the Flow proposed development as with simple vegetation cover. WLIA study area. National Nature Reserve, field verification suggests that the National Nature Reserve, and illustrated in Figure 4.4b and Moderate/Minor in elevated The WLA “occurs across a large extent and creates an image of extreme proposed development would be seen distantly from these is summarised as follows. locations (over 12 km to the north). Viewed from the tracks locations such as Sean Airigh, simplicity and openness which results in a strong sense of awe. The openness of Clachgeal Hill and Beinn Ratha. Based on this pattern of the landscape means it is very exposed and views of ‘wide skies’ and dynamic that bisect these parts of the WLA and form key access ways theoretical visibility the study weather conditions emphasise the naturalness of the landscape, whilst also in this part of the WLA, the proposed development would be Consequently, no significant effects area for this WLA was increasing the perceived “sense of risk”. partially obscured by intervening topography and forestry and are predicted on this aspect of the concentrated on elevated would be seen in conjunction with the existing Baillie turbines. WLA. Few dominant foci within the peatland. Attention alternates between the skyline eastern slopes and summits Consequently, the proposed development would occupy a and lower lying locations in and the foreground habitat, highlighting elements that contribute to the relatively limited proportion of views out from this part of the and around the Flows Nature perceived naturalness of the area. Where foci do occur, they tend to be formed WLA and would represent a localised addition to an existing Viewpoint 9 is located in this WLA. Reserve. by vertical elements that stand out against the horizontal landform, such as the developed section of the skyline. distinct hill of Beinn Ràtha within the WLA and the lone mountains of Morven, Scaraben, Ben Loyal and the Bens Griam outside the area. Seen from more elevated locations including the summit of Sean Airigh, Clachgeal Hill and Beinn Ratha the proposed These isolated features typically attract greater focus than in other landscapes development would be seen distantly and generally behind the because of the simplicity of the surrounding landscape from which they are existing Baillie wind farm. seen.”

Magnitude of Impact Susceptibility Slight. Generally high susceptibility to the type of development proposed. Such a development has the potential to detract from the characteristic openness and Much of the WLA would not be affected by the proposed simplicity of this landscape and to detract from the distinctive lone mountains of development. However, seen from low-lying positions in and Morven, Scaraben, Ben Loyal and the Bens Griam that form prominent foci around Blar Dearg and the Flows National Nature Reserve the outwith the WLA. This, in turn, could lessen the sense of awe. proposed development would add to the influence of wind energy development within the WLA, adding to the extent of However, some reduction in susceptibility occurs around the edges of the WLA development on the skyline and its interruption of the where the influence of man-made elements such as tracks, and large-scale essentially horizontal form of the horizon and degree of coniferous plantations immediately about the WLA. Additionally, reductions in simplicity and naturalness of the WLA. Seen from elevated susceptibility occur at elevated locations from where panoramic views include locations such a Sean Airigh, Clachgeal Hill and Beinn Ratha, prospect over highly modified and managed landscapes, most notably to the the proposed development would add to the complexity of the east and north-east where there are concentrations of settlement, farmland, settled and developed landscape to the north-east of this WLA. infrastructure and power developments, including Baille and Forss wind farms The proposed development would not represent a new focal and the Dounreay Power Station, that create a clear contrast with the simplicity point, however. The proposed development would not detract and absence of foci within the WLA. from existing landmark mountains that are evident in views to the south, away from the proposed development.

Aspect B: A remote, discrete interior, with limited access and a strong Generally high but reducing to Visibility Ranging from localised Moderate sense of solitude. medium at elevated locations such effects in low lying positions including Blar Dearg and the Flow

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Table 4.6.2: East Halladale Flows (WLA 39)

Step One Step Two Step Three Step Four Step Five (Study Area & Visibility) (Baseline Aspects and Susceptibility to the Type of Development (Sensitivity of WLA Study Area (Assessment of Impacts) (Residual Effects and Proposed) to the type of Development Significance) Proposed) “The elevated slopes surrounding the peatland interior typically screen this from as Sean Airigh, Clachgeal Hill and The extent of the proposed developments visibility is described National Nature Reserve, and lower-lying locations around the margins. Beinn Ratha. above. Moderate/Minor in elevated Conversely, this also means that lower-lying human elements outside the WLA, locations such as Sean Airigh, Clachgeal Hill and Beinn Ratha. such as settlement and roads within adjacent straths, tend to be screened from Magnitude of Impact most of the interior, leading to a strong sense of remoteness and sanctuary. Consequently, no significant effects Much of the WLA would not be affected by the proposed Very few tracks or paths entering the WLA and none at all in the west or are predicted on this aspect of the development. However, when seen from low-lying positions in WLA. crossing the area from one side to the other. Boggy ground strongly limits and around Blar Dearg and the Flows National Nature Reserve access to the area and there are few visitors, amplifying the sense of solitude. the proposed development would add to the influence of wind WLA is viewed by relatively high numbers of people travelling by train along the energy development within the WLA, adding to the extent of railway line at the south eastern edge of the area. Being slightly elevated, this development on the skyline thereby resulting in a slight offers open and distant views to both the north and south (across the adjacent reduction in the sense of solitude. Causeymire – Knockfin Flows WLA 37), although these views are fleeting and Seen from elevated locations such a Sean Airigh, Clachgeal Hill interrupted along sections by structures such as derelict wind breaks. and Beinn Ratha, the proposed development, whilst adding to The railway line itself is surprisingly hidden within views from most of the WLA the developed character of the landscape to the north east interior due to the subtle screening effect of the intervening peatland slopes. In would represent a negligible impact on the sense of solitude at addition, when trains are seen, although they attract attention due to their these summits. sound, noise and movement (and lights at night), this interruption is brief. There are some historic buildings, enclosures and drains within the WLA interior that indicate more active management in the past. The typical isolation, small scale, and low-key siting and character of these mean their effects are usually localised.”

Susceptibility Generally high due to the potential for any development to reduce the sense of remoteness and solitude and movement. However, susceptibility reduces in elevated locations where the degree of solitude can be reduced by the extent of human artefacts and activities in the neighbouring farmed and substantially forested landscapes to the north-east, east and south.

Aspect C: A remarkably open landscape with extensive visibility, High at low lying positions such as Visibility Ranging from localised Moderate meaning tall or high features in the distance are clearly visible. the Blar Dearg and Flows National The extent of the proposed developments visibility is described effects in low lying positions “The great openness of the peatland means there are extensive and far-reaching Nature Reserve from where the above. including Blar Dearg and the Flow views – across the WLA, but also towards the margins and beyond. low horizontal skyline is National Nature Reserve, and emphasised. Moderate/Minor in elevated Within these views, it is typically difficult to perceive scale and distance, so the Magnitude of Impact locations such as Sean Airigh, area often appears more extensive than it actually is. When seen from low-lying positions in and around Blar Dearg Clachgeal Hill and Beinn Ratha. Distant mountains often form key foci and landmarks. In some places, these and the Flows National Nature Reserve the proposed Consequently, no significant effects views also include human artefacts and contemporary land uses that are tall or development would add to the influence of wind energy are predicted on this aspect of the elevated, and thus appear prominent in contrast to the horizontal emphasis of development on the WLA, adding to the extent of development WLA. the peatlands. These elements are mainly located at or beyond the edge of the on the skyline thereby resulting in slight reductions in the WLA and include high voltage power lines, wind farms, telecom masts, fences perceived openness and scale of localised parts of the WLA. and conifer trees. Where visible across the open expanse of the WLA, these elements can seem to shrink the perceived extent of the area. Seen from elevated locations such a Sean Airigh, Clachgeal Hill and Beinn Ratha, the proposed development would not result Conifer plantations currently have cumulative effects around the margins of this in a lateral extension of development in the views to the WLA, seeming to collectively edge the area in an arc from the north east, to the north-east and would represent a negligible impact on the east and south west. The plantations diminish some of the area’s awe-inspiring perceived openness and scale of the WLA. qualities of openness, as well as its perceived naturalness, and are particularly prominent due to their contrast of colour, texture and form (highlighted further during snow cover upon the peatland). The existing plantations also interrupt perception of the area extending into the adjacent Causeymire - Knockfin Flows WLA (37) to the south and to arresting features in the distance such as the isolated hills of Ben Alisky, Morven and Scaraben. Evidence of ongoing felling activity can also influence the sense of solitude and sanctuary”.

Susceptibility High in respect of the potential prominence of large-scale vertical elements that could diminish the perceived scale of the landscape, especially in views from low lying positions such as the Blar Dearg and Flows National Nature Reserve from where the low horizontal skyline is emphasised. Whilst it is also the case that Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.6: Wild Land Impact Assessment Ramboll

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Table 4.6.2: East Halladale Flows (WLA 39)

Table 4.6.3: Causeymire – Knockfin Flows (WLA 36)

The study area for this WLIA Aspect A: Awe inspiring simplicity of wide-open peatland from which Generally high but reducing to Visibility Moderate/Minor and not significant. was conditioned by the extent rise isolated, arresting, steep mountains Medium in locations around the The proposed development is located outwith the WLA and of theoretical visibility of the “This WLA includes a wide expanse of open and sweeping peatland. Landform edges of the WLA. would therefore have no effect on its fabric or physical proposed development as and vegetation are simple at a broad level, resulting in a strong horizontal elements. illustrated in Figure 4.4b and emphasis – a simple composition that creates a strong sense of awe. is summarised as follows. The proposed development would be visible to the north of the Views of ‘wide skies’ and dynamic weather conditions also heighten the WLA at distances of over 20 km, visibility mainly being Based on this pattern of perceived naturalness of the landscape, whilst the high exposure contributes to provided from open areas of peatland between the River theoretical visibility the study a sense of risk. Thurso and Coire Beinne. from where the proposed area for this WLA comprises: Difficult to perceive scale and distance across the WLA. In some places, this can development would be seen distantly to the north and add to . areas at the north end of result in the area appearing to be far more extensive than it actually is. the existing wind turbines that are evident in this direction. Of the WLA between the greater prominence are the existing Causeymire turbines that River Thurso and Coire Most views of the open peatland include distinct landmark hills within the are evident on the skyline in the middle-ground, and the Beinne; backdrop. Morven is the most prominent of these, with its high conical profile. Baillie turbines that are seen at a similar distance to the The contrast between the steep hills and the surrounding open peatland proposed development. . shallow summits and amplifies the distinctive qualities of each that appear awe inspiring. elevated slopes adjacent Further areas of visibility would occur at shallow summits and to Rumsdale Water, The elevation and openness of the hills means that their peaks are extremely elevated slopes adjacent to Rumsdale Water and at Craggan, including the summits of exposed. In addition to their steep, rocky and rugged slopes, this results in a Cnoc Crom-uillt and Cnoc Garb Leathaid frim where the Craggan, Cnoc Crom-uillt sense of risk, whilst their ascent and descent is physically challenging. proposed development would be seen at distances of between and Cnoc Garb Leathaid The hills offer panoramic views of the surrounding landscape, allowing a greater 25 km and 28 km. frim; and appreciation of the vast scale of the open peatland, as well as revealing the Views would also be provided from elevated slopes and . elevated slopes and layout of pools, rivers and vegetation that contribute to the sense of summits to the south, including Ben Alisky, Morven and summits to the south, naturalness. The views also reveal human elements within the surrounding area Maiden Pap. Viewed from these more distant summits, the including Ben Alisky, which can indicate the extent of the WLA is more limited than sometimes proposed development would be seen at distances of over 29 Morven and Maiden Pap. perceived at lower levels. km and would therefore occupy a small proportion of the In addition to the isolated hills within the WLA, the arresting qualities of the area expansive view from such locations. As with views from are influenced by views to other prominent hills outside the area, facilitated by peatland locations in this SLA the proposed development the openness of the surrounding peatland”. would be seen in the context of Baillie and Forss turbines and the closer Causeymire array. Susceptibility Generally high susceptibility to the type of development proposed. Such a Magnitude of Impact development has the potential to detract from the characteristic openness and Negligible. simplicity of this landscape and to detract from the distinctive lone mountains of Seen from the low-lying peatlands the proposed development Morven, Scaraben, Ben Loyal and the Bens Griam that form prominent foci would constitute a negligible addition to the influence of wind within the WLA. This, in turn, could lessen the sense of awe. energy development on the perceived scale and openness of However, some reduction in susceptibility occurs around the edges of the WLA the WLA and would not affect views of landmark lone where the influence of man-made elements such as tracks, and large-scale mountains such as Morven, as these would be seen in the coniferous plantations, adjacent settlements, wind turbines and infrastructure opposite direction to the proposed development. are prominent. Consequently, the proposed development would have a limited effect on the sense of awe experienced within the WLA.

Aspect B: Irregular peatland and dubh lochan, comprising a complex High, but reducing to Medium the Visibility Ranging from localised Moderate mix of hidden pools, bogs and lochans that contribute to perceived edges of the WLA. The extent of the proposed developments visibility is described effects in low lying positions, and naturalness and limit access. above. Moderate/Minor in elevated locations “The peatlands are mainly flat and gently sloping or undulating at a broad scale, but nonetheless very rugged at a detail level, with a combination of rough Consequently, no significant effects vegetation tufts, bogs, pools, lochans and lochs. Magnitude of Impact are predicted on this aspect of the The irregularity amplifies the sense of naturalness. The landscape is extremely Negligible. WLA. difficult and physically challenging to walk through the peatland. As bogs and

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Table 4.6.3: Causeymire – Knockfin Flows (WLA 36)

Step One Step Two Step Three Step Four Step Five (Study Area) (Baseline Aspects and Susceptibility to the Type of Development (Sensitivity of WLA Study Area (Assessment of Impacts) (Residual Effects and Proposed) to the type of Development Significance) Proposed) waterbodies are hidden within the low, subtle undulations, it is also impossible The proposed development would have no effect on the to know where these lie ahead in order to select a direct line, so routes tend to degree of access in the WLA and would represent a very minor be circuitous and the sense of remoteness is increased. influence on the perceived naturalness, remoteness and risk In some places there is a complex and awe-inspiring pattern of pools known as and the sense of awe due to its distance and the small ‘dubh lochan’ (although these may be seasonal and dry-up during summer when proportion of the view it would occupy, as well as its context in they are exposed as depressions). respect of existing wind farms which are constituents of the current baseline. The distinctive layout of these pools can be appreciated from the tops of adjacent hills (similar to aerial views often depicted in photographs of the Flow Country); however, on the ground it is very difficult to discern their distribution. Their obstruction to movement, in combination with a high level of exposure in all directions and few visitors to these areas, results in a perception of high risk. One area of extensive dubh lochan is Knockfin Heights, in the west of the WLA, which is located upon an elevated plateau surrounded by distant mountains. The contrast of scales here is awe-inspiring, as the intricacies of the pools and mossy vegetation is seen against the superlative simplicity of the plateau and distant mountain peaks.”

Susceptibility Generally high due to the potential for any development, depending upon its location either within or outwith the WLA, to reduce the sense of remoteness, naturalness and its sense of awe. However, susceptibility reduces in elevated locations where the degree of solitude can be reduced by the extent of human artefacts and activities in the neighbouring. However, some reduction in susceptibility occurs around the edges of the WLA where the influence of man- made elements such as tracks, and large-scale coniferous plantations, settlements, wind turbines and infrastructure are prominent.

Aspect C: An extensive remote interior with few visitors in contrast to Ranging from High within the Visibility Ranging from localised the margins of the area from which many people view into the WLA. interior of the WLA to Medium at The extent of the proposed developments visibility is described Moderate/Minor effects in low lying “There are few visitors to the interior of this WLA due to its remoteness and lack its outskirts. above. positions and elevated locations of reputation for recreation, resulting in strong qualities of solitude. around the edges of the WLA, and Minor in more remote, but distant The hill tops and peatland are very difficult and physically challenging to cross Magnitude of Impact locations. off-path – the former being steep, rocky and rugged, whilst the latter is very uneven with a combination of bogs, pools and rough vegetation. Negligible. Consequently, no significant effects The proposed development would have no effect on the are predicted on this aspect of the Some parts of the WLA contain no tracks or paths, for example over Knockfin WLA. Heights and west of Morven. degree of remoteness or solitude in the WLA due to its distance and the small proportion of the view it would occupy, In contrast, other areas include several estate tracks penetrating from the edge, as well as its context in respect of existing wind farms which and one that crosses between Braemore in the south and Dalnawillan Lodge in are constituents of the current baseline. the north. Users of these tracks include fishermen and stalkers accessing remote lodges and lochs, hill walkers accessing the hill tops, and mountain bikers. Most of the tracks are fairly discrete no-through routes along the glens, tending to get rougher with increased distance and time penetrating the interior, and thus reinforcing the perception of remoteness. However, there are a number of paths of higher-grade construction and there are also some parts of the WLA in which several tracks have cumulative effects and are clearly seen from nearby hill tops. The WLA interior is viewed from its edges. These include travellers on the railway line at the northern edge, from which the elevation of the track enables distant views to both the north (towards the East Halladale Flows WLA 39) and south. Many people also view the WLA from the A9 main road between Inverness to Thurso that runs near to the eastern edge. There is a strong appreciation of the wild land qualities looking into the interior from this margin, although a number of local human elements create distractions. Human artefacts and evidence of contemporary land use occur around the margins and in some localised parts of the interior. These elements tend to be visible over long distances due to the openness and simplicity of the landscape, particularly if they are tall, upon elevated ground and/ or of contrasting form or colour to the backdrop. They are also clearly noticeable when seen from the isolated hills and/or edges of hill ranges within the area.

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Table 4.6.3: Causeymire – Knockfin Flows (WLA 36)

Susceptibility The susceptibility of this aspect of the WLA is High in regard to development within or immediately adjacent to its boundary, but Low in respect of development located further away, as such distant development is unlikely to affect the experience of the principal receptors that view the WLA from its outskirts. The susceptibility of locations around the edges of the WLA is also reduced due to the influence of adjoining man-made elements such as tracks, large-scale coniferous plantations, settlements, wind turbines and infrastructure are prominent.

Aspect D: Wide glens containing meandering rivers that limit access and High in respect of potential Visibility Minor/None. are often the focus for isolated historic features. development within or The extent of the proposed developments visibility is described Consequently, no significant effects “A number of open glens penetrate the interior peatland, highlighted by the immediately adjoining glens, but above. are predicted on this aspect of the Low outwith these locations. meandering routes of watercourses as well as, in some places, past or current WLA. grazing associated with historic settlement and land use. Magnitude of Impact Some rivers cannot be crossed at certain times, limiting access and increasing remoteness, although some glens contain tracks and bridges to aid access, as Negligible. well as other human elements.” The proposed development would be screened from the majority of the glens within the WLA and where it is visible (e.g. by Loch Shurrery) it would be seen in views to the north Susceptibility (i.e. away from the WLA interior) and would be seen distantly High in respect of potential development within or immediately adjoining glens, and in the context of existing wind farm development. but Low outwith these locations due to the enclosure and screening effect of the adjacent elevated topography that would limit visibility.

Aspect E: Rolling, interlocking hills in the south containing remote, High. Visibility Minor/None. sheltered glens with limited visibility. The extent of the proposed developments visibility is described Consequently, no significant effects “To the south of the landmark hills that include Morven and Scaraben, the WLA above. are predicted on this aspect of the comprises a range of more rounded, rolling and interlocking hills that reflect the Magnitude of Impact WLA. underlying granite geology. Negligible. The convex slopes of these hills limit visibility and create shelter within the dividing glens to increase the sense of remoteness and sanctuary. There is a The proposed development would be seen distantly to the greater number of human artefacts and evidence of contemporary land use north of the WLA amidst a context of other more prominent within these hills compared to the north, such as deer fences and muirburn. man-made elements. Consequently, the proposed development would be of insufficient prominence to constitute There are a high number of historical features within the hills above the Strath anything other than a minor influence ion the remoteness or of Kildonan, including hut circles.” sheltered aspect of the WLA. Moreover, the propose development would be situated distantly to the north of the Susceptibility WLA, in the opposite direction to the hills and therefore would pose no impact on their landmark profile in views from the High. There is potential for development to interrupt or detract from the interior or external viewpoints. landmark forms of the hills and reduce the remoteness and sense of sanctuary of the WLA.

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Technical Appendix 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment

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Technical Appendix 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment

1.1.1 This Technical Appendix sets out the findings of the detailed viewpoint assessment, carried out as part  the predicted operational view of the proposed development with other operational and consented of the LVIA for the proposed development. The findings of the viewpoint assessment are used to inform developments; and the overall assessment of effects of the LVIA and were initially utilised in the design of mitigation  the predicted cumulative view with operational, consented and proposed developments. measures discussed in Chapter 3: Design Evolution and Alternatives. 1.1.5 Visualisations for each of the viewpoints are illustrated on Figures 4.8a to 4.9Piv (Volume 3 of the ES). 1.1.2 The viewpoints were selected to reflect a range of receptor locations at different distances, directions, These images have been created in accordance with current SNH guidance and the Highland Councils and elevations from the Site. The selected viewpoints are intended to represent the experience that latest visualisation standards, and contain details of the location, elevation, bearing and distance of the receptors would have at recognised vantage points, within landscape character types and landscape proposed development from the nearest proposed development turbine. It should be noted that designations, settlements, important transportation and recreational routes. The viewpoints have been bearings of views may vary according to whether the view is centred on the site centre (as in the case utilised in the development of the design strategy and in the assessment of landscape and visual effects of the montaged images) or whether the site is offset to take account of cumulative developments (i.e. arising from the proposed development. in cumulative wireline images). Some limited enhancement of photography and photomontages was 1.1.3 The viewpoints were agreed with The Highland Council (THC), Scottish Natural Heritage (SNH) during undertaken (SNH compliant images only). Where this was undertaken enhancements were limited to a pre-scoping, scoping and post-scoping consultation exercise. adjustments that would conventionally occur in a darkroom to improve the clarity of an image, not change its essential character. 1.1.4 An assessment of the potential effects on both landscape character and visual amenity arising from the proposed development at each of the agreed viewpoints was undertaken and the findings set out in the 1.1.6 The visualisations reflect the appearance of the proposed development at the time of the completion of tables below. These tables describe: construction works at the site and include images showing the proposed development on its own set within the baseline view at the time of the photography for the LVIA, as well as in the context of existing,  the viewpoint number and name; consented and proposed wind farms.  the sensitivity of the landscape character and visual receptors at each viewpoint; 1.1.7 Table 4.7.1, below, summarises the findings of the Viewpoint Assessment, and Table 4.7.2a contains  the existing view from each location; the detailed assessment of effects on landscape character and visual amenity at viewpoints. Table  the cumulative context; 4.7.2b outlines the findings of the assessment of cumulative effects at each viewpoint.

Table 4.7.1: Viewpoint Assessment Findings Summary

Viewpoint Residual Effect on Landscape Residual Cumulative Effect on Residual Effect on Visual Residual Cumulative Effect on Visual Viewpoint Name Location No. Character at Viewpoint Landscape Character at Viewpoint Receptor at Viewpoint Receptor at Viewpoint

1 A836 by Motocross Track 307130E 969539N Major None Major to Major/Moderate None

2 NCR1/Thurso to Reay Road 306666E 964697N Major /Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate to Moderate Major/Moderate

3 A836, Thurso 310890E 968823N Major None Major/Moderate to Moderate None

4 St Mary’s Chapel, Crosskirk 302495E 970131N Major /Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate

5 Kintail Cottage 302056E 963965N Minor Minor Minor to Minor/None Minor to Minor/None

6 A9 South of Thurso 312400E 965300N Major /Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate to Moderate Major/Moderate

7 Northlink Ferry (Scrabster to Stromness) 312148E 973901N Major/Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate

8 A836 Reay 295746E 965900N Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

9 Beinn Ratha 295433E 961315N Moderate/Minor Moderate/Minor Moderate/Minor Moderate/Minor

10 A9, Georgemas Station 315563E 959316N Moderate Moderate Moderate to Moderate/Minor Moderate to Moderate/Minor

11 Ben Dorrery 306298E 955073N Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

12 Dunnet Bay Visitor Centre 321898E 970492N Major/Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate Major/Moderate

13 Easter Head Light House car park 320531E 976501N Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

14 North of Mybster Substation 316885E 952022N None to Moderate/Minor None to Moderate/Minor None to Moderate/Minor None to Moderate/Minor

15 Loch Watten visitor car park 324719E 954931N Moderate/Minor None Moderate/Minor None

16 Strathy Point 282904E 969548N Moderate Moderate Moderate Moderate

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Table 4.7.2a: Viewpoint Assessment

The photographs in Figures 4.8Ai, 4.8Aii, and 4.9Aii illustrate the existing view from this location. The proposed development would be The proposed development Views from this location are medium scale and Figures 4.8Aiii and 4.9Ai seen in close proximity would introduce a large dominated by the open, gently undulating form of to 4.9Aiv illustrate the to this viewpoint and scale vertical engineered The residual effect of the sweeping moorland that adjoins the A836. predicted view from this would occupy a large features and movement to a the proposed Connecting views to the open sea are provided to proportion of the view High – location. part of the skyline that is development on LCT 143: Farmed the north of this location. but would be seen tourists/users of Seven of the proposed currently without such visual amenity would Lowland Plain and Views to the south, towards the proposed obliquely. A836 by the Coastal 500. developments turbines elements, and which is be Major in respect 1 980 m S LCA CT9 development, are bounded by elevated topography. Notwithstanding this and motocross Track (four rotors and three essential still. of tourists and Medium – general Whilst the form of the landscape is essentially the transitory nature of High sensitivity blade tips) would be Consequently, residual cyclists, and road users horizontal, there are a number of vertical elements the viewpoint the visible. effect of the proposed Major/Moderate in present, including low voltage power lines, small magnitude of impact development on the respect of general clumps of trees and occasional small-scale wind experienced at this landscape character at this road users. turbines which are clearly evident on the skyline. viewpoint would be viewpoint would be Major Other elements include the access to the motocross Substantial. and significant. site, which is marked by a series of low stockpiles of aggregate in the foreground.

The photographs in Figures 4.8Bi, 4.Bii, and 4.9Bii Figures 4.8Biii and 4.9Bi The proposed to 4.9iv illustrate the existing view from this to 4.9Biv illustrate the development would be location. predicted view from this seen at relatively close location proximity to this Views from this location are medium scale and viewpoint and would The proposed development dominated by the open, gently undulating Whilst all of the proposed occupy a large would introduce a large agricultural fields that adjoin the road and which are developments turbines scale vertical engineered proportion of the view The residual effect of enclosed by post and wire fencing as well as would be visible on the features and movement to a but would be partially the proposed Caithness stone. Scattered farmsteads are evident, skyline of this view, they part of the skyline that does obscured by intervening development on in the landscape and are associated with wooded would be partially not contain such elements High – topography. Moreover, visual amenity would LCT 143: Farmed blocks. obscured by intervening currently, and which is tourists/users of receptors at this be NCR1/Thurso to Lowland Plain and topography. The essential still. 2 2.97 km N NCR1. Views to the north, towards the proposed viewpoint would be Major/Moderate in Reay Road LCA CT9 High proposed development Notwithstanding the development, are bounded by gently curving moving in cars or on respect of tourists sensitivity Medium – road would appear as four transient nature of views at elevated topography. Whilst the form of the cycles with the and cyclists, and users rotors and four blade this viewpoint, residual landscape is essentially horizontal, there are a consequence that the Moderate in respect tips. None of the site effect of the proposed number of vertical elements present, including low view would be of general road infrastructure would be development on the voltage power lines, small clumps of trees and transitory. users. evident from this landscape character would occasional small-scale wind turbines which introduce Consequently, the viewpoint. be Major/Moderate and localised movement to the skyline. magnitude of impact significant. To the north-west of this viewpoint a series of No aspect of site experienced at this pylons and the existing Forss turbines are infrastructure would be viewpoint is considered discernible, whilst to the west, the existing Baillie evident, however. to be Moderate. array is evident.

The photographs in Figures 4.8Ci and 4.9Cii The proposed illustrate the existing view from this location. development would be This viewpoint is located on a small open section of Figures 4.8Ciii and 4.9Ci seen in the background The proposed development the A836 on the western edge of Thurso. to 4.9Civ illustrate the of the view but would be would introduce large scale The residual effect of Views from this location are large scale and predicted view from this prominent due to its vertical engineered features the proposed Located within the concentrated along the coastline to the west, north- location. framed skyline position. and movement to a part of development on settlement of west, and east, and across Thurso Bay, and out to From these images it is Whilst the view would the view characterised by High – visual amenity would Thurso, but subject the Orkney Islands, to the north. apparent that all eight of only be experienced by open moorland skyline that tourists/users of be to the influence of the proposed westbound road users, does not contain such 3 A836, Thurso 3.95 km W Coastal 500. Views inland, to the south-west, towards the Major/Moderate in the neighbouring developments turbines the view would not be elements, and which is proposed development, are medium scale and respect of tourists CT9 landscape, Medium – road would be visible (rotors transitory as the road is essential still. framed between properties in Pennyland and and cyclists, and which has a – High users and columns). No aspect oriented towards the Consequently, residual Burnside. The landscape in the foreground and Moderate in respect sensitivity of site infrastructure proposed development effect of the proposed middle-ground comprises fields of open semi- of general road would be evident, Consequently, the development on the improved grassland enclosed by stone walls and users. post and wire fences. The views are characteristic however. magnitude of impact landscape character would of urban fringe with connecting views into the experience would be be Major and significant. adjoining rural landscape that forms the background Substantial. and consists of open moorland and a low, gently undulating skyline. The essentially horizontal form

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Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.7.2a: Viewpoint Assessment

The photographs in Figures 4.8Di and 4.9Dii As previously described, illustrate the existing view from this location. views from this location are primarily focused in This viewpoint is located close to the cliff edge the coastline to the overlooking Crosskirk Bay. west, south-west and Views from this location are large scale and largely Figures 4.8Diii and 4.9Di east. In views inland, concentrated along the coastline to the west/south- to 4.9Div illustrate the the proposed The proposed development west (i.e. towards the Chapel) and east, and across predicted view of the development would be would introduce a large Crosskirk Bay. The St Mary’s Chapel is prominent in proposed development seen in the background scale vertical engineered The residual effect of views to the west beyond which the existing Forss from this location. of the view but would be features and movement to the proposed Wind Farm turbines are evident in the skyline. prominent due to the an inland location, away development on High – tourists, From these images it is LCT141 High Cliffs Views inland, to the south contain the existing proportion of the view from the most critical visual amenity would St Mary’s walkers and apparent that, all eight of and Sheltered Bays Baillie turbines, whilst views to the south-east, they would occupy and landscape and visual be 4 Chapel, 4.09 km SE visitors to the the proposed & LCA CT8 towards the proposed development, are medium their skyline position. context. Major/Moderate Crosskirk Chapel. developments turbines scale and devoid of wind farm development. Whilst the proposed and significant in High sensitivity would be visible (rotors Notwithstanding this The landscape in the foreground and middle-ground development would respect of walkers and columns). None of residual effect on the comprises fields of open semi-improved grassland represent a Substantial and visitors to the the site infrastructure character of the landscape enclosed by stone walls and post and wire fences, impact upon contextual Chapel. would be evident from at this viewpoint would be bisected by the incised course of Forss Water which views inland, it would this viewpoint. Major/Moderate and is marked by an exposed rock face. Scattered not affect the more significant. dwellings and farmsteads are evident and coupled critical views towards with numerous low voltage power lines, lend a the coast and Chapel. settled character to this part of the view. In the Consequently, the background, the landscape resolves into what is a impact would be simpler large-scale open moorland and gently Moderate. undulating skyline.

Figures 4.8Eiii and 4.9Ei to 4.9Eiv illustrate the The photographs in Figures 4.8Ei and 4.9Eii predicted view from this illustrate the existing view from this location. location. This viewpoint is located on NCR1, opposite Kintail These images indicate Given the limited extent The proposed development Cottage, but is not representative of views from the Effects on visual that up to six of the of the proposed would be barely discernible cottage as the cottage is enclosed by mature garden receptors at this LCT 134/ CT4: High – proposed developments developments visibility, and when considered in vegetation that filters views out from the property. viewpoint would be Sweeping Moorland tourists/users of turbines would its distance from this relation to existing turbines Minor in respect of 5 Kintail Cottage 5.31 km NE and Flows - Central NCR1. Views from this viewpoint are restricted to the theoretically be visible receptor location and the and grid infrastructure tourists and cyclists Caithness unit south, by mature vegetation. In contrast, views to from this location but prominence if existing would represent only a Medium – road and Minor/None in Medium sensitivity the north, towards the proposed development, are would only be visible as vertical elements the Minor effect in the character users respect of general more open, extending across open farmland and are blade tips. No other magnitude of impact of the landscape at this road users. bounded by a low undulating horizon, the form of aspect of the proposed would be negligible. viewpoint. which is interrupted by numerous low voltage power development would be lines/timber posts, woodland and forestry and the visible. The blade tips large-scale prominent turbines of Baillie Wind Farm. would be set amidst existing turbines and grid infrastructure.

Figures 4.8Fiii and 4.9Fi The proposed The photographs in Figures 4.8Fii and 4.9Fii Whilst this is a transitory to 4.9Fiv illustrate the development would illustrate the existing view from this location. viewpoint views of the predicted view from this The proposed development add to the proposed development This viewpoint is located on the A9 south of Thurso. location. would add to the complexity complexity of would not be especially High – These images indicate of vertical elements and vertical elements Views from this location are large scale, extending fleeting. Given the LCT 143: Farmed tourists/users of that all eight of the built forms on the skyline in and built forms on across much of the adjoining farmland landscape in proportion of the view A9 South of Lowland Plain and NCR1 and coastal proposed developments the background to views the skyline, thereby 6 6.35 km NW all directions and connecting to adjacent moorland that would be occupied Thurso LCA CT9 – High 500 route. turbines would be visible from this location, resulting constituting a landscapes. by the proposed sensitivity Medium – road from this location and in a Major/Moderate effect Major/Moderate Views are generally bounded, in the background, by development and its users would be seen as rotors in respect of the character effect in respect of the low, gently undulating topography of the area, prominent skyline and columns. No other at this viewpoint. This is tourists and cyclists the form of which is interrupted by large scale position, the magnitude aspect of the proposed considered significant. (and therefore vertical elements such as Baillie Wind Farm, pylons, of impact attributed to development would be significant) and woodlands and built structures such as the JGC the proposed visible. Moderate in respect

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Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.7.2a: Viewpoint Assessment

The photographs in Figures 4.8Gii and 4.9Gii illustrate the existing view from this location. The simplicity of the This viewpoint is located on the deck of the Orkney The residual effect foreground emphasizes the Ferry, north of Scrabster. on visual amenity of form and natural character Figures 4.8Giii and 4.9Gi this receptor location Apart from the enclosure provided by ferry of the cliffs between Brims to 4.9Giv illustrate the would be structures, the view from this location is open and Ness and Holburn Head. predicted view from this Major/Moderate large scale. Despite the distance at The introduction of the High – location. and significant. The Views to the south, in the direction of the proposed which the proposed proposed development Area 8: North tourists/passengers These images indicate proposed Northlink Ferry development are dominated by the open waters of development would be would introduce large scale Caithness/Pentland on ferry and that all eight of the development would 7 (Scrabster to 8.15 km SW the Pentland Firth and the mainland coastline. Of seen and its partially vertical engineered structure Firth - High recreational craft. proposed developments introduce a Stromness) particular prominence are the cliffs between Spear screened position, the and movement to the sensitivity turbines would be visible prominent new focal Low – ferry Head and Holburn Head due to their distinctiveness magnitude of impact skyline above the cliffs and (rotors) on the skyline point and introduce personnel. and largely undeveloped simple character. In would be Moderate. resulting in a above the cliff, north of development to a contrast, the more distant, less distinctive and more Major/Moderate, Scrabster. part of the seascape complex coastline between Thurso and Dunnet Head significant, effect on the currently without contains substantial urban and suburban forms. seascape character at this such development or Similarly, the coastline between Brims Ness and section of the Orkney Ferry structures. Strathy Point contains the existing Forss turbines route. and commercial buildings at the Lybster Technology Park

The photographs in Figures 4.8Hii and 4.9Hii Figures 4.8Hiii and 4.9Hi The proposed illustrate the existing view from this location. This to 4.9Hiv illustrate the The proposed development, development would viewpoint is situated on the western side of predicted view from this whilst adding to the not constitute a new location. complexity of the focal point or wholly Sandside Bay by a public car park. Given the distance at development that is a new visual element Views from this location are concentrated towards These images indicate which it would be seen characteristic of the and would be seen the east and the interior of the bay. Key aspects of that all eight of the and the existing context LCT141 High Cliffs High – landscape that forms the distantly amidst the view include the simple open expanse of sea proposed developments in which it would be Reay/ Sandside and Sheltered Bays tourists/visitors to backdrop to the seascape at other large-scale 8 10.28 km ENE within the bay, along with rocky foreshores of the turbines would be visible placed the magnitude of Bay & LCA CT8 - High Sandside bay this viewpoint would not vertical features. foreground and eastern side of the bay, above which from this location the impact attributable to sensitivity harbour and beach. constitute a wholly new Consequently, it undulating farmland forms the backdrop to the view. proposed development the proposed feature. On this basis the would constitute a would appear in the development would be The essentially horizontal form of the landscape is residual effect on the Moderate effect in background of the view slight. compromised by a number of large-scale vertical amidst an existing seascape at this viewpoint respect of the elements, including Dounreay power station, concentration of would be Moderate and not amenity of tourists numerous pylons, as well as the Baillie and Forss development and would significant. and visitors to the wind turbines. be seen distantly. bay.

The photographs in Figures 4.8Iii and 4.9Iii illustrate Figures 4.8Iiii and 4.9Ii The proposed development, The proposed the existing view from this location. to 4.9Iiv illustrate the whilst adding to the development would Given the distance at predicted view from this complexity of the not constitute a new This viewpoint is located at the summit of Beinn which it would be seen, location. development that is a focal point or detract Ratha. The elevated and openness of this position the limited proportion of characteristic of the from the wider mean that views from this viewpoint are large scale These images indicate this expansive LCT 134: Sweeping landscape in the background views, especially expansive and panoramic. However, the character that all eight of the panoramic view it would Moorland and Flows to views to the north-east those to the west 9 Beinn Ratha 12.22 km NE High – Hill walkers of the landscape, as experienced from this location, proposed developments occupy, and its & LCA CT4 - High from this viewpoint, would and south-west. varies considerably according to the direction of the turbines would be visible overlapped context sensitivity not be anomalous. Consequently, the view. To the south and west the outlook is more from this location They behind Baillie Wind Consequently, the residual residual effect on the remote, comprising extensive moorland. would appear in the Farm, the magnitude of effect on the character at amenity at this To the north, north-east and south-east the background of the view impact would be this viewpoint would be viewpoint would be foreground comprises the open moorland and rock behind the existing Baillie Negligible. Moderate/Minor and not Moderate/Minor and exposures of the hill summit. Beyond this the Wind Farm. The significant. not significant. middle-ground is dominated by dense commercial difference in turbine sizes

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Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.7.2a: Viewpoint Assessment

The photographs in Figures 4.8Jii and 4.9Jii illustrate Moderate and not the existing view from this location. significant in respect of tourists and This viewpoint is not representative of views Figures 4.8Jiii and 4.9Ji Moderate and not obtained by rail passengers here as the railway is Moderate/Minor in to 4.9Jiv illustrate the significant. respect of general located in a cutting nearby from where views are predicted view from this Given the distance at restricted. which it would be seen, The proposed development road users. location. would not be inconsistent Views from this location are large scale and the limited proportion of LCT 143: Farmed High – tourists These images indicate the large-scale view it with the scale of the Georgemas expansive. In the immediate vicinity of this position Lowland Plain and Medium general that all eight of the would occupy, and its landscape that forms the 10 Junction Station 12.52 km NW the station and associated compound are prominent LCA CT9 - High road users proposed development partial screening, the background and the A9 features. However, in views to the north and north- turbines would be on the landscape context in views sensitivity west the foreground comprises an area of deciduous magnitude of impact skyline but seen distantly attributable to the from this location and would woodland planting, beyond which the middle-round and would be partially be of insufficient prominence contains an essentially agricultural landscape proposed development obscured by intervening would be slight. to detract from the including scattered farmsteads and dwellings, topography and landscape character at this woodlands and grid infrastructure. The view in vegetation. viewpoint. these directions is bounded, in the back-ground, by gently undulating topography that forms the horizon.

The proposed development, The proposed The photographs in Figures 4.8Kii and 4.9Kii whilst introducing a new development would illustrate the existing view from this location. development to the view represent a new from this location, would not focal point in views This viewpoint is located at the summit of Ben be anomalous and would be from this location Dorrery. The elevated and openness of this position Given the distance at Figures 4.8Kiii and 4.9Ki of insufficient prominence to but would affect a mean that views from this viewpoint are large scale which it would be seen, to 4.9Kiv illustrate the detract from the character limited proportion of expansive and panoramic. However, the character the limited proportion of predicted view from this of the landscape at the the view from this of the landscape, as experienced from this location, this expansive location. viewpoint. The proposed and would therefore varies considerably according to the direction of the panoramic view it would development would not represent a view. These images indicate occupy and the existing that all eight of the context of wind turbines, interrupt key views of the Moderate effect LCT 134: Sweeping To the north, north-east the foreground comprises proposed developments settlement and Pentland Firth and Orkney which is not Moorland and Flows the open moorland of the hill summit. Beyond this, 11 Ben Dorrery 12.55 km N High – hill walkers turbines would be visible infrastructure, as as well as the most scenic significant. & LCA CT4 - High the middle-ground is dominated by a mosaic of from this location They opposed to the more views across the East sensitivity dense commercial forestry, open moorland and the would appear in the critical views towards Halladale Flows WLA. open waters of Loch Calder. In the background the background of the view the interior of the East Moreover, the proposed landscape approaching the coast comprises a within a simple landscape Halladale Flows WLA, the development would be of a patchwork of agricultural bisected by a road network context of virtually flat magnitude of impact scale that is appropriate in and grid infrastructure, which gives way to areas of terrain and open attributable to the the landscape context it moorland and the waters of the Pentland Firth and moorland. proposed development occupies. the Orkney Islands beyond. Baillie and Forss wind would be slight. Consequently, the residual farms form a prominent cluster of turbines in the effect on the character at background of the view. this viewpoint would be Moderate and not significant.

The photographs in Figures 4.8Lii and 4.9Lii Figures 4.8Liii and 4.9Li Despite the distance at The proposed development, Whilst not a wholly illustrate the existing view from this location. to 4.9Liv illustrate the which it would be seen, whilst not a wholly new new feature of the predicted view from this LCT 140: Sandy This viewpoint is situated on the eastern side of the proposed feature would add to the view, the proposed location. Dunnet Bay 15.06 km Beaches and Dunes High – Dunnet Bay. development would complexity of the development would 12 Visitor Centre WSW & CT7 - High tourists/visitors Views from this location are concentrated towards These images indicate occupy a prominent development that is a constitute a new Sensitivity the western side and the interior of the bay. Key that all eight of the skyline position which is characteristic of the focal point and aspects of the view include a foreground comprising proposed developments emphasised by the landscape that forms the would extend a flat and simple horizontal form of the open sea turbines would be visible simplicity and openness backdrop to the seascape at development further within the bay. The form and simplicity of these from this location it of the foreground and this viewpoint. On this basis around the bay.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.7.2a: Viewpoint Assessment

Vpt Name Distance and Landscape Sensitivity of Existing View Predicted View Magnitude of Impact Residual Effect on Residual Effect on No. Direction to Sensitivity at Visual Receptors Landscape Character at Visual Amenity the Proposed Viewpoint at Viewpoint Viewpoint Development aspects of the view emphasizes the gently would appear in the middle ground of the the residual effect on the Consequently, it undulating form of the landmass and horizontal background of the view bay. Consequently, the seascape at this viewpoint would constitute a skyline west of the bay upon which the Baillie and would be seen in magnitude of impact would be Major/Moderate Major/Moderate turbines and JGC Engineering building are positioned conjunction with the attributable to the and significant. effect in respect of and form prominent foci. existing Baillie turbines proposed development the amenity of and would therefore not would be Moderate. tourists and visitors be wholly anomalous. to the bay. Given its distance from the viewpoint relative to the Baillie array, the proposed development would appear larger, but would be seen relatively distantly.

The photographs in Figures 4.8Mii and 4.9Mii illustrate the existing view from this location. Figures 4.8Miii and 4.9Mi The proposed development, to 4.9Miv illustrate the This viewpoint is located at vantage point at Dunnet whilst adding to the predicted view from this Head, just south of the Dunnet Head lighthouse. complexity of the location. The proposed Views from this location are large scale, panoramic development that is a development would views. These images indicate characteristic of the Given the distance at not constitute a new Views to the south comprise the Dunnet peninsula that all eight of the landscape in the background which it would be seen, focal point or detract and Caithness hinterland beyond. To the north the proposed developments to views to the south-west LCT141 High Cliffs the limited proportion of from the key coastal lighthouse, coastal edge, open seas of the Pentland turbines would be visible form this viewpoint, would Dunnet Head - and Sheltered Bays this expansive views, to the north, Firth and the Orkney Islands are key features. To from this location They not be anomalous and would Easter Head & LCA CT8 - High High – panoramic view it would west and east. 13 15.72 km SW the east, the coastline between Dunnet Head and would appear in the not significantly detract from Light House car sensitivity tourists/visitors occupy, and its park John-o-Groats and the Isle of Stroma are principal background of the view overlapping context with the key characteristics of Consequently, the features. In views to the west the coastline and would overlap with Baillie Wind Farm, the the bay context of the residual effect on the between Dunnet Head and Cape Wrath forms the the existing Baillie Wind magnitude of impact viewpoint. character at this Farm. The proposed viewpoint would be main feature of interest, the simplicity of the open would be slight. Consequently, the residual development would Moderate and not moorland in the foreground and middle-ground of effect on the character at appear larger than the significant. the view contrasting with the complexity this viewpoint would be Baillie array, partially as represented by the urban form of Thurso, the Baillie Moderate and not it would be closer to this and Forss turbines, and the assemblages of significant. structures at Dounreay power station which are viewpoint than Baillie. present in the background of the view.

Figures 4.8Niii and 4.9Ni to 4.9Niv illustrate the predicted view from this location. Both the wireline images in Figures 4.8Ni and The photographs in Figures 4.8Nii and 4.9Nii 4.8Nv and the ZTV in illustrate the existing view from this location. Currently, the proposed Figure 4.6a suggest that Currently there development would have Views from this location are medium-scale and all eight of the proposed Currently there would be no would be no effects no impact due to the constrained by a combination of topography and turbines would be visible effects on the character of on the amenity of screening effect of High – commercial forestry. from this location. the landscape at this this viewpoint. LCT 134: Sweeping existing forestry. In the North of tourists/road However, a indicated in viewpoint location. Following anticipated Moorland and Flows The landscape context is one primarily a patchwork event of this forestry 14 Mybster 18.91 km NW users. Figures 4.8Nv1 and Following anticipated felling felling of intervening & LCA CT4 - of agricultural fields and extensive commercial being clear felled the Substation 4.9iii, intervening of intervening forestry, forestry, Medium sensitivity Medium forestry and a gently undulating skyline that is magnitude of impact forestry would entirely however, Moderate/Minor Moderate/Minor commuters interrupted by the extent of forestry as well as would be slight and screen the proposed effects are anticipated but effects are pylons and the Baillie turbines that form vertical reversed once development. Once this these would be temporary. anticipated but these elements in the middle-ground and background of replacement planting the view. forestry is felled, would be temporary. however, the proposed has matured sufficiently. development would be revealed. In this circumstance, the proposed development would be seen distantly and in the context pylons that are seen crossing

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Table 4.7.2a: Viewpoint Assessment

Figures 4.8Oiii and 4.9Oi The proposed development The proposed to 4.9Oiv illustrate the would be barely evident and development would The photographs in Figures 4.8Oii and 4.9Oii predicted view from this Given the distance at not prominent enough to not interrupt or illustrate the existing view from this location. High – tourists and location. which the proposed detract from the character detract from key This viewpoint is located within a well-used public development would be visual elements or visitors to nearby These images indicate of the landscape at this LCT 143: Farmed car park at the head of the loch. Views from this seen, the limited constitute a picnic site. Also, that all eight of the viewpoint. Loch Watten Lowland Plain and location are large scale, most especially to the proportion of the view prominent new focal 15 22.40 km NW nearby residential proposed developments Consequently, the proposed visitor car park LCA CT9 - High north-west, along the line of the loch which is that it would affect and point and is receptors turbines would be visible development would result in sensitivity enclosed by low, gently undulating topography. The the partial screening to therefore considered Medium general on the skyline to the east a Moderate/Minor effect on simplicity and openness of the loch emphasizes the the turbine, the to pose a road users. but would be seen the character of the woodland and agricultural landscape of the lochsides magnitude of impact Moderate/Minor distantly and would be landscape at this viewpoint and the horizontal horizon. would be negligible. effect on the visual partially screened by which would not be amenity of receptors intervening topography. significant. at this viewpoint.

The photographs in Figures 4.8Pii and 4.9Pii illustrate the existing view from this location. This viewpoint is located at vantage point at Strathy Point, just south of the Strathy Point lighthouse. Views from this location are large scale, panoramic. Figures 4.8Piii and 4.9Pi The proposed development, to 4.9Piv illustrate the Views to the south comprise the Strathy Point whilst adding to the predicted view from this complexity of the peninsula and Caithness hinterland beyond. Given the distance at location. development that is a Moderate. The which it would be seen, To the north the lighthouse, coastal edge, open seas characteristic of the proposed These images indicate the limited proportion of of the Pentland Firth, and to the north-east, the landscape in the background development would LCT141 High Cliffs High – tourists and that all eight of the this expansive Orkney Islands are key features. to views to the south-east be too distant to 16 Strathy Point 23.04 km ESE and Sheltered Bays visitors to Strathy proposed developments panoramic view it would To the east, the coastline between Strathy Point and form this viewpoint, would detract significantly – High sensitivity Point. turbines would be visible occupy, and its Dunnet Head are principal features. The existing not be anomalous. from the key coastal from this location. They developed context, the Baillie and Forss wind farms and Dounreay power Consequently, the residual views, to the north, would appear in the magnitude of impact station form distant foci in the view. effect on the character at west and east. background of the view would be slight. In views to the west, towards the proposed between the existing this viewpoint would be development, the coastline between Strathy Pont Baillie Wind Farm and Moderate and not and Cape Wrath forms the main feature of interest. Forss turbines. significant. represented by the urban form of Thurso, the Baillie and Forss turbines, and the assemblages of structures at Dounreay power station which are present in the background of the view.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Proposed Development Candidate development 0.98 km S 38.4 Whilst there is theoretical visibility of the existing/consented Forss 1 Forss 1 Existing/operational 4.90 km WNW 1.8 and Forss 2 wind farms and the High – Forss 2 Existing/operational 4.98 km WNW 6.9 proposed Hill of Lybster and Slickly A836 by tourists/users of turbines, field reconnaissance No cumulative effects on No cumulative effects on 1 Motocross High Coastal 500. Lybster Road Forss Consented 4.55 km WNW 0.6 suggests that these developments landscape character at the visual amenity of this Track Medium – road are screened by intervening viewpoint. viewpoint. users Hill of Lybster Consented 4.63 km WNW 0.9 topography and vegetation. Consequently, no cumulative Dounreay Tri Consented 15.57 km NW 0.1 impacts are anticipated at this Slickly Wind Farm Proposed 24.5 km ESE 1.5 location.

Proposed Development Candidate development 2.97 km N 21.2 Existing wind turbines are located Seen in conjunction with to the north-west and west of this Baillie Existing/operational 3.01 km W 25.5 The additional cumulative existing and consented wind viewpoint. The proposed effect of the proposed farm developments, the development would introduce Forss 1 Existing/operational 6.65 km NW 2.6 development on the additional cumulative visual turbines to a largely undeveloped character of the landscape at effect attributable to the skyline to the north of this High – Forss 2 Existing/operational 6.56 km NW 0.5 this viewpoint would be proposed development would viewpoint. Given the relative tourists/users of Major/Moderate and be Major/Moderate and NCR1/Thurso proximity of the proposed to the 2 High NCR1. Lybster Road Forss Consented 6.17 km NW 0.4 significant in respect of significant in respect of to Reay Road viewpoint and its prominent skyline existing and consented wind tourists and cyclists on NCR1 Medium – road position, the cumulative magnitude Hill of Lybster Consented 6.28 km NW 0.6 farms. This would remain and Moderate in respect of users of impact would be Moderate. The the case if the proposed general road users. This recently consented Limekiln wind farms in the study area would remain the case if the Limekiln Consented 8.27 km SW 17.5 turbines and proposed Limekiln were also taken into proposed wind farms in the Extension arrays would further account. study area were also taken Dounreay Tri Consented 17.57 km NW 1.0 extend development to the south- into account. west. Limekiln Extension Proposed 7.67 km SW 12

Whilst a number of the Baillie Proposed Development Candidate development 3.95 km W 14 turbine blade tips are theoretically visible from this location, they were High – Baillie Existing/operational 8.14 km WSW 6.5 not evident during field tourists/users of reconnaissance. Similarly, the No cumulative effect on No cumulative effect on visual existing/consented Lochend 3 A836, Thurso High Coastal 500. Lochend Existing/operational 16.95 km E 2.8 landscape character. amenity. turbines are screened by Medium – road intervening built forms, as would users Taigh Na Muir Dunnet Existing/operational 15.10 km ENE 0.2 the proposed Slickly array. Consequently, no cumulative impact is anticipated at this Slickly Wind Farm Proposed 24.57 km ESE 3.1 viewpoint.

Views from this location are Proposed Development Candidate development 4.09 km SE 18.4 primarily focused on the coastline The proposed development to the west, south-west and east. would introduce a large scale The existing/consented Forss 1 and vertical engineered features The residual effect of the Baillie Existing/operational 3.99 km S 12.8 Forss 2 wind farms are evident in and movement to a part of proposed development on views to the west but are partially the view characterised by visual amenity would be St Mary’s Major/Moderate in respect High – tourists, obscured by intervening built open moorland skyline that 4 Chapel, High Forss 1 Existing/operational 0.54 km SW 17.1 of existing/consented wind visitors to chapel. structures at the Chapel. The does not contain such Crosskirk Baillie turbines are visible to the elements, and which is farms. This would remain the south. The proposed development essential still. Consequently, if proposed wind energy Forss 2 Existing/operational 0.37 km SW 43.4 would be occupying a prominent residual cumulative effect of developments are also taken skyline position to the south-east, the proposed development into account. thereby resulting in a considerable on the landscape character Lybster Road Forss Consented 0.82 km S 3.1 increase in the influence of wind at this viewpoint would be farm development at this location.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Sensitivity of Approx. Landscape Horizontal Residual Cumulative Vpt Visual Distance and Magnitude of Cumulative Residual Cumulative Name Sensitivity at Angle No. Receptors at Wind Farm Status Direction to Impact Landscape Effect Visual Effect Viewpoint Subtended Viewpoint Proposed (degrees) Development This equates to a Substantial Major/Moderate and Hill of Lybster Consented 0.74 km S 5.4 cumulative impact. However, the significant. proposed development would represent a Substantial impact Bettyhill Existing/operational 30.20 km WSW 2.0 upon contextual views inland, it would not affect the more critical views towards the coast and Dounreay Tri Consented 11.12 km NW 1.5 Chapel. Consequently, the impact would be Moderate.

Proposed Development Candidate development 5.31 km NE 4.9

Achlachan Existing/operational 17.47 km SE 0.3 Given the limited extent of the proposed developments visibility Achlachan 2 Consented 18.03 km SE 0.4 relative to the intervening Baillie The proposed development Baillie Existing/operational 0.81 km N 66.6 wind farm and grid infrastructure, High – and the restricted visibility of the would be barely discernible tourists/users of Bad a Cheo Existing/operational 20.10 km SE 3.4 majority of cumulative and when considered in Effects on visual receptors at relation to existing turbines this viewpoint would be Minor Kintail NCR1. developments, the magnitude of 5 High Causeymire Existing/operational 18.71 km SE 4.4 and grid infrastructure would in respect of tourists and Cottage High, nearby cumulative impact would be negligible both in respect of be represent only a Minor cyclists and Minor/None in residential Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 8 km W 4.8 additional cumulative effect respect of general road users. receptors existing/operational developments Weydale Farm Existing/operational 12.02 km ENE 0.2 and also when proposed in the character of the developments are taken into landscape at this viewpoint. Camster II Proposed 29.03 km SE 2.5 account. Limekiln Consented 3.99 km SW 32.0

Limekiln Extension Proposed 2.9 km SW 26

Proposed Development Candidate development 6.35 km NW 12.1

Achlachan Existing/Operational 13.48 km SSE 3.4 The proposed development Achlachan2 Consented 14.27 km SSE 3.8 would constitute a notable The proposed development increase in the influence of would add to the complexity Baillie Existing/operational 8.75 km W 10.1 Given its distance and the wind farm development and of vertical elements and built proportion of the view it would the complexity of vertical Bad a Choe Existing/operational 15.87 km SSE 4.1 forms on the skyline, thereby occupy relative to other elements on the skyline in constituting a High – Causeymire Existing/operational 14.75 km SSE 7.6 existing/consented wind energy the background to views Major/Moderate cumulative tourists/users of developments and grid from this location, thereby visual effect in respect of A9 South of NCR1 and coastal Limekiln Consented 13.87 km WSW 10.6 infrastructure, the magnitude of representing a 6 High tourists and cyclists and Thurso 500 route. cumulative impact would be Major/Moderate Weydale Existing/operational 1.60 km E 1.8 Moderate in respect of Moderate. This would remain the cumulative effect in respect Medium – road general road users. both in Rumster Community Consented 25.64 km SE 0.5 case in the event of the proposed of the character at this users the context of the Limekiln Extension and Drum viewpoint both in respect of existing/operational and wind Golticlay Proposed 25.64 km SE 6.0 Hollistan 2 turbines are also the existing/operational and farm context and when included. consented wind farm context Halsary Consented 15.18 km ESE 7.5 proposed developments are and when proposed also taken onto account. Buolfruich Existing/operational 29.60 km SW 2.0 developments are also taken onto account. Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 18.5 km W 2.1

Limekiln Extension Proposed 12.6 km WSW 7

Proposed Development Candidate development 8.15 km SW 5.4 High – The Baillie and Forss 1 and Forss 2 The proposed development The residual cumulative effect Northlink tourists/passenge Bettyhill Existing/operational 40.94 km SW 0.7 turbines represent the most would introduce large scale on visual amenity of this Ferry rs on ferry and prominent existing/consented engineered elements and receptor location would be 7 High Forss 1 Existing/operational 11.26 km SW 0.3 (Scrabster to recreational craft. arrays and form a notable cluster movement to a section of Major/Moderate and close to the coastal edge, west of the coastline that is largely significant. The proposed Stromness) Low – ferry Forss 2 Existing/operational 11.17 km SW 2.9 Brims Ness. Once the recently undeveloped, and which is development would introduce personnel Lybster Road Forss Consented 11.11 km SW 0.2 consented Limekiln development is characterised by its steep a prominent new focal point

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Strathy North Existing/operational 34.37 km SW 2.8 constructed, this scheme will cliffs. Consequently, the and introduce development to extend this concentration of residual effect on the a part of the seascape Hill of Lybster Consented 11.14 km SW 0.4 development further west. The character at this viewpoint currently without it. proposed development would be would be Major/Moderate Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 21 km SW 1.6 This would remain the case if closer than the existing and and significant. the proposed wind farms are Strathy Wood Proposed 34.24 km SW 0.9 consented developments and would This would remain the case taken into account. be seen separately from the main if the proposed wind farms cluster of developments and would are taken into account. occupy a prominent position above the distinctive cliffs between Holburn Head and Brim Ness. Given its prominence and the proportion of the view it would occupy, relative to existing/consented schemes, the magnitude of cumulative change attributable to the proposed development would be Moderate. This would remain the case if the proposed wind farms in the study area were also taken into account.

Proposed Development Candidate development 10.28 km ENE 5.9 The proposed development, whilst adding to the Baillie Existing/operational 6.20 km E 13.2 complexity of the The proposed development Forss 1 Existing/operational 7.23 km NE 0.7 The proposed development would development that is a be seen amidst a complex characteristic of the would not constitute a new Forss 2 Existing/operational 7.11 km NE 4.2 assemblage of existing/consented landscape that forms the focal point or wholly new turbines, grid infrastructure and backdrop to the seascape at visual element and would be Limekiln Consented 4.26 km SSE 22.2 this viewpoint would not seen distantly amidst other High – the Dounreay Power Station and constitute a wholly new large-scale vertical features. tourists/visitors to Lybster Road Forss Consented 7.64 km NE 0.3 would therefore represent a slight feature. On this basis the Consequently, it would 8 A836 Reay High Sandside bay cumulative impact in respect of the Hill of Lybster Consented 7.60 km NE 0.5 residual cumulative effect on constitute a Moderate harbour and baseline cumulative context. This would remain the case if the the seascape at this cumulative effect in respect beach. Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 3.2 km SW 14.2 proposed wind farms in the study viewpoint would be Moderate of the amenity of tourists and visitors to the bay. Limekiln Extension Proposed 5.3 km SSE 11.5 area were also taken into account. in respect of both the existing/consented This would remain the case if cumulative baseline and the proposed wind farms are would not be significant. taken into account. This would remain the case if the proposed wind farms are taken into account.

Proposed Development Candidate development 12.22 km NE 4.2 The proposed development, Achlachan Existing/operational 21.50 km SE 1.9 whilst adding to the The proposed development Given the distance at which the complexity of the would not constitute a new Achlachan 2 Consented 21.88 km SE 0.2 proposed development would be development that is a focal point or detract from the seen relative to other characteristic of the wider views, especially those Baillie Existing/operational 7.47 km NE 11.4 existing/consented wind energy landscape in the background to the west and south-west. Bad a Cheo Existing/operational 23.93 km SE 2 development, the limited to views to the north-east Consequently, the residual proportion of this expansive from this viewpoint, it would High – Hill effect on the amenity at this 9 Beinn Ratha High Bettyhill Existing/operational 21.57 km W 0.2 panoramic view it would occupy, be consistent with the walkers viewpoint would be and its overlapping context with perceived established Moderate/Minor and not Bilbster Group Existing/consented 32.99 km SE 0.2 Baillie Wind Farm, the magnitude pattern of development and significant. of cumulative impact would be would not be anomalous. Buolfruich Existing/operational 32.50 km SE 0.7 This would remain the case if Negligible. This would remain the Consequently, the residual the proposed wind farms are Burn of Whilk Existing/operational 38.41 km SE 1.7 case if the proposed wind farms cumulative effect on the taken into account. are taken into account. character at this viewpoint Camster Existing/operational 32,06 km SE 3.5 would be Moderate/Minor Causeymire Existing/operational 22.30 km SE 5.7 and not significant.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Cogle Moss Consented 32.07 km ESE 2.4 This would remain the case if the proposed wind farms Dounreay Tri Consented 14.27 km NNW 0.2 are taken into account.

Forss 1 Existing/operational 10.52 km NE 1

Forss 2 Existing/operational 10.52 km NE 3.1

Halsary Consented 24.23 km SE 4.4

Limekiln Consented 1.55 km E 51.5

Limekiln Extension Proposed 3.7 km ENE 21

Lochend Existing/operational 33.29 km ENE 1.5

Lybster Road Forss Consented 10.73 km NE 0.2

Rumster Community Consented 32.39 km SE 0.9

Stroupster Existing/operational 37.86 km ENE 2.4

Strathy North Existing/operational 13.71 km WSW 10.8

Strathy South Existing/consented 16.66 km WSW 0.3

Taigh Na Muir Dunnet Existing/operational 32.16 km NE 0.1

Weydale Farm Existing/operational 19.0 km ENE 0.2

Golticlay Proposed 32.47 km SE 3.9

Hill of Lybster Proposed 10.73 km NE 0.4

Slickly Proposed 36.2 km SE 2.7

Strathy Wood Proposed 13.07 km WSW 5.7

Tachar A Proposed 25.8 km SE 0.3

Tachar B Proposed 26.1 km SE 0.3

Achairn Existing/operational 35.95 km SE 1.9

Wathegar Existing/operational 33.63 km SE 1.2

Wathegar 2 Existing/operational 34.63 km SE 1.25

Proposed Development Candidate development 12.52 km NW 6.9

Achlachan Existing/operational 7.17 km S 6 Moderate and not significant. Achlachan 2 Consented 7.89 km S 6.6 The proposed development Baillie Existing/operational 13.18 km NW 2.7 Given the distance at which it would not be inconsistent would be seen, the limited with the scale of the Causeymire Existing/operational 8.37 km S 8.6 Moderate and not significant Georgemas High – tourists proportion of the large-scale view it landscape that forms the in respect of tourists and 10 Junction High Cogle Moss Consented 13 km ESE 6.3 would occupy, and its partial background and the Medium - rail Moderate/Minor in respect of Station A9 screening, the magnitude of impact landscape context in views passengers general road users. Limekiln Consented 16.26 km WNW 7.8 attributable to the proposed from this location and would development would be slight. be of insufficient prominence Limekiln Extension Proposed 15.3 km WNW 5.9 to detract from the Slickly Proposed 17.1 km NE 5.7 landscape character at this viewpoint. Stroupster Existing/operational 18.72 km ENE 0.2

Wyedale Farm Existing/operational 6.15 km NNW 0.3

11 Ben Dorrery High Proposed Development Candidate development 12.55 km N 5.3

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Achlachan Existing/operational 9.05 km ESE 4.3

Achlachan 2 Consented 9.38 km ESE 3.2

Baillie Existing/operational 10.07 km NNW 9.2

Bad a Cheo Existing/operational 11.41 km SE 10.3

Bilbster Group Existing/operational 20.97 km ESE 0.6

Buolfruich Existing/operational 21.39 km SSE 1.8

Burn of Whilk Existing/operational 25.88 km SE 2.4

Camster Existing/operational 19.62 km SE 5.8

Causeymire Existing/consented 9.76 km SE 12

Cogle Moss Existing/consented 20.87 km E 3.6 The proposed development, Dounreay Tri Existing/consented 24.41 km NW 0.1 whilst introducing a new development to the view Forss 1 Existing/operational 15.10 km NNW 1.2 from this location, would not be anomalous, and would When seen in conjunction Forss 2 Existing/operational 14.95 km NNW 2 not interrupt views of the with the numerous Halsary Consented 11.78 km ESE 10.6 Pentland Firth or Orkney and existing/consented wind would not impact upon views farms the proposed Limekiln Consented 8.60 km NW 12.1 into the East Halladale Flows development would constitute Given the distance at which it or Causeymire Knockfin a Moderate cumulative visual Limekiln Extension Proposed 8.3 km NW 8.9 would be seen and the limited Flows WLAs which forms a effect of hill walkers at this proportion of this expansive key part of the landscape viewpoint. The proposed High – hill Lochend Existing/operational 25.44 km NE 1.7 panoramic view it would occupy context for this viewpoint. development would represent walkers and the existing context of wind Lybster Road Forss Consented 14.72 km NNW 0.2 The proposed development a new focal point but would turbines, the magnitude of impact would represent a slight be of insufficient scale and Rumster Community Consented 20.09 km SE 1.3 attributable to the proposed increase in the influence and prominence to significantly development would be slight. Slickly Proposed 27.3 km NE 3.6 geographical spread of wind detract from the visual energy development and a amenity of this location. Stroupster Existing/operational 28.88 km ENE 2.9 Moderate cumulative effect This would remain the case if in respect of Strathy North Existing/operational 24.41 km WNW 4.4 the proposed wind farms are existing/consented taken into account. Strathy South Consented 25.26 km WNW 6.1 development. This would also be the case if proposed Tachar A Proposed 13.3 km SE 0.6 wind farms are taken into account. Tachar B Proposed 13.7 km SE 0.6

Taigh Na Muir Dunnet Existing/operational 26.11 km NE 0.1

Weydale Farm Existing/operational 12.77 km NE 0.2

Golticlay Proposed 20.19 km SE 6.4

Hill of Lybster Consented 14.81 km NNW 0.3

Strathy Wood Proposed 23.09 km WNW 0.3

Achairn Existing/operational 23.85 km ESE 1.2

Wathegar Existing/operational 21.55 km ESE 3.0

Wathegar 2 Existing/operational 22.48 km ESE 3.2

Camster II Proposed 21.72 km ESE 5.8

Dunnet Bay High – Proposed Development Candidate development 15.06 km WSW 4.1 12 High The proposed development would The proposed development, The proposed development Visitor Centre tourists/visitors Baillie Existing/operational 19.04 km WSW 4.7 be seen distantly and in an existing whilst introducing a would not constitute a new

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Limekiln Consented 24.55 km WSW 6.4 developed context and set within a prominent new wind farm to wholly new visual element large-scale simple landscape, but the skyline in views across and would be seen distantly Limekiln Extension Proposed 23.3 km WSW its prominence would be the bay would not represent amidst other large-scale emphasised by the simplicity and a wholly new feature but vertical features but would Dounreay Tri Consented 29.63 km WNW 0.1 openness of the foreground and would be of sufficient scale form a new focal point and Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 28.8 km WSW 1.3 middle ground of the bay. and prominence to pose a prominent element on the Consequently, the magnitude of significant adverse effect on skyline. Consequently, it Hill of Lybster Consented 19.43 km W 0.2 cumulative impact attributable to key characteristics of the would constitute a the proposed development would landscape at this viewpoint Major/Moderate cumulative be Moderate. such as its openness, large effect in respect of the scale coastal views. amenity of tourists and On this basis the residual visitors to the bay. This would effect on the seascape at remain the case if proposed this viewpoint would be developments are taken into Major/Moderate and account. significant. This would remain the case if proposed developments are taken into account.

Proposed Development Candidate development 15.72 km SW 3.3

Achlachan Existing/operational 24.93 km SSW 1.7

Achlachan 2 Consented 25.54 km SSW 2

Baillie Existing/operational 20.17 km SW 4.5

Bad a Cheo Existing/operational 26.79 km SSW 2.1

Bettyhill Existing/operational 49.32 km WSW 0.6

Bilbster Group Existing/operational 25.53 km SSE 1.3 The proposed development, whilst adding to the Buolfruich Existing/operational 32.0 km SSW 1 The majority of existing/consented complexity of the wind farms developments are The proposed development development that is a would not constitute a new Burn of Whilk Existing/operational 35.58 km SSE 1.6 located over 20 km south of this characteristic of the viewpoint, forming a concentration focal point or detract from the landscape in the background key coastal views, to the Camster Existing/operational 28.26 km SSE 3.7 of turbines in views to the south- to views to the south-west north, west and east. west. The proposed development form this viewpoint, would Easter Head would overlap with the existing Consequently, the residual High – not be anomalous. 13 Light House High Causeymire Existing/operational 25.97 km SSW 4.1 Baillie turbines. Whilst the cumulative effect on the tourists/visitors Consequently, the residual car park proposed developments would cumulative effect on the character at this viewpoint Cogle Moss Consented 20.83 km SSE 2.8 appear closer and larger scale than character at this viewpoint would be Moderate and not Baillie turbines, it would constitute would be Moderate and not significant. Dounreay Tri Consented 27.89 km W 0.1 a slight cumulative impact. This significant. This would remain the case if would remain the case if the This would remain the case proposed wind farms are proposed wind farms in the study taken into account. Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 29.7 km WSW 1.4 area are taken into account. if proposed wind farms in the study area are taken into account. Forss 1 Existing/operational 19.54 km WSW 0.2

Forss 2 Existing/operational 19.49 km WSW 1.6

Halsary Consented 25.18 km SSW 4.3

Limekiln Consented 26.27 km SW 6.3

Limekiln Extension Proposed 25 km SW 3.6

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Lochend Existing/operational 10.30 km SE 2.9

Lybster Road Forss Proposed 19.34 km WSW 0.1

Rumster Community Consented 35.42 km S 0.3

Stroupster Existing/operational 16.14 km SE 7.4

Strathy North Existing/operational 42.54 km WSW 3.4

Strathy South Consented 46.00 k WSW 5.5

Tacher A Proposed 29.3 km SSW 0.3

Tacher B Proposed 29.4 km SSW 0.3

Taigh Na Muir Dunnet Existing/operational 6.15 km SE 0.4

Weydale Farm Existing/operational 13.0 km SSW 0.2

Golticlay Proposed 35.36 km S 5

Hill of Lybster Consented 19.39 km WSW 0.2

Strathy Wood Proposed 42.27 km WSW 2.7

Achairn Existing/operational 27.50 km SSE 1.0

Wathegar 2 Existing/operational 26.65 km SSE 2.1

Wathegar Existing/operational 26.29 km SSE 1.0

Camster II Proposed 27.45 km SSE 2.5

Proposed Development Candidate development 18.91 km NW 4.5 Currently, the proposed Currently there would be no development would have no cumulative effects on the Achlachan Existing/operational 1.44 km W 18.6 cumulative impact as it would be character of the landscape at obscured by intervening forestry. this viewpoint location. Achlachan 2 Consented 1.32 km WSW 10 In the event of this forestry being Following anticipated felling clear felled the proposed of intervening forestry, Currently there would be no Baillie Existing/operational 18.51 km NW 5.6 development would be seen in the Moderate/Minor cumulative effects on the amenity of this distance, to the north, in the viewpoint. Following Bad a Cheo Existing/operational 2.04 km S 22.4 effects are anticipated but High – opposite direction to the Bad a these would be sequential anticipated felling of Cheo, Causeymire and Halsary intervening forestry, North of tourists/road and temporary. This would Bilbster Group Existing/operational 10.13 km ESE 1.6 turbines, and concurrently with Moderate/Minor cumulative 14 Mybster Medium users. remain the case in the event Achlachan turbines. effects are anticipated but Substation Medium Buolfruich Existing/operational 16.11 km SSW 2.4 of the proposed Given the restricted nature of developments being these would be temporary. commuters This would remain the case in Burn of Whilk Existing/operational 15.49 km SE 3.9 views of the proposed development consented and constructed. and the transitory nature of road These schemes are also the event of the proposed Causeymire Existing/operational 1.24 km SW 44.4 users at this location, the proposed distant form this viewpoint, developments being development would result in located in directions away consented and constructed. Camster Existing/operational 8.69 km SE 11 impacts that range from none from the proposed (whilst forestry remains in place) development, and would be Cogle Moss Consented 11.12 km ENE 6.4 to slight immediately after clear at least partially obscured. felling of intervening forestry. This Halsary Consented 1.15 km SE 63.3 would remain the case in the event

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Rumster Community Consented 11.59 km SSE 0.5

Stroupster Existing/operational 21.26 km NE 3.4

Golticlay Proposed 11.60 km SSE 13

Strathy South Proposed 35.68 km WNW 6.2

Tacher A Proposed 4.6 km S 1.7

Tacher B Proposed 4.9 km SSE 1.6

Slickly Proposed 20 km NE 4.7

Dounreay Tri Proposed 33.60 km NW 1

Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 25.4 km NW 2.1

Achairn Existing/operational 12.9 km E 1.7

Wathegar 2 Existing/operational 11.52 km ESE 5.3

Wathegar Existing/operational 10.64 km ESE 4.6

Camster II Proposed 10.71 km SE 12

Proposed Development Candidate development 22.40 km NW 3.8

Bad a Choe Existing/operational 9.16 km SW 13

Baillie Existing/operational 23.33 km NW 3

Bilbster Group Existing/operational 3.89 km SE 5.3

Burn of Whilk Existing/operational 13.69 km SSE 4.1

Camster Existing/operational 6.32 km S 15 Despite the theoretical cumulative High – tourists Cogle Moss Consented 2.76 km ENE 22 and visitors to visibility, actual cumulative nearby picnic site. Halsary Consented 6.76 km WSW 12.6 visibility would be substantially Loch Watten Also, nearby restricted by intervening No cumulative effect on No cumulative effect on the 15 visitor car High residential Rumster Community Consented 14.42 SSW 0.2 topography and vegetation with landscape character at the visual amenity at the park receptors. the consequence that there would viewpoint. viewpoint. Stroupster Existing/operational 13.61 km NE 2.7 be no discernible cumulative Medium - general context and therefore no road users Golticlay Proposed 13.99 km SSW 12.8 cumulative impact.

Achairn Existing/operational 6.64 km SE 4.2

Wathegar 2 Existing/operational 5.45 km SE 11.8

Wathegar Existing/operational 4.71 km SE 6.8

Camster II Proposed 5.70 km S 15

Causeymire Existing/operational 9.08 km SW 2.6

Proposed Development Candidate development 23.04 km ESE 2.9 16 Strathy Point High Given the distance at which it The proposed development, Moderate. The proposed Baillie Existing/operational 19.44 km ESE 4.9 would be seen, the limited whilst adding to the extent development would be seen

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.7.2b: Viewpoint Assessment (Cumulative Effects)

Predicted Cumulative View (360 degree)

Drum Hollistan 2 Proposed 11.8 km SE 4.7 proportion of this expansive of wind farm developments distantly and would occupy a panoramic view it would occupy, and the complexity of the relatively small proportion of Forss 1 Existing/operational 19.08 km E 0.5 and its developed context, the landscape in the background this large-scale expansive magnitude of cumulative impact to views to the south-east view and would be seen in Forss 2 Existing/operational 18.82 km E 1.8 would be slight in respect of form this viewpoint, would the context of a number of Limekiln Consented 16 km SE 6.5 existing/consented developments. not be anomalous. existing/consented wind This would remain the case in the Consequently, the residual farms as well as the Limekiln Extension Proposed 17.9 km SE 4.7 event of the proposed wind farms cumulative effect on the Dounreay Power Station being consented and constructed. character at this viewpoint which form the characteristic Lybster Road Forss Consented 19.68 km E 0.1 would be Moderate and not background to the view. Dounreay Tri Consented 11.14 km NE 1 significant. This would remain the case in This would remain the case the event that the proposed Hill of Lybster Consented 19.60 km E 0.2 in the event that the Hill of Lybster and Lybster High – tourists Strathy Wood Proposed 12.99 km S 0.4 proposed Hill of Lybster and Road schemes are and visitors to Lybster Road schemes are constructed. Strathy Point. Limekiln Consented 16.00 km SE 7.0 constructed. In combination – based on In combination – currently, gradual development gradual increase in concentration near coast, development east of this away from sensitive WLA in viewpoint and open coastal combination – currently, landscape to the south east. gradual increase in development east of this viewpoint and open coastal landscape to the south east. Limekiln will introduce new developments to an undeveloped part of the coast.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.7: Viewpoint Assessment Environmental Statement Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm

Technical Appendix 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4: Landscape and Visual Ramboll Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4: Landscape and Visual Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Technical Appendix 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Introduction sufficient reason to find the visual impact unacceptable (even though a particular occupier might find it objectionable).3” This has become known as the ‘Lavender test’4. The purpose of this Residential Visual Amenity Assessment (RVAA) is to identify potential effects of the proposed This position is echoed in Reporters Dent and Jackman’s more recent appeal decision in respect of Fauch Hill development on residential visual amenity. It is, however, important to note that the assessment of residential and Harburnhead Wind Farms5 in which they stated that: visual amenity is separate and distinct from the assessment of visual effects as covered in the assessment of “a significant change to a local resident’s outlook from their property does not mean a wind farm proposal is landscape and visual effects contained in Chapter 4: Landscape and Visual Amenity. necessarily unacceptable. Significant changes are likely to be inevitable for the closest properties. We agree that a ‘higher’ test is relevant.” They concluded that they “agree with the conclusions from previous decisions Planning Context that this means a wind farm would have to be overbearing or dominant.”

The United Kingdom, and more specifically Scottish planning policy and legislation, does not provide for the The preceding criteria adopted in consideration of residential visual amenity was reflected in the 2015 Afton protection of views from individual properties as this is deemed a matter of private rather than public interest, Wind Farm appeal (PPA-190-2042) in which the Reporters recommended the test to be applied was whether the which is the province of the planning system. The planning system is intended to control development in the windfarm would have any overbearing visual effects on residential amenity to a degree that any property might public interest, and not the private. The preservation of open views is a private interest, which the planning be considered an unattractive place in which to live. regime is not intended to protect. But public and private interests may overlap. The issue is whether the It is apparent from the foregoing discussion that residential receptors that are predicted to experience significant number, size, layout and proximity of wind turbines would have such an overwhelming and oppressive visual visual effects in EIA terms would not necessarily be subject to overbearing, oppressive6 or unpleasantly impact on a dwelling and its amenity space that they would result in unsatisfactory living conditions, and so overwhelming or unavoidable effects in main views and may therefore not represent an unacceptable effect on unacceptably affect amenities and the use of land and buildings which ought to be protected in the public interest. residential amenity of properties or the undermining of public interest. However, whilst the following assessment Practice in respect of the assessment of living conditions or effects on visual amenity of properties has evolved comments on the extent of impacts on the amenity of properties it does not draw conclusions regarding the in response to planning decisions and public inquiries throughout the United Kingdom. acceptability of such impacts as this is a planning deliberation. This Inspector Lavender in his Appeal Decision in respect of Enifer Downs1 of 16 March 2009 stated that: Methodology “when turbines are present in such number, size and proximity that they represent an unpleasantly overwhelming and unavoidable presence in the main views from a house or garden, there is every likelihood Method of Assessment that the property concerned would be come to be widely regarded as an unattractive and thus unsatisfactory 7 (but not necessarily uninhabitable) place in which to live. It is not in the public interest to create such living The following study is based on the recently published guidance published by the Landscape Institute , as well conditions where they did not exist before.2 ” as accepted methods that have been tested in planning and public examination previously. In the subsequent Carland Cross Appeal Decision of 19 January 2010, there were 209 properties within 3km of Structure and Approach the proposed turbines. 23 were identified as likely to experience “high significance of visual impact” which in The study comprises three stages: each case the Council judged to be as “overwhelmingly adverse.” However, Inspector Lavender stated that: • Stage One: Establishing the Scope of the RVAA; “..those who face the prospect of living close to a wind farm may attach very different value judgements to their visual impact than the wider public, who stand to benefit from the energy produced without seeing the turbines • Stage Two: Survey of Properties; and from their homes. In impact, the former is primarily a private interest whereas the latter is a public one and, in • Stage Three: Assessing Impacts on the Visual Amenity of Properties. the case of the former, few householders are able to exercise control over development by others that may do The assessment was conducted with reference to Ordnance Survey mapping at various scales, wireline no more than impinge into the outlook from their property. The planning system is designed to protect the visualisations, and aerial photography. Findings of the study were verified/refined during field reconnaissance public rather than private interests, but both interests may coincide where, for example, visual intrusion is of undertaken by an experienced Chartered Landscape Architect in April 2019. Initially, field reconnaissance was such magnitude as to render a property an unattractive place in which to live. This is because it is not in the undertaken from publicly accessible locations. public interest to create such living conditions where they did not exist before. Thus, I do not consider that simply being able to see a turbine or turbines from a particular window or part of the garden of a house is

1 North Dover (Enifer Downs) Public Inquiry, PINS Appeal Reference APP/X2220/A/08/2071880. Decision Letter, dated 16 March 2009 5 Report to the Scottish Ministers, Fauch Hill Wind Farm and Harburnhead Wind Farm, Directorate for Planning and Environmental Appeals, (‘Lavender Test’) January 2014 2 Paragraph 66 Land west of Enifer Downs Farm and east of Archers Court Road and Little Pineham Farm, Langdon, Appeal decision 6 From Land between Anderby, Anderby Creek, Chapel St Leonards and Langham. Appeal Decision APP/D2510/A/10/2130539, September APP/X2220/A/08/2071880. 28th April 2009 (SPR78). 2011 3 Paragraph 23, Carland Cross Appeal Decision (APP/D0840/A/09/2103026) 19th January 2010 (SPR82). 7 Landscape Institute (2019) Residential Visual amenity Assessment (RVAA) – Technical Guidance Note 2/19 4 North Dover (Enifer Downs) Public Inquiry, PINS Appeal Reference APP/X2220/A/08/2071880. Decision Letter, dated 16 March 2009 (‘Lavender Test’)

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Stage One: Establishing the RVAA Scope • which aspects of the proposed development would be visible from each of the key viewpoints at the property, including number of turbines and how they appear (e.g. prominent skyline position or partially Stage One of the assessment comprised a drone survey of properties from hub height and blade tip height of obscured behind intervening topography, vegetation or structures); the proposed developments turbines, and a desk study of mapping, aerial photography, address data, and a • Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) drawing (to blade tip) to identify residential properties within 2 km of the the main and ancillary/secondary locations at the property subject to views and the approximate distance proposed turbines that would be subject to views of the proposed development, and where there would be between them and the nearest visible element of the proposed development; potential for visual receptors to experience significant visual effects8. Stage One also considers the potential for • any approaches to the property that are adversely affected; significant cumulative effects in respect of other wind farms. • height of the proposed development relative to each property; The study area was based upon extensive previous experience in respect of similar developments elsewhere and • whether views are channelled/focused, direct or oblique and whether they are open or partially constrained; was agreed in consultation with THC. • the proportion of the view and skyline occupied by the proposed development in terms of horizontal and Census data (OS Address Point Data) and 1:25,000 mapping data were utilised during this initial stage and vertical angle, subtended, and a description of the resultant prominence or dominance of the proposed findings verified during preliminary field reconnaissance using ReSoft WindFarm and Ventus AR software. development; Figure 4.8.1 contains a map of properties within 2 km of the proposed development turbines with the blade tip • the degree of perceived proximity or separation of properties from the proposed development; and Zone of Theoretical Visibility (ZTV) overlain. Where properties are situated close to other dwellings and have a • analysis of cumulative visibility, identifying: similar outlook, they were grouped in order to avoid unnecessary repetition. - the distance and direction to each cumulative development; Properties falling outwith 2 km of the proposed turbines or outwith the viewshed as depicted in the blade tip - which aspect and views at each property would be affected; and ZTV (Figure 4.5), were omitted from the RVAA. - the cumulative effects attributable to the proposed development (i.e. both in terms of what additional Stage Two: Survey of Properties effect the proposed development would represent, as well as its effect in respect of enclosure or encirclement of properties). Stage Two comprised a detailed investigation of properties identified for inclusion in Stage One. Specific terms used to describe the impact of the proposed development on the visual amenity of a property are This entailed further desk study and field reconnaissance at publicly accessible locations and at properties where listed below and a definition provided: access was possible. The findings of the field reconnaissance were recorded in standardised survey forms, which include details of: • Overbearing: Tending to overwhelm. Of such scale and dominance relative to the residential environment and views that the development can be said to be represent a significant detractor from views and the • each property’s location, geographical extent and curtilage, and landscape and visual context; character of the environment of the property. • the type of property: whether detached, semi-detached or terraced; whether the property is single-storey • Overwhelming: Impacts are of such scale and dominance relative to the residential environment and views or two-storey; that the development can be said to be ‘overpowering and/or oppressive’. Such effects are pervasive and • the orientation of the property (i.e. its main entrance and its main façade); largely unavoidable in main views and main/principal locations in the property. • main external recreational and amenity spaces; • Oppressive: Effects may be considered intolerable or of such an extent that they result in a sense of ill- • secondary locations, including utilitarian spaces; ease and discomfort. • main approaches that are of relevance to the amenity of the property; • Pervasive: Effects are ubiquitous or experienced widely throughout the property and associated accesses. • main views out (both internal and external), their character and scenic quality, and any specific qualities or elements that are key to the property’s amenity; and • details of any restrictions on views out, including buildings/structures, topography and vegetation. The survey also provides an indication of each property’s susceptibility to the type of development proposed and potential for appropriate mitigation9.

Stage Three: Assessment of Impacts on the Visual Amenity of Properties

Stage Three entailed the identification of likely impacts of the proposed development on the key views and defining aspects of the visual amenity at each property, as defined in Stage Two. This stage includes an assessment of the implications of the proposed development when considered in conjunction with the cumulative context described in Chapter 4 of the ES. Key considerations in the assessment of impacts include:

8 For the purposes of this Stage significant visual effects will be determined based on criteria utilised in the completion of the Landscape and 9 Deemed to be appropriate to the character of the property and adjoining landscape, and to not constitute, in itself, an adverse effect on the Visual Impact Assessment presented in the EIA Report. The criteria utilised in the RVAA are set out in Stage Three of the methodology visual amenity of the property.

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Findings Stage Two: Survey of Properties Findings of the survey of properties are set out in Table 4.8.2, below. Stage One: Establishing the RVAA Scope Stage Three: Assessment of Impacts on the Visual Amenity of Properties Preliminary desk study and field reconnaissance confirmed a high degree of intervisibility within the landscape within 2 km of the proposed development. The relative openness and flatness of the landscape suggests that The level of impacts on residential visual amenity are described in Table 4.8.2 which is intended to provide a any large-scale vertical element located in the landscape within 2 km of properties is likely to be prominent and considered professional judgement in respect of the criteria set out in the Lavender test, from which the result in significant visual effects at locations within the curtilage of properties. Consequently, all of the competent authority may draw conclusions regarding the acceptability of the proposed development. properties within the 2 km study area for the RVAA were included in the assessment to establish whether any The assessment is based upon the definitions defined in Table 4.8.1 which are intended to provide a degree of would be subject to impacts that might be considered as overbearing, overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive transparency to the assessment. Stated levels of impact are described as High, High/Moderate, Moderate, and therefore potentially material in determination of the application for the proposed development. Moderate/Low, Low and None in order to differentiate them from the main LVIA levels of effect in Chapter 4 of the ES and reflecting the particularities of the RVAA methodology.

Table 4.8.1: Levels of Impact on Residential Visual Amenity

Level of Impact Definition

The proposed development would form a dominant element in main views and in close proximity to key locations in and around the property, and would be considered oppressive, overbearing or overwhelming.

High High impacts may also occur where the proposed development results in the physical of perceived encirclement or the completion of the encirclement of a property by similarly visually dominant developments, thereby making cumulative effects on the property truly unavoidable, oppressive, overbearing or overwhelming and therefore resulting in a situation where the properties concerned may be considered a ‘unattractive place in which to live’ which would fail the Lavender test.

The proposed development would form a prominent element in main views and seen in close proximity to key locations at the property, resulting in considerable change to the quality and character of views from the property, and a corresponding lessening of visual amenity. However, such impacts would not be oppressive, overbearing or overwhelming. High/Moderate High/Moderate impacts may also occur where the proposed development results in a partial encirclement or the completion of the encirclement of a property by similarly visually prominent developments. However, such a cumulative effect may be avoidable in some of the main views and may not be considered oppressive, overbearing or overwhelming.

The proposed development would form a notable or even prominent element in views from a number of key locations at the property, resulting in notable change to the quality and character of a number of views from the property, and corresponding loss of visual amenity. However, such impacts would not be oppressive, overbearing or overwhelming. Moderate Whilst cumulative visibility may be possible, cumulative developments would not form dominant visual elements. The proposed development would not contribute to encirclement of the property by development.

Moderate/Low The proposed development would be appreciable in views from a small number of key locations but would not be prominent. Consequently, it would have little influence of the visual amenity of the property.

Low The proposed development would form an inconspicuous element in views from a small number of key locations and would have a negligible influence on the visual amenity of the property.

Whilst the proposed development would theoretically be visible from the property, field reconnaissance indicates that it would be screened by intervening structures, localised topographical features or None permanent structural vegetation with the result that there would be no effects on the visual amenity of the property.

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties

Property 1 - New Build Property, unoccupied (under construction)

▪ Distance10:1.8 km southeast of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Direct access from local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: From local road directly east of property. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 60 m AOD on gently sloping topography to the east of Hill of Forss. ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an ▪ Property Type: Detached double storey new build house. approximately 24.4 degrees horizontal angle of the view. Views are a mix of blade tips, blades, hubs and towers, the southeasterly turbines are the most prominent in the view. ▪ Related buildings: No related buildings at present time. Property still under construction. ▪ Predicted visibility: Proposed wind farm visible along skyline to rear of property. No screening provided by intervening landscape ▪ Main elevation: Facing north east. features and therefore views are predicted to be similar to those described above. ▪ Views from the main elevation: ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the property from the north east and would be a ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: This is not yet clear as the property is still under construction however it appears prominent element in the view from the west of the property. that the front of the property will face north east, with elevated views across open countryside towards the sea. ▪ View from the property and from its main northeast - southwest facing elevations/gardens, including open elevated views to the Wooden electricity distribution line crosses through immediate view. north east would not be affected by the proposed development. It is therefore considered that the proposed development would ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: open views to crest of hill. No key or prominent landscape features. not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual effects on the amenity of this property.

10 Distance has been taken from the closest property within the group

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Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Principal views: open elevated views in front of the house to the north/north east, away from the proposed ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. development. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Restricted views: No restrictions. ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the visual amenity of the property is considered Moderate. ▪ Cumulative visibility: No other wind farms/ turbines discernibly visible. Lochend and Tresdale Wind Farms are Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive theoretically visible at distances of over 19 km to the east however these do not form key or notable elements in place to live. views.

Group 1 – Fullerton, The Shiean, Caiplie, Seaview

▪ Distance: 1.73 km southeast of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: All properties have direct access from local road, except Seaview which is accessed via a ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local road within centre of group. driveway. ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an ▪ Location: properties are located immediately east and west of the local road to Janetstown at an elevation of approximately 31.2 degrees horizontal angle of the view. Screening of turbine towers by topography is varied, ranging from between 77 m and 69 m AOD. almost total screening (Turbine 2) to the tower base only (Turbines 5, 7 and 8). ▪ Property Type: all detached single storey buildings, except for Fullerton which is 1.5 storey. Seaview also has a ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the skyline in views to the north west. steading conversion. Topography provides some screening of turbine towers, in particular Turbines 2, 4 and 6. ▪ Related buildings: small garden sheds, attached garage at Fullerton, and garage/ outbuildings at Seaview. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the properties and would be prominent elements in ▪ Main elevation: north/ north east. Steading conversion at Seaview also has aspect to the west. views from the west/ north west of the properties. ▪ Views from the main elevation: extend across gently undulating open agricultural farmland towards the north ▪ Views from the principal north east facing elevations at each of the properties in Group 1 would not contain the proposed coast. development. Oblique views to the development from the northern and southern garden areas would be present. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: North/ north east. ▪ Views from the western facing garden at Caiplie would contain direct views to the proposed development. Due to the close proximity and open aspect of the property, the turbines would be seen as a new element in direct view from west facing ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: south/ west. elevation/garden. ▪ Principal views: Due to the open nature of the landscape in the immediate area, each property has views in most ▪ Given the position of the proposed development in relation to key views and elevations of each property in Group 1, the effect directions however key views are to the north and north east. A mature coniferous shelter belt is located along the on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development southeastern boundary/ driveway of Seaview. would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any ▪ Restricted views: Views from each property are restricted in part by external buildings (sheds, garages etc) of the properties within this grouping. however no views are totally blocked by intervening landscape elements in the immediate area. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 25 km east) views of Tresdale (proposed) and Stroupster Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity (operational). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.1 km distance to east. Actual cumulative visibility is indiscernible. ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the visual amenity of the property group is considered Moderate. Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive place to live.

Group 2 – Seaview Cottage, Caol Argaibh, Burnside

▪ Distance: 1.87 km southeast of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Seaview Cottage and Caol Argaibh: from farm track extending approximately 150 m from ▪ Field survey assessment location: from farm track at Seaview Cottage. minor local road to north west. Burnside from long farm track (c. 500 m) extending from the west. ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an ▪ Location: properties are located south east of the local road to Janetstown within an area of agricultural farmland, approximately 31.3 degrees horizontal angle of the view. at an elevation of between 72 m and 75 m AOD. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible and in a prominent position across the skyline in views ▪ Property Type: all detached properties, comprised of a mix of single, 1.5 and 2 storeys. to the north west, located behind scattered properties in the intervening landscape. Topography would provide some screening ▪ Related buildings: Seaview cottage – attached outbuildings to north east; Caol Argaibh – attached garage to north. of turbine bases and towers, but the majority of all structures would be visible. Burnside – unknown. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the properties and when exiting the properties ▪ Main elevation: north/ north east. along the private farm track. The turbines would be prominent elements in views from the west/ north west of the properties. ▪ Views from the main elevation: extend across gently undulating open agricultural farmland towards the north ▪ Views from the principal north east facing elevations at each of the properties in Group 2 would not contain the proposed coast. development. Oblique views may be visible from the main view from Seaview Cottage but would be filtered by properties at The Shiean and Caiplie. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: North/ north east. ▪ Views from the rear external spaces at Caol Argaibh would be heavily filtered, if not completely screened by vegetation. ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: south west. ▪ Direct views to the development would be available from a small gable end window at Burnside, and from north western facing ▪ – – Principal views: Caol Argaibh and Burnside key views to north east. Seaview cottage key views to north. external spaces. Based on field study these do not appear to be key viewing locations within the property. ▪ – Restricted views: Seaview Cottage views to north east screened by outbuildings and to south by woodland ▪ Given the position of the proposed development in relation to key views and elevations of each property in Group 2, the effect – vegetation. Caol Argaibh views from property and property curtilage well contained by dense vegetation which on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development – surrounds property to the north east and west. Burnside none. would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 25 km east) views of Tresdale (proposed) and Stroupster of the properties within this grouping, particularly given the level of screening present in the immediate area. (operational). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 5.91 km distance to east. Actual cumulative ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. visibility is indiscernible. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive place to live.

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Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties

Group 3 – Hill of Forss, Eriador

▪ Distance: 1.6 km southeast of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: direct from local road ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local road between properties. ▪ Location: On the local road to Janetstown, located at an elevation of 78 m AOD, within an area of open agricultural ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an landscape on the gentle southeastern slopes of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD). Eriador sits slightly lower than the road. approximately 38.2 degrees horizontal angle of the view. Topography screens the tower bases, and parts of towers on Turbines ▪ Property Type: both detached. Hill of Forss – 2 storey cottage Eriador – single storey cottage. 2, 4 and 6. ▪ Related buildings: small garden sheds/ garage to west of each property. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the skyline in views to the north west, located behind scattered properties in the intervening landscape. Topography would provide some screening of turbine bases and towers ▪ Main elevation: South. of Turbines 2, 4 and 6. ▪ Views from the main elevation: extend across gently undulating open agricultural farmland. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the properties. The turbines would be prominent ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: Hill of Forss – south; Eriador – north. elements in views from the west/ north west of the properties. ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: Hill of Forss – north; Eriador – south. ▪ However, views from each of the properties would be largely screened, particularly at lower levels by existing vegetation ▪ Principal views: Hill of Forss – north; Eriador – south. surrounding each property. The turbines would be in more oblique views to the west of Hill of Forss, likely visible from upstairs windows where vegetation does not provide screening. Views from Eriador are focussed to the south, away from the proposed ▪ Restricted views: both properties are surrounded by established boundary vegetation which contains views across development. the wider area from lower level locations. ▪ Given the predicted limited visibility of the proposed development, the impact of the proposed development upon the properties ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 25 km east) views of Tresdale (proposed) and Stroupster in Group 3 is not anticipated to be pervasive or overbearing. (operational). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.2 km distance to east. Actual cumulative visibility is almost indiscernible. ▪ The proposed development would be a prominent element in the wider landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any of the properties within this grouping. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive place to live.

Group 4 – Carron and Amberbanks

▪ Distance: 1.5 km SSE from the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access track from local road, 61 m to the north west (at most). ▪ Field survey assessment location: local road to north. ▪ Location: At an elevation of 85 m AOD, on the southern side of the local road to Janetstown. ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an approximately 44.7 degrees horizontal ▪ Property Type: single storey bungalows. angle of the view. Topography would screen turbine bases and parts of towers on Turbines 2, 5 and 7. ▪ Related buildings: attached garages to north west façade of each property. Small garden sheds. Carron has a small ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible and in a prominent position across the skyline in views conservatory extending from rear of property. to the north west, located behind scattered properties in the intervening landscape. Topography would provide some screening of turbine bases. ▪ Main elevations face north east/ southwest. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the properties. The turbines would be prominent ▪ Front Garden: Northeast facing. elements in views from the west/ north west of the properties. ▪ Rear Garden: Southwest facing. ▪ However, views from Carron would be extensively filtered by existing boundary vegetation. The turbines would be present in ▪ Main amenity space: Rear garden. Carron has small terraced area within garden to front. oblique views to the north west of this property, however are unlikely to be notable features in views from rear windows/ ▪ Open/main views: Open aspect to north east, filtered slightly by garden vegetation (low growing). Property at external spaces due to vegetation. From Amberbanks, oblique views to the proposed development from the rear garden and Carron contains mature coniferous trees along south western boundary which create heavy filtering to views. rear facing windows would contain the development, but it would not be unavoidable. Amberbanks views to south west open across boundary hedge. ▪ Given the predicted visibility of the proposed development, the impact of the proposed development upon the properties in ▪ Restricted views: Carron – to south west and north west. Amberbanks – to north and north west due to presence Group 3 is not anticipated to be pervasive or overbearing. of Carron. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: No other wind farms/ turbines discernibly visible. No cumulative effect. ▪ Existing Cumulative views: Theoretical long distance (between 19 – 27km east) views of Lochend (operational), Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity Tresdale (proposed) and Stroupster (operational). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.4 km ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there distance to east. Larger groups of turbines at Wathegar, Wathegar 2, Camster, Burn of Whilk, Causeymire, would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive place to live. Rumster, Bad a Cheo, Achlachan and Achlachan 2 are theoretically visible to the south east, however at distances of over 17 km, actual cumulative visibility is almost indiscernible.

Group 5 – Bernessie, New Planning Permission, Kidagach, Sharone, Briga View, Ornum Cottage, Ornum Farmhouse1

▪ Distance: 1.3 km south east of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: local access from local road (Bernessie access from driveway, 211 m to the north west of ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local access road within centre of group. the local road to Janetstown). ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an approximately 47 degrees horizontal ▪ Location: Located within an area of open agricultural landscape at an elevation of 85 – 88 m AOD, on the gentle angle of the view. Topography provides screening of the lower towers of Turbines 2, 4 and 6. south eastern slopes of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD). ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible and in a prominent position across the skyline in views ▪ Property Type: mix of single storey, 1.5 storey and 2 storey detached houses. to the north west. There would be no intervening buildings providing screening for the northern most properties in this group. ▪ Related buildings: Bernessie: Small sheds to the west of the house; Ornum Cottage - farm sheds to east. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the properties.

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Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Main elevations: Briga View, Sharone, Kidagach, Ornum Farmhouse – east/ west; Ornum Cottage – north west; ▪ For Sharone, Briga View and Kidagach, there would be oblique views to the north west from rear gardens and south west facing Bernessie – north/ south. windows. The proposed development would not be in the direct line of view from the main elevations of these properties, but the ▪ Front Garden: generally, east facing. full development would be clearly visible along the skyline from external spaces. ▪ Rear Garden: west/ north facing. Contained by fencing, lack of mature vegetation except for at Kidagach where ▪ From Ornum Cottage, the proposed development would be visible in direct views from the rear of the house, where aerial boundary vegetation is establishing to the north. photograph indicated contain the main living areas (sun room/ conservatory). ▪ Main amenity space: rear gardens. ▪ The proposed development would be a prominent element in views from the majority of Group 5 properties, with greatest impacts on the amenity of views from Ornum Cottage. ▪ Open/main views: Open views across the landscape in all directions. ▪ Due to the position of the proposed development in relation to main views and elevations of each property in Group 5, the effect ▪ Restricted views: to north of Bernessie and Kidagach, views are partially filtered by mature/ maturing boundary on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive as each property would retain vegetation at lower levels within the property. views from where the proposed development (or other cumulative development) would not be visible. The proposed ▪ Existing Cumulative views: Theoretical long distance (over 25 km east) views of Tresdale (proposed) and development would be a dominant feature in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable or Stroupster (operational) to the east and Achlach, Causeymire, Halsary, Bad a Cheo, Rumster, Camster and overbearing influence on any of the properties within this grouping. Golticlay to the south (over 16 km). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.6 km distance to ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. east. Turbines appear as barely perceptible elements in the landscape. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Despite being High/Moderate, the impact on the amenity of this property would not represent effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive place to live.

Property 2 - Murrayfield

▪ Distance: 1.4 km south east from the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: direct access from local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: local road to south. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 89 m AOD, on gently sloping topography to the east of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD), ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an approximately 49.1 degrees horizontal located within an area of agricultural farmland. angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: single storey bungalow. ▪ Predicted visibility: Due to screening by outbuildings, there would be restricted visibility from property. Turbines blades are likely ▪ Related buildings: attached garage to east; large farm shed to north northwest; outbuildings to north east. to be glimpsed behind farm sheds. ▪ Main elevation: south southeast, towards local road. ▪ Given the screening present, the oblique angle the proposed development occupies relative to the key views of the property, the effect on the amenity of this property is not predicted to be overwhelming or unavoidable. ▪ Front Garden: south southeast facing, with shrubs and low-lying boundary vegetation. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. ▪ Rear Garden: north facing. Aerial photography indicates amenity grass. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Main amenity space: Unclear – Aerial photography shows likely to be front garden. ▪ Level of impact: On the basis of the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of this property would be ▪ Principal views: south southeast. Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property ▪ Restricted views: views to north, west and east largely contained by outbuildings which surround property. an unattractive place to live. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 26 km east) views of wind farm development including turbines at Tresdale (proposed) and Stroupster (operational) to the east and Achlach, Causeymire, Halsary, Bad a Cheo, Rumster, Camster and Golticlay to the south (over 17 km). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.6 km distance to east. In reality, turbines appear as barely perceptible elements in the landscape.

Property 3 - Quarry View

▪ Distance: 1.4 km SE of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Direct access from local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local road adjacent to the property. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 91 m AOD, on gently sloping topography to the east of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD), ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the west and occupying an approximately 50 degrees horizontal located within a group of dispersed properties in an area of agricultural farmland. angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: detached 1.5 storey house with large picture windows on north eastern facade. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that the proposed turbines would be clearly visible across the skyline in views from the rear of ▪ Related buildings: none. the property, and from the property access, where they would be prominent elements in the view. ▪ Main elevation: Facing north east. ▪ View from the main north east facing elevations/gardens, including open elevated views to the north/ north east/ east would not be affected by the proposed development. It is therefore considered that the proposed development would not cause ▪ Front Garden: north east facing open space. overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual effects on the amenity of this property. ▪ Rear Garden: area of hardstanding/ amenity grassland/ parking to rear of property. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. ▪ Principal views: open elevated views in front of the house to the north/north east/east, away from the proposed Assessment of Impact on Amenity development. ▪ Level of impact: Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. ▪ Restricted views: None. Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 26 km east) views of wind farm development including place to live. turbines at Tresdale (proposed) and Stroupster (operational) to the east and Achlach, Causeymire, Halsary, Bad a Cheo, Rumster, Camster and Golticlay to the south (over 17 km). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.6 km distance to east. In reality, turbines appear as barely perceptible elements in the landscape.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties

Group 6 – Oaklands, Bramywn, Glenburnie

▪ Distance: 1.2 km south east/ south southeast of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: from driveways extending north from local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local road to south of group. ▪ Location: Located within an area of open agricultural landscape at an elevation of 95 – 100 m AOD, on the gentle ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north west and occupying an approximately 57.3 degrees southern slopes of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD). horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: mix of single storey and 1.5 storey detached houses. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible and in a prominent position across the skyline in views • Related buildings: small stone building on property boundary to north of Glenburnie. to the north west. There would be no intervening buildings or landscape elements. • Main elevations: east (Bramwyn, Oaklands) south southeast (Glenburnie). At Bramwyn, elevation includes large ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the properties. picture window on second floor. ▪ For Bramwyn and Oaklands, there would be direct views to the proposed development from north west facing windows and • Front Garden: east (Glenburnie and Bramwyn) and west. outdoor spaces. The proposed development would not be in the direct line of view from the main elevations of these properties, • Rear Garden: north (Glenburnie) west (Bramwyn) and south facing (Oaklands). but the full development would be clearly visible along the skyline from site facing windows and external spaces. • Main amenity space: front garden (Glenburnie), rear garden (Bramwyn. Oaklands). ▪ • Open/main views: Open views across the landscape in all directions. Glenburnie, the proposed development would be visible in direct views from the rear of the house and the rear garden. • Restricted views: at Glenburnie, boundary vegetation and attached garage restricts views to the north east. ▪ The proposed development would be a prominent element in views from properties in Group 6. ▪ Existing Cumulative views: Theoretical long distance (over 25 km east) views of Tresdale (proposed) and ▪ Due to the position of the proposed development in relation to main views and elevations of each property in Group 6, the effect Stroupster (operational) to the east and Achairn, Ogle Moss, Bilbster, Wathegar and Wathegar II, Burn of Whilk, on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive as each property would retain Camster, Achlachan and Achlachan II, Bad a Cheo, Halsary, Osclay, Rumster, Causeymire and Golticlay to the views from where the proposed development (or other cumulative development) would not be visible. The proposed south (over 17 km). Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.8 km distance to east. Turbines development would be a dominant feature in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable or appear as barely perceptible elements in views across the landscape. overbearing influence on any of the properties within this grouping. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on preceding analysis, the impact on the visual amenity at tis property would be Moderate. Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive place to live.

Group 7 – Daibhidh, Eibihlin, Langlands House, Smith House, Achnamara

▪ Distance: 1.4 km SE of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access from track extending south from local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local road adjacent to the group. ▪ Location: a group of dispersed properties in an area of agricultural farmland at an elevation of 93 – 97 m AOD, on ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north west and occupying an approximately 52.8 degrees gently sloping topography to the south east of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD). horizontal angle of the view. Topography provides screening of turbine bases, and of the lower extents of towers on Turbines 2 ▪ Property Type: detached single storey houses and steading buildings. Smith House is 1.5 storeys. and 7, and to a lesser extent Turbines 1 and 4. ▪ Related buildings: Daibhidh, Eibihlin – small garden sheds in rear garden; Langlands House – farm sheds to north ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that the proposed turbines would be visible across the skyline in views from the north west of of property (attached); Smith House – garage to north west; Achnamara – attached garage to north. the properties, and from the property accesses. Boundary vegetation at Daibhidh and outbuildings at Langlands House would screen or filter views to the turbines from these properties. ▪ Main elevation: Facing east (Daibhidh, Eibihlin, Langlands House, Achnamara); south (Smith House). ▪ View from the north/ north east facing elevations/gardens, including open elevated views to the east would not be affected by ▪ Front Garden: north east facing for most. At Langlands House, this is the main amenity space. At Achnamara, front the proposed development. garden is to north west (property access). ▪ Views to the north/ north west would have oblique views to the development however it would not be within the main direction ▪ Rear Garden: south west facing for most. East and south for Achnamara, contained by wood board fence. of view from these windows/ outdoor spaces. ▪ Principal views: For Daibhidh, Eibihlin, Langlands House and Smith House, views to the north east and east. For ▪ Due to the position of the proposed development in relation to main views and elevations of each property in Group 7, the effect – Achnamara views to north east and south. on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming oppressive or pervasive as each property would retain ▪ Restricted views: Daibhidh, Eibihlin: views to north, west are contained by boundary vegetation. Langlands House: views from where the proposed development (or other cumulative development) would not be visible. Views to north and west and restricted by outbuildings. ▪ The proposed development would be a dominant feature in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 28 km east) views of Tresdale (proposed) and Stroupster unavoidable or overbearing influence on any of the properties within this grouping. (operational) to the east. To the southeast, turbines at Achairn, Bilbster, Wathegar and Wathegar II, Burn of Whilk, ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. Camster, Achlachan and Achlachan II, Bad a Cheo, Halsary, Osclay, Rumster, Causeymire and Golticlay are theoretically visible ad distances of between 17 and 32 km. Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity 6.7 km distance to east. Turbines appear as barely perceptible elements in views across the landscape. Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no effects that could be described as overbearing such as to render the property an unattractive place to live.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties

Group 8 – Viewfield and Fairview

▪ Distance: 1.2 km SSE of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access from end of local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local road adjacent to the property. ▪ Location: located within a group of dispersed properties in an area of agricultural farmland at an elevation of 99 m ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north west and occupying an approximately 57.2 degrees AOD, on gently sloping topography to the south of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD). horizontal angle of the view. Topography would screen the majority of the tower of Turbine 2. ▪ Property Type: detached single storey houses. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that views of all of the proposed turbines would be visible to varying degrees across the ▪ Related buildings: Viewfield: attached garage to north; Fairview: sheds to west, southwest. skyline in views from the north northwest of the properties, and from the property accesses. The development would be prominent on the skyline in direct views. ▪ Main elevation: Facing north east/ southwest. ▪ The primary views to the north east from each property would not be affected by the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden: East – mainly access and vehicle parking space. ▪ Views to the southwest would contain the development obliquely however would not be in the direct line of view from these ▪ Rear Garden: Viewfield: north; Fairview: within a courtyard to west, and south. facades/ gardens and could be avoided. ▪ Principal views: open views to north east and southwest across exposed agricultural farmland. ▪ No windows directly face the proposed development. ▪ Restricted views: Viewfield: to north, views filtered by boundary vegetation. Fairview: to west views are enclosed ▪ It is considered that the proposed development would not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual effects on the ‘u’ shape of property by courtyard area and . amenity of this property. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 26 km east) views of Stroupster (operational) and Tresdale ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. (proposed) to the east. To the southeast, turbines at Achairn, Bilbster, Wathegar and Wathegar II, Burn of Whilk, While other wind farms are theoretically visible, due to distance and intervening landscape elements, views of other wind farms Camster, Achlachan and Achlachan II, Bad a Cheo, Halsary, Osclay, Rumster, Causeymire and Golticlay are are limited, and significant cumulative visual effects are not anticipated. theoretically visible ad distances of between 17 and 33 km. Single turbine at Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 6.9 km distance to east. Turbines appear as barely perceptible elements in views across the landscape. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Property 4 – Hopefield (involved property)

▪ Distance: 0.88 km SSE of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access from private track at end of local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local track adjacent to the property. ▪ Location: located within an area of agricultural farmland at an elevation of 110 m AOD, on gently sloping ▪ topography to the south of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD). Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north west and occupying an approximately 74.1 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: detached single storey cottage. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that full views of the proposed turbines would be visible across the skyline in views from the ▪ Related buildings: farm sheds to north west. north northwest of the property, and from the property’s access. ▪ Main elevation: Facing south southeast. ▪ The primary views to the southeast would not be affected by the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden: south southeast. ▪ Views to the north northwest would contain the development however would be screened extensively by external buildings. It is ▪ Rear Garden: north northwest. likely that blade tips would be visible above these buildings. ▪ Principal views: views to southeast. ▪ Due to the position of the proposed development in relation to main views and elevations of the property at Hopefield, the effect ▪ Restricted views: views to north northwest foreshortened by external farm buildings. To south, views are on the amenity of this property is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. foreshortened by vegetation and local landform. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would be the only notable wind farm within views from this property. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Theoretical long distance (over 20 – 28 km east) views of Stroupster and Lochend While other wind farms are theoretically visible, due to distance and intervening landscape elements, views of other wind farms (operational) and Tresdale (proposed) to the east. To the southeast, turbines at Achairn, Bilbster, Wathegar and are limited, and significant cumulative visual effects are not anticipated. Wathegar II, Burn of Whilk, Camster, Achlachan and Achlachan II, Bad a Cheo, Halsary, Osclay, Rumster, Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity Causeymire and Golticlay are theoretically visible at distances of between 17.5 and 34 km. Single turbine at ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, Weydale Farm theoretically visible at 7.2 km distance to east. Turbines appear as barely perceptible elements in there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live. views across the landscape.

Group 9 – Oust Farm (group of 5 properties)

▪ Distance: 2 km south of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access from a farm track extending from the local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local road south of the property. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 76 - 77 m AOD, on sloping topography to the south of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD), ▪ Theoretical visibility: 1 turbine blade partially visible above the skyline to the north. located within a cluster of residential and farm buildings in an area of agricultural farmland. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that views of one blade (Turbine 1) would be visible on the skyline in views from the north ▪ Property Type: detached 1/ 1.5 storey houses. elevations and back garden of western properties, and from the property access. A high degree of screening by topography and ▪ Related buildings: large farm buildings to north and east. boundary vegetation would reduce the visibility further. From the eastern properties, views to the wind farm would be screened by existing farm buildings. ▪ Main elevation: Facing south. ▪ The primary views south from the properties would not be affected by the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden: south facing (where present). ▪ It is considered that the proposed development would not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual effects on the ▪ Rear Garden: north facing, east facing. amenity of this property. ▪ Principal views: open elevated views to south across Strath of Baillie and agricultural farmland. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed wind farm would introduce turbines within 2 km to the north of this group of ▪ Restricted views: north/ east due to large complex of farm buildings. properties, however would be largely screened by topography. No cumulative visibility predicted.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Cumulative visibility: Baillie Wind Farm (operational) forms a prominent element in the landscape to the west, at a Assessment of Impacts on Visual Amenity distance of approximately 3.5 km. turbines at Limekiln (proposed) would be viewed at distances of 9.5 km, ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Minor. Consequently, there extending the spread of turbines visible. across the view to the west. Strathy South and Strathy Wood (proposed) would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live. would extend this presence further west at distances of over 26 km.

Property 5 - Strathbofey

▪ Distance: 1.7 km S of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access from a driveway extending from the local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local road. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 67 m AOD, on sloping topography to the south of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD), within an ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines partially visible (upper towers of up to 3 turbines, hubs and blades of up to 2 and tips of 3) area of agricultural farmland. across the skyline to the north west and occupying an approximately 25.5 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: detached 1 storey house. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that partial views of all proposed turbines would be visible on the skyline in views from the ▪ Related buildings: small garden shed on property boundary to north. north elevations and back garden of the property, and from the property access, however a high degree of screening by topography would reduce the prominence of the turbines in the view. ▪ Main elevation: Facing south and east. ▪ The primary views south from the property would not be affected by the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden: south and east facing. ▪ It is considered that the proposed development would not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual effects on the ▪ Rear Garden: north facing. amenity of this property. ▪ Principal views: open elevated views to south across Strath of Baillie and agricultural farmland. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines into close proximity views to the ▪ Restricted views: none. north/ north east extending the spread of turbines across the landscape. It is not considered that the turbines would lead to the ▪ Cumulative visibility: Baillie Wind Farm (operational) forms a prominent element in the landscape to the west, at a perceived encirclement of the group of properties due to open views to the south and southwest not containing wind energy distance of approximately 2.8 km. Turbines at Limekiln (proposed) would be viewed at distances of 8.3 km, development in close proximity views. extending the spread of turbines visible across the view to the south west. Strathy South and Strathy Wood Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity (proposed) would extend this presence further into the distance in the west at distances of over 25 km. ▪ Level of impact: Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. ▪ To the north west, views of turbines at Forss (including Lybster Road, Hill of Lybster and Forss 1 and 2) are visible Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive at distances of between 1.5 km and 5 km distant. place to live.

Group 10 – Lythmore Farm Cottages (2x properties)

▪ Distance: 1.48 km south of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Direct access from the local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local road. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 70 m AOD, on sloping topography to the south of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD), ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines partially visible (upper towers of up to 2 turbines, hubs and blades of up to 3 and tips of 3) surrounded by agricultural farmland. across the skyline to the north and occupying an approximately 25.9 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: semi-detached 1.5 storey cottages. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that partial views of all proposed turbines would be visible on the skyline in views from the ▪ Related buildings: Large farm buildings to north of property. north elevations and back garden of the properties, and from the property access, however a high degree of screening by topography and large farm buildings in the intervening landscape would reduce the prominence of the turbines in the view. ▪ Main elevation: Facing southwest. Buildings would also provide an element of separation between the dwelling and the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden: southwest facing. ▪ The primary views south from the property would not be affected by the proposed development. ▪ Rear Garden: northeast facing. ▪ It is considered that the proposed development would not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual effects on the ▪ Principal views: open elevated views to south across Strath of Baillie and agricultural farmland. amenity of this property. ▪ Restricted views: none. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines into views to the north/ north east ▪ Cumulative visibility: Baillie Wind Farm (operational) forms a prominent element in the landscape to the west, at a extending the presence of turbines across the landscape. It is not considered, however that the turbines would lead to the distance of approximately 2.7 km. Turbines at Limekiln (proposed) would be viewed at distances of 8.2 km, perceived encirclement of the group of properties due to due to spacing between developments and areas of open aspect where extending the spread of turbines visible across the view to the southwest. Strathy South and Strathy Wood no wind farm development is visible. (proposed) would extend this presence further into the distance in the west at distances of over 25 km. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ To the north west, views of turbines at Forss (including Lybster Road, Hill of Lybster and Forss 1 and 2) are visible ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there at distances of over 5 km distant. would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Property 6 – Lythmore Farm House

▪ Distance: 1.3 km S of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access from farm track which extends north from the local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from the local road. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 75 m and 78 m AOD, on sloping topography to the south of Hill of Forss (144 m AOD), ▪ Theoretical visibility: 6 turbines partially visible (upper towers of up to 2 turbines, hubs and blades of up to 3 and tips of 1) located within a cluster of farm buildings in an area of agricultural farmland. across the skyline to the north and occupying an approximately 26.1 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: 1.5 storey farm house and single storey cottage. ▪ Predicted visibility: ▪ Related buildings: Farm House: Complex of farm buildings to north east and east; Cottage: Located within complex Farmhouse: It is predicted that, due to the screening provided by the farm buildings immediate north and east of the property, of buildings. views of the wind turbines would be largely screened from within the property. Turbine blades may be visible from upper storey ▪ Main elevation: Facing southwest. windows. It is also considered unlikely that any views would be available when accessing the property from the driveway. ▪ Front Garden: Farmhouse: southwest; Cottage: none. Cottage: It is predicted that, due to the screening provided by the farm buildings immediate north and east of the property, no views of the wind turbines would be available from within the property. ▪ Rear Garden: Farmhouse: northeast; Cottage: none.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Principal views: open elevated views to south across Strath of Baillie and agricultural farmland. ▪ Therefore, it is considered that the proposed development would not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual ▪ Restricted views: to north and east by large farm buildings and associated outbuildings. Cottage views also effects on the amenity of these properties. restricted to west. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines into close proximity views to the ▪ Cumulative visibility: Baillie Wind Farm (operational) forms a prominent element in the landscape to the west, at a north/ north east extending the presence of turbines across the landscape. Turbines would be visually prominent but not distance of approximately 2.7 km. Turbines at Limekiln (proposed) would be viewed at distances of over 9 km, dominant in the view. Due to the level of screening by topography it is not anticipated that the proposed development would extending the spread of turbines visible across the view to the southwest. Strathy South and Strathy Wood result in the perceived encirclement of the properties. (proposed) would extend this presence further into the distance in the west at distances of over 25 km. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ To the north west, views of turbines at Forss (including Lybster Road, Hill of Lybster and Forss 1 and 2) are visible ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Minor. Consequently, there at distances of over 5 km distant. would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Group 11 – River Cottage, 6 Stempster Holding, Tobarvale

▪ Distance: 1.8 km south of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access direct from local road and from private track which extends west from the local ▪ Field survey assessment location: from access point at local road and from local road to the north. road. ▪ Theoretical visibility: 6 turbines partially visible (upper tower of 1 turbine, hubs and blades of up to 2 and tips of 3) across the ▪ Location: at an elevation of 33 m AOD, within the Lythmore Strath/ Strath of Baillie on the southern banks of the skyline to the north east and occupying an approximately 17.6 degrees horizontal angle of the view. Forss Water. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that, due to an area of coniferous woodland on the southern slopes of Hill of Forss, views to ▪ Property Type: single storey cottages. the northern-most turbines would be almost completely screened. Turbine blades and hubs would be visible across the skyline in ▪ Related buildings: attached garage to north at Tobarvale; large farm buildings to north at 6 Stempster Holding. oblique views to the north. ▪ Main elevation: Facing east. ▪ Due to the position of the proposed development in relation to main views and elevations of each property in Group 11, the effect on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive as each property would ▪ – Front Garden: east primarily access and vehicle parking. retain views from where the proposed development (or other cumulative development) would not be visible. ▪ Rear Garden: west. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce partial views of wind turbines across the skyline into ▪ Principal views: views to east across Lythmore Strath/ Strath of Baillie and towards southern slopes of Hill of Forss. views both to the north east and the north east and west. The proposed development would not contribute to the encirclement ▪ Restricted views: none. of the property. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Baillie Wind Farm visible at a distance of approximately 2km to the west, partially screened Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity by intervening topography. No other wind farms are visible. ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Minor. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Property 7 – Strathmore House

▪ Distance: 1 km SW of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Access from driveway which extends west from the local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local road to the east. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 71 m AOD, on the western slopes of Hill of Forss, overlooking the Lythmore Strath/ ▪ Theoretical visibility: blade of one turbine on the skyline to the north and occupying an approximately 29.2 degrees horizontal Strath of Baillie. angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: 2 storey house. ▪ Predicted visibility: No view. Blade would be screened by coniferous woodland. ▪ Related buildings: double garage to north. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would not contribute to the cumulative spread of turbines visible ▪ Main elevation: Facing west. from this property. ▪ Front Garden: east. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Rear Garden: west and south. ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered None. ▪ Principal views: views to west across Lythmore Strath/ Strath of Baillie. ▪ Restricted views: to east by area of coniferous plantation woodland and rising topography which contains views. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 3.3 km. To the west, views of Baillie Wind Farm (2.8 km) and Limekiln (9.4 km) are present across the skyline and extending into the distance.

Property 8 – Lythmore Hill, Braighmor

▪ Distance: 0.94 km W of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: direct access from the local road to the west of the property. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local road to the west. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 81 m AOD, on the western slopes of Hill of Forss, overlooking the Lythmore Strath/ ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible to varying degrees (upper towers of 4 turbines, hubs and blades of up to 3 and tips of 1) Strath of Baillie. across the skyline to the north and occupying an approximately 37.3 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: single storey house with garage below. ▪ Predicted visibility: Turbine blades and hubs would be visible across the skyline in direct views to the east from east facing ▪ Related buildings: shed to north. windows and external spaces of the property. ▪ Main elevation: Facing west. ▪ The development would form a prominent element in views from east facing elevations and would notably change the character of the existing view however would not be oppressive. Principal views to the west and north would not contain the proposed ▪ Front Garden: west/ south. development. ▪ Rear Garden: east. ▪ Therefore, it is considered that the proposed development would not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual ▪ Principal views: views to west across Lythmore Strath/ Strath of Baillie. effects on the amenity of this property.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Restricted views: to south by area of coniferous plantation woodland and rising topography which contains views. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce partial views of wind turbines across the skyline into ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind views to the north east, north west and the west. Due to the increased distance between the property and a number of these Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 2.9 km. To the west, views of Baillie Wind Farm (3 development, it is not considered that the proposed development would contribute to the encirclement of the property. km) and Limekiln (9.6 km) are present across the skyline and extending into the distance. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Property 9 – 8 Holding

▪ Distance: 1.2 km W of the proposed development. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: From a farm track extending southwest from the local road. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local road to the east. ▪ Location: at an elevation of 51 m AOD, on the western slopes of Hill of Forss, overlooking the Lythmore Strath/ ▪ Theoretical visibility: 8 turbines visible to varying degrees (upper towers of 7 turbines, hubs and blades of 1) across the skyline Strath of Baillie. to the north east and occupying an approximately 40.8 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: 1.5 storey house. ▪ Predicted visibility: Turbine blades and hubs would be visible across the skyline in oblique views to the north east from site ▪ Related buildings: Farm shed to southwest. facing windows and external spaces of the property. ▪ Main elevation: southeast/ northwest. ▪ The development would form a prominent element in oblique views from within and outside the property, however would not be located within the direct view and would not alter the quality or overall amenity of views from the property. Principal views to ▪ Front Garden: none. the north west would not contain the proposed development. ▪ Rear Garden: south east. ▪ Therefore, it is considered that the proposed development would not cause overwhelming, pervasive or unavoidable visual ▪ Principal views: views to north west across agricultural farmland to coast. Picture window on upper storey also effects on the amenity of this property. provides views to the south east. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce views of wind turbines across the skyline into views ▪ Restricted views: to south west by adjacent farm building. to the north east, north west and the west. Due to the increased distance between the property and a number of these ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind developments, it is not considered that the proposed development would contribute to the perceived encirclement of the Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 2.4 km. To the west, views of Baillie Wind Farm (3.2 property. km) and Limekiln (9.8 km) are present across the skyline and extending into the distance. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Group 12 – 6 Holding, 7 Holding, 9 Holding, Lochroy, Beechwood

▪ Distance: 1.3 km west of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: All properties have direct access from local road, except Lochroy and 7 Holding which are ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local road within centre of group. accessed via a shared driveway. ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north east and occupying an ▪ Location: at an elevation of 35-40 m AOD, on the western slopes of Hill of Forss. approximately 37.1 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: all detached single or 1.5 storey houses. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in views to the north east. ▪ Related buildings: Large farm sheds (7 Holding, Beechwood, 6 Holding) outbuildings. Topography provides some screening of turbine bases. The proposed development would be prominent in direct views. ▪ Main elevation: north east/ south west except for 7 Holding which faces south east. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the local road when approaching the properties from either direction and would be prominent elements in views from the north east of the properties. ▪ Views from the main elevation: extend across gently undulating open agricultural farmland towards broad valley of Forss Water (south west) and rising farmland (north east). ▪ Views from the principal south west/ south east facing elevations at each of the properties in Group 12 would not contain the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: north east (Lochroy, Beechwood and 6 Holdings); north west (7 Holding); south west (9 Holding). ▪ Where the main external amenity space faces to the south west, no views of turbines would be available. For properties at 7 and 9 Holding, turbines would be visible from the main amenity garden space due to the eastern/ south eastern aspect. ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: south west (Lochroy, Beechwood and 6 Holdings), south east (7 Holding); east (9 Holding). ▪ Given the position of the proposed development in relation to key views and elevations of each property in Group 12, the effect on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development ▪ Principal views: Due to the open nature of the landscape in the immediate area, each property has views from both would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any the front and rear facades. However, aerial mapping and street view technology indicates that for Beechwood, 6 of the properties within this grouping. Holding, Lochroy, 9 Holding the principle view is to the south west. For 7 Holding, the principle view is to the south east. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines in close proximity to the north east of properties in Group 12, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would place turbines to ▪ Restricted views: roadside and boundary vegetation provide filtering and screening of views from 9 Holding, in rear views (north east) of these properties, which already experience views to turbines in the north and southwest. It is not Beechwood and 6 Holding to the north and north east. Farm buildings screen views from these properties to the considered that the proposed development would cause any property within Group 12 to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines, north west (9 Holding), south and south west (Beechwood and 6 Holding). however any further development in this area could have this effect. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 2 km. To the west, views of Baillie Wind Farm (3.5 km) and Limekiln (10 km) are present across the skyline and extending into the distance. ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Group 13 – 10 Holding, Cairnmore, Rosedean, Fairview, Schoolhouse, 1 – 8 School Lane, Torigill

▪ Distance: 1.2 km north west of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from the A836. School Lane properties accessed by a short dead-end road ▪ Field survey assessment location: from A836. (School Lane). Torigill accessed via a private driveway extending from A836.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Location: within a cluster of properties, at an elevation of 40 - 43 m AOD, located along the A836 at the northern ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north east and occupying an toe of Hill of Forss approximately 41.5 degrees horizontal angle of the view. Topography screens turbine bases and partial towers of Turbines 3 and ▪ Property Type: 10 Holding, Cairnmore, Rosedean, Fairview and Torigill – detached single storey; School House – 5. 1.5 storey detached; properties on School Lane – 2 storey semi-detached. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in oblique views to the ▪ Related buildings: 10 Holding – large farm buildings to south of house; Rosedean – small outbuildings to southeast, with some partial screening provided by topography. The proposed development would form a prominent element on southeast; School House, School Lane properties, Fairview and Torigill – small garden sheds. the skyline in direct views. ▪ Main elevation: 10 Holding – west; Torigill, 5 – 8 School Lane – north; All other properties within the group –south. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the A836 when approaching the properties from either direction and would be prominent elements in views from the south of the properties. ▪ Views from the main elevation: 10 Holding - into rear garden, foreshortened by boundary vegetation; Torigill, 5 – 8 School Lane – across broad agricultural farmland towards coast; all other properties: across gently inclining open ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations at each of the properties in Group 13 would not contain the proposed agricultural farmland. development. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: 10 Holding - west; Torigill - south, Rosedean, Cairnmore, 5 – 8 School Lane – ▪ Where the main external amenity space face to the southwest (Cairnmore, Rosedean, 5-8 School Place), turbines would form north; School House - 4 School Lane Fairview: south. prominent features on the skyline. ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: 10 Holding - east; Torigill - north, Rosedean, Cairnmore, 5 – 8 School Lane – south; ▪ For properties at School Lane, including School House views are likely to be filtered or screened by other buildings in close School House, 1 – 4 School Lane, Fairview: north. proximity. ▪ Principal views: 10 Holding – west towards rear garden area; Torigill, Fairview – north across rear garden and open ▪ Views from Rosedean, Cairnmore, Fairview and Torigill, where the main (or one of the main) facades faces towards the proposed agricultural farmland to coast, Rosedean, Cairnmore, 5 – 8 School Lane – south, away from sea towards the site; development site, turbines would be prominent elements across the skyline at an elevated position. School House, 1 – 4 School Lane: south across open farmland to the site. ▪ Views from 10 Holding would be largely screened by existing buildings and boundary vegetation. Views would only be available ▪ Restricted views: 10 Holding – views within property and garden area heavily restricted by large buildings and from the access to the property from the A836. boundary vegetation; Properties on School Lane and School House: views to the south are restricted by other ▪ The turbines would not be located in direct views from any property within Group 13. While prominent, turbines would be seen houses in proximity which foreshorten longer distance or uninterrupted views across the landscape. Torigill, at an oblique angle to the southeast. Fairview – none, Rosedean, Cairnmore, views to north filtered by properties at School Lane. ▪ Due to the position of the proposed development in relation to key views and elevations of each property in Group 13, the effect ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 2 km. To the southwest, views of Baillie Wind Farm (4 would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any km) and Limekiln (10.5 km) are present across the skyline and extending into the distance. of the properties within this grouping. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the southeast of properties in Group 13, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would increase the number of turbines visible from these properties, which already experience views to turbines in the north west and southwest. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause any property within Group 13 to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines as visible existing and proposed developments are located at varying distances, and views to the north of the properties do not contain turbines. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Level of impact: Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Group 14 – Burn of Brimms, Atlantic View, Taldale

▪ Distance: 0.9 km north west of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from the A836. Atlantic View and Taldale accessed via private driveways. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from A836. ▪ Location: within an area of agricultural farmland, at an elevation of 63 - 68 m AOD, located along the A836 at the ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north east and occupying an northern toe slopes of the Hill of Forss. approximately 58.6 degrees horizontal angle of the view. Topography would provide partial screening of turbine bases and of ▪ Property Type: single storey detached. some towers. ▪ Related buildings: Burn of Brimms – farm steading and ruins located north east of the property; Taldale – large ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in oblique views to the farm buildings located directly east, and at a further distance to the east. southeast. Topography provides some screening of turbine bases. ▪ Main elevation: north west, towards the coast. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the A836 when approaching the properties from either direction and would be prominent elements in views from the south of the properties. ▪ Views from the main elevation: elevated views extend across broad agricultural farmland towards the north coast. ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations at each of the properties in Group 14 would not contain the proposed ▪ – Front Garden/ Front of property: Burn of Brims south east; Atlantic View, Taldale: north west. development. ▪ – Rear garden/ rear windows: Burn of Brims north west; Atlantic View, Taldale: south east. ▪ Where the main external amenity space face to the southeast (Atlantic View, Taldale), turbines would form prominent features ▪ Principal views: principal views from all properties is towards the north west, and the coast. However key external across the skyline. amenity space from Atlantic View and Taldale is to the south east. ▪ In views from the rear of each property (to the southeast), turbines would be prominent elements across the skyline at an ▪ Restricted views: Burn of Brimms – boundary vegetation to the south east filters longer distance views across the elevated position. – A836 and surrounding landscape; Taldale large farm buildings located directly east, and at a further distance to ▪ Views from Burn of Brimms would be partially filtered by boundary vegetation. the east provide some screening or filtering of views in this direction. ▪ The turbines would be located in direct southeast facing views from all properties within Group 14. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 2.9 km. To the south west, views of Baillie Wind Farm ▪ However, due to the position of the proposed development in relation to the key views and elevations of each property in Group (4.5 km) and Limekiln (11 km) are present across the skyline and extending away into the distance. 14 (north east facing), the effect on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any of the properties within this grouping.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the southeast of properties in Group 14, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would increase the number of turbines visible from these properties, which already experience views to turbines in the north west and southwest. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause any property within Group 14 to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines as visible existing and proposed developments are located at varying distances with intervening landscape features providing some reprieve, and views to the north and north east of the properties do not contain turbines. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Group 15 – Brimms House, Annfield, Brimms Cottages 1 + 2

▪ Distance: 1 km north west of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from the A836 and from a local road extending north from the A836. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from A836. ▪ Location: On the A836, to the west of Thurso, within an area of agricultural farmland, at an elevation of 70-73 m ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north east and occupying an AOD, on the northern toe slopes of the Hill of Forss. approximately 59.4 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: mix of 1.5 and single storey detached, and double storey semidetached. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in oblique views to the ▪ Related buildings: small garden sheds. southeast. Topography provides some screening of turbine bases and lower sections of some towers. ▪ Main elevation: north, towards the coast however Brimms House has large windows facing south. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the A836 when approaching the properties from either direction and would be a prominent feature on the skyline in views from the south of the properties. ▪ Views from the main elevation: elevated views extend across broad agricultural farmland towards the north coast. House of Brimms also has main views across the A836 to the rising slopes of the Hill of Forss. ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations at each of the properties in Group 15 would not contain the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: Brimms House, Annfield – south; Brimms Cottages – north. ▪ Where the main external amenity space face to the south (Brimms Cottages), turbines would form prominent features across ▪ – – Rear garden/ rear windows: Brimms House, Annfield north; Brimms Cottages south. the skyline. ▪ Principal views: principal views from all properties is towards the north, and the coast. However key external ▪ The turbines would be located in direct south facing views from all properties within Group 15. amenity space from Brimms Cottages, and larger windows at House of Brims provide key views towards the south ▪ However, due to the position of the proposed development in relation to the key views and elevations of each property in Group ▪ Restricted views: None. 15 (predominantly north facing), the effect on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind or pervasive. The proposed development would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 3.2 km. To the southwest, views of Baillie Wind Farm to represent unavoidable influence on any of the properties within this grouping. (5 km) and Limekiln (11.5 km) are present across the skyline and extending away into the distance. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the southeast of properties in Group 15, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would increase the number of turbines visible from these properties, which already experience views to turbines in the north west and southwest. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause any property within Group 15 to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines as visible existing and proposed developments are located at varying distances with intervening landscape features providing some reprieve, and views to the north and north east of the properties do not contain turbines. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Group 16 – East Brims, Melgedwynell, Fuaran

▪ Distance: 1.6 km north of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from a local road which extends north from the A836. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from local access road adjacent to properties. ▪ Location: Located within a small cluster of properties on sloping agricultural land near Port of Brims to the west of ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline to the north east and occupying an Thurso, at an elevation of 45 m AOD. approximately 39.5 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: mix of 1.5 and single storey detached. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in oblique views to the ▪ Related buildings: small garden sheds, garages. southeast. Topography provides some screening of turbine bases and lower elevations of some towers. ▪ Main elevation: Melgedwynell – 360-degree façade (Y shaped house) no obvious main façade; East Brims – west ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen when leaving the properties on the local access road and would be prominent elements on and north; Fuaran – north. the skyline in direct views from the southern facades and amenity spaces of the properties. ▪ Views from the main elevation: elevated views extend across broad agricultural farmland and towards the north ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations at each of the properties in Group 16 would not contain the proposed coast. Melgedwynell also has main views across rising farmland to the A836 and towards the rising slopes of the development. Hill of Forss. ▪ Due to the position of the proposed development in relation to the key views and elevations of each property in Group 15 ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: East Brimms and Fuaran – south facing, Melgedwynell – west. (predominantly north facing), the effect on the amenity of these properties is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to ▪ – – Rear garden/ rear windows: East Brimms and Fuaran north facing, Melgedwynell east, south and north. represent unavoidable influence on any of the properties within this grouping. ▪ Principal views: principal views from all properties is towards the north, and the coast. However key external ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the amenity space and property frontage at Melgedwynell provide key views towards the south. southeast of properties in Group 16, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would ▪ Restricted views: None. increase the number of turbines visible from these properties, which already experience views to turbines in the north west and southwest. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause any property within Group 16 to experience

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind ‘encirclement’ by turbines as visible existing and proposed developments are located at varying distances with intervening Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 3.2 km. To the southwest, views of Baillie Wind Farm landscape features providing some reprieve, and key views to the north and north east of the properties do not contain turbines. (5.2 km) and Limekiln (11.8 km) are present across the skyline and extending away into the distance. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Property 10 – Middleton of Brims

▪ Distance: 1.3 km north of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from the A836 from a private driveway. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from A836 and a minor road located approximately 420 m to the west. ▪ Location: within an area of sloping agricultural farmland, at an elevation of 57 m AOD to the west of Thurso. ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline (tower of up to 2 turbines, upper ▪ Property Type: double storey detached farmhouse with conservatory on western façade. towers and blades of up to 5 turbines, hubs and blades of up to 1) to the south, occupying an approximately 48.6 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Related buildings: large complex of farm buildings to north of property. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in views to the south. ▪ Main elevation: From aerial mapping and site work, the main elevation appears to be to the north, towards the Topography provides screening of turbine towers and bases. sea. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the private driveway when exiting the property and would be prominent elements in ▪ Views from the main elevation: elevated views extend across a small area of woodland and farm buildings towards direct views from the property to the south. the sea. ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations would not contain the proposed development, including from what appears ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: south. to be the main external amenity spaces. ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: north. ▪ Given the position of the proposed development in relation to the key views and elevations Middleton of Brims, the effect on the ▪ Principal views: principal views are to the north and west (from conservatory) with focus on the sea and sloping amenity of this property is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development would be a agricultural land to the north west. prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any of the ▪ Restricted views: Lower level views to the north and east are screened by an area of woodland which borders the properties within this grouping. property. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the south ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind of Middleton of Brimms, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would increase the Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 3.4 km. number of turbines visible from this property, which already experiences views to turbines in the north west. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause this property to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines as visible existing and proposed developments are located at varying distances with intervening landscape features providing some reprieve, and key views to the north of the property do not contain turbines. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Property 11 – Brimmsa House

▪ Distance: 1.05 km north of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from the A836 from a private driveway. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from A836. ▪ Location: within an area of sloping agricultural farmland, at an elevation of 75 m AOD to the west of Thurso. ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline (upper tower and blades of up to 6 ▪ Property Type: 1.5 storey detached house. turbines, hubs and blades of up to 1 turbine and blade tips of 1 turbine) to the south, occupying an approximately 54.8 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Related buildings: Attached garage to west. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the full wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in views to the south. ▪ Main elevation: From aerial mapping and site work, the main elevation appears to be to the north, towards the Topography provides screening of a high degree of turbine towers and bases. sea. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the private driveway when exiting the property and would be prominent elements in ▪ Views from the main elevation: elevated views extend across sloping agricultural farmland towards the sea. direct views from the property to the south. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: south. ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations would not contain the proposed development, including from what appears ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: north. to be the main external amenity spaces. ▪ Principal views: principal views from the house and main amenity spaces views to the north with focus on the sea ▪ Given the position of the proposed development in relation to the key views and elevations Brimmsa House, the effect on the and sloping agricultural land. amenity of this property is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed development would be a ▪ Restricted views: none. prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on any of the properties within this grouping. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 3.8 km. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the south of Brimmsa House, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would increase the number of turbines visible from this property, which already experiences views to turbines in the north west. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause this property to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines as visible existing and proposed developments are located at varying distances with intervening landscape features providing some reprieve, and key views to the north of the property do not contain turbines. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live. ▪

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement RES Ltd

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties

Property 12 - Thursater Farm

▪ Distance: 1.1 km north of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from the A836 from a private driveway/ farm track. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from A836. ▪ Location: within an area of sloping agricultural farmland, at an elevation of 89 m AOD to the west of Thurso. ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: 8 turbines visible across the skyline (upper tower and blades of up to 5 ▪ Property Type: 1.5 storey detached farmhouse. turbines, hubs and blades of up to 2 turbines and blade tips of 1 turbine) to the south, occupying an approximately 42.8degrees horizontal angle of the view. Stacking of turbines would occur in the southwestern part of the direct view. ▪ Related buildings: Attached conservatory to south, large complex of farm buildings to north. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that actual visibility of the proposed development would not alter much from what is ▪ Main elevation: From aerial mapping and site work, the main elevation appears to be to the south. theoretically visible. While topography provides screening of a high degree of turbine towers and bases there are no features in ▪ Views from the main elevation: views extend towards gently rising agricultural farmland towards the slopes of Hill the intervening landscape which would provide notable screening. of Forss and the A836. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen from the private driveway when exiting the property and would be prominent elements in ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: south. views from the main elevation and external amenity spaces at the property. Views to the full wind farm would be oblique – the ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: north. eastern most turbine would be located slightly west of the direct view. ▪ Principal views: principal views from the house and main amenity spaces views to the south with focus on the ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations would not contain the proposed development. gently rising agricultural land. ▪ While the proposed development would be a prominent element in views from the main façade and amenity spaces at this ▪ Restricted views: north (partially). property, due to the position of the wind farm in the view (oblique, to the west) and the screening by topography of the majority of the turbine towers, the effect on the amenity of this property is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind The proposed development would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 4.4 km. unavoidable influence on Thursater Farmhouse. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the south of Thursater Farm, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would increase the number of turbines visible from this property, which already experiences some views to turbines in the north west and west. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause this property to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines as visible existing and proposed developments are located at varying distances with intervening landscape features providing some reprieve, and views to the north and east of the property do not contain turbines. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Group 17 – Dunhobby, Thorvik Brims, Windrift and Conversion

▪ Distance: 0.93 km north of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed directly from the A836. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from A836. ▪ Location: located north of the A836 within an area of sloping agricultural farmland, at an elevation of between 95 - ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: up to 8 turbines visible across the skyline (upper blade tips of up to 3 105 m AOD to the west of Thurso. turbines, hubs and blades of up to 2 turbines and hubs with partial views of towers of up to 3 turbines) to the south, occupying ▪ Property Type: mix of single and 1.5 storey detached properties. an approximately 43.1 degree horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Related buildings: outhouses (sheds, garages), greenhouses. ▪ Predicted visibility: it is predicted that the part of the wind farm would be visible across the elevated skyline in views to the south. Topography provides screening of a high proportion of all turbines. ▪ Main elevation: From aerial mapping and site work, the main elevation appears to be a mix comprising views to the north and to the south. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen in oblique views from the A836 when approaching and leaving the properties. The visible turbines would be prominent elements in views from the main southern facing elevation and external amenity spaces at the ▪ Views from the main elevation: To the north, views look across sloping agricultural farmland towards the sea, and properties. Views to the full wind farm would be oblique – the eastern most turbine would be located slightly west of the direct to the south extend towards gently rising agricultural farmland towards the slopes of Hill of Forss. view. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: south. ▪ Views from the north, east or west facing elevations would not contain the proposed development. ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: north. ▪ While the proposed development would be a prominent element in views from the main south facing façade and amenity spaces ▪ Principal views: principal views from the house and main amenity spaces view to the south with focus on the gently from properties within this group, due to the position of the wind farm in the view (oblique, to the west) screening by rising agricultural land, and to the north towards the coast. topography of the majority of the turbines towers, and the presence of boundary vegetation providing some filtering of views, ▪ Restricted views: each property within Group 17 is contained by boundary vegetation which filters views outwith the effect on the amenity of this property is not predicted to be overwhelming, oppressive or pervasive. The proposed the property boundary to varying degrees in all directions. development would be a prominent element in the surrounding landscape however is not predicted to represent unavoidable influence on properties in Group 17. ▪ Cumulative visibility: Turbines at Forss and Forss 2, Lybster Road and Hill of Lybster and Dounreay Offshore Wind Farms are visible to the north west at distances greater than 4.5 km. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce wind turbines along the skyline in views to the south of properties in Group 18, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would increase the number of turbines visible from this property, which already experiences some views to turbines in the north west. It is not considered that the proposed development would cause this property to experience ‘encirclement’ by turbines as there are broad extents of landscape in the view with no turbines visible. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Moderate/Low. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Ramboll

Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm RES Ltd Environmental Statement

Table 4.8.2: Survey of Properties and Assessment of Impacts on Residential Visual Amenity

Stage Two: Survey of Property Stage Three: Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity of Properties

Property 13 – Scrabster Lodge

▪ Distance: 2 km east north east of the nearest turbine. Visibility of Proposed Development ▪ Access to the property: Accessed from a private driveway extending north from the A836. ▪ Field survey assessment location: from driveway on A836. ▪ Location: located east of the A836 within an area of sloping agricultural farmland, at an elevation of 60 m AOD to ▪ Theoretical visibility according to ZTV and wirelines: up to five turbines visible across the skyline (hubs and blades of 1 turbine the west of Thurso. and blade tips of up to 4 turbines) to the west, occupying an approximately 15.8 degrees horizontal angle of the view. ▪ Property Type: large double storey mansion house/ lodge. ▪ Predicted visibility: It is predicted that the hub of one turbine and blade tips of up to two turbines would be visible from ▪ Related buildings: small outhouse to southwest. Scrabster Lodge (ground level). ▪ Main elevation: east and north. ▪ The proposed turbines would be seen to the west of the property, and in oblique views from the driveway when leaving the lodge. The visible turbines would be notable elements in views from the west but would not be prominent. ▪ Views from the main elevation: To the north, views look across sloping agricultural farmland and moorland landscape, and to the east, the view is across agricultural fields towards Thurso Bay. ▪ Views from the north, east or south facing elevations would not contain the proposed development. ▪ Front Garden/ Front of property: east. ▪ The proposed development would not be a prominent element in views to the surrounding landscape from Scrabster House and would not be an unavoidable, or overbearing element in views from this property. ▪ Rear garden/ rear windows: west. ▪ Predicted cumulative visibility: The proposed development would introduce glimpsed views of wind turbines along the skyline to ▪ Principal views: principal views from the house and main amenity spaces view to the east with focus towards the west of property, into an area where no turbines are currently located. The proposed development would slightly increase Thurso Bay. the number of turbines visible from this property, however would not be prominent or highly notable features in the landscape. ▪ Restricted views: views to the west are restricted by locally rising topography. Give the increased distances between the property and existing and proposed wind farm development in views, and the low ▪ Cumulative visibility: Long distance views to the east of turbines at Lochend (19km), Stoupster (25.5 km), and level of visibility of the proposed development, it is not considered that the proposed development would cause significant Weydale Farm (6.6km) as well as the proposed turbines at Tresdale (26.6 km). cumulative visual effects on views from Scrabster Lodge. Assessment of Impact on Visual Amenity ▪ Based on the preceding analysis the level of impact on the amenity of the property is considered Minor. Consequently, there would be no impacts that could be described as overbearing such as to render this property an unattractive place to live.

Summary and Conclusions

The purpose of this study was to identify potential effects of the proposed development on residential visual amenity. The study comprised two stages: • Stage One: Establishing the Scope of the RVAA; • Stage Two: Surveying Properties; and • Stage Three: Assessing Impacts on the Visual Amenity of Properties. Initial scoping of the RVAA was undertaken using computer modelling of theoretical visibility at recorded properties/addresses as well as drone survey at the application site to establish properties with potential views towards the proposed development. Based on the outcome of the RVAA scoping exercise, 85 properties (considered as individual properties or in groups of residential properties) within the 2 km study area with potential views of the proposed development (see Figure 4.8.1) were visited from the nearest publicly accessible location. The purpose of this fieldwork was to verify the availability of views towards the proposed development from key amenity spaces at properties and to assess the magnitude of impact and visual effect on views from properties based on the criteria set out in the RVAA methodology. Whilst it is undoubtable that the proposed development would result in significant visual effects at a number of properties in LVIA terms, such effects were not considered likely to prove "overbearing" or "overwhelming", having regard to the criteria examined to assess the nature of the predicted changes as a consequence of the proposed development. On this basis it is contended that the properties would not be affected by the proposed development to the extent that they would be considered unattractive places in which to live.

Volume 4: Technical Appendices Ramboll TA 4.8: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment

Legend

Site Boundary N !_ !( Proposed Turbine Study Area (2 km from Outer Turbine)

G16 Residential Properties × × ×!× Assessed Residential Property

× 10 1 Property Label (indivdually assessed) × × 11 12 1. New Property (under construction) G15 2. Murrayfield × ×! 3. Quarryview ×× 4. Hopefield ! G17 × × × 5. Strathbofey 6. Lythmore Farmhouse × G14 7. Strathmore House 13 8. Braigh-Mor × × × 9. 8 Holding ×! 10. Middleton of Brimms G13 11. Brimmsa House ××× × ×××× ! 12. Thursater ×× 13. Scrabster Lodge × Assessed Group of Properties

× G1 Property Group Label

×! × !( Property Group - G12 Viewpoint Location × × Number of turbines visible at × blade tip level (138.5 m) 1 × 1 to 2 9

G1 × 3 to 4 ! G5 × × × 5 to 6 × × × × !× × ×! × 8 × × ×! 7 × × 4 × G3 G6 × ×! G2 × × 8 ×! 2 G4 × × × × × 3 Figure Title !× 7 ×! × × × Residential Visual Amenity × Assessment Property and Property G8 G7 Group Locations Project Name Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement

× Project Number Figure No.

× UK12-24968 4.8.1 × 6 Date Prepared By ! G11 ×!× October 2019 AG/AC G10 × Scale Issue 1:20,000 @A3 2 × Client 5 1. The ZTV analysis does not take into account the screening effect of vegetation, buildings and other surface features. 9 2. Predicted visibility based on a viewer eye height 2m above ground. 3. Visibility calculated using Proposed Restoration Profile and ××! ××× Ordnance Survey Terrain 5 DTM on a 5m Grid. 4. Effect of earth curvature and light refraction is included.

Reproduced from Ordnance Survey digital map data © Crown copyright 2019. All rights reserved. Licence number 100040631 Coordinate System: British National Grid. Projection: Transverse Mercator. Datum: OSGB 1936. Legend

SiteBound a ry !N N _ !_ km2 from OuterTurbine !( DesignFreeze Turbine L o c a tion ResidentialProperty View ^_ L o c a tion Theo reticaHorizo l ntalAngle of V iewOcc upiedby Proposed Turbines Number of turbines visible at blade tip level (138.5m)

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Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - 1. New Build Property (currently under construction) Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.2b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

SiteBound ary !N N _ !_ km2 from Outer Turbine !( DesignFre e zeTurbine Loc ation ^_ PropeGroup rty View Loc ation The ore ticalHorizontal Angle of ViewOcc upiedbyProposed Turbine s Number of turbines visible at blade tip level (138.5m)

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey Group1

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0 250 500 Me ters 0 250 500 Me ters Sourc Esri, e : DigitalGlobe, GeoEye,Earthstar LandPrope& Service rty Intellec s Prope tual protecis rty tedbyCrown Copyright and reis prod uce dwiththe pe rm issionofLand Prope& Service rty und s eDelegated r Authority from theController ofHer Majesty’s Statione ryOffice , Coord inateSystem British National : ProjecGrid. Transverse tion: Me Datum:OSGB rc ator. 1936. ©Crown Copyright and database right Lice2019 nc eNo.0100031673. Key:

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 1

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.3b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey Group2

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Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 2

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.4b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey Group3

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Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 3

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.5b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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ProjecName t Cairnm oreHill Wind Farm Environm e ntalStatem e nt

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Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 4

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.6b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey Group5

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Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 5

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.7b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

SiteBound ary !N N _ !_ km2 from Outer Turbine !( DesignFre e zeTurbine Loc ation Reside ntialPrope View rty ^_ Loc ation The ore ticalHorizontal Angle of ViewOcc upiedbyProposed Turbine s Number of turbines visible at blade tip level (138.5m)

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey PropeMurrayfield - 2 rty

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Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Property 2 - Murrayfield

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.8a Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

SiteBound ary !N N _ !_ km2 from OuterTurbine !( DesignFree zeTurbine Loc ation Reside ntialProp View e rty ^_ Loc ation The oreticalHorizontal Angle of ViewOcc upiedby Prop osed Turbine s Number of turbines visible at blade tip level (138.5m)

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey Prop e rty 3 - QuarryviewProp - 3 e rty

ProjecName t Cairnm oreHill Wind Farm Environm e ntalStatem e nt

ProjecNumb t e r FigureNo. UK12-24968 4.8.9a Date Prep aredBy Octob2019 e r JK/GM Scale Issue ASSHOWN @A3 1 Client

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Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Property 3 - Quarryview

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.9b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey Group6

ProjecName t Cairnm oreHill Wind Farm Environm e ntalStatem e nt

ProjecNumber t FigureNo. UK12-24968 4.8.10a Date Pre pare dBy October2019 JK/GM Scale Issue ASSHOWN @A3 1 Client

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 6

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.10b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Key:

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 6

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.10c Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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ProjecName t Cairnm oreHill Wind Farm Environm e ntalStatem e nt

ProjecNumber t FigureNo. UK12-24968 4.8.11a Date Pre pare dBy October2019 JK/GM Scale Issue ASSHOWN @A3 1 Client

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 7

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.11b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Key:

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 7

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.11c Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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!( !( 1. The 1. ZTVanalysis doe nottake sinto acc ountthescre e ningeffe c t ofvege buildings tation, and othe surface r fe ature s. 2. Pre 2. d ictedvisibility based onviewer a eye he ight2m above ground . 3. Visibility 3. calculated using Proposed Restoration Profile and Ord nanc e SurveyTerrain DTM5 on5m a Grid. 8 Effe 4. ofearth c t curvature 8 ^_ andlight re fractionincis lude d . ^_ FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey Group8

ProjecName t Cairnm oreHill Wind Farm Environm e ntalStatem e nt

ProjecNumber t FigureNo. UK12-24968 4.8.12a Date Pre pare dBy October2019 JK/GM Scale Issue ASSHOWN @A3 1 Client

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 8

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.12b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Key:

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment - Group 8

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.12c Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Legend

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FigureTitle Reside ntialVisual Ame nitySurvey PropeHope - 4 rty field

ProjecName t Cairnm oreHill Wind Farm Environm e ntalStatem e nt

ProjecNumber t FigureNo. UK12-24968 4.8.13a Date Pre pare dBy October2019 JK/GM Scale Issue ASSHOWN @A3 1 Client

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Property 4 - Hopefield

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.13b Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: Key:

Proposed Cairnmore Hill Wind Turbine

Figure Title: Residential Visual Amenity Assessment Property 4 - Hopefield

Project Name: Cairnmore Hill Wind Farm Environmental Statement Project Number: Figure No: UK12-24968 4.8.13c Date: Prepared By: October 2019 KL Scale: Issue: NTS 1 Client: